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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (NO FEE REQUIRED)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
Or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 (NO FEE REQUIRED)

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________
Commission file number 001-31220
COMMUNITY TRUST BANCORP, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Kentucky |  | 61-0979818
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
346 North Mayo Trail P.O. Box 2947 Pikeville, Kentucky |  | 41502
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip code)

(606) 432-1414
(Registrant’s telephone number)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Common Stock (Title of class)

CTBI | The NASDAQ Global Select Market
(Trading symbol) | (Name of exchange on which registered)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ | No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

Yes ☐ | No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☑ | No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every interactive data file required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☑ | No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☐ | Accelerated Filer ☑ | Non-accelerated Filer ☐
Smaller Reporting Company ☐ | Emerging Growth Company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised ﬁnancial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.

Yes ☑ | No ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ | No ☑

Based upon the closing price of the Common Shares of the Registrant on The NASDAQ Global Select Market, the aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2022 was $693.1 million. For the purpose of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and executive officers of the Registrant have been deemed affiliates. The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock as of January 31, 2023 was 17,976,722.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference certain information from the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 25, 2023.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS | 1
PART I | 1
Item 1. Business | 1
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 5
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 15
Item 2. Properties | 15
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 16
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 16
Information about our Executive Officers | 17
PART II | 18
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 18
Item 6. [Reserved] | 19
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 38
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 39
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 43
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 98
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 101
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 101
Item 9B. Other Information | 103
PART III | 103
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance of the Registrant | 103
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 103
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters | 103
Item 13. Certain Relationships, Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 104
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 104
PART IV | 105
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 105
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 107
Signatures | 108

2

Table of Contents
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT
REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain of the statements contained herein that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.’s (“CTBI”) actual results may differ materially from those included in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words or phrases such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “may increase,” “may fluctuate,” and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “would,” and “could.” These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, economic conditions, portfolio growth, the credit performance of the portfolios, including bankruptcies, and seasonal factors; changes in general economic conditions including the performance of financial markets, prevailing inflation and interest rates, realized gains from sales of investments, gains from asset sales, and losses on commercial lending activities; the effects of epidemics, pandemics or other infectious disease outbreaks, including the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic; results of various investment activities; the effects of competitors’ pricing policies, changes in laws and regulations, competition, and demographic changes on target market populations’ savings and financial planning needs; industry changes in information technology systems on which we are highly dependent; failure of acquisitions to produce revenue enhancements or cost savings at levels or within the time frames originally anticipated or unforeseen integration difficulties; and the resolution of legal proceedings and related matters. In addition, the banking industry in general is subject to various monetary, operational, and fiscal policies and regulations, which include, but are not limited to, those determined by the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and state regulators, whose policies, regulations, and enforcement actions could affect CTBI’s results. These statements are representative only on the date hereof, and CTBI undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made.
PART I

Item 1. | Business

Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) is a bank holding company registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System pursuant to Section 5(a) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. CTBI was incorporated August 12, 1980, under the laws of the Commonwealth of Kentucky for the purpose of becoming a bank holding company. Currently, CTBI owns all the capital stock of one commercial bank and one trust company, serving small and mid-sized communities in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee. The commercial bank is Community Trust Bank, Inc., Pikeville, Kentucky (“CTB”) and the trust company is Community Trust and Investment Company, Lexington, Kentucky.
At December 31, 2022, CTBI had total consolidated assets of $5.4 billion and total consolidated deposits, including repurchase agreements, of $4.6 billion. Total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 was $628.0 million. Trust assets under management at December 31, 2022 were $3.2 billion, including CTB’s investment portfolio totaling $1.3 billion.
Through our subsidiaries, CTBI engages in a wide range of commercial and personal banking and trust and wealth management activities, which include accepting time and demand deposits; making secured and unsecured loans to corporations, individuals, and others; providing cash management services to corporate and individual customers; issuing letters of credit; renting safe deposit boxes; and providing funds transfer services. The lending activities of CTB include making commercial, construction, mortgage, and personal loans. Lines of credit, revolving lines of credit, term loans, and other specialized loans, including asset-based financing, are also available. Our corporate subsidiaries act as trustees of personal trusts, as executors of estates, as trustees for employee benefit trusts, as paying agents for bond and stock issues, as investment agent, as depositories for securities, and as providers of full-service brokerage and insurance services.
1

Table of Contents
CTBI has supported numerous community organizations through financing projects for affordable housing, economic development, and revitalization of distressed and underserved areas. CTB’s community development lending totaled over $32 million for the year 2022. Also, during 2022, CTBI made contributions totaling over $196 thousand to aid low and moderate income families and communities, encourage economic development, and provide relief to those impacted by natural disasters throughout our footprint and beyond. Our employees served over 1,400 hours throughout the year with organizations that provide affordable housing and other services to low and moderate income families, encourage economic development for small businesses and farms, and respond to natural disasters.
COMPETITION
CTBI’s subsidiaries face substantial competition for deposit, credit, trust, wealth management, and brokerage relationships in the communities we serve. Competing providers include state banks, national banks, thrifts, trust companies, insurance companies, mortgage banking operations, credit unions, finance companies, brokerage companies, and other financial and non-financial companies which may offer products functionally equivalent to those offered by our subsidiaries. As financial services become increasingly dependent on technology, permitting transactions to be conducted by telephone, mobile banking, and the internet, non-bank institutions are able to attract funds and provide lending and other financial services without offices located in our market areas. Many of our nonbank competitors have fewer regulatory constraints, broader geographic service areas, greater capital, and, in some cases, lower cost structures. In addition, competition for quality customers has intensified as a result of changes in regulation, consolidation among financial service providers, and advances in technology and product delivery systems. Many of these providers offer services within and outside the market areas served by our subsidiaries. We strive to offer competitively priced products along with quality customer service to build customer relationships in the communities we serve.
The United States and global markets, as well as general economic conditions, have been volatile. Larger financial institutions could strengthen their competitive position as a result of ongoing consolidation within the financial services industry.
Banking legislation in Kentucky places no limits on the number of banks or bank holding companies that a bank holding company may acquire. Interstate acquisitions are allowed where reciprocity exists between the laws of Kentucky and the home state of the bank or bank holding company to be acquired. Bank holding companies continue to be limited to control of less than 15% of deposits held by federally insured depository institutions in Kentucky (exclusive of inter-bank and foreign deposits). Competition for deposits may be increasing as a consequence of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assessments shifting from deposits to an asset-based formula, as larger banks may move away from non-deposit funding sources.
No material portion of our business is seasonal. We are not dependent upon any one customer or a few customers, and the loss of any one or a few customers would not have a material adverse effect on us. See note 18 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding concentrations of credit.
We do not engage in any operations in foreign countries.
HUMAN CAPITAL
We recognize the long-term value of a highly skilled, dedicated workforce, with an average tenure of over 10 years, and are committed to providing our employees with opportunities for personal and professional growth, whether it is by providing reimbursement of educational expenses, encouraging attendance at seminars and in-house training programs, or sponsoring memberships in local civic organizations.
Our employees recognize the long-term benefit of working with our organization as evidenced by the 20% of our employees who have more than 20 years of service. Our employees participate in numerous coaching, training, and educational programs, including required periodic training on topics such as ethics, privacy regulations, anti-money laundering, and UDAAP (Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices). Additionally, CTBI makes online training available to employees. Employees also have the opportunity to utilize programs that provide skill development online with over 8,000 varied courses, including topics in banking, finance, computers, customer service, sales, management, and personal skills such as time management, project management, and communication skills.
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In addition to classes provided by our training department, employees also have the opportunity to work on their skill development through attending secondary education courses. These are funded through our Educational Assistance Program.
As of December 31, 2022, CTBI and our subsidiaries had 985 full-time equivalent employees. Females comprise 75% of our workforce, and 61% of our managerial positions (supervisor or above) are held by females. This includes 68% of our branch managers, 29% of our market presidents, and 32% of our senior vice presidents. At the time of this filing, our Board of Directors is 20% female.
CTBI offers our employees competitive compensation, as well as a highly competitive benefits package. A retirement plan, an employee stock ownership plan, group life insurance, major medical insurance, a cafeteria plan, education reimbursement, and management and employee incentive compensation plans are available to all eligible personnel.
Employees are also offered the opportunity to complete periodic employee satisfaction surveys anonymously.
We actively support our employees with a wellness program. Since beginning the program in 2004, participating employees have experienced improvements in preventing cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Many of our employees have experienced decreases in elevated medical risk factors, including alcohol consumption, tobacco usage, physical inactivity, high stress, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure.
In late July 2022, heavy rain and thunderstorms caused severe flooding in eastern Kentucky. The overwhelming amounts of rain and resultant flooding led to 39 deaths and widespread catastrophic damage. Entire homes and parts of some communities were swept away by flood waters, leading to costly damage to infrastructure in the region. Over 600 helicopter rescues and countless swift water rescues by boat were needed to evacuate people who were trapped by the quickly rising flood waters. CTBI was directly impacted with six of its branches being flooded. One of these branches was destroyed and had to be rebuilt. The rebuilt branch was re-opened on February 13, 2023. CTBI and its employees responded to this disaster by providing cash, replacement clothing, and furniture and by volunteering time to help flood victims clean their homes. CTBI provided paid time off to our employees willing to spend that time helping those impacted. Teams of employees worked directly in the affected communities helping with the cleanup. CTBI established a foundation to help its directors, officers, employees, and the public make donations to help the affected families. CTBI had 20 families that were directly affected, six of these families lost their homes. Through the newly formed foundation, these families were provided direct assistance allowing them to get back into their home more quickly.
SUPERVISION AND REGULATION
General
As a registered bank holding company, we are restricted to those activities permissible under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and are subject to actions of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System thereunder. We are required to file an annual report with the Federal Reserve Board and are subject to an annual examination by the Board.
Community Trust Bank, Inc. is a state-chartered bank subject to state and federal banking laws and regulations and periodic examination by the Kentucky Department of Financial Institutions and the restrictions, including dividend restrictions, thereunder. CTB is also a member of the Federal Reserve System and is subject to certain restrictions imposed by and to examination and supervision under the Federal Reserve Act. Community Trust and Investment Company is also regulated by the Kentucky Department of Financial Institutions and the Federal Reserve.
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Deposits of CTB are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC, which subjects banks to regulation and examination under the provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act.
The operations of CTBI and our subsidiaries are also affected by other banking legislation and policies and practices of various regulatory authorities. Such legislation and policies include statutory maximum rates on some loans, reserve requirements, domestic monetary and fiscal policy, and limitations on the kinds of services that may be offered.
CTBI’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports are available free of charge on our website at www.ctbi.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission. CTBI’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and other corporate governance documents are also available on our website. Copies of our annual report will be made available free of charge upon written request to:
Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Mark A. Gooch
Vice Chairman, President, and CEO
P.O. Box 2947
Pikeville, KY 41502-2947
The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) maintains an internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding CTBI and other issuers that file electronically with the SEC.
Capital Requirements
Insured depository institutions are required to meet certain capital level requirements. On October 29, 2019, federal banking regulators adopted a final rule to simplify the regulatory capital requirements for eligible community banks and holding companies that opt-in to the community bank leverage ratio framework (the “CBLR framework”), as required by Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018. Under the final rule, which became effective as of January 1, 2020, community banks and holding companies (which includes CTB and CTBI) that satisfy certain qualifying criteria, including having less than $10 billion in average total consolidated assets and a leverage ratio (referred to as the “community bank leverage ratio”) of greater than 9%, were eligible to opt-in to the CBLR framework. The community bank leverage ratio is the ratio of a banking organization’s Tier 1 capital to its average total consolidated assets, both as reported on the banking organization’s applicable regulatory filings.
In April 2020, as directed by Section 4012 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), the regulatory agencies introduced temporary changes to the CBLR. These changes, which subsequently were adopted as a final rule, temporarily reduced the CBLR requirement to 8% through the end of calendar year 2020. Beginning in calendar year 2021, the CBLR requirement increased to 8.5% for the calendar year before returning to 9% in calendar year 2022. Management elected to use the CBLR framework for CTBI and CTB. CTBI’s CBLR ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 13.55%. CTB’s CBLR ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 12.98%.
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Item 1A. | Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent to our business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect us are described below. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference herein. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on or that management currently deems immaterial may also impair our business operations. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors. See also, “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” If any of the following risks actually occur, our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the value of our common stock could decline significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
Economic Environment Risks
Economic Risk
CTBI may continue to be adversely affected by economic and market conditions.
Our financial performance generally, and in particular the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services we offer, is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets where we operate, in the states of Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee and in the United States as a whole. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by, among other factors, economic growth, efficient capital markets, low inflation, low unemployment, high business and investor confidence, and strong business earnings. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by declines in economic growth, business activity, or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability or increases in the cost of credit and capital; increases in inflation or interest rates; high unemployment; natural disasters; or a combination of these or other factors. Such conditions could adversely affect the credit quality of our loans and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Economy of Our Markets
Our business may continue to be adversely affected by ongoing weaknesses in the local economies on which we depend.
Our loan portfolio is concentrated primarily in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee. Our profits depend on providing products and services to clients in these local regions. Although unemployment rates in many of our markets have decreased, they remain high compared to the national average. Increases in unemployment, decreases in real estate values, or increases in interest rates could weaken the local economies in which we operate. These economic indicators typically affect certain industries, such as real estate and financial services, more significantly. Also, our growth within certain of our markets may be adversely affected by inconsistent access to high speed internet and the lack of population and business growth in such markets in recent years. Weakness in our market area could depress our earnings and consequently our financial condition because:

| • | Clients may not want, need, or qualify for our products and services;

| • | Borrowers may not be able to repay their loans;

| • | The value of the collateral securing our loans to borrowers may decline; and

| • | The quality of our loan portfolio may decline.

Climate Change Risk
Our business may be adversely impacted by climate change and related initiatives.
Climate change and other emissions-related laws, regulations, and agreements have been proposed and, in some cases adopted, on the international, federal, state, and local levels. These final and proposed initiatives take the form of restrictions, caps, taxes, or other controls on emissions. Our markets include areas where the coal industry was historically a significant part of the local economy. The importance of the coal industry to such areas has, however, continued to decline substantially and the economies of our markets have become more diversified. Nevertheless, to the extent that existing or new climate change laws, regulations, or agreements further impact production, purchase, or use of coal, the economies of certain areas within our markets, the demand for financing, the value of collateral securing our coal-related loans, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
We, like all businesses, as well as our market areas, borrowers, and customers, may be adversely impacted to the extent that weather-related events cause damage or disruption to properties or businesses.
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Risk from COVID-19 and Other Infectious Disease Outbreaks Generally
Our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by epidemics and pandemics, such as the COVID-19 outbreak, or other infectious disease outbreaks.
We may face risks related to epidemics, pandemics or other infectious disease outbreaks, which could result in a widespread health crisis that adversely affects general commercial activity, the global economy (including the states and local economies in which we operate), and financial markets. For example, the spread of COVID-19, which has been identified as a pandemic by the World Health Organization and declared a national emergency in the United States, created a global public-health crisis that resulted in significant economic uncertainty, and has impacted household, business, economic, and market conditions, including in the states and local economies in which we conduct nearly all of our business.
The continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, or a new epidemic, pandemic or infectious disease outbreak, may result in us having to close certain offices and may require us to limit how customers conduct business through our branch network. If our employees are required to work remotely, we may be exposed to increased cybersecurity risks such as phishing, malware, and other cybersecurity attacks, all of which could expose us to liability and could seriously disrupt our business operations. Furthermore, our business operations may be disrupted due to vendors and third-party service providers being unable to work or provide services effectively during such a health crisis, including because of illness, quarantines, or other government actions.
In addition, an epidemic, a pandemic or another infectious disease outbreak, or the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, could again significantly impact households and businesses, or cause limitations on commercial activity, increased unemployment, and general economic and financial instability. An economic slow-down, or the reversal of the economic recovery, in the regions in which we conduct our business could result in declines in loan demand and collateral values. Furthermore, negative impacts on our customers caused by such a health crisis, including the continuation of COVID-19, could result in increased risk of delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures, and losses on our loans. Moreover, governmental and regulatory actions taken in response to an epidemic, a pandemic, or another infectious disease outbreak may include decreased interest rates, which could adversely impact our interest margins and may lead to decreases in our net interest income.
The extent to which a widespread health crisis, including the continuation of COVID-19, may impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition, as well as its regulatory capital and liquidity ratios, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and are difficult to predict, including, but not limited to, the duration and severity of the crisis, the potential for seasonal or other resurgences, actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties to contain and treat such an epidemic, a pandemic or another infections disease outbreak, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Moreover, the effects of a widespread health crisis, including the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, may heighten many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section. As a result, the negative effects on our business, results of operations, and financial condition from an epidemic, a pandemic, or another infectious disease outbreak, including the continuation or resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic, could be material.
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Operational Risks
Interest Rate Risk
Changes in interest rates could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition.
Our earnings and financial condition are dependent to a large degree upon net interest income, which is the difference between interest earned from loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. The narrowing of interest-rate spreads, meaning the difference between the interest rates earned on loans and investments and the interest rates paid on deposits and borrowings, could adversely affect our earnings and financial condition. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including:

| • | The rate of inflation;

| • | The rate of economic growth;

| • | Employment levels;

| • | Monetary policies; and

| • | Instability in domestic and foreign financial markets.

Changes in market interest rates will also affect the level of voluntary prepayments on our loans and the receipt of payments on our mortgage-backed securities resulting in the receipt of proceeds that may be reinvested at a lower rate than the loan or mortgage-backed security being prepaid.
We originate residential loans for sale and for our portfolio. The origination of loans for sale is designed to meet client financing needs and earn fee income. The origination of loans for sale is highly dependent upon the local real estate market and the level and trend of interest rates. Increasing interest rates may reduce the origination of loans for sale and consequently the fee income we earn. While our commercial banking, construction, and income property loan portfolios remain a significant portion of our activities, high interest rates may reduce our mortgage-banking activities and thereby our income. In contrast, decreasing interest rates have the effect of causing clients to refinance mortgage loans faster than anticipated. This causes the value of assets related to the servicing rights on loans sold to be lower than originally anticipated. If this happens, we may need to write down our servicing assets faster, which would accelerate our expense and lower our earnings.
We consider interest rate risk one of our most significant market risks. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates. Consistency of our net interest revenue is largely dependent upon the effective management of interest rate risk. We employ a variety of measurement techniques to identify and manage our interest rate risk, including the use of an earnings simulation model to analyze net interest income sensitivity to changing interest rates. The model is based on actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for on and off-balance sheet instruments and incorporates market-based assumptions regarding the effect of changing interest rates on the prepayment rates of certain financial assets and liabilities. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in interest rates are also incorporated into the model. These assumptions are inherently uncertain, and as a result, the model cannot precisely measure net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and management strategies.
Credit Risk
Our earnings and reputation may be adversely affected if we fail to effectively manage our credit risk.
Originating and underwriting loans are integral to the success of our business. This business requires us to take “credit risk,” which is the risk of losing principal and interest income because borrowers fail to repay loans. Collateral values and the ability of borrowers to repay their loans may be affected at any time by factors such as:

| • | The length and severity of downturns in the local economies in which we operate or the national economy;

| • | The length and severity of downturns in one or more of the business sectors in which our customers operate, particularly the automobile, hotel/motel, and residential development industries; or

| • | A rapid increase in interest rates.

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Our loan portfolio includes loans with a higher risk of loss.
We originate commercial real estate residential loans, commercial real estate nonresidential loans, hotel/motel loans, other commercial loans, consumer loans, and residential mortgage loans, primarily within our market area. Commercial real estate residential, commercial real estate nonresidential, hotel/motel, and other commercial loans tend to involve larger loan balances to a single borrower or groups of related borrowers and are most susceptible to a risk of loss during a downturn in the business cycle. These loans also have historically had a greater credit risk than other loans for the following reasons:

| • | Commercial Real Estate Residential. Repayment is dependent on income being generated in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. As of December 31, 2022, commercial real estate residential loans comprised approximately 10% of our total loan portfolio.

| • | Commercial Real Estate Nonresidential. Repayment is dependent on income being generated in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. As of December 31, 2022, commercial real estate nonresidential loans comprised approximately 21% of our total loan portfolio.

| • | Hotel/Motel. The hotel and motel industry is highly susceptible to changes in the domestic and global economic environments, which has caused the industry to experience substantial volatility due to the recent global pandemic. As of December 31, 2022, hotel/motel loans comprised approximately 9% of our total loan portfolio.

| • | Other Commercial Loans. Repayment is generally dependent upon the successful operation of the borrower’s business. In addition, the collateral securing the loans may depreciate over time, be difficult to appraise, be illiquid, or fluctuate in value based on the success of the business. As of December 31, 2022, other commercial loans comprised approximately 11% of our total loan portfolio.

Consumer loans may carry a higher degree of repayment risk than residential mortgage loans, particularly when the consumer loan is unsecured. Repayment of a consumer loan typically depends on the borrower’s financial stability, and it is more likely to be affected adversely by job loss, illness, or personal bankruptcy. In addition, federal and state bankruptcy, insolvency, and other laws may limit the amount we can recover when a consumer client defaults. As of December 31, 2022, consumer loans comprised approximately 24% of our total loan portfolio. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 82% of our consumer loans and 20% of our total loan portfolio were consumer indirect loans. Consumer indirect loans are fixed rate loans secured by new and used automobiles, trucks, vans, and recreational vehicles originated at selling dealerships which are purchased by us following our review and approval of such loans. These loans generally have a greater risk of loss in the event of default than, for example, one-to-four family residential mortgage loans due to the rapid depreciation of vehicles securing the loans. We face the risk that the collateral for a defaulted loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. We also assume the risk that the dealership administering the lending process does not comply with applicable consumer protection law and regulations.
A significant part of our lending business is focused on small to medium-sized business which may be impacted more severely during periods of economic weakness.
A significant portion of our commercial loan portfolio is tied to small to medium-sized businesses in our markets. During periods of economic weakness, small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more severely than larger businesses. As a result, the ability of smaller businesses to repay their loans may deteriorate, particularly if economic challenges persist over a period of time, and such deterioration would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
A large percentage of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, in particular commercial real estate. Weakness in the real estate market or other segments of our loan portfolio would lead to additional losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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As of December 31, 2022, approximately 65% of our loan portfolio was secured by real estate, with approximately 40% of the portfolio consisting of commercial real estate. High levels of commercial and consumer delinquencies or declines in real estate market values could require increased net charge-offs and increases in the allowance for credit losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations and prospects.
Competition
Strong competition within our market area may reduce our ability to attract and retain deposits and originate loans.
We face competition both in originating loans and in attracting deposits. Competition in the financial services industry is intense. We compete for clients by offering excellent service and competitive rates on our loans and deposit products. The type of institutions we compete with include commercial banks, savings institutions, mortgage banking firms, credit unions, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies, and brokerage and investment banking firms. Competition arises from institutions located within and outside our market areas. As financial services become increasingly dependent on technology, permitting transactions to be conducted by telephone, mobile banking, and the internet, non-bank institutions are able to attract funds and provide lending and other financial services without offices located in our market areas. As a result of their size and ability to achieve economies of scale, certain of our competitors offer a broader range of products and services than we offer. With the increased consolidation in the financial industry, larger financial institutions may strengthen their competitive positions. In addition, to stay competitive in our markets we may need to adjust the interest rates on our products to match the rates offered by our competitors, which could adversely affect our net interest margin. As a result, our profitability depends upon our continued ability to successfully compete in our market areas while achieving our investment objectives.
Technology and other changes are allowing consumers to complete financial transactions through alternative methods to those which historically involved banks. For example, consumers can now hold funds that would have been held as bank deposits in mutual funds, brokerage accounts, general purpose reloadable prepaid cards, or cyber currency. In addition, consumers can complete transactions, such as paying bills or transferring funds, directly without utilizing the services of a bank. The process of eliminating banks as intermediaries (known as disintermediation) could result in the loss of fee income, as well as the loss of deposits and the income that might be generated from those deposits. The related revenue reduction could adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.
Operational Risk
An extended disruption of vital infrastructure or a security breach could negatively impact our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our operations depend upon, among other things, our infrastructure, including equipment and facilities. Extended disruption of vital infrastructure by fire, power loss, natural disaster, telecommunications failure, computer hacking or viruses, terrorist activity or the domestic and foreign response to such activity, or other events outside of our control could have a material adverse impact on the financial services industry as a whole and on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition in particular. Our business recovery plan may not work as intended or may not prevent significant interruption of our operations. The occurrence of any failures, interruptions, or security breaches of our information systems could damage our reputation, result in the loss of customer business, subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.
Our information technology systems and networks may experience interruptions, delays, or cessations of service or produce errors due to regular maintenance efforts, such as systems integration or migration work that takes place from time to time. We may not be successful in implementing new systems and transitioning data, which could cause business disruptions and be more expensive, time-consuming, disruptive, and resource intensive. Such disruptions could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely impact our business and results of operations.
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Third party vendors provide key components of our business infrastructure, such as processing, internet connections, and network access. While CTBI selected these third party vendors carefully through our vendor management process, we do not control their actions and generally are not able to obtain satisfactory indemnification provisions in our third party vendor written contracts. Any problems caused by third parties or arising from their services, such as disruption in service, negligence in the performance of services or a breach of customer data security with regard to the third parties’ systems, could adversely affect our ability to deliver services, negatively impact our business reputation, cause a loss of customers, or result in increased expenses, regulatory fines and sanctions, or litigation.
Claims and litigation may arise pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.
Customers may, from time to time, make a claim and take legal action pertaining to our performance of fiduciary responsibilities. Whether customer claims and legal action related to our performance of fiduciary responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in significant financial liability, adversely affect the market perception of us and our products and services, and impact customer demand for those products and services. Any such financial liability or reputational damage could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Significant legal actions could subject us to uninsured liabilities.
From time to time, we may be subject to claims related to our operations. These claims and legal actions, including supervisory actions by our regulators, could involve significant amounts. We maintain insurance coverage in amounts and with deductibles we believe are appropriate for our operations. However, our insurance coverage may not cover all claims against us and related costs, and further insurance coverage may not continue to be available at a reasonable cost. As a result, CTBI could be exposed to uninsured liabilities, which could adversely affect CTBI’s business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Technology Risk
CTBI continually encounters technological change.
The financial services industry is continually undergoing rapid technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.
Cyber Risk
A breach in the security of our systems could disrupt our business, result in the disclosure of confidential information, damage our reputation, and create significant financial and legal exposure for us.
Our businesses are dependent on our ability and the ability of our third party service providers to process, record, and monitor a large number of transactions. If the financial, accounting, data processing, or other operating systems and facilities fail to operate properly, become disabled, experience security breaches, or have other significant shortcomings, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.
Management is responsible for the day-to-day management of information security risk, while the Risk and Compliance Committee of our Board of Directors is responsible for the oversight of information security risk. The Risk and Compliance Committee has the responsibility to satisfy itself that the processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed. The Chairman of this Committee makes a quarterly report to the Board covering key risk areas. We have an annual third-party information technology review conducted by information security professionals following industry-standard testing procedures. All employees go through information security training annually, in addition to random quarterly phishing testing. CTBI has not experienced any data breaches. In the event of an information security breach, we have an insurance policy in place.
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Although we and our third party service providers devote significant resources to maintain and upgrade our systems and processes that are designed to protect the security of computer systems, software, networks, and other technology assets and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information belonging to us and our customers, there is no assurance that our security systems and those of our third party service providers will provide absolute security. Financial services institutions and companies engaged in data processing have reported breaches in the security of their websites or other systems, some of which have involved sophisticated and targeted attacks intended to obtain unauthorized access to confidential information, destroy data, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems, often through the introduction of computer viruses or malware, cyber-attacks, and other means. Despite our efforts and those of our third party service providers to ensure the integrity of these systems, it is possible that we or our third party service providers may not be able to anticipate or to implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because techniques used change frequently or are not recognized until launched, and because security attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources.
A successful breach of the security of our systems or those of our third party service providers could cause serious negative consequences to us, including significant disruption of our operations, misappropriation of our confidential information or the confidential information of our customers, or damage to our computers or operating systems, and could result in violations of applicable privacy and other laws, financial loss to us or to our customers, loss in confidence in our security measures, customer dissatisfaction, litigation exposure, and harm to our reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on us. While we maintain insurance coverage that should, subject to policy terms and conditions, cover certain aspects of our cyber risks, this insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses we could experience resulting from a cyber-security breach. Moreover, the cost of insurance sufficient to cover substantially all, or a reasonable portion, of losses related to cyber security breaches is expected to increase and such increases are likely to be material.
Banking customers and employees have been, and will likely continue to be, targeted by parties using fraudulent e-mails and other communications in attempts to misappropriate passwords, account information, or other personal information, or to introduce viruses or other malware to bank information systems or customers’ computers. Though we endeavor to lessen the success of such threats through the use of authentication technology and employee education, such cyber-attacks remain a serious issue. Publicity concerning security and cyber-related problems could inhibit the use or growth of electronic or web-based applications as a means of conducting banking and other commercial transactions.
We could incur increased costs or reductions in revenue or suffer reputational damage in the event of misuse of information.
Our operations rely on the secure processing, transmission, and storage of confidential information in our computer systems and networks regarding our customers and their accounts. To provide these products and services, we use information systems and infrastructure that we and third party service providers operate. As a financial institution, we also are subject to and examined for compliance with an array of data protection laws, regulations, and guidance, as well as to our own internal privacy and information security policies and programs.
Information security risks for financial institutions like us have generally increased in recent years in part because of the proliferation of new technologies, the use of the Internet and telecommunications technologies to conduct financial transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, hackers, and other external parties. Our technologies and systems may become the target of cyber-attacks or other attacks that could result in the misuse or destruction of our or our customers’ confidential, proprietary, or other information or that could result in disruptions to the business operations of us or our customers or other third parties. Also, our customers, in order to access some of our products and services, may use personal computers, smart mobile phones, tablet PCs, and other devices that are beyond our controls and security systems. Further, a breach or attack affecting one of our third-party service providers or partners could impact us through no fault of our own. In addition, because the methods and techniques employed by perpetrators of fraud and others to attack systems and applications change frequently and often are not fully recognized or understood until after they have been launched, we and our third-party service providers and partners may be unable to anticipate certain attack methods in order to implement effective preventative measures.
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While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the possible security breach of our information systems, if unauthorized persons were somehow to get access to confidential or proprietary information in our possession or to our proprietary information, it could result in litigation and regulatory investigations, significant legal and financial exposure, damage to our reputation, or a loss of confidence in the security of our systems that could materially adversely affect our results of operation.
Counterparty Risk
The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect CTBI.
Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services companies are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. We have exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other institutional counterparties. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services companies, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our businesses, financial condition, or results of operations.
Acquisition Risks
Acquisition Risk
We may have difficulty in the future continuing to grow through acquisitions.
We may experience difficulty in making acquisitions on acceptable terms due to the decreasing number of suitable acquisition targets, competition for attractive acquisitions, regulatory impediments, and certain limitations on interstate acquisitions.
Any future acquisitions or mergers by CTBI or our banking subsidiary are subject to approval by the appropriate federal and state banking regulators. The banking regulators evaluate a number of criteria in making their approval decisions, such as:

| • | Safety and soundness guidelines;

| • | Compliance with all laws including the USA PATRIOT Act, the International Money Laundering Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules and regulations promulgated under such Act or the Exchange Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Community Reinvestment Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, and all other applicable fair lending and consumer protection laws and other laws relating to discriminatory business practices; and

| • | Anti-competitive concerns with the proposed transaction.

If the banking regulators or a commenter on our regulatory application raise concerns about any of these criteria at the time a regulatory application is filed, the banking regulators may deny, delay, or condition their approval of a proposed transaction. We have grown, and, subject to regulatory approval, intend to continue to grow, through acquisitions of banks and other financial institutions. After these acquisitions, we may experience adverse changes in results of operations of acquired entities, unforeseen liabilities, asset quality problems of acquired entities, loss of key personnel, loss of clients because of change of identity, difficulties in integrating data processing and operational procedures, and deterioration in local economic conditions. These various acquisition risks can be heightened in larger transactions.
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Integration Risk
We may not be able to achieve the expected integration and cost savings from our bank acquisition activities.
We have a long history of acquiring financial institutions and, subject to regulatory approval, we expect this acquisition activity to resume in the future. Difficulties may arise in the integration of the business and operations of the financial institutions that agree to merge with and into CTBI and, as a result, we may not be able to achieve the cost savings and synergies that we expect will result from the merger activities. Achieving cost savings is dependent on consolidating certain operational and functional areas, eliminating duplicative positions and terminating certain agreements for outside services. Additional operational savings are dependent upon the integration of the banking businesses of the acquired financial institution with that of CTBI, including the conversion of the acquired entity’s core operating systems, data systems, and products to those of CTBI and the standardization of business practices. Complications or difficulties in the conversion of the core operating systems, data systems, and products of these other banks to those of CTBI may result in the loss of clients, damage to our reputation within the financial services industry, operational problems, one-time costs currently not anticipated by us, and/or reduced cost savings resulting from the merger activities.
Market and Liquidity Risks
Market Risk
CTBI’s stock price is volatile.
Our stock price has been volatile in the past, and several factors could cause the price to fluctuate substantially in the future. These factors include:

| • | Actual or anticipated variations in earnings;

| • | Changes in analysts’ recommendations or projections;

| • | CTBI’s announcements of developments related to our businesses;

| • | Operating and stock performance of other companies deemed to be peers;

| • | New technology used or services offered by traditional and non-traditional competitors;

| • | News reports of trends, concerns, and other issues related to the financial services industry; and

| • | Additional governmental policies and enforcement of current laws.

Our stock price may fluctuate significantly in the future, and these fluctuations may be unrelated to CTBI’s performance. Although investor confidence in financial institutions has strengthened, the financial crisis adversely impacted investor confidence in the financial institutions sector. General market price declines or market volatility in the future could adversely affect the price of our common stock, and the current market price may not be indicative of future market prices.
Liquidity Risk
CTBI is subject to liquidity risk.
CTBI requires liquidity to meet our deposit and debt obligations as they come due and to fund loan demands. CTBI’s access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms that are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the financial services industry or economy in general. Factors that could reduce our access to liquidity sources include a downturn in the market, difficult credit markets, or adverse regulatory actions against CTBI. CTBI’s access to deposits may also be affected by the liquidity needs of our depositors. In particular, a substantial majority of CTBI’s liabilities are demand, savings, interest checking, and money market deposits, which are payable on demand or upon several days’ notice, while by comparison, a substantial portion of our assets are loans, which cannot be called or sold in the same time frame. To the extent that consumer confidence in other investment vehicles, such as the stock market, increases, customers may move funds from bank deposits and products into such other investment vehicles. Although CTBI historically has been able to replace maturing deposits and advances as necessary, we might not be able to replace such funds in the future, especially if a large number of our depositors sought to withdraw their accounts, regardless of the reason. A failure to maintain adequate liquidity could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Legal, Legislation, and Regulation Risks
Risks Related to Regulatory Policies and Oversight
The banking industry is heavily regulated, and our business may be adversely affected by legislation or changes in regulatory policies and oversight.
The earnings of banks and bank holding companies such as ours are affected by the policies of regulatory authorities, including the Federal Reserve Board, which regulates the money supply. Among the methods employed by the Federal Reserve Board are open market operations in U.S. Government securities, changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings, and changes in reserve requirements against member bank deposits. These methods are used in varying combinations to influence overall growth and distribution of bank loans, investments, and deposits, and their use may also affect interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits. The monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial and savings banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future.
In recent years, federal banking regulators have increased regulatory scrutiny, and additional limitations on financial institutions have been proposed or adopted by regulators and by Congress. Moreover, banking regulatory agencies have increasingly over the last few years used authority under Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act to take supervisory or enforcement action with respect to alleged unfair or deceptive acts or practices by banks to address practices that may not necessarily fall within the scope of a specific banking or consumer finance law. The banking industry is highly regulated and changes in federal and state banking regulations as well as policies and administration guidelines may affect our practices, growth prospects, and earnings. In particular, there is no assurance that governmental actions designed to stabilize the economy and banking system will not adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.
From time to time, CTBI and/or our subsidiaries may be involved in information requests, reviews, investigations, and proceedings (both formal and informal) by various governmental agencies and law enforcement authorities regarding our respective businesses. Any of these matters may result in material adverse consequences to CTBI and our subsidiaries, including adverse judgements, findings, limitations on merger and acquisition activity, settlements, fines, penalties, orders, injunctions, and other actions. Such adverse consequences may be material to the financial position of CTBI or our results of operations.
In particular, consumer products and services are subject to increasing regulatory oversight and scrutiny with respect to compliance with consumer laws and regulations. We may face a greater number or wider scope of investigations, enforcement actions, and litigation in the future related to consumer practices. In addition, any required changes to our business operations resulting from these developments could result in a significant loss of revenue, require remuneration to customers, trigger fines or penalties, limit the products or services we offer, require us to increase certain prices and therefore reduce demand for our products, impose additional compliance costs on us, cause harm to our reputation, or otherwise adversely affect our consumer business.
The financial services industry has experienced leadership changes at federal banking agencies, which may impact regulations and government policy applicable to us. New appointments to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve could affect monetary policy and interest rates.
We are required to maintain certain minimum amounts and types of capital and may be subject to more stringent capital requirements in the future. A failure to meet applicable capital requirements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to regulatory requirements specifying minimum amounts and types of capital that we must maintain. From time to time, banking regulators change these regulatory capital adequacy guidelines. See Item 1 above for additional information regarding current capital requirements. A failure to meet minimum capital requirements could result in certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
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Environmental Liability Risk
We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activity.
A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. | Properties

Our main office, which is owned by Community Trust Bank, Inc., is located at 346 North Mayo Trail, Pikeville, Kentucky 41501. Following is a schedule of properties owned and leased by CTBI and our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2022:

Location | Owned | Leased | Total
Banking locations: |  |  |
Community Trust Bank, Inc. |  |  |
* | Pikeville Market (lease land at 3 owned locations) | 9 | 1 | 10
| 10 locations in Pike County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Floyd/Knott/Johnson Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 3 | 1 | 4
| 2 locations in Floyd County, Kentucky, 1 location in Knott County, Kentucky, and 1 location in Johnson County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Tug Valley Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 2 | 0 | 2
| 1 location in Pike County, Kentucky, 1 location in Mingo County, West Virginia |  |  |
| Whitesburg Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 4 | 1 | 5
| 5 locations in Letcher County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Hazard Market (lease land at 2 owned locations) | 3 | 0 | 3
| 3 locations in Perry County, Kentucky |  |  |
* | Lexington Market (lease land at 3 owned locations) | 4 | 2 | 6
| 6 locations in Fayette County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Winchester Market | 2 | 0 | 2
| 2 locations in Clark County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Richmond Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 3 | 0 | 3
| 3 locations in Madison County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Mt. Sterling Market | 2 | 0 | 2
| 2 locations in Montgomery County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Versailles Market (lease land at 3 owned locations) | 3 | 2 | 5
| 1 location in Woodford County, Kentucky, 2 locations in Franklin County, Kentucky, and 2 locations in Scott County, Kentucky |  |  |
* | Danville Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 3 | 0 | 3
| 2 locations in Boyle County, Kentucky and 1 location in Mercer County, Kentucky |  |  |

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* | Ashland Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 5 | 0 | 5
| 4 locations in Boyd County, Kentucky and 1 location in Greenup County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Flemingsburg Market | 3 | 0 | 3
| 3 locations in Fleming County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Advantage Valley Market | 3 | 1 | 4
| 2 locations in Lincoln County, West Virginia, 1 location in Wayne County, West Virginia, and 1 location in Cabell County, West Virginia |  |  |
| Summersville Market | 1 | 0 | 1
| 1 location in Nicholas County, West Virginia |  |  |
| Middlesboro Market (lease land at 1 owned location) | 3 | 0 | 3
| 3 locations in Bell County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Williamsburg Market | 5 | 0 | 5
| 2 locations in Whitley County, Kentucky and 3 locations in Laurel County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Campbellsville Market (lease land at 2 owned locations) | 8 | 0 | 8
| 2 locations in Taylor County, Kentucky, 2 locations in Pulaski County, Kentucky, 1 location in Adair County, Kentucky, 1 location in Green County, Kentucky, 1 location in Russell County, Kentucky, and 1 location in Marion County, Kentucky |  |  |
| Mt. Vernon Market | 2 | 0 | 2
| 2 locations in Rockcastle County, Kentucky |  |  |
* | LaFollette Market | 3 | 0 | 3
| 2 locations in Campbell County, Tennessee and 1 location in Anderson County, Tennessee |  |  |
Total banking locations | 71 | 8 | 79
Operational locations: |  |  |
Community Trust Bank, Inc. |  |  |
| Pikeville (Pike County, Kentucky) (lease land at 1 owned location) | 1 | 0 | 1
Total operational locations | 1 | 0 | 1
Total locations | 72 | 8 | 80

*Community Trust and Investment Company has leased offices in the main office locations in these markets.
In April 2022, Versailles Main relocated into a new branch location and Woodford Plaza Branch closed as part of a branch consolidation. A new branch, Georgetown Main, opened in November 2022. See notes 7 and 15 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for the year ended December 31, 2022, for additional information relating to lease commitments and amounts invested in premises and equipment.

Item 3. | Legal Proceedings

CTBI and subsidiaries, and from time to time, our officers, are named defendants in legal actions arising from ordinary business activities. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, believes any pending actions are without merit or that the ultimate liability, if any, will not materially affect our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.
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Information about our Executive Officers
Set forth below are the executive officers of CTBI, their positions with CTBI, and the year in which they first became an executive officer.

Name and Age (1) | Positions and Offices Currently Held | Date First Became Executive Officer | Principal Occupation
Mark A. Gooch; 64 | Vice Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer | 1997 | (2) | Vice Chairman, President, and CEO of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Kevin J. Stumbo; 62 | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer | 2002 |  | Executive Vice President/ Chief Financial Officer of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
Richard W. Newsom; 68 | Executive Vice President | 2002 | (3) | Executive Vice President/ President of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
Andy D. Waters; 57 | Executive Vice President | 2011 |  | President and CEO of Community Trust and Investment Company
C. Wayne Hancock; 48 | Executive Vice President and Secretary | 2014 | (4) | Executive Vice President/ Senior Staff Attorney
James B. Draughn; 63 | Executive Vice President | 2001 |  | Executive Vice President/Operations of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
James J. Gartner; 81 | Executive Vice President | 2002 |  | Executive Vice President/ Chief Credit Officer of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
Steven E. Jameson; 66 | Executive Vice President | 2004 | (5) | Executive Vice President/ Chief Internal Audit & Risk Officer
Ricky D. Sparkman; 60 | Executive Vice President | 2002 |  | Executive Vice President/ South Central Region President of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
D. Andrew Jones; 60 | Executive Vice President | 2010 |  | Executive Vice President/ Northeastern Region President of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
David Tackett; 57 | Executive Vice President | 2022 | (6) | Executive Vice President/ Eastern Region President of Community Trust Bank, Inc.
Billie J. Dollins; 62 | Executive Vice President | 2023 | (7) | Executive Vice President/ Central Kentucky Region President of Community Trust Bank, Inc.

(1) | The ages listed for CTBI’s executive officers are as of February 28, 2023.

(2) | Mr. Gooch became President of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. on July 27, 2021 and assumed the additional positions of Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of CTBI effective February 7, 2022, upon the retirement of Jean R. Hale. Mr. Gooch retained his previous position as Chief Executive Officer of Community Trust Bank, Inc. and assumed the additional roles of Chairman of Community Trust Bank, Inc. and Chairman of Community Trust and Investment Company also effective with Ms. Hale’s retirement on February 7, 2022.

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(3) | Mr. Newsom became President of Community Trust Bank, Inc. on February 7, 2022. He previously served as President of the Eastern Region of Community Trust Bank, Inc.

(4) | Mr. Hancock became Secretary of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. on February 7, 2022.

(5) | Mr. Jameson is a non-voting member of the Executive Committee.

(6) | Mr. Tackett became Executive Vice President of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. and President of the Eastern Region of Community Trust Bank, Inc. on February 7, 2022. He previously held the position of President of the Floyd, Knott, and Johnson Market of Community Trust Bank, Inc.

(7) | Ms. Dollins became Executive Vice President of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. and President of the Central Kentucky Region of Community Trust Bank, Inc. on January 3, 2023, following the retirement of Larry W. Jones. She previously held the position of President of the Versailles Market of Community Trust Bank, Inc.

PART II

Item 5. | Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol CTBI. As of January 31, 2023, there were approximately 8,700 holders of record of our outstanding common shares.
Dividends
The annual dividend paid to our stockholders was increased from $1.57 per share to $1.68 per share during 2022. We have adopted a conservative policy of cash dividends by generally maintaining an average annual cash dividend ratio of approximately 45%, with periodic stock dividends. The current year cash dividend ratio was 36.6%; however, the 10-year average dividend payout ratio has been 42.4%. Dividends are typically paid on a quarterly basis. Future dividends are subject to the discretion of CTBI’s Board of Directors, cash needs, general business conditions, dividends from our subsidiaries, and applicable governmental regulations and policies. For information concerning restrictions on dividends from the subsidiary bank to CTBI, see note 20 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Stock Repurchases
CTBI did not acquire any shares of stock through the stock repurchase program during the year 2022. CTBI repurchased 32,664 shares of its common stock during 2020, leaving 1,034,706 shares remaining under CTBI's current repurchase authorization. For further information, see the Stock Repurchase Program section of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
For information concerning securities authorized for issuance under CTBI’s equity compensation plans, see Part III, Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.
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Common Stock Performance
The following graph shows the cumulative total return experienced by CTBI’s shareholders during the last five years compared to the NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S.) and the NASDAQ Bank Stock Index. The graph assumes the investment of $100 on December 31, 2017 in CTBI’s common stock and in each index and the reinvestment of all dividends paid during the five-year period.
Comparison of 5 Year Cumulative Total Return
among Community Trust Bancorp, Inc., NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S.),
and NASDAQ Bank Stocks

| Fiscal Year Ending December 31 ($) |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022
| Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. | 100.00 | 87.03 | 105.73 | 87.45 | 106.64 | 116.43
| NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S.) | 100.00 | 94.56 | 124.03 | 150.41 | 189.36 | 152.00
| NASDAQ Bank Stocks | 100.00 | 83.60 | 114.68 | 100.00 | 137.32 | 113.60

Item 6. | [Reserved]

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Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to help the reader understand Community Trust Bancorp, Inc., our operations, and our present business environment. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to—and should be read in conjunction with—our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Item 8 of this annual report. The MD&A includes the following sections:

❖ | Our Business

❖ | Financial Goals and Performance

❖ | Results of Operations and Financial Condition

❖ | Liquidity and Market Risk

❖ | Interest Rate Risk

❖ | Capital Resources

❖ | Impact of Inflation, Changing Prices, and Economic Conditions

❖ | Stock Repurchase Program

❖ | Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our Business
Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Pikeville, Kentucky. Currently, we own one commercial bank, Community Trust Bank, Inc. (“CTB”) and one trust company, Community Trust and Investment Company. Through our subsidiaries, we have seventy-eight banking locations in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee, four trust offices across Kentucky, and one trust office in northeastern Tennessee. At December 31, 2022, we had total consolidated assets of $5.4 billion and total consolidated deposits, including repurchase agreements, of $4.6 billion. Total shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 was $628.0 million. Trust assets under management at December 31, 2022 were $3.2 billion, including CTB’s investment portfolio totaling $1.3 billion.
Through our subsidiaries, CTBI engages in a wide range of commercial and personal banking and trust and wealth management activities, which include accepting time and demand deposits; making secured and unsecured loans to corporations, individuals, and others; providing cash management services to corporate and individual customers; issuing letters of credit; renting safe deposit boxes; and providing funds transfer services. The lending activities of CTB include making commercial, construction, mortgage, and personal loans. Lease-financing, lines of credit, revolving lines of credit, term loans, and other specialized loans, including asset-based financing, are also available. Our corporate subsidiaries act as trustees of personal trusts, as executors of estates, as trustees for employee benefit trusts, as paying agents for bond and stock issues, as investment agent, as depositories for securities, and as providers of full-service brokerage, and insurance services. For further information, see Item 1 of this annual report.
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Financial Goals and Performance
The following table shows the primary measurements used by management to assess annual performance. The goals in the table below should not be viewed as a forecast of our performance for 2023. Rather, the goals represent a range of target performance for 2023. There is no assurance that any or all of these goals will be achieved. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward Looking Statements.”

|  | 2022 Goals | 2022 Performance | 2023 Goals
| Basic earnings per share | $4.15 - $4.31 | $4.59 | $4.57 - $4.75
| Net income | $74.1 - $77.1 million | $81.8 million | $82.0 - $85.4 million
| ROAA | 1.35% - 1.40% | 1.50% | 1.50% - 1.56%
| ROAE | 10.18% - 10.59% | 12.73% | 12.26% - 12.76%
| Revenues | $216.0 - $224.8 million | $227.0 million | $237.9 - $247.6 million
| Noninterest revenue as % of total revenue | 24.00% - 26.00% | 25.51% | 24.00% - 26.00%
| Assets | $5.42 - $5.75 billion | $5.38 billion | $5.38 - $5.72 billion
| Loans | $3.41 - $3.55 billion | $3.71 billion | $3.77 - $3.92 billion
| Deposits, including repurchase agreements | $4.63 - $4.82 billion | $4.64 billion | $4.64 - $4.83 billion
| Shareholders’ equity | $ 733.5 - $763.4 million | $628.0 million | $ 686.5 - $714.5 million

Results of Operations and Financial Condition
We reported earnings of $81.8 million, or $4.59 per basic share, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $87.9 million, or $4.94 per basic share, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in net income from prior year was primarily due to the $6.4 million recovery of provision for credit losses taken in 2021 compared to provision expense of $4.9 million for the year 2022 and a $5.3 million decline in gains on sales of loans year over year. Total revenue for 2022 was $3.5 million above prior year, as net interest revenue increased $6.0 million and noninterest income decreased $2.5 million compared to prior year.
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2022 Highlights

❖ | Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $6.0 million, or 3.7%, from December 31, 2021 with an 11 basis point increase in our net interest margin and a $13.4 million increase in average earning assets.

❖ | Provision for credit losses was $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to a recovery of provision of $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

❖ | Our loan portfolio increased $300.5 million, or 8.8%, from December 31, 2021. Loans excluding Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans increased $347.0 million during the year.

❖ | Net loan charge-offs were $0.7 million, or 0.02% of average loans annualized, for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a net recovery of loan losses of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.

❖ | Asset quality remained strong during the year 2022, as nonperforming loans at $15.3 million decreased $1.3 million, or 7.9%, from December 31, 2021. Nonperforming assets at $19.0 million decreased $1.1 million, or 5.6%, from December 31, 2021.

❖ | Deposits, including repurchase agreements, increased $26.2 million, or 0.6%, from December 31, 2021.

❖ | Noninterest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 at $57.9 million decreased $2.5 million, or 4.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

❖ | Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 at $121.1 million increased $1.8 million, or 1.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Income Statement Review

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change 2022 vs. 2021 |
Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
Net interest income |  | $ | 169,102 |  |  | $ | 163,079 |  |  | $ | 6,023 |  |  |  | 3.7 | %
Provision for credit losses (recovery) |  |  | 4,905 |  |  |  | (6,386 | ) |  |  | 11,291 |  |  |  | (176.8 | )
Noninterest income |  |  | 57,916 |  |  |  | 60,463 |  |  |  | (2,547 | ) |  |  | (4.2 | )
Noninterest expense |  |  | 121,071 |  |  |  | 119,285 |  |  |  | 1,786 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Income taxes |  |  | 19,228 |  |  |  | 22,704 |  |  |  | (3,476 | ) |  |  | (15.3 | )
Net income |  | $ | 81,814 |  |  | $ | 87,939 |  |  | $ | (6,125 | ) |  |  | (7.0 | )%
Average earning assets |  | $ | 5,129,345 |  |  | $ | 5,115,961 |  |  | $ | 13,384 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %
Yield on average earnings assets, tax equivalent* |  |  | 3.87 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 0.37 | % |  |  | 10.7 | %
Cost of interest bearing funds |  |  | 0.85 | % |  |  | 0.45 | % |  |  | 0.40 | % |  |  | 91.3 | %
Net interest margin, tax equivalent* |  |  | 3.32 | % |  |  | 3.21 | % |  |  | 0.11 | % |  |  | 3.4 | %

*Yield on average earning assets and net interest margin are computed on a taxable equivalent basis using a 24.95% tax rate.
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Consolidated Average Balance Sheets and Taxable Equivalent Income/Expense and Yields/Rates

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Average Balances |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average Rate |  |  | Average Balances |  |  | Interest |  |  | Average Rate |
Earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans (1)(2)(3) |  | $ | 3,552,941 |  |  | $ | 169,950 |  |  |  | 4.78 | % |  | $ | 3,455,742 |  |  | $ | 159,893 |  |  |  | 4.63 | %
Loans held for sale |  |  | 893 |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 10.53 |  |  |  | 8,737 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 4.34 |
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  |  | 1,022,511 |  |  |  | 14,699 |  |  |  | 1.44 |  |  |  | 970,754 |  |  |  | 9,958 |  |  |  | 1.03 |
Tax exempt state and political subdivisions (3) |  |  | 119,118 |  |  |  | 3,795 |  |  |  | 3.19 |  |  |  | 138,158 |  |  |  | 3,921 |  |  |  | 2.84 |
Other securities |  |  | 260,423 |  |  |  | 6,996 |  |  |  | 2.69 |  |  |  | 218,202 |  |  |  | 4,023 |  |  |  | 1.84 |
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 12,388 |  |  |  | 603 |  |  |  | 4.87 |  |  |  | 14,005 |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 3.47 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 3.62 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |
Interest bearing deposits |  |  | 158,563 |  |  |  | 2,484 |  |  |  | 1.57 |  |  |  | 308,200 |  |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 0.12 |
Other investments |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 1,849 |  |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | 3.35 |  |  |  | 1,845 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 1.84 |
Total earning assets |  | $ | 5,129,345 |  |  | $ | 198,698 |  |  |  | 3.87 | % |  | $ | 5,115,961 |  |  | $ | 179,066 |  |  |  | 3.50 | %
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (43,081 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (44,157 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | 5,086,264 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,071,804 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonearning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  |  | 59,645 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,160 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premises and equipment and right of use assets, net |  |  | 53,928 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53,441 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  | 238,859 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 201,836 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,438,696 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,387,241 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and demand deposits |  | $ | 2,020,065 |  |  | $ | 16,526 |  |  |  | 0.82 | % |  | $ | 1,925,263 |  |  | $ | 4,505 |  |  |  | 0.23 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 1,027,726 |  |  |  | 7,542 |  |  |  | 0.73 |  |  |  | 1,057,347 |  |  |  | 8,248 |  |  |  | 0.78 |
Repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased |  |  | 243,102 |  |  |  | 2,540 |  |  |  | 1.04 |  |  |  | 334,520 |  |  |  | 1,254 |  |  |  | 0.37 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 2.23 |  |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 57,841 |  |  |  | 1,943 |  |  |  | 3.36 |  |  |  | 57,841 |  |  |  | 1,028 |  |  |  | 1.78 |
Finance lease liability |  |  | 1,589 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 4.34 |  |  |  | 1,433 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 3.84 |
Total interest bearing liabilities |  | $ | 3,351,221 |  |  | $ | 28,640 |  |  |  | 0.85 | % |  | $ | 3,376,788 |  |  | $ | 15,090 |  |  |  | 0.45 | %
Noninterest bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand deposits |  |  | 1,398,778 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,276,367 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  |  | 46,274 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51,389 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,796,273 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,704,544 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 642,423 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 682,697 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,438,696 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,387,241 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income, tax equivalent |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 170,058 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 163,976 |  |  |  |  |
Less tax equivalent interest income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 897 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 169,102 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 163,079 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest spread |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.02 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.05 | %
Benefit of interest free funding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.16 |
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.32 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.21 | %

(1) | Interest includes fees on loans of $1,723 and $1,763 in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

(2) | Loan balances include deferred loan origination costs and principal balances on nonaccrual loans.

(3) | Tax exempt income on securities and loans is reported on a fully taxable equivalent basis using a 24.95% rate.

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Net Interest Differential
The following table illustrates the approximate effect of volume and rate changes on net interest differentials between 2022 and 2021.

|  | Total Change |  |  | Change Due to |
(in thousands) |  |  | 2022/2021 |  |  | Volume |  |  | Rate |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans |  | $ | 10,057 |  |  | $ | 4,566 |  |  | $ | 5,491 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | (153 | ) |  |  | (132 | )
U.S. Treasury and agencies |  |  | 4,741 |  |  |  | 556 |  |  |  | 4,185 |
Tax exempt state and political subdivisions |  |  | (126 | ) |  |  | (505 | ) |  |  | 379 |
Other securities |  |  | 2,973 |  |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 2,089 |
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | 168 |
Federal funds sold |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 15 |
Interest bearing deposits |  |  | 2,112 |  |  |  | (96 | ) |  |  | 2,208 |
Other investments |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 28 |
Total interest income |  |  | 19,632 |  |  |  | 5,201 |  |  |  | 14,431 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and demand deposits |  |  | 12,021 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 11,788 |
Time deposits |  |  | (706 | ) |  |  | (235 | ) |  |  | (471 | )
Repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | (261 | ) |  |  | 1,547 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 20 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 915 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 915 |
Finance lease liability |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 8 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 13,550 |  |  |  | (257 | ) |  |  | 13,807 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 6,082 |  |  | $ | 5,458 |  |  | $ | 624 |

For purposes of the above table, changes which are due to both rate and volume are allocated based on a percentage basis, using the absolute values of rate and volume variance as a basis for percentages. Income is stated at a fully taxable equivalent basis, using a 24.95% tax rate.
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Net Interest Income

(dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Percent Change |
Components of net interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income on earning assets |  | $ | 197,742 |  |  | $ | 178,169 |  |  |  | 11.0 | %
Expense on interest bearing liabilities |  |  | 28,640 |  |  |  | 15,090 |  |  |  | 89.8 | %
Net interest income |  |  | 169,102 |  |  |  | 163,079 |  |  |  | 3.7 | %
TEQ |  |  | 956 |  |  |  | 897 |  |  |  | 6.5 | %
Net interest income, tax equivalent |  | $ | 170,058 |  |  | $ | 163,976 |  |  |  | 3.7 | %
Average yield and rates paid: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earning assets yield |  |  | 3.87 | % |  |  | 3.50 | % |  |  | 10.7 | %
Rate paid on interest bearing liabilities |  |  | 0.85 | % |  |  | 0.45 | % |  |  | 91.3 | %
Gross interest margin |  |  | 3.02 | % |  |  | 3.05 | % |  |  | (1.1 | )%
Net interest margin |  |  | 3.32 | % |  |  | 3.21 | % |  |  | 3.4 | %
Average balances: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities |  | $ | 1,402,052 |  |  | $ | 1,327,114 |  |  |  | 5.6 | %
Loans |  | $ | 3,552,941 |  |  | $ | 3,455,742 |  |  |  | 2.8 | %
Earning assets |  | $ | 5,129,345 |  |  | $ | 5,115,961 |  |  |  | 0.3 | %
Interest-bearing liabilities |  | $ | 3,351,221 |  |  | $ | 3,376,788 |  |  |  | (0.8 | )%

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $169.1 million increased $6.0 million, or 3.7%, from prior year. Average earning assets for the year 2022 increased $13.4 million over prior year. Our yield on average earning assets for the year 2022 increased 37 basis points from prior year, and our cost of interest bearing funds increased 40 basis points during the same time period. Our net interest margin, on a fully tax equivalent basis, for the year 2022 increased 11 basis points from 2021 to 3.32%. While the cost of funds increased more than our yield on earnings assets improved, the net interest margin increased because of the benefit of our noninterest bearing deposits. The benefit of these deposits increased 30 basis points during the year. Noninterest bearing deposits increased $63.8 million over prior year. Average loans to deposits, including repurchase agreements, for the year ended December 31, 2022 were 75.8% compared to 75.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021.
Provision for Credit Losses
Provision for credit losses for the year 2022 was $4.9 million compared to a recovery of $6.4 million during the year 2021. See below for discussion of our allowance for credit losses.
Noninterest Income

(dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Percent Change |
Deposit service charges |  | $ | 29,049 |  |  | $ | 26,529 |  |  |  | 9.5 | %
Trust revenue |  |  | 12,394 |  |  |  | 12,644 |  |  |  | (2.0 | )%
Gains on sales of loans |  |  | 1,525 |  |  |  | 6,820 |  |  |  | (77.6 | )%
Loan related fees |  |  | 6,185 |  |  |  | 5,578 |  |  |  | 10.9 | %
Bank owned life insurance revenue |  |  | 2,708 |  |  |  | 2,844 |  |  |  | (4.8 | )%
Brokerage revenue |  |  | 1,846 |  |  |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | (5.9 | )%
Other |  |  | 4,209 |  |  |  | 4,086 |  |  |  | 3.0 | %
Total noninterest income |  | $ | 57,916 |  |  | $ | 60,463 |  |  |  | (4.2 | )%

Noninterest income for the year 2022 decreased $2.5 million from the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily due to a $5.3 million decline in gains on sales of loans, partially offset by a $2.5 million increase in deposit related fees. Gains on sales of loans continue to be impacted by the slowdown in the industry-wide mortgage refinancing boom. Deposit related fees were primarily impacted by debit card income and overdraft charges.
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Noninterest Expense

(dollars in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Percent Change |
Salaries |  | $ | 48,934 |  |  | $ | 47,061 |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Employee benefits |  |  | 23,556 |  |  |  | 27,053 |  |  |  | (12.9 | )%
Net occupancy and equipment |  |  | 11,083 |  |  |  | 10,854 |  |  |  | 2.1 | %
Data processing |  |  | 8,910 |  |  |  | 8,039 |  |  |  | 10.8 | %
Legal and professional fees |  |  | 3,434 |  |  |  | 3,199 |  |  |  | 7.3 | %
Advertising and marketing |  |  | 3,005 |  |  |  | 2,928 |  |  |  | 2.6 | %
Taxes other than property and payroll |  |  | 1,570 |  |  |  | 1,750 |  |  |  | (10.3 | )%
Net other real estate owned expense |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  | (67.4 | )%
Other |  |  | 20,123 |  |  |  | 17,000 |  |  |  | 18.4 | %
Total noninterest expense |  | $ | 121,071 |  |  | $ | 119,285 |  |  |  | 1.5 | %

Noninterest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1.8 million, or 1.5%, higher than the year 2021. Noninterest expense for the year 2022 was impacted by a $1.4 million accrual for customer refunds of re-presented returned item fees during the third quarter and year over year increases of $0.9 million in data processing expense, $0.6 million in loan related expenses, and $0.4 million in contributions, partially offset by a $1.6 million year over year decrease in personnel expense. Personnel expense year over year was impacted by a $1.8 million increase in salaries, offset by decreases of $1.5 million in bonuses and $1.9 million in post-retirement benefits.
* Please refer to our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 for more detailed income discussion related to the year 2020.
Balance Sheet Review
CTBI’s total assets at $5.4 billion decreased $37.9 million, or 0.7%, from December 31, 2021. Loans outstanding at December 31, 2022 were $3.7 billion, increasing $300.5 million, or 8.8%, year over year. The increase in loans from prior year included a $157.9 million increase in the commercial loan portfolio (excluding PPP loans), a $116.6 million increase in the indirect loan portfolio, a $71.7 million increase in the residential loan portfolio, and a $0.8 million increase in the consumer direct loan portfolio. PPP loans decreased $46.5 million during the year. Loans held for sale at $0.1 million at December 31, 2022 decreased $2.5 million over prior year. CTBI’s investment portfolio decreased $199.3 million, or 13.7%, from December 31, 2021. Deposits in other banks decreased $187.8 million from December 31, 2021. Deposits, including repurchase agreements, at $4.6 billion increased $26.2 million, or 0.6%, from December 31, 2021. During the year 2022, $100.2 million in deposits was referred to our trust subsidiary, Community Trust and Investment Company, allowing us to maintain the overall customer relationship for those depositors who moved funds for additional investment opportunities.
Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2022 of $628.0 million was a $70.2 million, or 10.0%, decrease from the $698.2 million at December 31, 2021, resulting from an increase year over year in unrealized losses on our securities portfolio due to an increased interest rate environment. Net unrealized losses on securities were $129.2 million at December 31, 2022, compared to $4.8 million at December 31, 2021. Management has the ability and intent to hold these securities to recovery or maturity. CTBI’s annualized dividend yield to shareholders as of December 31, 2022 was 3.83%.
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Loans

(dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |
Loan Category |  | Balance |  |  | Variance from Prior Year |  |  | Net (Charge-Offs)/ Recoveries |  |  | Nonperforming |  |  | ACL |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 343,640 |  |  |  | 33.7 | % |  | $ | (216 | ) |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 5,171 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 372,914 |  |  |  | 11.2 |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | 613 |  |  |  | 4,894 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 762,349 |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 689 |  |  |  | 3,063 |  |  |  | 9,419 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 77,533 |  |  |  | 11.6 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,776 |
Commercial other |  |  | 311,539 |  |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | 1,338 |  |  |  | 5,285 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 883 |  |  |  | (98.1 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial |  |  | 1,868,858 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | 5,027 |  |  |  | 26,545 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 824,996 |  |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  | (171 | ) |  |  | 8,998 |  |  |  | 7,932 |
Home equity |  |  | 120,540 |  |  |  | 13.0 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 778 |  |  |  | 1,106 |
Total residential |  |  | 945,536 |  |  |  | 8.2 |  |  |  | (188 | ) |  |  | 9,776 |  |  |  | 9,038 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer direct |  |  | 157,504 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 737,392 |  |  |  | 18.8 |  |  |  | (791 | ) |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 8,704 |
Total consumer |  |  | 894,896 |  |  |  | 15.1 |  |  |  | (838 | ) |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 10,398 |
Total loans |  | $ | 3,709,290 |  |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | $ | (680 | ) |  | $ | 15,309 |  |  | $ | 45,981 |

(dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2021 |
Loan Category |  | Balance |  |  | Variance from Prior Year |  |  | Net (Charge-Offs)/ Recoveries |  |  | Nonperforming |  |  | ACL |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 257,062 |  |  |  | (1.4 | )% |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | 5,080 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 335,233 |  |  |  | 16.4 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 897 |  |  |  | 3,986 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 757,893 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 4,193 |  |  |  | 8,884 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 69,452 |  |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,436 |
Commercial other |  |  | 290,478 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | (255 | ) |  |  | 378 |  |  |  | 4,422 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 47,335 |  |  |  | (81.3 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial |  |  | 1,757,453 |  |  |  | (7.2 | ) |  |  | (214 | ) |  |  | 6,543 |  |  |  | 23,808 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 767,185 |  |  |  | (2.2 | ) |  |  | (198 | ) |  |  | 8,740 |  |  |  | 7,637 |
Home equity |  |  | 106,667 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | 1,092 |  |  |  | 866 |
Total residential |  |  | 873,852 |  |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | (215 | ) |  |  | 9,832 |  |  |  | 8,503 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer direct |  |  | 156,683 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 1,951 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 620,825 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 717 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 7,494 |
Total consumer |  |  | 777,508 |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |  | 549 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 9,445 |
Total loans |  | $ | 3,408,813 |  |  |  | (4.1 | )% |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 16,625 |  |  | $ | 41,756 |

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Total Deposits and Repurchase Agreements

(dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Percent Change |
Noninterest bearing deposits |  | $ | 1,394,915 |  |  | $ | 1,331,103 |  |  |  | 4.8 | %
Interest bearing deposits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest checking |  |  | 112,265 |  |  |  | 97,064 |  |  |  | 15.7 | %
Money market savings |  |  | 1,348,809 |  |  |  | 1,206,401 |  |  |  | 11.8 | %
Savings accounts |  |  | 654,380 |  |  |  | 632,645 |  |  |  | 3.4 | %
Time deposits |  |  | 915,774 |  |  |  | 1,077,079 |  |  |  | (15.0 | )%
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 215,431 |  |  |  | 271,088 |  |  |  | (20.5 | )%
Total interest bearing deposits and repurchase agreements |  |  | 3,246,659 |  |  |  | 3,284,277 |  |  |  | (1.1 | )%
Total deposits and repurchase agreements |  | $ | 4,641,574 |  |  | $ | 4,615,380 |  |  |  | 0.6 | %

Average Deposits and Other Borrowed Funds

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest bearing deposits |  | $ | 1,398,778 |  |  | $ | 1,276,367 |
Interest bearing deposits |  |  | 104,631 |  |  |  | 94,762 |
Money market accounts |  |  | 1,248,067 |  |  |  | 1,238,009 |
Savings accounts |  |  | 667,367 |  |  |  | 592,492 |
Certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more |  |  | 556,849 |  |  |  | 562,525 |
Certificates of deposit < $100,000 and other time deposits |  |  | 470,877 |  |  |  | 494,822 |
Total deposits |  |  | 4,446,569 |  |  |  | 4,258,977 |
Other borrowed funds: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased |  |  | 243,102 |  |  |  | 334,520 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 384 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 59,430 |  |  |  | 59,274 |
Total other borrowed funds |  |  | 303,430 |  |  |  | 394,178 |
Total deposits and other borrowed funds |  | $ | 4,749,999 |  |  | $ | 4,653,155 |

The maximum balance for federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements at any month-end during 2022 occurred at February 28, 2022, with a month-end balance of $277.9 million. The maximum balance for federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements at any month-end during 2021 occurred at May 31, 2021, with a month-end balance of $373.8 million.
Asset Quality
CTBI’s total nonperforming loans, not including troubled debt restructurings, were $15.3 million, or 0.41% of total loans, at December 31, 2022 compared to $16.6 million, or 0.49% of total loans, at December 31, 2021. Accruing loans 90+ days past due increased $2.5 million from December 31, 2021, while nonaccrual loans decreased $3.8 million from December 31, 2021. Accruing loans 30-89 days past due at $15.3 million was an increase of $4.4 million from December 31, 2021. Our loan portfolio management processes focus on the immediate identification, management, and resolution of problem loans to maximize recovery and minimize loss. Our loan portfolio risk management processes include weekly delinquent loan review meetings at the market levels and monthly delinquent loan review meetings involving senior corporate management to review all nonaccrual loans and loans 30 days or more past due. Any activity regarding a criticized/classified loan (i.e. problem loan) must be approved by CTB’s Watch List Asset Committee (i.e. Problem Loan Committee). CTB’s Watch List Asset Committee also meets on a quarterly basis and reviews every criticized/classified loan of $100,000 or greater. CTB’s Loan Portfolio Risk Management Committee also meets quarterly focusing on the overall asset quality and risk metrics of the loan portfolio. We also have a Loan Review Department that reviews every market within CTB annually and performs extensive testing of the loan portfolio to assure the accuracy of loan grades and classifications for delinquency, troubled debt restructuring, nonaccrual status, and adequate loan loss reserves. The Loan Review Department has annually reviewed on average 96% of the outstanding commercial loan portfolio for the past three years. The average annual review percentage of the consumer and residential loan portfolio for the past three years was 85% based on the loan production during the number of months included in the review scope. The review scope is generally four to six months of production. CTBI generally does not offer high risk loans such as option ARM products, high loan to value ratio mortgages, interest-only loans, loans with initial teaser rates, or loans with negative amortizations, and therefore, CTBI would have no significant exposure to these products.
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For further information regarding nonperforming loans, see note 4 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.
Our level of foreclosed properties at $3.7 million at December 31, 2022 was an increase of $0.2 million from the $3.5 million at December 31, 2021. Sales of foreclosed properties for the year ended December 31, 2022 totaled $2.0 million while new foreclosed properties totaled $2.4 million. At December 31, 2022, the book value of properties under contracts to sell was $1.2 million; however, the closings had not occurred at year-end. Nonperforming assets to loans and foreclosed properties at December 31, 2022 were 0.5% compared to 0.6% at December 31, 2021.
When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current market value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new market value less expected sales costs. Charges to earnings in 2022 to reflect the decrease in current market values of foreclosed properties totaled $0.3 million, compared to $0.9 million for the year 2021. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. Approximately 92% of our other real estate owned (“OREO”) properties and approximately 93% of the book value of our OREO properties have appraisals dated within the past 18 months.
The appraisal aging analysis of foreclosed properties, as well as the holding period, at December 31, 2022 is shown below:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Appraisal Aging Analysis |  | Holding Period Analysis |
Days Since Last Appraisal |  | Number of Properties |  |  | Current Book Value |  | Holding Period |  | Current Book Value |
Up to 3 months |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 42 |  | Less than one year |  | $ | 2,059 |
3 to 6 months |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 1,953 |  | 1 year |  |  | 157 |
6 to 9 months |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  | 2 years |  |  | 546 |
9 to 12 months |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 1,245 |  | 3 years |  |  | 0 |
12 to 18 months |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 191 |  | 4 years |  |  | 87 |
18 to 24 months |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 109 |  | 5 years |  |  | 24 |
Over 24 months |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 131 |  | 6 years |  |  | 0 |
Total |  |  | 39 |  |  | $ | 3,671 |  | 7 years |  |  | 234 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8 years |  |  | 564 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9 years |  |  | 0 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  | $ | 3,671 |

Regulatory approval is required and has been obtained to hold foreclosed properties beyond the initial period of 5 years. Additionally, CTBI is required to dispose of any foreclosed property that has not been sold within 10 years.
Net loan charge-offs were $0.7 million, 0.02% of average loans annualized, for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a net recovery of loan losses of $0.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
Our reserve coverage (allowance for credit losses to nonperforming loans) at December 31, 2022 was 300.4% compared to 251.2% at December 31, 2021. Nonaccrual loans to total loans at December 31, 2022 was 0.2% compared to 0.3% at December 31, 2021. Our allowance for credit losses to nonaccrual loans at December 31, 2022 was 674.9% compared to 391.3% at December 31, 2021. Our credit loss reserve as a percentage of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2022 was 1.24%, an increase from the 1.22% at December 31, 2021.
Liquidity and Market Risk
The objective of CTBI’s Asset/Liability management function is to maintain consistent growth in net interest income within our policy limits. This objective is accomplished through management of our consolidated balance sheet composition, liquidity, and interest rate risk exposures arising from changing economic conditions, interest rates, and customer preferences. The goal of liquidity management is to provide adequate funds to meet changes in loan and lease demand or deposit withdrawals. This is accomplished by maintaining liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents and investment securities, sufficient unused borrowing capacity, and growth in core deposits. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $128.7 million in cash and cash equivalents and approximately $309.2 million in securities valued at estimated fair value designated as available-for-sale and available to meet liquidity needs on a continuing basis compared to $311.8 million and $568.9 million at December 31, 2021. Additional asset-driven liquidity is provided by the remainder of the securities portfolio and the repayment of loans. In addition to core deposit funding, we also have a variety of other short-term and long-term funding sources available. We also rely on Federal Home Loan Bank advances for both liquidity and management of our asset/liability position. Federal Home Loan Bank advances were $0.4 million at December 31, 2022 and at December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, we had a $501.0 million available borrowing position with the Federal Home Loan Bank compared to $484.4 million at December 31, 2021. We generally rely upon net inflows of cash from financing activities, supplemented by net inflows of cash from operating activities, to provide cash for our investing activities. As is typical of many financial institutions, significant financing activities include deposit gathering, use of short-term borrowing facilities such as repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased, and issuance of long-term debt. At December 31, 2022 and at December 31, 2021, we had $75 million in lines of credit with various correspondent banks available to meet any future cash needs. Our primary investing activities include purchases of securities and loan originations. We do not rely on any one source of liquidity and manage availability in response to changing consolidated balance sheet needs. Included in our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 were deposits with the Federal Reserve of $72.6 million compared to $262.4 million at December 31, 2021. Additionally, we project cash flows from our investment portfolio to generate additional liquidity over the next 90 days.
The investment portfolio consists of investment grade short-term issues suitable for bank investments. The majority of the investment portfolio is in U.S. government and government sponsored agency issuances. At December 31, 2022, available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities comprised all of the total investment portfolio, and the AFS portfolio was approximately 200% of equity capital. Eighty-one percent of the pledge eligible portfolio was pledged.
Contractual Commitments
Our significant contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2022 include debt, lease, and purchase obligations. As disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, we have certain obligations and commitments to make future payments under contracts.
As of December 31, 2022, our outstanding balance on long-term debt was $57.8 million. The interest payments on long-term debt due in one year or less is $3.9 million, and interest payments on long-term debt due in more than one year is $31.3 million. The interest on $57.8 million in long-term debt is calculated based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.59% until its maturity of June 1, 2037. The three-month LIBOR rate is projected using the most likely rate forecast from assumptions incorporated in the interest rate risk model and is determined two business days prior to the interest payment date. Interest on long-term debt assumes the liability will not be prepaid and interest is calculated to maturity. These assumptions are uncertain, and as a result, the actual payments will differ from the projection due to changes in economic conditions. Refer to note 10 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding long-term debt.
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On March 5, 2021, LIBOR’s administrator, ICE Benchmarks Administration, announced that LIBOR would no longer be provided (i) for the one-week and two-month U.S. dollar settings after December 31, 2021 and (ii) for the remaining U.S. dollar settings after June 30, 2023. The U.S. federal banking agencies issued supervisory guidance encouraging banks to stop entering into new contracts that use LIBOR as a reference rate after December 31, 2021. In addition, on March 15, 2022, the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act (the “LIBOR Act”) was signed into law. The LIBOR Act establishes a uniform national approach for replacing LIBOR in legacy contracts that do not provide for the use of a clearly defined replacement benchmark rate. As directed by the LIBOR Act, on December 16, 2022, the Federal Reserve Board issued a final rule setting forth regulations to implement the LIBOR Act, including establishing benchmark replacements based on the Secured Overnight Funding Rate for contracts governed by U.S. law that reference certain tenors of U.S. dollar LIBOR (the overnight and one-, three-, six-, and twelve-month tenors) and that do not have terms that provide for the use of a clearly defined and predictable replacement benchmark rate (“fallback provisions”) following the first London banking day after June 30, 2023. We have analyzed our financial exposure related to the discontinuation of LIBOR and consider our exposure to be insignificant.
As of December 31, 2022, our remaining contractual commitment for operating and finance leases due in one year or less is $2.0 million and operating leases due in more than one year is $23.4 million. Refer to note 15 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding leases.
Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit do not necessarily represent future cash requirements in that these commitments often expire without being drawn upon. As of December 31, 2022, the commitments due in one year or less for other commitments is $646.6 million and commitments due in more than one year is $227.7 million. Refer to note 17 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for additional information regarding other commitments.
Our purchase obligations consist of agreements to purchase goods and services entered into in the ordinary course of business. As of December 31, 2022, the value of our non-cancellable unconditional purchase obligations was $10.3 million.
These contractual obligations impact our liquidity and capital resource needs. We believe our liquidity sources as mentioned in the liquidity discussion are adequate to meet our future cash requirements.
Investment Maturities

|  | Estimated Maturity at December 31, 2022 |
|  | Within 1 Year |  |  | 1-5 Years |  |  | 5-10 Years |  |  | After 10 Years |  |  | Total Fair Value |  |  | Amortized Cost |
(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |  |  | Yield |  |  | Amount |
U.S. Treasury, government agencies, and government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  | $ | 38,955 |  |  |  | 1.41 | % |  | $ | 252,588 |  |  |  | 1.24 | % |  | $ | 180,279 |  |  |  | 2.62 | % |  | $ | 430,195 |  |  |  | 1.93 | % |  | $ | 902,017 |  |  |  | 1.85 | % |  | $ | 1,012,496 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 1,705 |  |  |  | 3.64 |  |  |  | 11,752 |  |  |  | 3.52 |  |  |  | 96,764 |  |  |  | 2.34 |  |  |  | 154,881 |  |  |  | 2.50 |  |  |  | 265,102 |  |  |  | 2.50 |  |  |  | 326,746 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | 52,053 |  |  |  | 6.16 |  |  |  | 37,054 |  |  |  | 5.34 |  |  |  | 89,107 |  |  |  | 5.82 |  |  |  | 91,363 |
Total |  | $ | 40,660 |  |  |  | 1.51 | % |  | $ | 264,340 |  |  |  | 1.34 | % |  | $ | 329,096 |  |  |  | 3.10 | % |  | $ | 622,130 |  |  |  | 2.28 | % |  | $ | 1,256,226 |  |  |  | 2.27 | % |  | $ | 1,430,605 |

The calculations of the weighted average yields for each maturity category are based upon yield weighted by the respective costs of the securities. The weighted average rates on state and political subdivisions are computed on a taxable equivalent basis using a 24.95% tax rate.
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Loan Maturities
The following table shows the amounts of loans (excluding residential mortgages of 1-4 family residences, consumer loans, and lease financing) which, based on the remaining scheduled repayments of principal are due in the periods indicated. Also, the amounts are classified according to sensitivity to changes in interest rates (fixed, variable).
CTB has changed the origination process on commercial and residential construction loans to be almost exclusively construction to permanent financing with only one note. This change is resulting in a greater number of loans showing in the after five year maturity for construction loans, even though those loans will be converted from construction loans to permanent financing by a change in the internal coding on the loans while the maturity date remains the same.

|  | Maturity at December 31, 2022 |
|  |  |  |  | After one |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Within |  |  | but within |  |  | After |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | one year |  |  | five years |  |  | five years |  |  | Total |
Commercial secured by real estate and commercial other |  | $ | 215,139 |  |  | $ | 175,242 |  |  | $ | 1,324,122 |  |  | $ | 1,714,503 |
Commercial and real estate construction |  |  | 71,107 |  |  |  | 19,643 |  |  |  | 185,340 |  |  |  | 276,090 |
|  | $ | 286,246 |  |  | $ | 194,885 |  |  | $ | 1,509,462 |  |  | $ | 1,990,593 |
Rate sensitivity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Predetermined rate |  | $ | 43,680 |  |  | $ | 101,315 |  |  | $ | 77,546 |  |  | $ | 222,541 |
Adjustable rate |  |  | 242,566 |  |  |  | 93,570 |  |  |  | 1,431,916 |  |  |  | 1,768,052 |
|  | $ | 286,246 |  |  | $ | 194,885 |  |  | $ | 1,509,462 |  |  | $ | 1,990,593 |

Deposit Maturities
Maturities and/or repricing of time deposits of $100,000 or more outstanding at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Certificates of Deposit |  |  | Other Time Deposits |  |  | Total |
Three months or less |  | $ | 78,400 |  |  | $ | 10,955 |  |  | $ | 89,355 |
Over three through six months |  |  | 68,841 |  |  |  | 10,304 |  |  |  | 79,145 |
Over six through twelve months |  |  | 213,139 |  |  |  | 15,841 |  |  |  | 228,980 |
Over twelve through sixty months |  |  | 111,400 |  |  |  | 22,390 |  |  |  | 133,790 |
Over sixty |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 154 |
|  | $ | 471,934 |  |  | $ | 59,490 |  |  | $ | 531,424 |

Interest Rate Risk
We consider interest rate risk one of our most significant market risks. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in net interest income due to changes in interest rates. Consistency of our net interest revenue is largely dependent upon the effective management of interest rate risk. We employ a variety of measurement techniques to identify and manage our interest rate risk, including the use of an earnings simulation model to analyze net interest income sensitivity to changing interest rates. The model is based on actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for on and off-balance sheet instruments and incorporates market-based assumptions regarding the effect of changing interest rates on the prepayment rates of certain assets and liabilities. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in interest rates are also incorporated into the model. These assumptions are inherently uncertain, and as a result, the model cannot precisely measure net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and management strategies.
CTBI’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (ALCO), which includes executive and senior management representatives and reports to the Board of Directors, monitors and manages interest rate risk within Board-approved policy limits. Our current exposure to interest rate risks is determined by measuring the anticipated change in net interest income spread evenly over the twelve-month period.
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The following table shows our estimated earnings sensitivity profile as of December 31, 2022:

Change in Interest Rates (basis points) | Percentage Change in Net Interest Income (12 Months)
+400 | 9.98%
+300 | 7.26%
+200 | 4.60%
+100 | 1.94%
-100 | (1.95)%
-200 | (3.92)%
-300 | (5.96)%
-400 | (7.91)%

The following table shows our estimated earnings sensitivity profile as of December 31, 2021:

Change in Interest Rates (basis points) | Percentage Change in Net Interest Income (12 Months)
+400 | 11.23%
+300 | 7.61%
+200 | 4.56%
+100 | 2.01%
-25 | (0.66)%

The simulation model used the yield curve spread evenly over a twelve-month period. The measurement at December 31, 2022 estimates that our net interest income in an up-rate environment would increase by 9.98% at a 400 basis point change, increase by 7.26% at a 300 basis point change, increase by 4.60% at a 200 basis point change, and increase by 1.94% at a 100 basis point change. In a down-rate environment, net interest income would decrease 1.95% at a 100 basis point change, decrease by 3.92% at a 200 basis point change, decrease by 5.96% at a 300 basis point change, and decrease by 7.91% at a 400 basis point change over one year. We actively manage our balance sheet and limit our exposure to long-term fixed rate financial instruments, including loans. In order to reduce the exposure to interest rate fluctuations and to manage liquidity, we have developed sale procedures for several types of interest-sensitive assets. Primarily all long-term, fixed rate single family residential mortgage loans underwritten according to Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation guidelines are sold for cash upon origination or originated under terms where they could be sold. Periodically, additional assets such as commercial loans are also sold. In 2022 and 2021, proceeds of $66.0 million and $307.8 million, respectively, were realized on the sale of fixed rate residential mortgages. We focus our efforts on consistent net interest revenue and net interest margin growth through each of the retail and wholesale business lines. We do not currently engage in trading activities.
The preceding analysis was prepared using a rate ramp analysis which attempts to spread changes evenly over a specified time period as opposed to a rate shock which measures the impact of an immediate change. Had these measurements been prepared using the rate shock method, the results would vary.
Capital Resources
We continue to grow our shareholders’ equity while also providing an annual dividend yield for the year 2022 of 3.83% to shareholders. Shareholders’ equity decreased 10.0% from December 31, 2021 to $628.0 million at December 31, 2022. Our primary source of capital growth is the retention of earnings. Cash dividends were $1.68 per share for 2022 compared to $1.57 per share for 2021. We retained 63.4% of our earnings in 2022 compared to 68.2% in 2021.
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Insured depository institutions are required to meet certain capital level requirements. On October 29, 2019, federal banking regulators adopted a final rule to simplify the regulatory capital requirements for eligible community banks and holding companies that opt-in to the community bank leverage ratio framework (the “CBLR framework”), as required by Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018. Under the final rule, which became effective as of January 1, 2020, community banks and holding companies (which includes CTB and CTBI) that satisfy certain qualifying criteria, including having less than $10 billion in average total consolidated assets and a leverage ratio (referred to as the “community bank leverage ratio”) of greater than 9%, were eligible to opt-in to the CBLR framework. The community bank leverage ratio is the ratio of a banking organization’s Tier 1 capital to its average total consolidated assets, both as reported on the banking organization’s applicable regulatory filings. Accordingly, a qualifying community banking organization that has a community bank leverage ratio greater than 9% will be considered to have met: (i) the risk-based and leverage capital requirements of the generally applicable capital rules; (ii) the capital ratio requirements in order to be considered well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework; and (iii) any other applicable capital or leverage requirements.
In April 2020, as directed by Section 4012 of the CARES Act, the regulatory agencies introduced temporary changes to the CBLR. These changes, which subsequently were adopted as a final rule, temporarily reduced the CBLR requirement to 8% through the end of calendar year 2020. Beginning in calendar year 2021, the CBLR requirement increased to 8.5% for the calendar year before returning to 9% in calendar year 2022. Management elected to use the CBLR framework for CTBI and CTB. CTBI’s CBLR ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 13.55%. CTB’s CBLR ratio as of December 31, 2022 was 12.98%.
As of December 31, 2022, we are not aware of any current recommendations by banking regulatory authorities which, if they were to be implemented, would have, or are reasonably likely to have, a material adverse impact on our liquidity, capital resources, or operations.
Impact of Inflation, Changing Prices, and Economic Conditions
The majority of our assets and liabilities are monetary in nature. Therefore, CTBI differs greatly from most commercial and industrial companies that have significant investment in nonmonetary assets, such as fixed assets and inventories. However, inflation does have an important impact on the growth of assets in the banking industry and on the resulting need to increase equity capital at higher than normal rates in order to maintain an appropriate equity to assets ratio. Inflation also affects other expenses, which tend to rise during periods of general inflation.
We believe one of the most significant impacts on financial and operating results is our ability to react to changes in interest rates. We seek to maintain an essentially balanced position between interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities in order to protect against the effects of wide interest rate fluctuations.
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Stock Repurchase Program
CTBI’s stock repurchase program began in December 1998 with the authorization to acquire up to 500,000 shares and was increased by an additional 1,000,000 shares in each of July 2000, May 2003, and March 2020. As of December 31, 2022, a total of 2,465,294 shares have been repurchased through this program, leaving 1,034,706 shares remaining under our current repurchase authorization. The following table shows Board authorizations and repurchases made through the stock repurchase program for the years 1998 through 2022:

| Board Authorizations | Repurchases* | Shares Available for Repurchase
Average Price ($) | # of Shares
1998 | 500,000 | - | 0 |
1999 | 0 | 14.45 | 144,669 |
2000 | 1,000,000 | 10.25 | 763,470 |
2001 | 0 | 13.35 | 489,440 |
2002 | 0 | 17.71 | 396,316 |
2003 | 1,000,000 | 19.62 | 259,235 |
2004 | 0 | 23.14 | 60,500 |
2005 | 0 | - | 0 |
2006 | 0 | - | 0 |
2007 | 0 | 28.56 | 216,150 |
2008 | 0 | 25.53 | 102,850 |
2009-2019 | 0 | - | 0 |
2020 | 1,000,000 | 33.64 | 32,664 |
2021 | 0 | - | 0 |
2022 | 0 | - | 0 |
Total | 3,500,000 | 16.17 | 2,465,294 | 1,034,706

*Repurchased shares and average prices have been restated to reflect stock dividends that have occurred; however, board authorized shares have not been adjusted.
In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) was enacted. Among other things, the IRA imposes a new 1% excise tax on the fair market value of stock repurchased after December 31, 2022 by publicly traded U.S. corporations like CTBI. With certain exceptions, the value of stock repurchased is determined net of stock issued in the year, including shares issued pursuant to compensatory arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires the appropriate application of certain accounting policies, many of which require us to make estimates and assumptions about future events and their impact on amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and related notes. Since future events and their impact cannot be determined with certainty, the actual results will inevitably differ from our estimates. Such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.
We believe the application of accounting policies and the estimates required therein are reasonable. These accounting policies and estimates are constantly reevaluated, and adjustments are made when facts and circumstances dictate a change. Historically, we have found our application of accounting policies to be appropriate, and actual results have not differed materially from those determined using necessary estimates.
Our accounting policies are described in note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein. We have identified the following critical accounting policies:
Allowance for Credit Losses – CTBI accounts for the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) and the reserve for unfunded commitments in accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, and its related subsequent amendments, commonly known as CECL.
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We disaggregate our portfolio loans into portfolio segments for purposes of determining the ACL. Our loan portfolio segments include commercial, residential mortgage, and consumer. We further disaggregate our portfolio segments into classes for purposes of monitoring and assessing credit quality based on certain risk characteristics. For an analysis of CTBI’s ACL by portfolio segment and credit quality information by class, refer to note 4 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.
CTBI maintains the ACL to absorb the amount of credit losses that are expected to be incurred over the remaining contractual terms of the related loans. Contractual terms are adjusted for expected prepayments but are not extended for expected extensions, renewals or modifications except in circumstances where CTBI reasonably expects to execute a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) with the borrower or where certain extension or renewal options are embedded in the original contract and not unconditionally cancellable by CTBI. Accrued interest receivable on loans is presented in the consolidated financial statements as a component of other assets. When accrued interest is deemed to be uncollectible (typically when a loan is placed on nonaccrual status), interest income is reversed. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, CTBI has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, CTBI elected ASU 2019-04 which allows that accrued interest would continue to be presented separately and not part of the amortized cost of the loan. For additional information on CTBI’s accounting policies related to nonaccrual loans, refer to note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.
Credit losses are charged and recoveries are credited to the ACL. The ACL is maintained at a level CTBI considers to be adequate and is based on ongoing quarterly assessments and evaluations of the collectability of loans, including historical credit loss experience, current and forecasted market and economic conditions, and consideration of various qualitative factors that, in management’s judgment, deserve consideration in estimating expected credit losses. Provisions for credit losses are recorded for the amounts necessary to adjust the ACL to CTBI’s current estimate of expected credit losses on portfolio loans. CTBI’s strategy for credit risk management includes a combination of conservative exposure limits significantly below legal lending limits and conservative underwriting, documentation, and collection standards. The strategy also emphasizes diversification on a geographic, industry, and customer level, regular credit examinations, and quarterly management reviews of large credit exposures and loans experiencing deterioration of credit quality.
CTBI’s methodology for determining the ACL requires significant management judgment and includes an estimate of expected credit losses on a collective basis for groups of loans with similar risk characteristics and specific allowances for loans which are individually evaluated.
Larger commercial loans with balances exceeding $1 million that exhibit probable or observed credit weaknesses, (i) have a criticized risk rating, (ii) are on nonaccrual status, (iii) are classified as TDRs, or (iv) are 90 days or more past due, are individually evaluated for an ACL. CTBI considers the current value of collateral, credit quality of any guarantees, the guarantor’s liquidity and willingness to cooperate, the loan structure and other factors when determining the amount of the ACL. Other factors may include the borrower’s susceptibility to risks presented by the forecasted macroeconomic environment, the industry and geographic region of the borrower, size and financial condition of the borrower, cash flow and leverage of the borrower, and our evaluation of the borrower’s management. Significant management judgment is required when evaluating which of these factors are most relevant in individual circumstances, and when estimating the amount of expected credit losses based on those factors. When loans are individually evaluated, allowances are determined based on management’s estimate of the borrower’s ability to repay the loan given the availability of collateral and other sources of cash flow, as well as an evaluation of legal options available to CTBI. Allowances for individually evaluated loans that are collateral-dependent are typically measured based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less expected costs to sell where applicable. For collateral-dependent financial assets, the credit loss expected may be zero if the fair value less costs to sell exceeds the amortized cost of the loan. Loans shall not be included in both collective assessments and individual assessments. Individually evaluated loans that are not collateral-dependent are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. Specific allowances on individually evaluated commercial loans, including TDRs, are reviewed quarterly and adjusted as necessary based on changing borrower and/or collateral conditions and actual collection and charge-off experience. Regardless of an initial measurement method, once it is determined that foreclosure is probable, the ACL is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the measurement date. As a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral may be used for a loan when determining the ACL for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The fair value shall be adjusted for selling costs when foreclosure is probable.
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Expected credit losses are estimated on a collective basis for loans that are not individually evaluated. These include commercial loans that do not meet the criteria for individual evaluation as well as homogeneous loans in the residential mortgage and consumer portfolio segments. For collectively evaluated commercial loans, CTBI uses a static pool methodology based on our risk rating system. See note 4 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for information on CTBI’s risk rating system. Other homogenous loans such as the residential mortgage and consumer portfolio segments derive their ACL from vintage modeling. Vintage modeling was chosen primarily because these loans have fixed amortization schedules, and it allows CTBI to track loans from origination to completion, including repayments and prepayments, and captures net charge-offs by the different vintages providing historical loss rates. These are the two primary models utilized for ACL determination although there are additional models for specific processes in addition. CTBI’s expected credit loss models were developed based on historical credit loss experience and observations of migration patterns for various credit risk characteristics (such as internal credit risk grades, external credit ratings or scores, delinquency status, etc.) over time, with those observations evaluated in the context of concurrent macroeconomic conditions. CTBI developed our models from historical observations capturing a full economic cycle when possible.
CTBI’s expected credit loss models consider historical credit loss experience, current market and economic conditions, and forecasted changes in market and economic conditions if such forecasts are considered reasonable and supportable. Generally, CTBI considers our forecasts to be reasonable and supportable for a period of up to one year from the estimation date. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, expected credit losses are estimated by reverting to historical loss information. CTBI evaluates the length of our reasonable and supportable forecast period, our reversion period, and reversion methodology at least annually, or more often if warranted by economic conditions or other circumstances.
Other qualitative factors are used by CTBI in determining the ACL. These considerations inherently require significant management judgment to determine the appropriate factors to be considered and the extent of their impact on the ACL estimate. Qualitative factors are used to capture characteristics in the portfolio that impact expected credit losses but that are not fully captured within CTBI’s expected credit loss models. These include adjustments for changes in policies or procedures in underwriting, monitoring or collections, lending and risk management personnel, and results of internal audit and quality control reviews. These may also include adjustments, when deemed necessary, for specific idiosyncratic risks such as geopolitical events, natural disasters and their effects on regional borrowers, and changes in product structures. Qualitative factors may also be used to address the impacts of unforeseen events on key inputs and assumptions within CTBI’s expected credit loss models, such as the reasonable and supportable forecast period, changes to historical loss information, or changes to the reversion period or methodology. When evaluating the adequacy of allowances, consideration is also given to regional geographic concentrations and the closely associated effect that changing economic conditions may have on CTBI’s customers.
Overall, the collective evaluation process requires significant management judgment when determining the estimation methodology and inputs into the models, as well as in evaluating the reasonableness of the modeled results and the appropriateness of qualitative adjustments. CTBI’s forecasts of market and economic conditions and the internal risk grades assigned to loans in the commercial portfolio segment are examples of inputs to the expected credit loss models that require significant management judgment. These inputs have the potential to drive significant variability in the resulting ACL.
The reserve for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated expected credit losses related to unfunded credit facilities and is included in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The determination of the adequacy of the reserve is based upon expected credit losses over the remaining contractual life of the commitments, taking into consideration the current funded balance and estimated exposure over the reasonable and supportable forecast period. This process takes into consideration the same risk elements that are analyzed in the determination of the adequacy of CTBI’s ACL, as previously discussed. Net adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments are included in other noninterest expense in the consolidated statements of income.
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Goodwill – Business combinations entered into by CTBI typically include the recognition of goodwill. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) require goodwill to be tested for impairment on an annual basis, which for CTBI is October 1, and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that there may be impairment. Refer to note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein for a discussion on the methodology used by CTBI to assess goodwill for impairment.
Impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. In testing goodwill for impairment, U.S. GAAP permits companies to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. In this qualitative assessment, CTBI evaluates events and circumstances which may include, but are not limited to, the general economic environment, banking industry and market conditions, the overall financial performance of CTBI, and the performance of CTBI’s common stock, to determine if it is not more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount. If the quantitative impairment test is required or the decision to bypass the qualitative assessment is elected, CTBI performs the goodwill impairment test by comparing its fair value with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill recorded. A recognized impairment loss cannot be reversed in future periods even if the fair value of the reporting unit subsequently recovers.
The fair value of CTBI is the price that would be received to sell the company as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The determination of the fair value is a subjective process that involves the use of estimates and judgments, particularly related to cash flows, the appropriate discount rates and an applicable control premium. CTBI employs an income-based approach, utilizing forecasted cash flows and the estimated cost of equity as the discount rate. Significant management judgment is necessary in the preparation of the forecasted cash flows surrounding expectations for earnings projections, growth and credit loss expectations, and actual results may differ from forecasted results.
Income Taxes – Income tax liabilities or assets are established for the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred tax liabilities (“DTLs”) and assets (“DTAs”) are also established for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in CTBI’s financial statements or tax returns. A DTL or DTA is recognized for the estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and deductions that can be carried forward (used) in future years. The valuation of current and deferred income tax liabilities and assets is considered critical, as it requires management to make estimates based on provisions of the enacted tax laws. The assessment of tax liabilities and assets involves the use of estimates, assumptions, interpretations, and judgments concerning certain accounting pronouncements and federal and state tax codes.
Fair Value Measurements – As a financial services company, the carrying value of certain financial assets and liabilities is impacted by the application of fair value measurements, either directly or indirectly. In certain cases, an asset or liability is measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis, such as available-for-sale investment securities. In other cases, management must rely on estimates or judgments to determine if an asset or liability not measured at fair value warrants an impairment write-down or whether a valuation reserve should be established. Given the inherent volatility, the use of fair value measurements may have a significant impact on the carrying value of assets or liabilities or result in material changes to the consolidated financial statements from period to period. Detailed information regarding fair value measurements can be found in note 16 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
CTBI currently does not engage in any hedging activity or any derivative activity which management considers material. Analysis of CTBI’s interest rate sensitivity can be found in the Interest Rate Risk section of Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollars in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 51,306 |  |  | $ | 46,558 |
Interest bearing deposits |  |  | 77,380 |  |  |  | 265,198 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 128,686 |  |  |  | 311,756 |
Certificates of deposit in other banks |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 245 |
Debt securities available-for-sale at fair value (amortized cost of $1,430,605 and $1,461,829, respectively) |  |  | 1,256,226 |  |  |  | 1,455,429 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 2,166 |  |  |  | 2,253 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 2,632 |
Loans |  |  | 3,709,290 |  |  |  | 3,408,813 |
Allowance for credit losses |  |  | (45,981 | ) |  |  | (41,756 | )
Net loans |  |  | 3,663,309 |  |  |  | 3,367,057 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 42,633 |  |  |  | 40,479 |
Operating right-of-use assets |  |  | 13,809 |  |  |  | 10,892 |
Finance right-of-use assets |  |  | 3,262 |  |  |  | 1,256 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 6,676 |  |  |  | 8,139 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 4,887 |
Goodwill |  |  | 65,490 |  |  |  | 65,490 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 92,746 |  |  |  | 91,097 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 8,468 |  |  |  | 6,774 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 3,671 |  |  |  | 3,486 |
Deferred tax asset |  |  | 39,878 |  |  |  | 0 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 19,592 |  |  |  | 15,415 |
Other assets |  |  | 28,463 |  |  |  | 30,970 |
Total assets |  | $ | 5,380,316 |  |  | $ | 5,418,257 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest bearing |  | $ | 1,394,915 |  |  | $ | 1,331,103 |
Interest bearing |  |  | 3,031,228 |  |  |  | 3,013,189 |
Total deposits |  |  | 4,426,143 |  |  |  | 4,344,292 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 215,431 |  |  |  | 271,088 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 500 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 375 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 57,841 |  |  |  | 57,841 |
Deferred tax liability |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 546 |
Operating lease liability |  |  | 14,160 |  |  |  | 11,583 |
Finance lease liability |  |  | 3,468 |  |  |  | 1,422 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 2,237 |  |  |  | 1,016 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 32,134 |  |  |  | 31,392 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 4,752,269 |  |  |  | 4,720,055 |
Commitments and contingencies (notes 17 and 19) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, 300,000 shares authorized and unissued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $5.00 par value, shares authorized 25,000,000; shares outstanding 2022 – 17,918,280; 2021 – 17,843,081 |  |  | 89,591 |  |  |  | 89,215 |
Capital surplus |  |  | 229,012 |  |  |  | 227,085 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 438,596 |  |  |  | 386,750 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | (129,152 | ) |  |  | (4,848 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 628,047 |  |  |  | 698,202 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 5,380,316 |  |  | $ | 5,418,257 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(in thousands except per share data) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans, including loans held for sale |  | $ | 169,885 |  |  | $ | 160,198 |  |  | $ | 160,826 |
Interest and dividends on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  |  | 21,695 |  |  |  | 13,981 |  |  |  | 11,939 |
Tax exempt |  |  | 2,998 |  |  |  | 3,098 |  |  |  | 2,380 |
Interest and dividends on Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 603 |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 532 |
Interest on Federal Reserve Bank deposits |  |  | 2,439 |  |  |  | 372 |  |  |  | 704 |
Other, including interest on federal funds sold |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 60 |
Total interest income |  |  | 197,742 |  |  |  | 178,169 |  |  |  | 176,441 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  |  | 24,068 |  |  |  | 12,753 |  |  |  | 21,177 |
Interest on repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased |  |  | 2,540 |  |  |  | 1,254 |  |  |  | 2,788 |
Interest on advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Interest on long-term debt |  |  | 2,012 |  |  |  | 1,083 |  |  |  | 1,485 |
Total interest expense |  |  | 28,640 |  |  |  | 15,090 |  |  |  | 25,450 |
Net interest income |  |  | 169,102 |  |  |  | 163,079 |  |  |  | 150,991 |
Provision for credit losses (recovery) |  |  | 4,905 |  |  |  | (6,386 | ) |  |  | 16,047 |
Net interest income after provision for credit losses (recovery) |  |  | 164,197 |  |  |  | 169,465 |  |  |  | 134,944 |
Noninterest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts |  |  | 29,049 |  |  |  | 26,529 |  |  |  | 23,461 |
Gains on sales of loans, net |  |  | 1,525 |  |  |  | 6,820 |  |  |  | 7,226 |
Trust and wealth management income |  |  | 12,394 |  |  |  | 12,644 |  |  |  | 10,931 |
Loan related fees |  |  | 6,185 |  |  |  | 5,578 |  |  |  | 4,041 |
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | 2,708 |  |  |  | 2,844 |  |  |  | 2,306 |
Brokerage revenue |  |  | 1,846 |  |  |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | 1,483 |
Securities gains (losses) |  |  | (168 | ) |  |  | (158 | ) |  |  | 1,769 |
Other noninterest income |  |  | 4,377 |  |  |  | 4,244 |  |  |  | 3,343 |
Total noninterest income |  |  | 57,916 |  |  |  | 60,463 |  |  |  | 54,560 |
Noninterest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Officer salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 15,922 |  |  |  | 19,713 |  |  |  | 15,257 |
Other salaries and employee benefits |  |  | 56,568 |  |  |  | 54,401 |  |  |  | 51,170 |
Occupancy, net |  |  | 8,380 |  |  |  | 8,306 |  |  |  | 7,912 |
Equipment |  |  | 2,703 |  |  |  | 2,548 |  |  |  | 2,737 |
Data processing |  |  | 8,910 |  |  |  | 8,039 |  |  |  | 7,941 |
Bank franchise tax |  |  | 1,528 |  |  |  | 1,705 |  |  |  | 7,299 |
Legal fees |  |  | 1,159 |  |  |  | 1,160 |  |  |  | 1,634 |
Professional fees |  |  | 2,275 |  |  |  | 2,039 |  |  |  | 2,091 |
Advertising and marketing |  |  | 3,005 |  |  |  | 2,928 |  |  |  | 2,980 |
FDIC insurance |  |  | 1,447 |  |  |  | 1,381 |  |  |  | 1,056 |
Other real estate owned provision and expense |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  | 2,655 |
Repossession expense |  |  | 546 |  |  |  | 344 |  |  |  | 717 |
Amortization of limited partnership investments |  |  | 2,853 |  |  |  | 3,352 |  |  |  | 3,759 |
Other noninterest expense |  |  | 15,319 |  |  |  | 11,968 |  |  |  | 12,031 |
Total noninterest expense |  |  | 121,071 |  |  |  | 119,285 |  |  |  | 119,239 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 101,042 |  |  |  | 110,643 |  |  |  | 70,265 |
Income taxes |  |  | 19,228 |  |  |  | 22,704 |  |  |  | 10,761 |
Net income |  | $ | 81,814 |  |  | $ | 87,939 |  |  | $ | 59,504 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on debt securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | (168,060 | ) |  |  | (24,827 | ) |  |  | 13,839 |
Less: Reclassification adjustments for realized gains (losses) included in net income |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 1,251 |
Tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (43,675 | ) |  |  | (6,471 | ) |  |  | 3,273 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (124,304 | ) |  |  | (18,416 | ) |  |  | 9,315 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (42,490 | ) |  | $ | 69,523 |  |  | $ | 68,819 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 4.59 |  |  | $ | 4.94 |  |  | $ | 3.35 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 4.58 |  |  | $ | 4.94 |  |  | $ | 3.35 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-basic |  |  | 17,836 |  |  |  | 17,786 |  |  |  | 17,748 |
Weighted average shares outstanding-diluted |  |  | 17,851 |  |  |  | 17,804 |  |  |  | 17,756 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(in thousands except per share and share amounts) |  | Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital Surplus |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  |  | 17,793,165 |  |  | $ | 88,966 |  |  | $ | 224,907 |  |  | $ | 296,760 |  |  | $ | 4,253 |  |  | $ | 614,886 |
Implementation of ASU 2016-13 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,366 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,366 | )
Balance, January 1, 2020 |  |  | 17,793,165 |  |  |  | 88,966 |  |  |  | 224,907 |  |  |  | 294,394 |  |  |  | 4,253 |  |  |  | 612,520 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59,504 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 59,504 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,315 |  |  |  | 9,315 |
Cash dividends declared ($1.53 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,160 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,160 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 45,341 |  |  |  | 226 |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 926 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | (32,664 | ) |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | (936 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,099 | )
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | 21,544 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | (108 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | (16,985 | ) |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | 85 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 859 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 859 |
Balance, December 31, 2020 |  |  | 17,810,401 |  |  |  | 89,052 |  |  |  | 225,507 |  |  |  | 326,738 |  |  |  | 13,568 |  |  |  | 654,865 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,939 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,939 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18,416 | ) |  |  | (18,416 | )
Cash dividends declared ($1.57 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,927 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,927 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 41,168 |  |  |  | 205 |  |  |  | 760 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 965 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | 9,193 |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | (17,681 | ) |  |  | (88 | ) |  |  | 88 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 776 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 776 |
Balance, December 31, 2021 |  |  | 17,843,081 |  |  |  | 89,215 |  |  |  | 227,085 |  |  |  | 386,750 |  |  |  | (4,848 | ) |  |  | 698,202 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 81,814 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 81,814 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (124,304 | ) |  |  | (124,304 | )
Cash dividends declared ($1.68 per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (29,968 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (29,968 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 54,125 |  |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | 770 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,041 |
Issuance of restricted stock |  |  | 50,438 |  |  |  | 252 |  |  |  | (252 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Vesting of restricted stock |  |  | (29,364 | ) |  |  | (147 | ) |  |  | 147 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,262 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,262 |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 17,918,280 |  |  | $ | 89,591 |  |  | $ | 229,012 |  |  | $ | 438,596 |  |  | $ | (129,152 | ) |  | $ | 628,047 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 81,814 |  |  | $ | 87,939 |  |  | $ | 59,504 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 5,219 |  |  |  | 5,033 |  |  |  | 5,346 |
Deferred taxes |  |  | 3,250 |  |  |  | 2,330 |  |  |  | (2,909 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,366 |  |  |  | 850 |  |  |  | 944 |
Provision for credit losses (recovery) |  |  | 4,905 |  |  |  | (6,386 | ) |  |  | 16,047 |
Write-downs of other real estate owned and other repossessed assets |  |  | 285 |  |  |  | 864 |  |  |  | 1,454 |
Gains on sale of loans held for sale |  |  | (1,525 | ) |  |  | (6,820 | ) |  |  | (7,226 | )
Securities gains (losses) |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (1,251 | )
Fair value adjustment in equity securities |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 218 |  |  |  | (518 | )
(Gains) losses on sale of assets, net |  |  | (354 | ) |  |  | (165 | ) |  |  | 390 |
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | 65,974 |  |  |  | 307,843 |  |  |  | 347,048 |
Funding of mortgage loans held for sale |  |  | (61,926 | ) |  |  | (280,396 | ) |  |  | (361,913 | )
Amortization of securities premiums and discounts, net |  |  | 5,466 |  |  |  | 8,010 |  |  |  | 5,907 |
Change in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance |  |  | (1,650 | ) |  |  | (1,873 | ) |  |  | (1,371 | )
Payment of operating lease liabilities |  |  | (1,773 | ) |  |  | (1,693 | ) |  |  | (1,682 | )
Mortgage servicing rights: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value adjustments |  |  | (1,069 | ) |  |  | (428 | ) |  |  | 1,064 |
New servicing assets created |  |  | (625 | ) |  |  | (2,278 | ) |  |  | (1,869 | )
Changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | (4,177 | ) |  |  | 403 |  |  |  | (982 | )
Other assets |  |  | 2,507 |  |  |  | 4,918 |  |  |  | 1,845 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 1,221 |  |  |  | (227 | ) |  |  | (1,596 | )
Other liabilities |  |  | 608 |  |  |  | (2,387 | ) |  |  | 4,147 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 99,684 |  |  |  | 115,695 |  |  |  | 62,379 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Certificates of deposit in other banks: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of certificates of deposit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (245 | )
Maturity of certificates of deposit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 245 |
Securities available-for-sale (AFS): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of AFS securities |  |  | (179,627 | ) |  |  | (797,445 | ) |  |  | (857,167 | )
Proceeds from sales of AFS securities |  |  | 11,462 |  |  |  | 1,080 |  |  |  | 186,194 |
Proceeds from prepayments, calls, and maturities of AFS securities |  |  | 193,843 |  |  |  | 305,361 |  |  |  | 281,487 |
Securities held-to-maturity (HTM): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from prepayments and maturities of HTM securities |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 517 |
Change in loans, net |  |  | (302,466 | ) |  |  | 146,050 |  |  |  | (306,523 | )
Purchase of premises and equipment |  |  | (6,218 | ) |  |  | (2,373 | ) |  |  | (1,482 | )
Proceeds from sale and retirement of premises and equipment |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | 830 |  |  |  | 1 |
Redemption of stock by Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 1,463 |  |  |  | 1,909 |  |  |  | 426 |
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets |  |  | 988 |  |  |  | 2,819 |  |  |  | 4,754 |
Additional investment in other real estate owned and repossessed assets |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Additional investment in bank owned life insurance |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (17,181 | ) |  |  | (1,733 | )
Proceeds from settlement of bank owned life insurance |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | 0 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (280,007 | ) |  |  | (358,620 | ) |  |  | (693,526 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in deposits, net |  |  | 81,851 |  |  |  | 328,210 |  |  |  | 610,510 |
Change in repurchase agreements and federal funds purchased, net |  |  | (55,657 | ) |  |  | (84,774 | ) |  |  | 121,539 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 45,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 25,000 |
Payments on advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | (45,020 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (25,020 | )
Payment of finance lease liabilities |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (15 | )
Repurchase of long-term debt |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  | 965 |  |  |  | 926 |
Repurchase of stock |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (1,099 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (29,938 | ) |  |  | (27,916 | ) |  |  | (27,142 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (2,747 | ) |  |  | 216,446 |  |  |  | 704,699 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (183,070 | ) |  |  | (26,479 | ) |  |  | 73,552 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 311,756 |  |  |  | 338,235 |  |  |  | 264,683 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 128,686 |  |  | $ | 311,756 |  |  | $ | 338,235 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 16,293 |  |  | $ | 19,485 |  |  | $ | 13,275 |
Interest paid |  |  | 27,419 |  |  |  | 15,316 |  |  |  | 27,047 |
Non-cash activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans to facilitate the sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets |  |  | 1,124 |  |  |  | 1,733 |  |  |  | 9,632 |
Common stock dividends accrued, paid in subsequent quarter |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 248 |  |  |  | 238 |
Real estate and assets acquired in settlement of loans |  |  | 2,433 |  |  |  | 1,200 |  |  |  | 4,446 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating/finance lease liabilities |  |  | 5,539 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
1. Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation – The consolidated financial statements include Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (“CTBI”) and our subsidiaries, including our principal subsidiary, Community Trust Bank, Inc. (“CTB”). Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation.
Nature of Operations – Substantially all assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses are related to banking operations, including lending, investing of funds, obtaining of deposits, trust and wealth management operations, full service brokerage operations, and other financing activities. All of our business offices and the majority of our business are located in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee.
Use of Estimates – In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management must make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported for assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses, as well as affecting the disclosures provided. Future results could differ from the current estimates. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, the allowance for credit losses, goodwill, the valuation of deferred tax assets, and the valuation of financial instruments.
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared using values and information currently available to CTBI.
Given the volatility of current economic conditions, the values of assets and liabilities recorded in the financial statements could change rapidly, resulting in material future adjustments in asset values, the allowance for credit losses, and capital.
Cash and Cash Equivalents – CTBI considers all liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest bearing deposits in other financial institutions, and federal funds sold. Generally, federal funds are sold for one-day periods.
Certificates of Deposit in Other Banks – Certificates of deposit in other banks generally mature within 18 months and are carried at cost.
Investments – Management determines the classification of securities at purchase. We classify debt securities into held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale categories. Held-to-maturity (“HTM”) securities are those which we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320, Investments – Debt Securities, investments in debt securities that are not classified as held-to-maturity shall be classified in one of the following categories and measured at fair value in the statement of financial position:
a. Trading securities. Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term (thus held for only a short period of time) shall be classified as trading securities. Trading generally reflects active and frequent buying and selling, and trading securities are generally used with the objective of generating profits on short-term differences in price.
b. Available-for-sale securities. Investments not classified as trading securities (nor as HTM securities) shall be classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities.
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We do not have any securities that are classified as trading securities. AFS securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax. If declines in fair value are other than temporary, the carrying value of the securities is written down to fair value as a realized loss with a charge to income for the portion attributable to credit losses and a charge to other comprehensive income for the portion that is not credit related.
For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, we evaluate the securities to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit-related is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) for AFS debt securities on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Both the ACL for AFS debt securities and the adjustment to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if we intend to sell an impaired AFS debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount would be recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. Because the security’s amortized cost basis is adjusted to fair value, there is no ACL for AFS debt securities in this situation.
In evaluating AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, we consider the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers’ financial condition, among other factors. There were no credit related factors underlying unrealized losses on AFS debt securities at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, therefore, no ACL for AFS securities was recorded.
Changes in the ACL for AFS debt securities are recorded as expense. Losses are charged against the ACL for AFS debt securities when management believes the uncollectability of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
Gains or losses on disposition of debt securities are computed by specific identification for those securities. Interest and dividend income, adjusted by amortization of purchase premium or discount, is included in earnings.
HTM securities are subject to an allowance for lifetime expected credit losses, determined by adjusting historical loss information for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The forward-looking evaluation of lifetime expected losses will be performed on a pooled basis for debt securities that share similar risk characteristics. These allowances for expected losses must be made by the holder of the HTM debt security when the security is purchased. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, CTBI held no securities designated as held-to-maturity.
CTBI accounts for equity securities in accordance with ASC 321, Investments – Equity Securities. ASC 321 requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method and those that result in the consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair values recognized in net income.
Equity securities with a readily determinable fair value are required to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Equity securities without a readily determinable fair value are carried at cost, less any impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes for identical or similar investments. As permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2, CTBI can make an irrevocable election to subsequently measure an equity security without a readily determinable fair value, and all identical or similar investments of the same issuer, including future purchases of identical or similar investments of the same issuer, at fair value. CTBI has made this election for our Visa Class B equity securities. The fair value of these securities was determined by a third party service provider using Level 3 inputs as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, and changes in fair value are recognized in income.
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Loans – Loans with the ability and the intent to be held until maturity and/or payoff are reported at the carrying value of unpaid principal reduced by unearned interest, an allowance for credit losses, and unamortized deferred fees or costs and premiums. Income is recorded on the level yield basis. Interest accrual is discontinued when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value, and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that collection of interest is doubtful. Any loan greater than 90 days past due must be well secured and in the process of collection to continue accruing interest. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied against principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Loans are not reclassified as accruing until principal and interest payments remain current for a period of time, generally six months, and future payments appear reasonably certain. A restructuring of a debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) if the creditor for economic or legal reasons related to the debtor’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the debtor that it would not otherwise consider.
Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct loan origination costs are deferred and the net amount amortized over the estimated life of the related loans, or commitments as a yield adjustment.
Leases – CTBI accounts for leases under ASC 842, recording a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the asset under lease for the lease term, and the lease liability represents the contractual obligation to make lease payments. The right-of-use asset is tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value might not be recoverable. Leases are classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement. A lease is treated as a sale if it transfers all of the risks and rewards, as well as control of the underlying asset, to the lessee. If risks and rewards are conveyed without the transfer of control, the lease is treated as a financing. If the lessor does not convey risks and rewards or control, an operating lease results. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents our incremental borrowing rate on a collateralized basis, over a similar term at the lease commencement date and may be re-measured for certain modifications or the company’s exercise of options (renewal, extension, or termination) under the lease. Right-of-use assets are further adjusted for prepaid rent, lease incentives, and initial direct costs, if any.
Allowance for Credit Losses – CTBI accounts for the allowance for credit losses under ASC 326. CTBI measures expected credit losses of financial assets on a collective (pool) basis using loss-rate methods when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Regardless of an initial measurement method, once it is determined that foreclosure is probable, the allowance for credit losses is measured based on the fair value of the collateral as of the measurement date. As a practical expedient, the fair value of the collateral may be used for a loan when determining the allowance for credit losses for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The fair value shall be adjusted for selling costs when foreclosure is probable. For collateral-dependent financial assets, the credit loss expected may be zero if the fair value less costs to sell exceed the amortized cost of the loan. Loans shall not be included in both collective assessments and individual assessments.
In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, CTBI has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, CTBI elected Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-04 which allows that accrued interest would continue to be presented separately and not part of the amortized cost of the loan. The methodology used by CTBI is developed using the current loan balance, which is then compared to amortized cost balances to analyze the impact. The difference in amortized cost basis versus consideration of loan balances impacts the allowance for credit losses calculation by 1 basis point and is considered immaterial. The primary difference is for indirect lending premiums.
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We maintain an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated credit losses on individually evaluated loans, as well as estimated credit losses inherent in the remainder of the loan and lease portfolio. Credit losses are charged and recoveries are credited to the ACL.
We utilize an internal risk grading system for commercial credits. Those credits that meet the following criteria are subject to individual evaluation: the loan has an outstanding bank share balance of $1 million or greater and meets one of the following criteria: (i) has a criticized risk rating, (ii) is in nonaccrual status, (iii) is a TDR, or (iv) is 90 days or more past due. The borrower’s cash flow, adequacy of collateral coverage, and other options available to CTBI, including legal remedies, are evaluated. We evaluate the collectability of both principal and interest when assessing the need for loss provision. Historical loss rates are analyzed and applied to other commercial loan segments not subject to individual evaluation.
Homogenous loans, such as consumer installment, residential mortgages, and home equity lines are not individually risk graded. The associated ACL for these loans is measured in pools with similar risk characteristics under ASC 326.
When any secured commercial loan is considered uncollectable, whether past due or not, a current assessment of the value of the underlying collateral is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the collateral, the loan is placed on nonaccrual and the loan is charged down to the value of the collateral less estimated cost to sell. For commercial loans greater than $1 million and classified as criticized, TDR, or nonaccrual, a specific reserve is established if a loss is determined to be possible and then charged-off once it is probable. When the foreclosed collateral has been legally assigned to CTBI, the estimated fair value of the collateral less costs to sell is then transferred to other real estate owned or other repossessed assets, and a charge-off is taken for any remaining balance. When any unsecured commercial loan is considered uncollectable the loan is charged off no later than at 90 days past due.
All closed-end consumer loans (excluding conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate) are charged off no later than 120 days (five monthly payments) delinquent. If a loan is considered uncollectable, it is charged off earlier than 120 days delinquent. For conventional 1-4 family residential loans and installment and revolving loans secured by real estate, when a loan is 90 days past due, a current assessment of the value of the real estate is made. If the balance of the loan exceeds the fair value of the property, the loan is placed on nonaccrual. Foreclosure proceedings are normally initiated after 120 days. When the foreclosed property has been legally assigned to CTBI, the fair value less estimated costs to sell is transferred to other real estate owned and the remaining balance is taken as a charge-off.
Historical loss rates for loans are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition. With the implementation of ASC 326, weighted average life calculations were completed as a tool to determine the life of CTBI’s various loan segments. Vintage modeling was used to determine the life of loan losses for consumer and residential real estate loans. Static pool modeling was used to determine the life of loan losses for commercial loan segments. Qualitative factors used to derive CTBI’s total ACL include delinquency trends, current economic conditions and trends, strength of supervision and administration of the loan portfolio, levels of underperforming loans, trends in loan losses, and underwriting exceptions. Forecasting factors including unemployment rates and industry specific forecasts for industries in which our total exposure is 5% of capital or greater are also included as factors in the ACL model. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective factors included in our ACL analysis.
Loans Held for Sale – Mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of cost or estimated market value in the aggregate. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized by charges to income. Gains and losses on loan sales are recorded in noninterest income.
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Premises and Equipment – Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Premises and equipment are evaluated for impairment on a quarterly basis.
Depreciation and amortization are computed primarily using the straight-line method. Estimated useful lives range up to 40 years for buildings, 2 to 10 years for furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and up to the lease term for leasehold improvements.
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Stock – CTB is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors and may invest additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recovery par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.
CTB is also a member of its regional Federal Reserve Bank. Federal Reserve Bank stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on the ultimate recovery par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income.
Troubled Debt Restructurings – Troubled debt restructurings are certain loans that have been modified where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from our loss mitigation activities and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance, or other actions. Modifications of terms for our loans and their inclusion as troubled debt restructurings are based on individual facts and circumstances. Loan modifications that are included as troubled debt restructurings may involve either an increase or reduction of the interest rate, extension of the term of the loan, or deferral of principal and/or interest payments, regardless of the period of the modification. All of the loans identified as troubled debt restructuring were modified due to financial stress of the borrower. In order to determine if a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed to determine the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under CTBI’s internal underwriting policy.
When we modify loans and leases in a troubled debt restructuring, we evaluate any possible impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the contractual interest rate of the original loan agreement, or use the current fair value of the collateral, less selling costs for collateral dependent loans. If we determined that the value of the modified loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs, and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. In periods subsequent to modification, we evaluate troubled debt restructurings, including those that have payment defaults, for possible impairment and recognize impairment through the allowance.
Other Real Estate Owned – When foreclosed properties are acquired, appraisals are obtained and the properties are booked at the current fair value less expected sales costs. Additionally, periodic updated appraisals are obtained on unsold foreclosed properties. When an updated appraisal reflects a fair value below the current book value, a charge is booked to current earnings to reduce the property to its new fair value less expected sales costs. Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. All revenues and expenses related to the carrying of other real estate owned are recognized through the income statement.
Goodwill and Core Deposit Intangible – We evaluate total goodwill and core deposit intangible for impairment, based upon ASC 350, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other, using fair value techniques including multiples of price/equity. Goodwill and core deposit intangible are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis or as other events may warrant.
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The balance of goodwill, at $65.5 million, has not changed since January 1, 2015. Our core deposit intangible has been fully amortized since December 31, 2017.
Transfers of Financial Assets – Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (i) the assets have been isolated from CTBI—put presumptively beyond the reach of the transferor and its creditors, even in bankruptcy or other receivership, (ii) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (iii) CTBI does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets.
Revenue Recognition – The majority of our revenue-generating transactions are not subject to ASC 606, including revenue generated from financial instruments, such as our loans, letters of credit, and investment securities, as well as revenue related to our mortgage banking activities, as these activities are subject to other generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) discussed elsewhere within our disclosures. Descriptions of our revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in our income statements as components of noninterest income are as follows:

| ● | Service charges on deposit accounts represent general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity- or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue, or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed. Payment for such performance obligations is generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.

| ● | Trust and wealth management income represents monthly or quarterly fees due from wealth management customers as consideration for managing the customers’ assets. Wealth management and trust services include custody of assets, investment management, escrow services, fees for trust services, and similar fiduciary activities. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed each month or quarter, which is generally the time that payment is received.

| ● | Brokerage revenue is either fee based and collected upon the settlement of the transaction or commission based and recognized when our performance obligation is completed each month or quarter, which is generally the time that payment is received. Other sales, such as life insurance, generate commissions from other third parties. These fees are generally collected monthly.

| ● | Other noninterest income primarily includes items such as letter of credit fees, gains on sale of loans held for sale, and servicing fees related to mortgage and commercial loans, none of which are subject to the requirements of ASC 606.

Advertising Expense – It is CTBI’s policy to expense advertising costs in the period in which they are incurred.
Income Taxes – Income tax expense is based on the taxes due on the consolidated tax return plus deferred taxes based on the expected future tax benefits and consequences of temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates. Any interest and penalties incurred in connection with income taxes are recorded as a component of income tax expense in our consolidated financial statements. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, CTBI has not recognized a significant amount of interest expense or penalties in connection with income taxes.
Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) – Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, excluding restricted shares.
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Diluted EPS adjusts the number of weighted average shares of common stock outstanding by the dilutive effect of stock options, including restricted shares, as prescribed in ASC 718, Share-Based Payment.
Segments – Management analyzes the operation of CTBI assuming one operating segment, community banking services. CTBI, through our operating subsidiaries, offers a wide range of consumer and commercial community banking services. These services include: (i) residential and commercial real estate loans; (ii) checking accounts; (iii) regular and term savings accounts and savings certificates; (iv) full service securities brokerage services; (v) consumer loans; (vi) debit cards; (vii) annuity and life insurance products; (viii) Individual Retirement Accounts and Keogh plans; (ix) commercial loans; (x) trust and wealth management services; (xi) commercial demand deposit accounts; and (xii) repurchase agreements.
Bank Owned Life Insurance – CTBI’s bank owned life insurance policies are carried at their cash surrender value. We recognize tax-free income from the periodic increases in cash surrender value of these policies and from death benefits.
Mortgage Servicing Rights – Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) are carried at fair value following the accounting guidance in ASC 860-50, Servicing Assets and Liabilities. MSRs are valued using Level 3 inputs as defined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements. The fair value is determined quarterly based on an independent third-party valuation using a discounted cash flow analysis and calculated using a computer pricing model. The system used in this evaluation, Compass Point, attempts to quantify loan level idiosyncratic risk by calculating a risk derived value. As a result, each loan’s unique characteristics determine the valuation assumptions ascribed to that loan. Additionally, the computer valuation is based on key economic assumptions including the prepayment speeds of the underlying loans generated using the Andrew Davidson Prepayment Model, FHLMC/FNMA guidelines, the weighted-average life of the loan, the discount rate, the weighted-average coupon, and the weighted-average default rate, as applicable. Along with the gains received from the sale of loans, fees are received for servicing loans. These fees include late fees, which are recorded in interest income, and ancillary fees and monthly servicing fees, which are recorded in noninterest income. Costs of servicing loans are charged to expense as incurred. Changes in fair value of the MSRs are reported as an increase or decrease to mortgage banking income.
Share-Based Compensation – CTBI has a share-based employee compensation plan, which is described more fully in note 14 below. CTBI accounts for this plan under the recognition and measurement principles of ASC 718, Share-Based Payment. Share-based compensation restricted and performance-based stock units/awards are classified as equity awards and accounted for under the treasury stock method. Compensation expense for non-vested stock units/awards is based on the fair value of the award on the measurement date, which, for CTBI, is the date of the grant and is recognized ratably over the vesting or performance period of the award. The fair value of non-vested stock units/awards is generally the market price of CTBI’s stock on the date of grant. CTBI accounts for forfeitures on an actual basis.
Comprehensive Income – Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income, net of applicable income taxes. Other comprehensive income includes unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on AFS securities and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on AFS securities for which a portion of an other than temporary impairment has been recognized in income.
Transfers between Fair Value Hierarchy Levels – Transfers in and out of Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (other significant observable inputs), and Level 3 (significant unobservable inputs) are recognized on the period ending date.
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New Accounting Standards –
➢ Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting – In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, that extends the period of time preparers can utilize the reference rate reform relief guidance. The amendments in ASU No. 2022-06 are effective for all entities upon issuance. In 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The objective of the guidance in Topic 848 is to provide relief during the temporary transition period, so the FASB included a sunset provision within Topic 848 based on expectations of when the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) would cease being published. The amendments in ASU No. 2020-04 provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting and provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. This ASU applies only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. The expedients and exceptions provided by the amendments do not apply to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated after December 31, 2022. In 2021, the UK Financial Conduct Authority delayed the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR to June 30, 2023. To ensure the relief in Topic 848 covers the period of time during which a significant number of modifications may take place, ASU No. 2022-06 defers the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022, to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. At this time, we do not anticipate any material adverse impact to our business operation or financial results during the period of transition.
➢ Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures – In February 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU eliminate the accounting guidance for TDR by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity must apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance in paragraphs 310-20-35-9 through 35-11 to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Additionally, for public business entities, the amendments in this ASU require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost, in the vintage disclosures required by paragraph 326-20-50-6. The amendments in the ASU are for fiscal periods beginning after December 22, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The changes can be early adopted, separately by topic. We do not anticipate a significant impact to our consolidated financial statements.
➢ Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions – In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement Topic 820: Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The FASB issued this ASU to (1) clarify the guidance in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) amend a related illustrative example, and (3) introduce new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. The amendments in this ASU clarify that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The amendments also clarify that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction. The amendments in ASU also require the following disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions: (1) the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected in the balance sheet; (2) the nature and remaining duration of the restriction(s); and (3) the circumstances that could cause a lapse in the restriction(s). For public business entities, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. We do not anticipate a significant impact to our consolidated financial statements.
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2. Cash and Due from Banks and Interest Bearing Deposits
At December 31, 2022, CTBI had cash accounts which exceeded federally insured limits, and therefore were not subject to FDIC insurance, with $72.6 million in deposits with the Federal Reserve, $26.6 million in deposits with U.S. Bank, $1.4 million in deposits with Fifth Third Bank, $4.8 million in deposits with the Federal Home Loan Bank, and $3.0 million in deposits with Raymond James.
3. Securities
Debt securities are classified into HTM and AFS categories. HTM securities are those that CTBI has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. AFS securities are those that CTBI may decide to sell if needed for liquidity, asset-liability management, or other reasons. AFS securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses included as a separate component of equity, net of tax. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, CTBI had no HTM securities.
The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2022 are summarized as follows:
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 418,579 |  |  | $ | 212 |  |  | $ | (36,859 | ) |  | $ | 381,932 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 326,746 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | (61,676 | ) |  |  | 265,102 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 593,917 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (73,833 | ) |  |  | 520,085 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 91,363 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (2,256 | ) |  |  | 89,107 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 1,430,605 |  |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | (174,624 | ) |  | $ | 1,256,226 |

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2021 are summarized as follows:
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 299,606 |  |  | $ | 351 |  |  | $ | (4,187 | ) |  | $ | 295,770 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 334,218 |  |  |  | 5,524 |  |  |  | (5,539 | ) |  |  | 334,203 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 733,467 |  |  |  | 5,107 |  |  |  | (7,765 | ) |  |  | 730,809 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 94,538 |  |  |  | 301 |  |  |  | (192 | ) |  |  | 94,647 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 1,461,829 |  |  | $ | 11,283 |  |  | $ | (17,683 | ) |  | $ | 1,455,429 |

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The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2022 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | Available-for-Sale |
(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 29,874 |  |  | $ | 29,242 |
Due after one through five years |  |  | 267,190 |  |  |  | 244,404 |
Due after five through ten years |  |  | 250,194 |  |  |  | 218,508 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 198,067 |  |  |  | 154,880 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 593,917 |  |  |  | 520,085 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 91,363 |  |  |  | 89,107 |
Total debt securities |  | $ | 1,430,605 |  |  | $ | 1,256,226 |

In 2022, we had a net securities loss of $168 thousand. There was a net loss of $81 thousand realized on sales and calls of AFS securities, and an unrealized loss of $87 thousand from the fair value adjustment of equity securities. There was a net loss of $158 thousand realized in 2021 and a net gain of $1.8 million realized in 2020.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
CTBI made the election permitted by ASC 321-10-35-2 to record its Visa Class B shares at fair value. Equity securities at fair value as of December 31, 2022 were $2.2 million, as a result of an $87 thousand decrease in the fair value in 2022. The fair value of equity securities decreased $218 thousand in 2021. No equity securities were sold during 2022 or 2021.
The amortized cost of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, was $725.0 million at December 31, 2022 and $545.6 million at December 31, 2021.
The amortized cost of securities sold under agreements to repurchase amounted to $316.9 million at December 31, 2022 and $314.1 million at December 31, 2021.
CTBI evaluates its investment portfolio on a quarterly basis for impairment. The analysis performed as of December 31, 2022 indicates that all impairment is considered temporary, market and interest rate driven, and not credit-related. The percentage of total debt securities with unrealized losses as of December 31, 2022 was 97.4% compared to 72.4% as of December 31, 2021. The following table provides the amortized cost, gross unrealized losses, and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2022 that are not deemed to have credit losses. As stated above, CTBI had no HTM securities as of December 31, 2022.
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Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Less Than 12 Months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 144,305 |  |  | $ | (6,953 | ) |  | $ | 137,352 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 94,277 |  |  |  | (6,257 | ) |  |  | 88,020 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 139,314 |  |  |  | (6,883 | ) |  |  | 132,431 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 38,882 |  |  |  | (1,231 | ) |  |  | 37,651 |
Total <12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 416,778 |  |  |  | (21,324 | ) |  |  | 395,454 |
12 Months or More |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 249,424 |  |  |  | (29,906 | ) |  |  | 219,518 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 225,019 |  |  |  | (55,419 | ) |  |  | 169,600 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 454,357 |  |  |  | (66,950 | ) |  |  | 387,407 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 52,480 |  |  |  | (1,025 | ) |  |  | 51,455 |
Total ≥12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 981,280 |  |  |  | (153,300 | ) |  |  | 827,980 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 393,729 |  |  |  | (36,859 | ) |  |  | 356,870 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 319,296 |  |  |  | (61,676 | ) |  |  | 257,620 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 593,671 |  |  |  | (73,833 | ) |  |  | 519,838 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 91,362 |  |  |  | (2,256 | ) |  |  | 89,106 |
Total temporarily impaired AFS securities |  | $ | 1,398,058 |  |  | $ | (174,624 | ) |  | $ | 1,223,434 |

The analysis performed as of December 31, 2021 indicated that all impairment was considered temporary, market and interest rate driven, and not credit-related. The following table provides the amortized cost, gross unrealized losses, and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2021 that are not deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired. As stated above, CTBI had no HTM securities as of December 31, 2021.
Available-for-Sale

(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |
Less Than 12 Months |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 249,990 |  |  | $ | (4,123 | ) |  | $ | 245,867 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 197,592 |  |  |  | (4,779 | ) |  |  | 192,813 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 473,831 |  |  |  | (6,759 | ) |  |  | 467,072 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 52,229 |  |  |  | (190 | ) |  |  | 52,039 |
Total <12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 973,642 |  |  |  | (15,851 | ) |  |  | 957,791 |
12 Months or More |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 14,505 |  |  |  | (64 | ) |  |  | 14,441 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 19,126 |  |  |  | (760 | ) |  |  | 18,366 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 62,330 |  |  |  | (1,006 | ) |  |  | 61,324 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 1,368 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 1,366 |
Total ≥12 months temporarily impaired AFS securities |  |  | 97,329 |  |  |  | (1,832 | ) |  |  | 95,497 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  |  | 264,495 |  |  |  | (4,187 | ) |  |  | 260,308 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 216,718 |  |  |  | (5,539 | ) |  |  | 211,179 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 536,161 |  |  |  | (7,765 | ) |  |  | 528,396 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 53,597 |  |  |  | (192 | ) |  |  | 53,405 |
Total temporarily impaired AFS securities |  | $ | 1,070,971 |  |  | $ | (17,683 | ) |  | $ | 1,053,288 |

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U.S. Treasury and Government Agencies
The unrealized losses in U.S. Treasury and government agencies were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than par which will equal amortized cost at maturity. CTBI does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost.
State and Political Subdivisions
The unrealized losses in securities of state and political subdivisions were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than par which will equal amortized cost at maturity. CTBI does not intend to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost.
U.S. Government Sponsored Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities
The unrealized losses in U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities were caused by interest rate changes. CTBI expects to recover the amortized cost basis over the term of the securities. CTBI does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost.
Asset-Backed Securities
The unrealized losses in asset-backed securities were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than par which will equal amortized cost at maturity. CTBI does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that we will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost.
4. Loans
Major classifications of loans, net of unearned income, deferred loan origination costs and fees, and net premiums on acquired loans, are summarized as follows:

(in thousands) |  | December 31 2022 |  |  | December 31 2021 |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 343,640 |  |  | $ | 257,062 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 372,914 |  |  |  | 335,233 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 762,349 |  |  |  | 757,893 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 77,533 |  |  |  | 69,452 |
Commercial other |  |  | 311,539 |  |  |  | 290,478 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 883 |  |  |  | 47,335 |
Commercial loans |  |  | 1,868,858 |  |  |  | 1,757,453 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 824,996 |  |  |  | 767,185 |
Home equity lines |  |  | 120,540 |  |  |  | 106,667 |
Residential loans |  |  | 945,536 |  |  |  | 873,852 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 157,504 |  |  |  | 156,683 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 737,392 |  |  |  | 620,825 |
Consumer loans |  |  | 894,896 |  |  |  | 777,508 |
Loans and lease financing |  | $ | 3,709,290 |  |  | $ | 3,408,813 |

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The loan portfolios presented above are net of unearned fees and unamortized premiums. Unearned fees included above totaled $1.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and $4.0 million as of December 31, 2021, while the unamortized premiums on the indirect lending portfolio totaled $28.5 million as of December 31, 2022 and $24.1 million as of December 31, 2021.
CTBI has segregated and evaluates our loan portfolio through ten portfolio segments with similar risk characteristics. CTBI serves customers in small and mid-sized communities in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee. Therefore, CTBI’s exposure to credit risk is significantly affected by changes in these communities.
Hotel/motel loans are a significant concentration for CTBI, representing approximately 9.3% of total loans. This industry has unique risk characteristics as it is highly susceptible to changes in the domestic and global economic environments, which can cause the industry to experience substantial volatility. Additionally, any hotel/motel construction loans would be included in this segment as CTBI’s construction loans are primarily completed as one loan going from construction to permanent financing. These loans are originated based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt and secondarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Commercial real estate residential loans are commercial purpose construction and permanent financed loans for commercial purpose 1-4 family/multi-family properties. These loans are originated based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt and secondarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Commercial real estate nonresidential loans are secured by nonfarm, nonresidential properties, farmland, and other commercial real estate. These loans are originated based on the borrower’s ability to service the debt and secondarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Construction for commercial real estate nonresidential loans are also included in this segment as these loans are generally one loan for construction to permanent financing.
Dealer floorplans consist of loans to dealerships to finance inventory and are collateralized under a blanket security agreement and without specific liens on individual units. This risk is mitigated by the use of periodic inventory audits. These audits are performed monthly and follow up is required on any out of compliance items identified. These audits are subject to increasing frequency when fact patterns suggest more scrutiny is required.
Commercial other loans consist of agricultural loans, receivable financing, loans to financial institutions, loans for purchasing or carrying securities, and other commercial purpose loans. Commercial loans are underwritten based on the borrower’s ability to service debt from the business’s underlying cash flows. As a general practice, we obtain collateral such as equipment, or other assets, although such loans may be uncollateralized but guaranteed.
CTBI participation in the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) established by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) resulted in the creation of a new loan segment of unsecured commercial other loans that are one hundred percent guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). These loans, which are subject to forgiveness, have maturities of either two or three to five years, depending on when the loan was made. These loans currently have no allowance for credit losses.
Residential real estate loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate first and second lien residential mortgage loans and also include real estate construction loans which are typically for owner-occupied properties. The terms of the real estate construction loans are generally short-term with permanent financing upon completion. As a policy, CTBI holds adjustable rate loans and sells the majority of our fixed rate first lien mortgage loans into the secondary market. Changes in interest rates or market conditions may impact a borrower’s ability to meet contractual principal and interest payments. Residential real estate loans are secured by real property.
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Home equity lines are primarily revolving adjustable rate credit lines secured by real property.
Consumer direct loans are a mixture of fixed rate and adjustable rate products comprised of unsecured loans, consumer revolving credit lines, deposit secured loans, and all other consumer purpose loans.
Consumer indirect loans are primarily fixed rate consumer loans secured by automobiles, trucks, vans, and recreational vehicles originated at the selling dealership underwritten and purchased by CTBI’s indirect lending department. Both new and used products are financed. Only dealers who have executed dealer agreements with CTBI participate in the indirect lending program.
Not included in the loan balances above were loans held for sale in the amount of $0.1 million at December 31, 2022 and $2.6 million at December 31, 2021.
The following tables present the balance in the ACL for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Provision Charged to Expense |  |  | Losses Charged Off |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
ACL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 5,080 |  |  | $ | 307 |  |  | $ | (216 | ) |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 5,171 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 3,986 |  |  |  | 951 |  |  |  | (92 | ) |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 4,894 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 8,884 |  |  |  | (154 | ) |  |  | (46 | ) |  |  | 735 |  |  |  | 9,419 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 1,436 |  |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,776 |
Commercial other |  |  | 4,422 |  |  |  | 947 |  |  |  | (1,082 | ) |  |  | 998 |  |  |  | 5,285 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 7,637 |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 7,932 |
Home equity |  |  | 866 |  |  |  | 257 |  |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 1,106 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 1,951 |  |  |  | (210 | ) |  |  | (609 | ) |  |  | 562 |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 7,494 |  |  |  | 2,001 |  |  |  | (3,041 | ) |  |  | 2,250 |  |  |  | 8,704 |
Total |  | $ | 41,756 |  |  | $ | 4,905 |  |  | $ | (5,346 | ) |  | $ | 4,666 |  |  | $ | 45,981 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Beginning Balance |  |  | Provision Charged to Expense |  |  | Losses Charged Off |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
ACL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 6,356 |  |  | $ | (1,276 | ) |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 5,080 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 4,464 |  |  |  | (488 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 3,986 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 11,086 |  |  |  | (2,233 | ) |  |  | (306 | ) |  |  | 337 |  |  |  | 8,884 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 1,382 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,436 |
Commercial other |  |  | 4,289 |  |  |  | 388 |  |  |  | (644 | ) |  |  | 389 |  |  |  | 4,422 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 7,832 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (266 | ) |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 7,637 |
Home equity |  |  | 844 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 866 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 1,863 |  |  |  | 256 |  |  |  | (684 | ) |  |  | 516 |  |  |  | 1,951 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 9,906 |  |  |  | (3,129 | ) |  |  | (2,361 | ) |  |  | 3,078 |  |  |  | 7,494 |
Total |  | $ | 48,022 |  |  | $ | (6,386 | ) |  | $ | (4,325 | ) |  | $ | 4,445 |  |  | $ | 41,756 |

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|  | Year Ended December 31, 2020 |
(in thousands) |  | Beginning Balance, Prior to Adoption of ASC 326 |  |  | Impact of Adoption of ASC 326 |  |  | Provision Charged to Expense |  |  | Losses Charged Off |  |  | Recoveries |  |  | Ending Balance |
ACL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 3,371 |  |  | $ | 170 |  |  | $ | 2,858 |  |  | $ | (43 | ) |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 6,356 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 3,439 |  |  |  | (721 | ) |  |  | 1,772 |  |  |  | (182 | ) |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 4,464 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 8,515 |  |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | 3,303 |  |  |  | (941 | ) |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 11,086 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 802 |  |  |  | 820 |  |  |  | (214 | ) |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,382 |
Commercial other |  |  | 5,556 |  |  |  | (391 | ) |  |  | 2,040 |  |  |  | (3,339 | ) |  |  | 423 |  |  |  | 4,289 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 4,604 |  |  |  | 1,893 |  |  |  | 1,584 |  |  |  | (321 | ) |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 7,832 |
Home equity |  |  | 897 |  |  |  | (75 | ) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 844 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 1,711 |  |  |  | (40 | ) |  |  | 609 |  |  |  | (927 | ) |  |  | 510 |  |  |  | 1,863 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 6,201 |  |  |  | 1,265 |  |  |  | 4,079 |  |  |  | (4,670 | ) |  |  | 3,031 |  |  |  | 9,906 |
Total |  | $ | 35,096 |  |  | $ | 3,040 |  |  | $ | 16,047 |  |  | $ | (10,453 | ) |  | $ | 4,292 |  |  | $ | 48,022 |

CTBI derived our ACL balance by using vintage modeling for the consumer and residential portfolios. Static pool models incorporating losses by credit risk rating were developed to determine credit loss balances for the commercial loan segments.
Qualitative loss factors are based on CTBI’s judgment of delinquency trends, level of nonperforming loans, trend in loan losses, supervision and administration, quality control exceptions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts based on unemployment rates and industry concentrations. CTBI has determined that twelve months represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period and reverts back to a historical loss rate immediately. CTBI leverages economic projections from reputable and independent third parties to form our loss driver forecasts over the twelve month forecast period. Other internal and external indicators of economic forecasts are also considered by CTBI when developing the forecast metrics.
CTBI also has an inherent model risk allocation included in our ACL calculation to allow for certain known model limitations as well as other potential risks not quantified elsewhere. Management has identified the following known model limitations and made adjustments through this portion of the calculation for them:
(1) The inability to completely identify revolving lines of credit within the commercial other segment. Management had to make assumptions regarding commercial renewals as those renewals are not tracked well by our loan system.
(2) The inability within the model to estimate the value of modifications made under TDRs. Management has manually calculated the estimated impact based on research of modified terms for TDRs.
With the continued impact of global uncertainty, the current historically high rate of inflation, the significant rising rate environment, and the fact that there is no immediate end foreseen, these have been identified as significant specific events that could impact our customers’ ability to pay. As segments stabilize, these allocations are adjusted with reductions totaling $0.9 million made to the segments during 2022. Management continues to have a significant event qualitative factor to anticipate the continued impact of the above factors.
Provision for credit losses for the year 2022 was $4.9 million compared to a recovery of $6.4 million during the year 2021. Our reserve coverage (allowance for credit losses to nonperforming loans) at December 31, 2022 was 300.4% compared to 251.2% at December 31, 2021. Our credit loss reserve as a percentage of total loans outstanding at December 31, 2022 was 1.24% compared to 1.22% at December 31, 2021.
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Refer to note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for further information regarding our nonaccrual policy. Nonaccrual loans and loans 90 days past due and still accruing segregated by class of loans for both December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | Nonaccrual Loans with No ACL |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans with ACL |  |  | 90+ and Still Accruing |  |  | Total Nonperforming Loans |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 258 |  |  |  | 613 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,116 |  |  |  | 1,947 |  |  |  | 3,063 |
Commercial other |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 982 |  |  |  | 356 |  |  |  | 1,338 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,453 |  |  |  | 2,574 |  |  |  | 5,027 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,069 |  |  |  | 4,929 |  |  |  | 8,998 |
Home equity lines |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 487 |  |  |  | 778 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,360 |  |  |  | 5,416 |  |  |  | 9,776 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 41 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 465 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 506 |
Loans and lease financing |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 6,813 |  |  | $ | 8,496 |  |  | $ | 15,309 |

|  | December 31, 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Nonaccrual Loans with No ACL |  |  | Nonaccrual Loans with ACL |  |  | 90+ and Still Accruing |  |  | Total Nonperforming Loans |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,075 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 585 |  |  |  | 312 |  |  |  | 897 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 2,447 |  |  |  | 1,602 |  |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | 4,193 |
Commercial other |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 302 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 378 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 2,447 |  |  |  | 3,564 |  |  |  | 532 |  |  |  | 6,543 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,081 |  |  |  | 4,659 |  |  |  | 8,740 |
Home equity lines |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 579 |  |  |  | 513 |  |  |  | 1,092 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,660 |  |  |  | 5,172 |  |  |  | 9,832 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 44 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 206 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 250 |
Loans and lease financing |  | $ | 2,447 |  |  | $ | 8,224 |  |  | $ | 5,954 |  |  | $ | 16,625 |

CTBI recognized $44 thousand in interest income on the above nonaccrual loans for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to $82 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2021.
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Discussion of the Nonaccrual Policy
The accrual of interest income on loans is discontinued when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value, and collection efforts, that the borrower’s financial condition is such that the collection of interest is doubtful. Cash payments received on nonaccrual loans generally are applied against principal, and interest income is only recorded once principal recovery is reasonably assured. Any loans greater than 90 days past due must be well secured and in the process of collection to continue accruing interest. See note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion on our nonaccrual policy.
The following tables present CTBI’s loan portfolio aging analysis, segregated by class, as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (includes loans 90 days past due and still accruing as well):

|  | December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 343,640 |  |  | $ | 343,640 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 602 |  |  |  | 225 |  |  |  | 574 |  |  |  | 1,401 |  |  |  | 371,513 |  |  |  | 372,914 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 2,549 |  |  |  | 395 |  |  |  | 2,611 |  |  |  | 5,555 |  |  |  | 756,794 |  |  |  | 762,349 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 77,533 |  |  |  | 77,533 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  | 846 |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | 2,359 |  |  |  | 309,180 |  |  |  | 311,539 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 867 |  |  |  | 883 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 4,180 |  |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  | 3,681 |  |  |  | 9,331 |  |  |  | 1,859,527 |  |  |  | 1,868,858 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 869 |  |  |  | 3,402 |  |  |  | 7,067 |  |  |  | 11,338 |  |  |  | 813,658 |  |  |  | 824,996 |
Home equity lines |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 740 |  |  |  | 1,570 |  |  |  | 118,970 |  |  |  | 120,540 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 1,655 |  |  |  | 3,446 |  |  |  | 7,807 |  |  |  | 12,908 |  |  |  | 932,628 |  |  |  | 945,536 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 555 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 722 |  |  |  | 156,782 |  |  |  | 157,504 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 4,407 |  |  |  | 764 |  |  |  | 465 |  |  |  | 5,636 |  |  |  | 731,756 |  |  |  | 737,392 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 4,962 |  |  |  | 890 |  |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 6,358 |  |  |  | 888,538 |  |  |  | 894,896 |
Loans and lease financing |  | $ | 10,797 |  |  | $ | 5,806 |  |  | $ | 11,994 |  |  | $ | 28,597 |  |  | $ | 3,680,693 |  |  | $ | 3,709,290 |

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|  | December 31, 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  |  | 90+ Days Past Due |  |  | Total Past Due |  |  | Current |  |  | Total Loans |
Hotel/motel |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 257,062 |  |  | $ | 257,062 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 274 |  |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 845 |  |  |  | 1,235 |  |  |  | 333,998 |  |  |  | 335,233 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 1,303 |  |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | 3,509 |  |  |  | 4,959 |  |  |  | 752,934 |  |  |  | 757,893 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 69,452 |  |  |  | 69,452 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1,225 |  |  |  | 175 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 1,508 |  |  |  | 288,970 |  |  |  | 290,478 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 47,287 |  |  |  | 47,335 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 2,816 |  |  |  | 472 |  |  |  | 4,462 |  |  |  | 7,750 |  |  |  | 1,749,703 |  |  |  | 1,757,453 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 1,171 |  |  |  | 2,707 |  |  |  | 6,859 |  |  |  | 10,737 |  |  |  | 756,448 |  |  |  | 767,185 |
Home equity lines |  |  | 656 |  |  |  | 315 |  |  |  | 903 |  |  |  | 1,874 |  |  |  | 104,793 |  |  |  | 106,667 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 1,827 |  |  |  | 3,022 |  |  |  | 7,762 |  |  |  | 12,611 |  |  |  | 861,241 |  |  |  | 873,852 |
Consumer direct |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 619 |  |  |  | 156,064 |  |  |  | 156,683 |
Consumer indirect |  |  | 2,889 |  |  |  | 533 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 3,628 |  |  |  | 617,197 |  |  |  | 620,825 |
Total consumer loans |  |  | 3,285 |  |  |  | 712 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 4,247 |  |  |  | 773,261 |  |  |  | 777,508 |
Loans and lease financing |  | $ | 7,928 |  |  | $ | 4,206 |  |  | $ | 12,474 |  |  | $ | 24,608 |  |  | $ | 3,384,205 |  |  | $ | 3,408,813 |

The risk characteristics of CTBI’s material portfolio segments are as follows:
Hotel/motel loans are a significant concentration for CTBI, representing approximately 9.3% of total loans. This industry has unique risk characteristics as it is highly susceptible to changes in the domestic and global economic environments, which can cause the industry to experience substantial volatility. These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Hotel/motel lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Management monitors and evaluates all commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria. Commercial construction loans generally are made to customers for the purpose of building income-producing properties, and any hotel/motel construction loan would be included in this segment. Personal guarantees of the principals are generally required. Such loans are made on a projected cash flow basis and are secured by the project being constructed. Construction loan draw procedures are included in each specific loan agreement, including required documentation items and inspection requirements. Construction loans may convert to term loans at the end of the construction period, or may be repaid by the take-out commitment from another financing source. If the loan is to convert to a term loan, the repayment ability is based on the borrower’s projected cash flow. Risk is mitigated during the construction phase by requiring proper documentation and inspections whenever a draw is requested. Loans in amounts greater than $500,000 generally require a performance bond to be posted by the general contractor to assure completion of the project.
Commercial real estate residential loans are commercial purpose construction and permanent financed loans for commercial purpose 1-4 family/multi-family properties. All commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Management monitors and evaluates all commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria. Commercial residential construction loans generally are made to customers for the purpose of building income-producing properties. Personal guarantees of the principals are generally required. Such loans are made on a projected cash flow basis and are secured by the project being constructed. Construction loan draw procedures are included in each specific loan agreement, including required documentation items and inspection requirements. Construction loans may convert to term loans at the end of the construction period, or may be repaid by the take-out commitment from another financing source. If the loan is to convert to a term loan, the repayment ability is based on the borrower’s projected cash flow. Risk is mitigated during the construction phase by requiring proper documentation and inspections whenever a draw is requested. Loans in amounts greater than $500,000 generally require a performance bond to be posted by the general contractor to assure completion of the project.
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Commercial real estate nonresidential loans are secured by nonfarm, nonresidential properties, farmland, and other commercial real estate. Construction for commercial real estate nonresidential loans are also included in this segment as these loans are generally one loan for construction to permanent financing. All commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Management monitors and evaluates all commercial real estate loans based on collateral and risk grade criteria. Commercial nonresidential construction loans generally are made to customers for the purpose of building income-producing properties. Personal guarantees of the principals are generally required. Such loans are made on a projected cash flow basis and are secured by the project being constructed. Construction loan draw procedures are included in each specific loan agreement, including required documentation items and inspection requirements. Construction loans may convert to term loans at the end of the construction period, or may be repaid by the take-out commitment from another financing source. If the loan is to convert to a term loan, the repayment ability is based on the borrower’s projected cash flow. Risk is mitigated during the construction phase by requiring proper documentation and inspections whenever a draw is requested. Loans in amounts greater than $500,000 generally require a performance bond to be posted by the general contractor to assure completion of the project.
Dealer floorplans are segmented separately as they are a unique product with unique risk factors. CTBI maintains strict processing procedures over our floorplan product with any exceptions requested by a loan officer approved by the appropriate loan committee and the floorplan manager.
Commercial other loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from our customers. As we underwrite our equipment lease financing in a manner similar to our commercial loan portfolio described below, the risk characteristics for this portfolio mirror that of the commercial loan portfolio.
CTBI’s participation in the CARES Act PPP loan program has resulted in a new loan segment of unsecured commercial other loans that are 100% SBA guaranteed. These loans, which are subject to forgiveness, have maturities of either two or three to five years, depending on when the loans were made. These loans currently have no allowance for credit losses.
With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, CTBI generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Home equity loans are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences. Residential construction loans are handled through the home mortgage area of the bank. The repayment ability of the borrower and the maximum loan-to-value ratio are calculated using the normal mortgage lending criteria. Draws are processed based on percentage of completion stages including normal inspection procedures. Such loans generally convert to term loans after the completion of construction.
Consumer loans are secured by consumer assets such as automobiles or recreational vehicles. Some consumer loans are unsecured such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit. Our determination of a borrower’s ability to repay these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income and credit rating of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in property values on residential properties. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers.
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The indirect lending area of the bank generally deals with purchasing/funding consumer contracts with new and used automobile dealers. The dealers generate loan applications which are forwarded to the indirect loan processing area for approval or denial. Loan approvals or denials are based on the creditworthiness and repayment ability of the borrower, and on the collateral value. The dealers may have limited recourse agreements with CTB.
Credit Quality Indicators
CTBI categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. CTBI also considers the fair value of the underlying collateral and the strength and willingness of the guarantor(s). CTBI analyzes commercial loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. Loans classified as loss, doubtful, substandard, or special mention are reviewed quarterly by CTBI for further deterioration or improvement to determine if appropriately classified and valued if deemed impaired. All other commercial loan reviews are completed every 12 to 18 months. In addition, during the renewal process of any loan, as well as if a loan becomes past due or if other information becomes available, CTBI will evaluate the loan grade. CTBI uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

| ➢ | Pass grades include investment grade, low risk, moderate risk, and acceptable risk loans. The loans range from loans that have no chance of resulting in a loss to loans that have a limited chance of resulting in a loss. Customers in this grade have excellent to fair credit ratings. The cash flows are adequate to meet required debt repayments.

| ➢ | Watch graded loans are loans that warrant extra management attention but are not currently criticized. Loans on the watch list may be potential troubled credits or may warrant “watch” status for a reason not directly related to the asset quality of the credit. The watch grade is a management tool to identify credits which may be candidates for future classification or may temporarily warrant extra management monitoring.

| ➢ | Other assets especially mentioned (OAEM) reflects loans that are currently protected but are potentially weak. These loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a classification of substandard. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an unwarranted risk in light of circumstances surrounding a specific asset. Loans in this grade display potential weaknesses which may, if unchecked or uncorrected, inadequately protect CTBI’s credit position at some future date. The loans may be adversely affected by economic or market conditions.

| ➢ | Substandard grading indicates that the loan is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly liquidation of the debt with the distinct possibility that CTBI will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

| ➢ | Doubtful graded loans have the weaknesses inherent in the substandard grading with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The probability of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonably specific pending factors which may work to CTBI’s advantage or strengthen the asset(s), its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors include proposed merger, acquisition, or liquidation procedures, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral, and refinancing plans.

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The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI’s commercial loan portfolio based on rating category and payment activity, segregated by class of loans and based on last credit decision or year of origination:

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Total |
Hotel/motel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 145,262 |  |  | $ | 36,002 |  |  | $ | 17,742 |  |  | $ | 54,328 |  |  | $ | 13,178 |  |  | $ | 35,179 |  |  | $ | 545 |  |  | $ | 302,236 |
Watch |  |  | 7,921 |  |  |  | 8,996 |  |  |  | 5,523 |  |  |  | 3,453 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 13,555 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 39,448 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,956 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,956 |
Substandard |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total hotel/motel |  |  | 153,183 |  |  |  | 44,998 |  |  |  | 23,265 |  |  |  | 57,781 |  |  |  | 13,178 |  |  |  | 50,690 |  |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | 343,640 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 119,826 |  |  |  | 110,963 |  |  |  | 38,423 |  |  |  | 15,467 |  |  |  | 10,492 |  |  |  | 36,307 |  |  |  | 14,297 |  |  |  | 345,775 |
Watch |  |  | 1,474 |  |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | 1,675 |  |  |  | 848 |  |  |  | 2,136 |  |  |  | 7,015 |  |  |  | 152 |  |  |  | 14,198 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 68 |
Substandard |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 4,289 |  |  |  | 1,878 |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  | 3,639 |  |  |  | 2,539 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 12,873 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial real estate residential |  |  | 121,482 |  |  |  | 116,150 |  |  |  | 41,976 |  |  |  | 16,700 |  |  |  | 16,267 |  |  |  | 45,861 |  |  |  | 14,478 |  |  |  | 372,914 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 175,220 |  |  |  | 171,311 |  |  |  | 80,932 |  |  |  | 70,848 |  |  |  | 44,099 |  |  |  | 137,575 |  |  |  | 23,166 |  |  |  | 703,151 |
Watch |  |  | 3,331 |  |  |  | 5,765 |  |  |  | 10,090 |  |  |  | 2,178 |  |  |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | 10,022 |  |  |  | 1,550 |  |  |  | 34,898 |
OAEM |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 109 |
Substandard |  |  | 1,939 |  |  |  | 2,537 |  |  |  | 4,877 |  |  |  | 3,135 |  |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 10,865 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 23,886 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 305 |
Total commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 180,509 |  |  |  | 179,613 |  |  |  | 95,899 |  |  |  | 76,161 |  |  |  | 46,569 |  |  |  | 158,857 |  |  |  | 24,741 |  |  |  | 762,349 |
Dealer floorplans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 77,153 |  |  |  | 77,153 |
Watch |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | 380 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Substandard |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total dealer floorplans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 77,533 |  |  |  | 77,533 |
Commercial other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 78,846 |  |  |  | 59,667 |  |  |  | 34,841 |  |  |  | 8,922 |  |  |  | 2,333 |  |  |  | 23,961 |  |  |  | 77,355 |  |  |  | 285,925 |
Watch |  |  | 1,622 |  |  |  | 393 |  |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 217 |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 6,402 |  |  |  | 10,177 |
OAEM |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 60 |
Substandard |  |  | 6,090 |  |  |  | 5,489 |  |  |  | 885 |  |  |  | 356 |  |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 758 |  |  |  | 952 |  |  |  | 14,673 |
Doubtful |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 704 |
Total commercial other |  |  | 87,054 |  |  |  | 65,678 |  |  |  | 36,330 |  |  |  | 9,604 |  |  |  | 2,635 |  |  |  | 25,499 |  |  |  | 84,739 |  |  |  | 311,539 |

Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 883 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 883 |
Watch |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Substandard |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 883 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 883 |
Commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 519,154 |  |  |  | 378,826 |  |  |  | 171,938 |  |  |  | 149,565 |  |  |  | 70,102 |  |  |  | 233,022 |  |  |  | 192,516 |  |  |  | 1,715,123 |
Watch |  |  | 14,348 |  |  |  | 16,052 |  |  |  | 17,892 |  |  |  | 6,696 |  |  |  | 4,257 |  |  |  | 31,372 |  |  |  | 8,484 |  |  |  | 99,101 |
OAEM |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,046 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 2,193 |
Substandard |  |  | 8,211 |  |  |  | 12,315 |  |  |  | 7,640 |  |  |  | 3,837 |  |  |  | 4,290 |  |  |  | 14,162 |  |  |  | 977 |  |  |  | 51,432 |
Doubtful |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 305 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,009 |
Total commercial loans |  | $ | 542,228 |  |  | $ | 407,322 |  |  | $ | 197,470 |  |  | $ | 160,246 |  |  | $ | 78,649 |  |  | $ | 280,907 |  |  | $ | 202,036 |  |  | $ | 1,868,858 |

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Table of Contents

|  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Total |
Hotel/motel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | 42,056 |  |  | $ | 11,231 |  |  | $ | 53,713 |  |  | $ | 18,752 |  |  | $ | 32,765 |  |  | $ | 20,087 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 178,604 |
Watch |  |  | 9,234 |  |  |  | 14,021 |  |  |  | 8,813 |  |  |  | 8,780 |  |  |  | 2,678 |  |  |  | 30,502 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 74,028 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Substandard |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,355 |  |  |  | 1,075 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,430 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total hotel/motel |  |  | 51,290 |  |  |  | 25,252 |  |  |  | 62,526 |  |  |  | 30,887 |  |  |  | 36,518 |  |  |  | 50,589 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 257,062 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 142,364 |  |  |  | 54,380 |  |  |  | 22,320 |  |  |  | 19,826 |  |  |  | 11,919 |  |  |  | 45,791 |  |  |  | 9,544 |  |  |  | 306,144 |
Watch |  |  | 2,643 |  |  |  | 2,359 |  |  |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | 2,119 |  |  |  | 554 |  |  |  | 6,949 |  |  |  | 156 |  |  |  | 16,742 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 16 |
Substandard |  |  | 4,822 |  |  |  | 1,990 |  |  |  | 620 |  |  |  | 1,835 |  |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | 2,468 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 12,331 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial real estate residential |  |  | 149,829 |  |  |  | 58,729 |  |  |  | 24,902 |  |  |  | 23,780 |  |  |  | 13,085 |  |  |  | 55,208 |  |  |  | 9,700 |  |  |  | 335,233 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 214,563 |  |  |  | 99,131 |  |  |  | 82,386 |  |  |  | 57,397 |  |  |  | 55,422 |  |  |  | 168,533 |  |  |  | 22,389 |  |  |  | 699,821 |
Watch |  |  | 5,130 |  |  |  | 2,865 |  |  |  | 3,981 |  |  |  | 2,802 |  |  |  | 3,655 |  |  |  | 11,828 |  |  |  | 767 |  |  |  | 31,028 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 198 |
Substandard |  |  | 5,201 |  |  |  | 5,098 |  |  |  | 3,764 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 2,016 |  |  |  | 9,659 |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | 26,538 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 308 |
Total commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 224,894 |  |  |  | 107,094 |  |  |  | 90,131 |  |  |  | 60,799 |  |  |  | 61,093 |  |  |  | 190,506 |  |  |  | 23,376 |  |  |  | 757,893 |

Dealer floorplans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 69,105 |  |  |  | 69,105 |
Watch |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | 347 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Substandard |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total dealer floorplans |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 69,452 |  |  |  | 69,452 |
Commercial other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 72,650 |  |  |  | 43,838 |  |  |  | 16,495 |  |  |  | 29,858 |  |  |  | 9,105 |  |  |  | 13,346 |  |  |  | 75,119 |  |  |  | 260,411 |
Watch |  |  | 7,196 |  |  |  | 1,967 |  |  |  | 1,582 |  |  |  | 599 |  |  |  | 332 |  |  |  | 1,071 |  |  |  | 11,792 |  |  |  | 24,539 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 383 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 1,146 |
Substandard |  |  | 1,600 |  |  |  | 1,589 |  |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | 287 |  |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 4,382 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial other |  |  | 81,446 |  |  |  | 47,394 |  |  |  | 18,492 |  |  |  | 31,024 |  |  |  | 9,736 |  |  |  | 14,869 |  |  |  | 87,517 |  |  |  | 290,478 |
Commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 46,227 |  |  |  | 1,108 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 47,335 |
Watch |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Substandard |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total commercial unsecured SBA PPP |  |  | 46,227 |  |  |  | 1,108 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 47,335 |
Commercial loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk rating: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  |  | 517,860 |  |  |  | 209,688 |  |  |  | 174,914 |  |  |  | 125,833 |  |  |  | 109,211 |  |  |  | 247,757 |  |  |  | 176,157 |  |  |  | 1,561,420 |
Watch |  |  | 24,203 |  |  |  | 21,212 |  |  |  | 16,338 |  |  |  | 14,300 |  |  |  | 7,219 |  |  |  | 50,350 |  |  |  | 13,062 |  |  |  | 146,684 |
OAEM |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 268 |  |  |  | 383 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 1,360 |
Substandard |  |  | 11,623 |  |  |  | 8,677 |  |  |  | 4,531 |  |  |  | 5,974 |  |  |  | 3,974 |  |  |  | 12,578 |  |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | 47,681 |
Doubtful |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 308 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 308 |
Total commercial loans |  | $ | 553,686 |  |  | $ | 239,577 |  |  | $ | 196,051 |  |  | $ | 146,490 |  |  | $ | 120,432 |  |  | $ | 311,172 |  |  | $ | 190,045 |  |  | $ | 1,757,453 |

64

Table of Contents
The following tables present the credit risk profile of CTBI’s residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios based on performing or nonperforming status, segregated by class:

(in thousands) |  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Total |
Home equity lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 10,195 |  |  | $ | 109,567 |  |  | $ | 119,762 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 502 |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | 778 |
Total home equity lines |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 10,697 |  |  |  | 109,843 |  |  |  | 120,540 |
Mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 176,736 |  |  |  | 177,469 |  |  |  | 132,795 |  |  |  | 62,415 |  |  |  | 30,473 |  |  |  | 236,110 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 815,998 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 282 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 422 |  |  |  | 7,405 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,998 |
Total mortgage loans |  |  | 176,736 |  |  |  | 177,751 |  |  |  | 132,893 |  |  |  | 63,206 |  |  |  | 30,895 |  |  |  | 243,515 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 824,996 |
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 176,736 |  |  |  | 177,469 |  |  |  | 132,795 |  |  |  | 62,415 |  |  |  | 30,473 |  |  |  | 246,305 |  |  |  | 109,567 |  |  |  | 935,760 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 282 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 422 |  |  |  | 7,907 |  |  |  | 276 |  |  |  | 9,776 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 176,736 |  |  |  | 177,751 |  |  |  | 132,893 |  |  |  | 63,206 |  |  |  | 30,895 |  |  |  | 254,212 |  |  |  | 109,843 |  |  |  | 945,536 |
Consumer direct loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 62,239 |  |  |  | 42,014 |  |  |  | 23,921 |  |  |  | 11,166 |  |  |  | 6,766 |  |  |  | 11,357 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 157,463 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 41 |
Total consumer direct loans |  |  | 62,264 |  |  |  | 42,025 |  |  |  | 23,926 |  |  |  | 11,166 |  |  |  | 6,766 |  |  |  | 11,357 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 157,504 |
Consumer indirect loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 371,079 |  |  |  | 168,513 |  |  |  | 116,267 |  |  |  | 45,748 |  |  |  | 26,247 |  |  |  | 9,073 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 736,927 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 465 |
Total consumer indirect loans |  |  | 371,144 |  |  |  | 168,764 |  |  |  | 116,363 |  |  |  | 45,778 |  |  |  | 26,248 |  |  |  | 9,095 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 737,392 |
Consumer loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 433,318 |  |  |  | 210,527 |  |  |  | 140,188 |  |  |  | 56,914 |  |  |  | 33,013 |  |  |  | 20,430 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 894,390 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 506 |
Total consumer loans |  | $ | 433,408 |  |  | $ | 210,789 |  |  | $ | 140,289 |  |  | $ | 56,944 |  |  | $ | 33,014 |  |  | $ | 20,452 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 894,896 |

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(in thousands) |  | Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year |
December 31 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | Prior |  |  | Revolving Loans |  |  | Total |
Home equity lines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 10,909 |  |  | $ | 94,666 |  |  | $ | 105,575 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 572 |  |  |  | 1,092 |
Total home equity lines |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 11,429 |  |  |  | 95,238 |  |  |  | 106,667 |
Mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 195,731 |  |  |  | 161,471 |  |  |  | 75,792 |  |  |  | 37,188 |  |  |  | 42,597 |  |  |  | 245,666 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 758,445 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 558 |  |  |  | 7,331 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,740 |
Total mortgage loans |  |  | 195,731 |  |  |  | 161,534 |  |  |  | 76,216 |  |  |  | 37,552 |  |  |  | 43,155 |  |  |  | 252,997 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 767,185 |
Residential loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 195,731 |  |  |  | 161,471 |  |  |  | 75,792 |  |  |  | 37,188 |  |  |  | 42,597 |  |  |  | 256,575 |  |  |  | 94,666 |  |  |  | 864,020 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 424 |  |  |  | 364 |  |  |  | 558 |  |  |  | 7,851 |  |  |  | 572 |  |  |  | 9,832 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 195,731 |  |  |  | 161,534 |  |  |  | 76,216 |  |  |  | 37,552 |  |  |  | 43,155 |  |  |  | 264,426 |  |  |  | 95,238 |  |  |  | 873,852 |
Consumer direct loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 71,626 |  |  |  | 39,312 |  |  |  | 18,492 |  |  |  | 10,468 |  |  |  | 4,490 |  |  |  | 12,251 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 156,639 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 44 |
Total consumer direct loans |  |  | 71,626 |  |  |  | 39,316 |  |  |  | 18,495 |  |  |  | 10,502 |  |  |  | 4,493 |  |  |  | 12,251 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 156,683 |
Consumer indirect loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 263,127 |  |  |  | 190,145 |  |  |  | 80,793 |  |  |  | 54,437 |  |  |  | 23,449 |  |  |  | 8,668 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 620,619 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 206 |
Total consumer indirect loans |  |  | 263,151 |  |  |  | 190,280 |  |  |  | 80,813 |  |  |  | 54,437 |  |  |  | 23,472 |  |  |  | 8,672 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 620,825 |
Consumer loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing |  |  | 334,753 |  |  |  | 229,457 |  |  |  | 99,285 |  |  |  | 64,905 |  |  |  | 27,939 |  |  |  | 20,919 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 777,258 |
Nonperforming |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 250 |
Total consumer loans |  | $ | 334,777 |  |  | $ | 229,596 |  |  | $ | 99,308 |  |  | $ | 64,939 |  |  | $ | 27,965 |  |  | $ | 20,923 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 777,508 |

A loan is considered nonperforming if it is 90 days or more past due and/or on nonaccrual.
The total of consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process was $3.3 million at December 31, 2022. The total of consumer mortgage loans secured by real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings have resumed with restricted parameters was $2.3 million at December 31, 2021.
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In accordance with ASC 326-20-30-2, if a loan does not share risk characteristics with other pooled loans in determining the allowance for credit losses, the loan shall be evaluated for expected credit losses on an individual basis. Of the loans that CTBI has individually evaluated, the loans listed below by segment are those that are collateral dependent:

|  | December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Specific Reserve |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,168 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 7,786 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 14,718 |  |  |  | 200 |
Commercial other |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8,926 |  |  |  | 1,000 |
Total collateral dependent loans |  |  | 15 |  |  | $ | 32,598 |  |  | $ | 1,200 |

|  | December 31, 2021 |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Recorded Investment |  |  | Specific Reserve |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 9,462 |  |  | $ | 600 |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 7,255 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 19,943 |  |  |  | 200 |
Commercial other |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1,113 |  |  |  | 350 |
Total collateral dependent loans |  |  | 18 |  |  | $ | 37,773 |  |  | $ | 1,150 |

The hotel/motel, commercial real estate residential, and commercial real estate nonresidential segments are all collateralized with real estate. The two loans listed in the commercial other segment at December 31, 2022 are collateralized by inventory, equipment, and accounts receivable.
Certain loans have been modified in troubled debt restructurings, where economic concessions were granted to borrowers consisting of reductions in the interest rates, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, and forbearances. Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Other |  |  | Total Modification |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 659 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 725 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1,206 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 1,324 |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial other |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 12,812 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 12,878 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 14,677 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 14,927 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,902 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,902 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 41 |  |  | $ | 15,270 |  |  | $ | 1,309 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 16,829 |

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|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Balance |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Other |  |  | Total Modification |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 659 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 725 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1,342 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 1,460 |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial other |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 12,811 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 12,877 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 14,812 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 250 |  |  |  | 15,062 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,902 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 593 |  |  |  | 1,309 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,902 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 41 |  |  | $ | 15,405 |  |  | $ | 1,309 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 16,964 |

|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Balance |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Other |  |  | Total Modification |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 388 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 388 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 4,179 |  |  |  | 2,988 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 7,167 |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial other |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 417 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 4,984 |  |  |  | 2,988 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 7,972 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 817 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 817 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 23 |  |  | $ | 5,262 |  |  | $ | 3,265 |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 8,789 |

|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Post-Modification Outstanding Balance |
(in thousands) |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Term Modification |  |  | Combination |  |  | Other |  |  | Total Modification |
Commercial real estate residential |  |  | 6 |  |  | $ | 424 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 424 |
Commercial real estate nonresidential |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 4,282 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 7,282 |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Commercial other |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 340 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 340 |
Total commercial loans |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 5,046 |  |  |  | 3,000 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,046 |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 818 |
Total residential loans |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 279 |  |  |  | 277 |  |  |  | 262 |  |  |  | 818 |
Total troubled debt restructurings |  |  | 23 |  |  | $ | 5,325 |  |  | $ | 3,277 |  |  | $ | 262 |  |  | $ | 8,864 |

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No charge-offs have resulted from modifications for any of the presented periods. We had commitments to extend additional credit in the amount of $40 thousand and $52 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, on loans that were considered troubled debt restructurings.
Loans retain their accrual status at the time of their modification. As a result, if a loan is on nonaccrual at the time it is modified, it stays as nonaccrual, and if a loan is on accrual at the time of the modification, it generally stays on accrual. Commercial and consumer loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring are closely monitored for delinquency as an early indicator of possible future default. If a loan modified in a troubled debt restructuring subsequently defaults, CTBI evaluates the loan for possible further impairment. The allowance for loan losses may be increased, adjustments may be made in the allocation of the allowance, or partial charge-offs may be taken to further write-down the carrying value of the loan. Presented below, segregated by class of loans, are loans that were modified as troubled debt restructurings within the past twelve months which have subsequently defaulted. CTBI considers a loan in default when it is 90 days or more past due or transferred to nonaccrual. See below for defaulted restructured loans at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(in thousands) |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
|  | Number of Loans |  |  | Recorded Balance |  |  | Number of Loans |  |  | Recorded Balance |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel/motel |  |  | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |
Residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate mortgage |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 751 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 275 |
Total defaulted restructured loans |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 751 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 1,388 |

5. Mortgage Banking and Servicing Rights
Mortgage banking activities primarily include residential mortgage originations and servicing. As discussed in note 1 above, mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) are carried at fair value. The fair value is determined quarterly based on an independent third-party valuation using a discounted cash flow analysis and calculated using a computer pricing model. The system used in this evaluation, Compass Point, attempts to quantify loan level idiosyncratic risk by calculating a risk derived value. As a result, each loan’s unique characteristics determine the valuation assumptions ascribed to that loan. Additionally, the computer valuation is based on key economic assumptions including the prepayment speeds of the underlying loans generated using the Andrew Davidson Prepayment Model, FHLMC/FNMA guidelines, the weighted average life of the loan, the discount rate, the weighted average coupon, and the weighted-average default rate, as applicable. Along with the gains received from the sale of loans, fees are received for servicing loans. These fees include late fees, which are recorded in interest income, and ancillary fees and monthly servicing fees, which are recorded in loan related fees. Costs of servicing loans are charged to expense as incurred. Changes in fair value of the MSRs are reported as an increase or decrease to mortgage banking income.
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The following table presents the components of mortgage banking income:

(in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale |  | $ | 1,525 |  |  | $ | 6,820 |  |  | $ | 7,226 |
Net loan servicing income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing fees |  |  | 2,226 |  |  |  | 2,058 |  |  |  | 1,515 |
Late fees |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 52 |
Ancillary fees |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 848 |  |  |  | 1,310 |
Fair value adjustments |  |  | 1,069 |  |  |  | 428 |  |  |  | (1,064 | )
Net loan servicing income |  |  | 3,467 |  |  |  | 3,401 |  |  |  | 1,813 |
Mortgage banking income |  | $ | 4,992 |  |  | $ | 10,221 |  |  | $ | 9,039 |

Mortgage loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying balance sheets. Loans serviced for the benefit of others (primarily FHLMC) totaled $783 million, $807 million, and $650 million at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Servicing loans for others generally consist of collecting mortgage payments, maintaining escrow accounts, disbursing payments to investors, and processing foreclosures. Custodial escrow balances maintained in connection with the foregoing loan servicing, and included in demand deposits, were approximately $3.0 million, $2.6 million, and $2.0 million at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Activity for capitalized MSRs using the fair value method is as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Fair value of MSRs, beginning of year |  | $ | 6,774 |  |  | $ | 4,068 |  |  | $ | 3,263 |
New servicing assets created |  |  | 625 |  |  |  | 2,278 |  |  |  | 1,869 |
Change in fair value during the year due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time decay (1) |  |  | (450 | ) |  |  | (259 | ) |  |  | (135 | )
Payoffs (2) |  |  | (429 | ) |  |  | (587 | ) |  |  | (766 | )
Changes in valuation inputs or assumptions (3) |  |  | 1,948 |  |  |  | 1,274 |  |  |  | (163 | )
Fair value of MSRs, end of year |  | $ | 8,468 |  |  | $ | 6,774 |  |  | $ | 4,068 |

(1) | Represents decrease in value due to regularly scheduled loan principal payments and partial loan paydowns.

(2) | Represents decrease in value due to loans that paid off during the period.

(3) | Represents change in value resulting from market-driven changes in interest rates.

The fair values of capitalized MSRs were $8.5 million, $6.8 million, and $4.1 million at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Fair values for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were determined by third-party valuations with a resulting 10.0% average discount rate in 2022 compared to the 10.1% average discount rate over the prior two years, respectively, and weighted average default rates of 1.24%, 1.39%, and 1.67%, respectively. Prepayment speeds generated using the Andrew Davidson Prepayment Model averaged 7.1%, 10.0%, and 15.7% at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. MSR values are very sensitive to movement in interest rates as expected future net servicing income depends on the projected balance of the underlying loans, which can be greatly impacted by the level of prepayments. CTBI does not currently hedge against changes in the fair value of our MSR portfolio.
6. Related Party Transactions
In the ordinary course of business, CTB has made extensions of credit and had transactions with certain directors and executive officers of CTBI or our subsidiaries, including their associates (as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission). We believe such extensions of credit and transactions were made on substantially the same terms, including interest rate and collateral, as those prevailing at the same time for comparable transactions with other persons.
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Activity for related party extensions of credit during 2022 and 2021 is as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Related party extensions of credit, beginning of year |  | $ | 45,022 |  |  | $ | 38,061 |
New loans and advances on lines of credit |  |  | 1,813 |  |  |  | 10,952 |
Repayments |  |  | (4,749 | ) |  |  | (3,055 | )
Decrease due to changes in related parties |  |  | (19 | ) |  |  | (936 | )
Related party extensions of credit, end of year |  | $ | 42,067 |  |  | $ | 45,022 |

The aggregate balances of related party deposits at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $27.9 million and $24.9 million, respectively.
A director of CTBI is a shareholder in a law firm that provided services to CTBI and our subsidiaries during the years 2022, 2021, and 2020. Approximately $0.4 million in legal fees and $0.1 million in expenses, $0.5 million total, were paid during 2022. Approximately $0.4 million in legal fees and $0.1 million in expenses, $0.5 million total, were paid during 2021. Approximately $0.8 million in legal fees and $0.1 million in expenses paid on behalf of CTBI, $0.9 million total, were paid to this law firm during 2020. A refund was issued for several years of adjustments reducing the total paid in 2020 to $0.6 million.
7. Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment are summarized as follows:

(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Land and buildings |  | $ | 81,345 |  |  | $ | 80,015 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 4,797 |  |  |  | 4,829 |
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment |  |  | 43,531 |  |  |  | 40,835 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 589 |  |  |  | 1,475 |
Total premises and equipment |  |  | 130,262 |  |  |  | 127,154 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (87,629 | ) |  |  | (86,675 | )
Premises and equipment, net |  | $ | 42,633 |  |  | $ | 40,479 |

Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment for 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $3.3 million, $3.2 million, and $3.5 million, respectively.
8. Other Real Estate Owned
Activity for other real estate owned was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Beginning balance of other real estate owned |  | $ | 3,486 |  |  | $ | 7,694 |
New assets acquired |  |  | 2,433 |  |  |  | 1,166 |
Capitalized costs |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 0 |
Fair value adjustments |  |  | (285 | ) |  |  | (857 | )
Sale of assets |  |  | (2,036 | ) |  |  | (4,517 | )
Ending balance of other real estate owned |  | $ | 3,671 |  |  | $ | 3,486 |

Carrying costs and fair value adjustments associated with foreclosed properties were $0.5 million, $1.4 million, and $2.7 million for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. See note 1 for a description of our accounting policies relative to foreclosed properties and other real estate owned.
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The major classifications of foreclosed properties are shown in the following table:

(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
1-4 family |  | $ | 859 |  |  | $ | 1,130 |
Construction/land development/other |  |  | 867 |  |  |  | 480 |
Multifamily |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 88 |
Non-farm/non-residential |  |  | 1,945 |  |  |  | 1,788 |
Total foreclosed properties |  | $ | 3,671 |  |  | $ | 3,486 |

9. Deposits
Major classifications of deposits are categorized as follows:

(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Noninterest bearing deposits |  | $ | 1,394,915 |  |  | $ | 1,331,103 |
Interest bearing demand deposits |  |  | 112,265 |  |  |  | 97,064 |
Money market deposits |  |  | 1,348,809 |  |  |  | 1,206,401 |
Savings |  |  | 654,380 |  |  |  | 632,645 |
Certificates of deposit and other time deposits of $100,000 or more |  |  | 531,424 |  |  |  | 654,325 |
Certificates of deposit and other time deposits less than $100,000 |  |  | 384,350 |  |  |  | 422,754 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 4,426,143 |  |  | $ | 4,344,292 |

Certificates of deposit and other time deposits of $250,000 or more at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $203.7 million and $261.0 million, respectively.
Maturities of certificates of deposits and other time deposits are presented below:

|  | Maturities by Period at December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | Total |  |  | Within 1 Year |  |  | 2 Years |  |  | 3 Years |  |  | 4 Years |  |  | 5 Years |  |  | After 5 Years |
Certificates of deposit and other time deposits of $100,000 or more |  | $ | 531,424 |  |  | $ | 397,480 |  |  | $ | 96,745 |  |  | $ | 19,199 |  |  | $ | 10,789 |  |  | $ | 7,057 |  |  | $ | 154 |
Certificates of deposit and other time deposits less than $100,000 |  |  | 384,350 |  |  |  | 300,646 |  |  |  | 51,991 |  |  |  | 12,525 |  |  |  | 9,955 |  |  |  | 9,023 |  |  |  | 210 |
Total maturities |  | $ | 915,774 |  |  | $ | 698,126 |  |  | $ | 148,736 |  |  | $ | 31,724 |  |  | $ | 20,744 |  |  | $ | 16,080 |  |  | $ | 364 |

10. Borrowings
Short-term debt is categorized as follows:

(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Repurchase agreements |  | $ | 215,431 |  |  | $ | 271,088 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 500 |
Total short-term debt |  | $ | 215,931 |  |  | $ | 271,588 |

All federal funds purchased mature and reprice daily. See note 11 for information regarding the maturities of our repurchase agreements. The average rates paid for federal funds purchased and repurchase agreements on December 31, 2022 were 4.07% and 2.75%, respectively.
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The maximum balance for repurchase agreements at any month-end during 2022 occurred at February 28, 2022, with a month-end balance of $277.4 million. The average balance of repurchase agreements for the year was $242.4 million.
Long-term debt is categorized as follows:

(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Junior subordinated debentures, 6.35%, due 6/1/37 |  | $ | 57,841 |  |  | $ | 57,841 |

On March 30, 2007, CTBI issued $61.3 million in junior subordinated debentures to a newly formed unconsolidated Delaware statutory trust subsidiary which in turn issued $59.5 million of capital securities in a private placement to institutional investors. The debentures, which mature in 30 years but are redeemable at par at CTBI’s option after five years, were issued at a rate of 6.52% until June 1, 2012, and thereafter at a floating rate based on the three-month LIBOR plus 1.59%. The underlying capital securities were issued at the equivalent rates and terms. The proceeds of the debentures were used to fund the redemption on April 2, 2007 of all CTBI’s outstanding 9.0% and 8.25% junior subordinated debentures in the total amount of $61.3 million. In May 2017, CTBI was able to purchase $2.0 million of the junior subordinated debentures in the open market at a purchase price of $1.4 million, resulting in a gain of $0.6 million. In August 2019, an additional $1.5 million was purchased in the open market at a price of $1.3 million, resulting in a gain of $0.2 million. The junior subordinated debentures will be retained by CTBI until maturity, and CTBI will continue to report the junior subordinated debentures at the net amount outstanding of $57.8 million.
On March 15, 2022, the President of the United States of America signed into law the Adjustable Interest Rate (LIBOR) Act (as implemented by the Final Regulations (defined below), the “LIBOR Act”). Under the LIBOR Act, on the first London banking day after June 30, 2023 (the “LIBOR Replacement Date”), a benchmark replacement recommended by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Board”) will replace LIBOR in certain contracts. These contracts are those which, after giving effect to other parts of the LIBOR Act, (i) contain no fallback provisions (including contracts which contain no fallback provisions after giving effect to certain parts of the LIBOR Act) or (ii) contain fallback provisions that identify neither a specific non-LIBOR based benchmark replacement nor a person with the authority, right or obligation to determine a benchmark replacement. Other parts of the LIBOR Act require that fallback provisions which (i) are based in any way on any LIBOR value, except to account for the difference between LIBOR and the benchmark replacement or (ii) require that a person (other than a benchmark administrator) conduct a poll, survey or inquiries for quotes or information concerning interbank lending or deposit rates be disregarded and deemed null and void. The Board-recommended benchmark replacement is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, including any recommended spread adjustment and benchmark replacement conforming changes. In addition, the LIBOR Act creates a safe harbor protecting from liability any person (including any person with the authority to determine a benchmark replacement under the junior subordinated debentures and the related trust preferred securities (the “TRUPS Documents”)) for the selection or use of the Board-recommended benchmark replacement or the implementation of certain technical, administrative or operational changes relating to the implementation, administration and calculation of the Board-recommended benchmark replacement.
Under the LIBOR Act, the Board was required to promulgate regulations implementing the LIBOR Act. On December 16, 2022, the Board issued its final regulations (the “Final Regulations”) implementing the LIBOR Act. The Final Regulations: (i) address the applicability of the LIBOR Act to various LIBOR contracts, (ii) identify the Board-selected benchmark replacements for various types of LIBOR contracts, (iii) include certain benchmark replacement conforming changes, (iv) address the issue of preemption and (v) provide other clarifications, definitions and information.
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On January 27, 2023, CTBI received notice from the trustee of the trust subsidiary, that based on their review of the TRUPS Documents, after application of the LIBOR Act and the Final Regulations, the TRUPS Documents issued by the trust subsidiary do not provide a replacement rate for Applicable LIBOR (a “Replacement Rate”) or include other fallback provisions which would apply on the LIBOR Replacement Date. Absent an amendment to the TRUPS Documents, some other change in applicable law, rule, regulation, or some other development, the LIBOR Act as implemented by the Final Regulations provides that (i) on and after the LIBOR Replacement Date, 3-month CME Term SOFR or 6-month CME Term SOFR (as defined in the Final Regulations) as adjusted by the relevant spread adjustment, which is 0.26161 percent or 0.42826 percent, shall be the benchmark replacement for the Applicable LIBOR in the TRUPS Documents and (ii) all applicable benchmark replacement conforming changes (as specified in the Final Regulations) will become an integral part of the TRUPS Documents, without any action by any party.
On November 29, 2022, the coupon rate was set at 6.35% for the March 1, 2023 distribution date, which was based on the three-month LIBOR rate as of November 29, 2022 of 4.76% plus 1.59%.
11. Repurchase Agreements
We utilize securities sold under agreements to repurchase to facilitate the needs of our customers and provide additional funding to our balance sheet. Repurchase agreements are transactions whereby we offer to sell to a counterparty an undivided interest in an eligible security at an agreed upon purchase price, and which obligates CTBI to repurchase the security on an agreed upon date at an agreed upon repurchase price plus interest at an agreed upon rate. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase are recorded at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction and are reflected in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
We monitor collateral levels on a continuous basis and maintain records of each transaction specifically describing the applicable security and the counterparty’s fractional interest in that security, and we segregate the security from its general assets in accordance with regulations governing custodial holdings of securities. The primary risk with our repurchase agreements is market risk associated with the securities securing the transactions, as we may be required to provide additional collateral based on fair value changes of the underlying securities. Securities pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements are maintained with our safekeeping agents. The carrying value of investment securities available-for-sale pledged as collateral under repurchase agreements totaled $273.8 million and $317.1 million at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
The remaining contractual maturity of the securities sold under agreements to repurchase by class of collateral pledged included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 is presented in the following tables:

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements |
(in thousands) |  | Overnight and Continuous |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Greater Than 90 days |  |  | Total |
Repurchase agreements and repurchase-to-maturity transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 21,679 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 2,979 |  |  | $ | 1,832 |  |  | $ | 26,524 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 96,627 |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 9,634 |  |  |  | 2,140 |  |  |  | 108,867 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 17,964 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 52,387 |  |  |  | 9,385 |  |  |  | 79,736 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 304 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 304 |
Total |  | $ | 136,574 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 65,000 |  |  | $ | 13,357 |  |  | $ | 215,431 |

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|  | December 31, 2021 |
|  | Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements |
(in thousands) |  | Overnight and Continuous |  |  | Up to 30 days |  |  | 30-90 days |  |  | Greater Than 90 days |  |  | Total |
Repurchase agreements and repurchase-to-maturity transactions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 3,176 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 5,400 |  |  | $ | 10,040 |  |  | $ | 18,632 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 83,375 |  |  |  | 484 |  |  |  | 13,633 |  |  |  | 9,427 |  |  |  | 106,919 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 24,689 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 85,967 |  |  |  | 34,881 |  |  |  | 145,537 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Total |  | $ | 111,240 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 105,000 |  |  | $ | 54,348 |  |  | $ | 271,088 |

12. Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank
Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances consisted of the following monthly amortizing borrowings at December 31:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Monthly amortizing |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 375 |
Total FHLB advances |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 375 |

The advances from the FHLB that require monthly principal payments were due for repayment as follows:

|  | Principal Payments Due by Period at December 31, 2022 |
(in thousands) |  | Total |  |  | Within 1 Year |  |  | 2 Years |  |  | 3 Years |  |  | 4 Years |  |  | 5 Years |  |  | After 5 Years |
Outstanding advances, weighted average interest rate – 0.05% |  | $ | 355 |  |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 251 |

At December 31, 2022, CTBI had monthly amortizing FHLB advances totaling $0.4 million at a weighted average interest rate of 0.05%.
Advances totaling $0.4 million at December 31, 2022 were collateralized by FHLB stock of $6.7 million and a blanket lien on qualifying 1-4 family first mortgage loans. As of December 31, 2022, CTBI had a $501.4 million FHLB borrowing capacity with $0.4 million in advances leaving $501.0 million available for additional advances. The advances had fixed interest rates of 0.00% and 2.00% with a weighted average rate of 0.05%. The advances are subject to restrictions or penalties in the event of prepayment.
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13. Income Taxes
The components of the provision for income taxes, exclusive of tax effect of unrealized AFS securities gains and losses, are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Current federal income tax expense |  | $ | 14,882 |  |  | $ | 16,160 |  |  | $ | 12,884 |
Current state income tax expense |  |  | 1,096 |  |  |  | 4,214 |  |  |  | 786 |
Deferred federal income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 1,138 |  |  |  | (2,900 | )
Deferred state income tax expense |  |  | 3,056 |  |  |  | 1,192 |  |  |  | 0 |
Effect of Kentucky tax legislation benefit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (9 | )
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 19,228 |  |  | $ | 22,704 |  |  | $ | 10,761 |

A reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory rate to our actual income tax expense is shown below:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Computed at the statutory rate |  | $ | 21,219 |  |  |  | 21.00 | % |  | $ | 23,235 |  |  |  | 21.00 | % |  | $ | 14,755 |  |  |  | 21.00 | %
Adjustments resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt interest |  |  | (717 | ) |  |  | (0.70 | ) |  |  | (690 | ) |  |  | (0.62 | ) |  |  | (547 | ) |  |  | (0.78 | )
Housing and new markets credits |  |  | (3,105 | ) |  |  | (3.07 | ) |  |  | (3,939 | ) |  |  | (3.56 | ) |  |  | (4,194 | ) |  |  | (5.97 | )
Bank owned life insurance |  |  | (367 | ) |  |  | (0.36 | ) |  |  | (382 | ) |  |  | (0.35 | ) |  |  | (277 | ) |  |  | (0.39 | )
ESOP dividend deduction |  |  | (240 | ) |  |  | (0.24 | ) |  |  | (233 | ) |  |  | (0.21 | ) |  |  | (221 | ) |  |  | (0.32 | )
Stock option exercises and restricted stock vesting |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 0.02 |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (0.01 | )
Effect of KY tax legislation |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0.00 |  |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (0.01 | )
State income taxes |  |  | 3,281 |  |  |  | 3.25 |  |  |  | 4,270 |  |  |  | 3.86 |  |  |  | 621 |  |  |  | 0.88 |
Split dollar life insurance |  |  | (184 | ) |  |  | (0.19 | ) |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 0.19 |  |  |  | 529 |  |  |  | 0.75 |
Other |  |  | (658 | ) |  |  | (0.66 | ) |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 0.19 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 0.16 |
Total |  | $ | 19,228 |  |  |  | 19.03 | % |  | $ | 22,704 |  |  |  | 20.52 | % |  | $ | 10,761 |  |  |  | 15.31 | %

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The components of the net deferred tax asset (liability) as of December 31 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 11,472 |  |  | $ | 10,418 |
Interest on nonaccrual loans |  |  | 362 |  |  |  | 547 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 2,969 |  |  |  | 2,960 |
Unrealized losses on AFS securities |  |  | 45,339 |  |  |  | 1,664 |
Allowance for other real estate owned |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | 268 |
State net operating loss carryforward |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,308 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 4,398 |  |  |  | 3,245 |
Other |  |  | 485 |  |  |  | 973 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 65,248 |  |  |  | 22,383 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | (14,859 | ) |  |  | (14,604 | )
FHLB stock dividends |  |  | (827 | ) |  |  | (961 | )
Loan fee income |  |  | (1,136 | ) |  |  | (621 | )
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | (2,113 | ) |  |  | (1,690 | )
Limited partnership investments |  |  | (710 | ) |  |  | (648 | )
Right of use assets |  |  | (4,259 | ) |  |  | (3,031 | )
Other |  |  | (1,466 | ) |  |  | (1,374 | )
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (25,370 | ) |  |  | (22,929 | )
Net deferred tax asset (liability) |  | $ | 39,878 |  |  | $ | (546 | )

CTBI had a deferred tax asset for the Kentucky net operating loss carryforward. The losses were utilized as CTBI began filing a consolidated Kentucky income tax return with CTB and CTIC beginning with the 2021 tax year. The loss deduction for 2022 was $58.4 million and for 2021 was $42.2 million. No carryforward remains.
CTBI accounts for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance (ASC 740, Income Taxes). The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. CTBI determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur. Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
Uncertain tax positions are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment.
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With a few exceptions, CTBI is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019, and state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2018. For federal tax purposes, CTBI recognizes interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense. CTBI files consolidated income tax returns with our subsidiaries.
14. Employee Benefits
CTBI maintains two separate retirement savings plans, a 401(k) Plan and an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”).
The 401(k) Plan is available to all employees (age 21 and over) who are credited with one year of service (12 consecutive month period with at least 1,000 hours). The year of service requirement for participant contributions was changed in 2022 to 90 days of service effective January 1, 2023. The company match will continue to begin with one year of credited service. Participants in the plan have the option to contribute from 1% to 20% of their annual compensation. CTBI matches 50% of participant contributions up to 8% of gross pay. CTBI may, at our discretion, contribute an additional percentage of covered employees’ compensation. CTBI’s matching contributions were $1.2 million, $1.1 million, and $1.2 million for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The 401(k) Plan owned 348,859, 445,562, and 479,489 shares of CTBI’s common stock at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Substantially all shares owned by the 401(k) Plan were allocated to employee accounts on those dates. The market price of the shares at the date of allocation is essentially the same as the market price at the date of purchase.
The ESOP is available to all employees (age 21 and over) who are credited with one year of service (12 consecutive month period with at least 1,000 hours). CTBI currently contributes 4% of covered employees’ compensation to the ESOP. The ESOP uses the contributions to acquire shares of CTBI’s common stock. CTBI’s contributions to the ESOP were $1.7 million, $1.8 million, and $1.8 million for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The ESOP owned 734,677, 774,562, and 778,269 shares of CTBI’s common stock at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Substantially all shares owned by the ESOP were allocated to employee accounts on those dates. The market price of the shares at the date of allocation is essentially the same as the market price at the date of purchase.
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Stock-Based Compensation:
As of December 31, 2022, CTBI maintained one active and one inactive incentive stock ownership plans covering key employees. The 2015 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”) was approved by the Board of Directors and the Shareholders in 2015. The 2006 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”) was approved by the Board of Directors and the Shareholders in 2006. The 2006 Plan was rendered inactive as of April 28, 2015. The 2015 Plan has 550,000 shares authorized, 400,221 of which were available at December 31, 2022. Shares issuable pursuant to awards which were granted under the prior plans on or before their respective expiration or termination dates will be issued from the remaining shares reserved for issuance under the prior plans. The shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the prior plans in excess of the number of shares as to which options or other benefits are awarded thereunder, and any shares as to which options or other benefits granted under the prior plans may lapse, expire, terminate, or be canceled, will not be reserved and available for issuance or reissuance under the 2015 Plan. The following table provides detail of the number of shares to be issued upon exercise of outstanding stock-based awards and remaining shares available for future issuance under all of CTBI’s equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2022:

Plan Category (shares in thousands) |  | Number of Shares to Be Issued Upon Exercise |  |  | Weighted Average Price |  |  | Shares Available for Future Issuance |
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options |  |  | 20 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 400 | (a)
Restricted stock |  | (c) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (a) |
Performance units |  | (d) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (a) |
Stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) |  | (e) |  |  | (b) |  |  | (a) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 400 |

(a) | Under the 2015 Plan, 550,000 shares are authorized for issuance; 154,084 have been issued as of December 31, 2022. In January of 2016, 18,069 restricted stock shares were issued under the terms of the 2015 Plan pursuant to awards granted under the 2006 Plan. Additional shares will not be issued pursuant to awards granted from prior plans.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | The maximum number of shares of restricted stock that may be granted is 550,000 shares, and the maximum that may be granted to a participant during any calendar year is 75,000 shares.

(d) | No performance units payable in stock had been issued as of December 31, 2022. The maximum payment that can be made pursuant to performance units granted to any one participant in any calendar year is $1,000,000.

(e) | No SARS have been issued. The maximum number of shares with respect to which SARs may be granted to a participant during any calendar year is 100,000 shares.

The following table details the shares available for future issuance under the 2015 Plan at December 31, 2022.

Plan Category |  | Shares Available for Future Issuance |
Shares available at January 1, 2022 |  |  | 450,659 |
Stock option grants |  |  | 0 |
Restricted stock grants |  |  | (50,438 | )
Forfeitures |  |  | 0 |
Shares available for future issuance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 400,221 |

There were no stock options granted in 2022, 2021, or 2020.
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The 2015 Plan:
There was no stock option activity for the 2015 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
The following table shows restricted stock activity for the 2015 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | Grants |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant |  |  | Grants |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant |  |  | Grants |  |  | Weighted Average Fair Value at Grant |
Outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 47,063 |  |  | $ | 42.90 |  |  |  | 55,551 |  |  | $ | 44.04 |  |  |  | 50,992 |  |  | $ | 43.08 |
Granted |  |  | 50,438 |  |  |  | 45.15 |  |  |  | 9,193 |  |  |  | 38.70 |  |  |  | 21,544 |  |  |  | 44.64 |
Vested |  |  | (29,364 | ) |  |  | 43.92 |  |  |  | (17,681 | ) |  |  | 44.31 |  |  |  | (16,985 | ) |  |  | 41.92 |
Forfeited |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding at end of year |  |  | 68,137 |  |  | $ | 44.13 |  |  |  | 47,063 |  |  | $ | 42.90 |  |  |  | 55,551 |  |  | $ | 44.04 |

The 2006 Plan:
CTBI’s stock option activity for the 2006 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is summarized as follows:

December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
Outstanding at beginning of year |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 20,495 |  |  | $ | 32.04 |
Granted |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Exercised |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (495 | ) |  |  | 22.81 |
Forfeited/expired |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Outstanding at end of year |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |
Exercisable at end of year |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |  |  |  | 20,000 |  |  | $ | 32.27 |

There were no nonvested options at December 31, 2022. Incentive stock options are exercisable four years from grant date, and management retention stock options are exercisable five years from grant date. All outstanding options as of December 31, 2022 are management retention stock options. Stock options expire 10 years from the grant date if not exercised within that timeframe.
The weighted average remaining contractual term in years of the options outstanding at December 31, 2022 was 2.1 years.
There were no options granted from the 2006 Plan during the years 2022, 2021, and 2020.
The following table shows the intrinsic values of options exercised, exercisable, and outstanding for the 2006 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Options exercised |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Options exercisable |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 96 |
Outstanding options |  |  | 273 |  |  |  | 227 |  |  |  | 96 |

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There was no restricted stock activity for the 2006 Plan for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
The following table shows the unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 and the total grant-date fair value of shares vested, cash received from option exercises under all share-based payment arrangements, and the actual tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercises of the share-based payment arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Unrecognized compensation cost of nonvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plan at year-end |  | $ | 2,108 |  |  | $ | 1,093 |  |  | $ | 1,512 |
Total fair value of shares vested for the year |  |  | 1,306 |  |  |  | 664 |  |  |  | 887 |
Cash received from option exercises under all share-based payment arrangements for the year |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 11 |
Tax benefit realized for the tax deductions from option exercises of the share-based payment arrangements for the year |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1 |

The unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested share-based compensation arrangements granted under the plans at December 31, 2022 is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.2 years.
15. Leases
CTBI has one finance lease for property but no material sublease or leasing arrangements for which it is the lessor of property or equipment. CTBI has operating leases for banking and ATM locations. These leases have original remaining lease terms of 1 year to 45 years, some of which include options to renew the leases for up to 5 years. We evaluated the original lease terms for each operating lease, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to 5 years, using hindsight. These options, some of which include variable costs related to rent escalations based on recent financial indices, such as the Consumer Price Index, where CTBI estimates future rent increases, are included in the calculation of the lease liability and right-of-use asset when management determines it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. CTBI determines this on each lease by considering all relevant contract-based, asset-based, market-based, and entity-based economic factors. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at lease commencement based on the present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate that represents our incremental borrowing rate, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term, at the lease commencement date. Right-of-use assets are further adjusted for prepaid rent, lease incentives, and initial direct costs, if any.
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The components of lease expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets – finance leases |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Interest on lease liabilities – finance leases |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 55 |
Total finance lease cost |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 107 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 181 |
Operating lease cost |  |  | 1,838 |  |  |  | 1,760 |
Total lease cost |  |  | 2,057 |  |  |  | 2,048 |
Sublease income |  |  | (249 | ) |  |  | (253 | )
Net lease cost |  | $ | 1,808 |  |  | $ | 1,795 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to CTBI’s operating and finance leases for the year ended December 31, 2022 was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  | Year Ended December 31, 2021 |
Finance lease – operating cash flows |  | $ | 67 |  |  | $ | 53 |
Finance lease – financing cash flows |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Operating lease – operating cash flows (fixed payments) |  | $ | 1,760 |  |  | $ | 1,693 |
Operating lease – operating cash flows (liability reduction) |  | $ | 1,424 |  |  | $ | 948 |
New right-of-use assets – operating leases |  | $ | 3,469 |  |  | $ | 0 |
New right-of-use assets – finance leases |  | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Weighted average lease term – financing leases |  | 27.10 years |  |  | 24.02 years |
Weighted average lease term – operating leases |  | 13.84 years |  |  | 13.39 years |
Weighted average discount rate – financing leases |  |  | 4.90 | % |  |  | 3.70 | %
Weighted average discount rate – operating leases |  |  | 3.55 | % |  |  | 3.11 | %

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2022 are as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Operating Leases |  |  | Finance Leases |
2023 |  | $ | 1,878 |  |  | $ | 151 |
2024 |  |  | 1,853 |  |  |  | 155 |
2025 |  |  | 1,748 |  |  |  | 160 |
2026 |  |  | 1,731 |  |  |  | 171 |
2027 |  |  | 1,620 |  |  |  | 175 |
Thereafter |  |  | 9,393 |  |  |  | 6,362 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 18,223 |  |  |  | 7,174 |
Less imputed interest |  |  | (4,063 | ) |  |  | (3,706 | )
Total |  | $ | 14,160 |  |  | $ | 3,468 |

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16. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities
Fair Value Measurements
ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 applies whenever other standards require (or permit) assets or liabilities to be measured at fair value but does not expand the use of fair value in any new circumstances. Fair value measurements must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. In this standard, the FASB clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the exit price when pricing the asset or liability. In support of this principle, ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. The fair value hierarchy is as follows:
Level 1 Inputs – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2 Inputs - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
Level 3 Inputs - Unobservable inputs for determining the fair values of assets or liabilities that reflect an entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in determining an exit price for the assets or liabilities.
Recurring Measurements
The following tables present the fair value measurements of assets recognized in the accompanying balance sheets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – recurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 381,932 |  |  | $ | 346,265 |  |  | $ | 35,667 |  |  | $ | 0 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 265,102 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 265,102 |  |  |  | 0 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 520,085 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 520,085 |  |  |  | 0 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 89,107 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 89,107 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 2,166 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,166 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 8,468 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,468 |

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(in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 Using |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – recurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agencies |  | $ | 295,770 |  |  | $ | 242,214 |  |  | $ | 53,556 |  |  | $ | 0 |
State and political subdivisions |  |  | 334,203 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 334,203 |  |  |  | 0 |
U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 730,809 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 730,809 |  |  |  | 0 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 94,647 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 94,647 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 2,253 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,253 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  |  | 6,774 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 6,774 |

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and recognized in the accompanying balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. These valuation methodologies were applied to all of CTBI’s financial assets carried at fair value. CTBI had no liabilities measured and recorded at fair value as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. There have been no significant changes in the valuation techniques during the year ended December 31, 2022. For assets classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the process used to develop the reported fair value is described below.
Available-for-Sale Securities
Securities classified as AFS are reported at fair value on a recurring basis. U.S. Treasury and government agencies are classified as Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy where quoted market prices are available in the active market on which the individual securities are traded.
If quoted market prices are not available, CTBI obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service, such as Interactive Data, which utilizes pricing models to determine fair value measurement. CTBI reviews the pricing quarterly to verify the reasonableness of the pricing. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other factors. U.S. Treasury and government agencies, state and political subdivisions, U.S. government sponsored agency mortgage-backed securities, and asset-backed securities are classified as Level 2 inputs.
In certain cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. Fair value determinations for Level 3 measurements are estimated on a quarterly basis where assumptions used are reviewed to ensure the estimated fair value complies with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the only securities owned by CTBI that were valued using Level 3 criteria are Visa Class B Stock (included in equity securities at fair value). Fair value for Visa Class B Stock is determined by an independent third party utilizing assumptions about factors such as quarterly common stock dividend payments, the conversion of the securities to the relevant Class A Stock shares subject to the prevailing conversion rate and conversion date. We have concluded the third party assumptions, processes, and conclusions to be reasonable and appropriate in determining the fair value of this asset. See the table below for inputs and valuation techniques used for Level 3 equity securities.
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Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. CTBI reports MSRs at fair value on a recurring basis with subsequent remeasurement of MSRs based on change in fair value.
In determining fair value, CTBI utilizes the expertise of an independent third party. Accordingly, fair value is determined by the independent third party by utilizing assumptions about factors such as mortgage interest rates, discount rates, mortgage loan prepayment speeds, market trends, and industry demand. Due to the nature of the valuation inputs, MSRs are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy. Fair value determinations for Level 3 measurements of MSRs are tested for impairment on a quarterly basis where assumptions used are reviewed to ensure the estimated fair value complies with accounting standards generally accepted in the United States. We have reviewed the assumptions, processes, and conclusions of the third party provider. We have determined these assumptions, processes, and conclusions to be reasonable and appropriate in determining the fair value of this asset. See the table below for inputs and valuation techniques used for Level 3 MSRs.
Level 3 Reconciliation
Following is a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of recurring fair value measurements, for the periods indicated, using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | Equity Securities at Fair Value |  |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights |  |  | Equity Securities at Fair Value |  |  | Mortgage Servicing Rights |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,253 |  |  | $ | 6,774 |  |  | $ | 2,471 |  |  | $ | 4,068 |
Total unrealized gains (losses) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in net income |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | 1,948 |  |  |  | (218 | ) |  |  | 1,274 |
Issues |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 625 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,278 |
Settlements |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (879 | ) |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (846 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 2,166 |  |  | $ | 8,468 |  |  | $ | 2,253 |  |  | $ | 6,774 |
Total gains (losses) for the period included in net income attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses related to assets still held at the reporting date |  | $ | (87 | ) |  | $ | 1,948 |  |  | $ | (218 | ) |  | $ | 1,274 |

Realized and unrealized gains and losses for items reflected in the table above are included in net income in the consolidated statements of income as follows:

Noninterest Income |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Total gains (losses) |  | $ | 982 |  |  | $ | 210 |

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Nonrecurring Measurements
The following tables present the fair value measurements of assets recognized in the accompanying balance sheets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – nonrecurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 2,703 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 2,703 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 570 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 570 |

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 Using |
|  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Assets measured – nonrecurring basis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral dependent loans |  | $ | 1,238 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 1,238 |
Other real estate owned |  |  | 1,487 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,487 |

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recognized in the accompanying balance sheet, as well as the general classification of such assets pursuant to the valuation hierarchy. For assets classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, the process used to develop the reported fair value is described below.
Collateral Dependent Loans
The estimated fair value of collateral-dependent loans is based on the appraised fair value of the collateral, less estimated cost to sell. Collateral-dependent loans are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
CTBI considers the appraisal or evaluation as the starting point for determining fair value and then considers other factors and events in the environment that may affect the fair value. Appraisals of the collateral underlying collateral-dependent loans are obtained when the loan is determined to be collateral-dependent and subsequently as deemed necessary by the Chief Credit Officer. Appraisals are reviewed for accuracy and consistency by the Chief Credit Officer. Appraisers are selected from the list of approved appraisers maintained by management. The appraised values are reduced by discounts to consider lack of marketability and estimated cost to sell if repayment or satisfaction of the loan is dependent on the sale of the collateral. These discounts and estimates are developed by the Chief Credit Officer by comparison to historical results.
Loans considered collateral-dependent are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty in accordance with ASC 326-20-35-5. Fair value adjustments on collateral-dependent loans disclosed above were $1.0 million and $0.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
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Other Real Estate Owned
In accordance with the provisions of ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, other real estate owned (“OREO”) is carried at the lower of fair value at acquisition date or current estimated fair value, less estimated cost to sell when the real estate is acquired. Estimated fair value of OREO is based on appraisals or evaluations. OREO is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Long-lived assets are subject to nonrecurring fair value adjustments to reflect subsequent partial write-downs that are based on the observable market price or current appraised value of the collateral. Fair value adjustments on other real estate owned disclosed above were $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Our policy for determining the frequency of periodic reviews is based upon consideration of the specific properties and the known or perceived market fluctuations in a particular market and is typically between 12 and 18 months but generally not more than 24 months. Appraisers are selected from the list of approved appraisers maintained by management.
Unobservable (Level 3) Inputs
The following tables present quantitative information about unobservable inputs used in recurring and nonrecurring Level 3 fair value measurements at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

(in thousands) |  | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2022 |  | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Equity securities at fair value |  | $ | 2,166 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Discount rate |  |  | 8.0% - 12.0% (10.0%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Conversion date |  | Dec 2025 – Dec 2029 (Dec 2027)
Mortgage servicing rights |  | $ | 8,468 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Constant prepayment rate |  |  | 6.5% - 28.0% (7.1%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Probability of default |  |  | 0.0% - 100.0% (1.2%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 9.5% - 12.0% (10.0%)
Collateral-dependent loans |  | $ | 2,703 |  | Market comparable properties | Marketability discount |  |  | 52.0% - 52.0% (52.0%)
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 570 |  | Market comparable properties | Comparability adjustments |  |  | 10.0% - 30.6% (10.9%)

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(in thousands) |  | Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
|  | Fair Value at December 31, 2021 |  | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Equity securities at fair value |  | $ | 2,253 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Discount rate |  |  | 8.0% - 12.0% (10.0%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Conversion date |  | Dec 2024 - Dec 2028 (Dec 2026)
Mortgage servicing rights |  | $ | 6,774 |  | Discount cash flows, computer pricing model | Constant prepayment rate |  |  | 7.0% - 26.7% (10.0%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Probability of default |  |  | 0.0% - 75.0% (1.4%)
|  |  |  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 10.0% - 11.5% (10.1%)
Collateral-dependent loans |  | $ | 1,238 |  | Market comparable properties | Marketability discount |  |  | 20.0% - 62.0% (41.0%)
Other real estate owned |  | $ | 1,487 |  | Market comparable properties | Comparability adjustments |  |  | 10.0% - 45.5% (15.1%)

Uncertainty of Fair Value Measurements
The following is a discussion of the uncertainty of fair value measurements, the interrelationships between those inputs and other unobservable inputs used in recurring fair value measurement, and how those inputs might magnify or mitigate the effect of changes in the unobservable inputs on the fair value measurement.
Equity Securities at Fair Value
Fair value for equity securities is derived based on unobservable inputs, such as the discount rate, quarterly dividends payable to the Visa Class B common stock, and the prevailing conversion rate at the conversion date. The most recent conversion rate of 1.6059 and the most recent dividend rate of 0.7227 were used to derive the fair value estimate. Significant increases (decreases) in either of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for discount rate is accompanied by a directionally opposite change in the fair value estimate.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
Fair value for MSRs is derived based on unobservable inputs, such as prepayment speeds of the underlying loans generated using the Andrew Davidson Prepayment Model, FHLMC/FNMA guidelines, the weighted average life of the loan, the discount rate, the weighted average coupon, and the weighted average default rate. Significant increases (decreases) in either of those inputs in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. Generally, a change in the assumption used for prepayment speeds is accompanied by a directionally opposite change in the assumption for interest rates.
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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The following table presents estimated fair value of CTBI’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2022 and indicates the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques. In accordance with the adoption of ASU 2016-01, the fair values as of December 31, 2022 were measured using an exit price notion.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2022 Using |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 128,686 |  |  | $ | 128,686 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Certificates of deposit in other banks |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |
Debt securities available-for-sale |  |  | 1,256,226 |  |  |  | 346,265 |  |  |  | 909,961 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 2,166 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,166 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Loans, net |  |  | 3,663,309 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,511,810 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 6,676 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 6,676 |  |  |  | 0 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 19,592 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 19,592 |  |  |  | 0 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 4,426,143 |  |  | $ | 1,394,915 |  |  | $ | 3,050,144 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 215,431 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 215,542 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 0 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | 0 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 57,841 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 55,860 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 2,237 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,237 |  |  |  | 0 |
Unrecognized financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Letters of credit |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Forward sale commitments |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |

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The following table presents estimated fair value of CTBI’s financial instruments as of December 31, 2021 and indicates the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques.

(in thousands) |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021 Using |
|  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 311,756 |  |  | $ | 311,756 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Certificates of deposit in other banks |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  | 0 |
Debt securities available-for-sale |  |  | 1,455,429 |  |  |  | 242,214 |  |  |  | 1,213,215 |  |  |  | 0 |
Equity securities at fair value |  |  | 2,253 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 2,253 |
Loans held for sale |  |  | 2,632 |  |  |  | 2,693 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Loans, net |  |  | 3,367,057 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 3,480,803 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  |  | 8,139 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 8,139 |  |  |  | 0 |
Federal Reserve Bank stock |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 4,887 |  |  |  | 0 |
Accrued interest receivable |  |  | 15,415 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 15,415 |  |  |  | 0 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 4,344,292 |  |  | $ | 1,331,103 |  |  | $ | 3,043,339 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Repurchase agreements |  |  | 271,088 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 271,186 |
Federal funds purchased |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 0 |
Advances from Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  | 375 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | 0 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 57,841 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 45,854 |
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 1,016 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 1,016 |  |  |  | 0 |
Unrecognized financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Letters of credit |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |  |  | $ | 0 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Forward sale commitments |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |

17. Off-Balance Sheet Transactions and Guarantees
CTBI is a party to transactions with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include standby letters of credit and commitments to extend credit in the form of unused lines of credit. CTBI uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.
At December 31, 2022, CTBI had the following off-balance sheet financial instruments, whose approximate contract amounts represent additional credit risk to CTBI:

(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Standby letters of credit |  | $ | 34,721 |  |  | $ | 32,676 |
Commitments to extend credit |  |  | 839,549 |  |  |  | 710,225 |
Total off-balance sheet financial instruments |  | $ | 874,270 |  |  | $ | 742,901 |

Standby letters of credit represent conditional commitments to guarantee the performance of a third party. The credit risk involved is essentially the same as the risk involved in making loans. At December 31, 2022, we maintained a credit loss reserve recorded in other liabilities of approximately $0.7 million relating to these financial standby letters of credit. The reserve coverage calculation was determined using essentially the same methodology as used for the allowance for credit losses. Approximately 68% of the total standby letters of credit are secured, with $19.5 million of the total $23.5 million secured by cash. Collateral for the remaining secured standby letters of credit varies but is comprised primarily of accounts receivable, inventory, property, equipment, and income-producing properties.
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Commitments to extend credit are agreements to originate loans to customers as long as there is no violation of any condition of the contract. At December 31, 2022, a credit loss reserve recorded in other liabilities of $0.7 million was maintained relating to these commitments. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since a portion of the commitments may expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, commercial real estate, and residential real estate. A portion of the commitments is to extend credit at fixed rates. Fixed rate loan commitments at December 31, 2022 of $119.2 million had interest rates ranging predominantly from 4.0% to 6.50% and terms predominantly one year or less. These credit commitments were based on prevailing rates, terms, and conditions applicable to other loans being made at December 31, 2022.
Included in our commitments to extend credit are mortgage loans in the process of origination which are intended for sale to investors in the secondary market. These forward sale commitments are on an individual loan basis that CTBI originates as part of our mortgage banking activities. CTBI commits to sell the loans at specified prices in a future period, typically within 60 days. These commitments are acquired to reduce market risk on mortgage loans in the process of origination and mortgage loans held for sale since CTBI is exposed to interest rate risk during the period between issuing a loan commitment and the sale of the loan into the secondary market. Total mortgage loans in the process of origination amounted to $1.8 million and $3.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and mortgage loans held for sale amounted to $0.1 million and $2.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
18. Concentrations of Credit Risk
CTBI’s banking activities include granting commercial, residential, and consumer loans to customers primarily located in eastern, northeastern, central, and south central Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee. CTBI is continuing to manage all components of our portfolio mix in a manner to reduce risk from changes in economic conditions. Concentrations of credit, as defined for regulatory purposes, are reviewed quarterly by management to ensure that internally established limits based on Tier 1 Capital plus the allowance for credit losses are not exceeded. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, our concentrations of hospitality industry credits were 60% and 44% of Tier 1 Capital plus the allowance for credit losses, respectively. Lessors of residential buildings and dwellings were 41% for each period end and lessors of non-residential buildings credits were 35% for each period end. These percentages are within our internally established limits regarding concentrations of credit.
19. Commitments and Contingencies
CTBI and our subsidiaries, and from time to time, our officers, are named defendants in legal actions arising from ordinary business activities. Management, after consultation with legal counsel, believes any pending actions at December 31, 2022 are without merit or that the ultimate liability, if any, will not materially affect our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
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20. Regulatory Matters
CTBI’s principal source of funds is dividends received from our banking subsidiary, CTB. Regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid by CTB without prior approval. During 2023, approximately $111.5 million plus any 2023 net profits can be paid by CTB without prior regulatory approval.
CTBI and CTB are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary, actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material adverse effect on CTBI’s financial statements. Under regulatory capital adequacy guidelines, CTBI and CTB must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of CTBI’s and CTB’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Additionally, CTB must meet specific capital guidelines to be considered well capitalized per the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. CTBI’s and CTB’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.
CTBI and CTB must maintain certain minimum capital ratios as set forth in the table below for capital adequacy purposes. On October 29, 2019, federal banking regulators adopted a final rule to simplify the regulatory capital requirements for eligible community banks and holding companies that opt-in to the community bank leverage ratio framework (the “CBLR framework”), as required by Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Relief and Consumer Protection Act of 2018. Under the final rule, which became effective as of January 1, 2020, community banks and holding companies (which includes CTB and CTBI) that satisfy certain qualifying criteria, including having less than $10 billion in average total consolidated assets and a leverage ratio (referred to as the “community bank leverage ratio”) of greater than 9%, were eligible to opt-in to the CBLR framework. The community bank leverage ratio is the ratio of a banking organization’s Tier 1 capital to its average total consolidated assets, both as reported on the banking organization’s applicable regulatory filings. Accordingly, a qualifying community banking organization that has a community bank leverage ratio greater than 9% will be considered to have met: (i) the risk-based and leverage capital requirements of the generally applicable capital rules; (ii) the capital ratio requirements in order to be considered well-capitalized under the prompt corrective action framework; and (iii) any other applicable capital or leverage requirements. Management elected to use the CBLR framework for CTBI and CTB.
In April 2020, as directed by Section 4012 of the CARES Act, the regulatory agencies introduced temporary changes to the CBLR. These changes, which subsequently were adopted as a final rule, temporarily reduced the CBLR requirement to 8% through the end of calendar year 2020. Beginning in calendar year 2021, the CBLR requirement was increased to 8.5% for the calendar year before returning to 9% in calendar year 2022. CTBI’s and CTB’s CBLR ratios as of December 31, 2022 are disclosed below.
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Consolidated Capital Ratios

|  | Actual |  |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes |
(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
As of December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CBLR |  | $ | 750,159 |  |  |  | 13.55 | % |  | $ | 498,148 |  |  |  | 9.00 | %

As of December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CBLR |  | $ | 696,828 |  |  |  | 13.00 | % |  | $ | 455,594 |  |  |  | 8.50 | %

Community Trust Bank, Inc.’s Capital Ratios

|  | Actual |  |  | For Capital Adequacy Purposes |
(in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |  |  | Amount |  |  | Ratio |
As of December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CBLR |  | $ | 714,727 |  |  |  | 12.98 | % |  | $ | 495,727 |  |  |  | 9.00 | %

As of December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CBLR |  | $ | 662,125 |  |  |  | 12.42 | % |  | $ | 453,185 |  |  |  | 8.50 | %

21. Parent Company Financial Statements
Condensed Balance Sheets

(in thousands) December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash on deposit |  | $ | 2,933 |  |  | $ | 3,263 |
Investment in and advances to subsidiaries |  |  | 679,425 |  |  |  | 749,002 |
Goodwill |  |  | 4,973 |  |  |  | 4,973 |
Premises and equipment, net |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 114 |
Deferred tax asset |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | 890 |
Other assets |  |  | 4,808 |  |  |  | 5,427 |
Total assets |  | $ | 692,532 |  |  | $ | 763,669 |
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | $ | 61,341 |  |  | $ | 61,341 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 3,144 |  |  |  | 4,126 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 64,485 |  |  |  | 65,467 |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 628,047 |  |  |  | 698,202 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 692,532 |  |  | $ | 763,669 |

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Condensed Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividends from subsidiaries |  | $ | 31,544 |  |  | $ | 33,319 |  |  | $ | 29,593 |
Other income |  |  | 710 |  |  |  | 482 |  |  |  | 476 |
Total income |  |  | 32,254 |  |  |  | 33,801 |  |  |  | 30,069 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  | 2,060 |  |  |  | 1,090 |  |  |  | 1,519 |
Depreciation expense |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | 112 |
Other expenses |  |  | 4,833 |  |  |  | 5,878 |  |  |  | 3,302 |
Total expenses |  |  | 6,968 |  |  |  | 7,038 |  |  |  | 4,933 |
Income before income taxes and equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries |  |  | 25,286 |  |  |  | 26,763 |  |  |  | 25,136 |
Income tax benefit |  |  | (1,808 | ) |  |  | (1,700 | ) |  |  | (576 | )
Income before equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries |  |  | 27,094 |  |  |  | 28,463 |  |  |  | 25,712 |
Equity in undistributed income of subsidiaries |  |  | 54,720 |  |  |  | 59,476 |  |  |  | 33,792 |
Net income |  | $ | 81,814 |  |  | $ | 87,939 |  |  | $ | 59,504 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) on debt securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | (168,060 | ) |  |  | (24,827 | ) |  |  | 13,839 |
Less: Reclassification adjustments for realized gains (losses) included in net income |  |  | (81 | ) |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 1,251 |
Tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (43,675 | ) |  |  | (6,471 | ) |  |  | 3,273 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (124,304 | ) |  |  | (18,416 | ) |  |  | 9,315 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (42,490 | ) |  | $ | 69,523 |  |  | $ | 68,819 |

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands) Year Ended December 31 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 81,814 |  |  | $ | 87,939 |  |  | $ | 59,504 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 112 |
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries |  |  | (54,720 | ) |  |  | (59,476 | ) |  |  | (33,792 | )
Deferred taxes |  |  | 630 |  |  |  | 3,759 |  |  |  | 451 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,366 |  |  |  | 850 |  |  |  | 944 |
Changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  | 611 |  |  |  | (5,403 | ) |  |  | (115 | )
Other liabilities |  |  | (1,115 | ) |  |  | 1,037 |  |  |  | (318 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 28,662 |  |  |  | 28,775 |  |  |  | 26,786 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net purchases of premises and equipment |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | (55 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  | 965 |  |  |  | 926 |
Repurchase of common stock |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | (1,099 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (29,938 | ) |  |  | (27,916 | ) |  |  | (27,142 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (28,897 | ) |  |  | (26,951 | ) |  |  | (27,315 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | 1,758 |  |  |  | (584 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year |  |  | 3,263 |  |  |  | 1,505 |  |  |  | 2,089 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year |  | $ | 2,933 |  |  | $ | 3,263 |  |  | $ | 1,505 |

22. Revenue Recognition
CTBI’s primary source of revenue is interest income generated from loans and investment securities. Interest income is recognized according to the terms of the financial instrument agreement over the life of the loan or investment security unless it is determined that the counterparty is unable to continue making interest payments. Interest income also includes prepaid interest fees from commercial customers, which approximates the interest foregone on the balance of the loan prepaid.
CTBI’s additional source of income, also referred to as noninterest income, includes service charges on deposit accounts, gains on sales of loans, trust and wealth management income, loan related fees, brokerage revenue, and other miscellaneous income and is largely based on contracts with customers. In these cases, CTBI recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. CTBI considers a customer to be any party to which we will provide goods or services that are an output of CTBI’s ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. There is little seasonality with regards to revenue from contracts with customers and all inter-company revenue is eliminated when CTBI’s financial statements are consolidated.
Generally, CTBI enters into contracts with customers that are short-term in nature where the performance obligations are fulfilled and payment is processed at the same time. Such examples include revenue related to merchant fees, interchange fees, and investment services income. In addition, revenue generated from existing customer relationships such as deposit accounts are also considered short-term in nature, because the relationship may be terminated at any time and payment is processed at the time performance obligations are fulfilled. As a result, CTBI does not have contract assets, contract liabilities, or related receivable accounts for contracts with customers. In cases where collectability is a concern, CTBI does not record revenue.
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Generally, the pricing of transactions between CTBI and each customer is either (i) established within a legally enforceable contract between the two parties, as is the case with loan sales, or (ii) disclosed to the customer at a specific point in time, as is the case when a deposit account is opened or before a new loan is underwritten. Fees are usually fixed at a specific amount or as a percentage of a transaction amount. No judgment or estimates by management are required to record revenue related to these transactions and pricing is clearly identified within these contracts.
CTBI primarily operates in Kentucky and contiguous areas. Therefore, all significant operating decisions are based upon analysis of CTBI as one operating segment.
We disaggregate our revenue from contracts with customers by contract-type and timing of revenue recognition, as we believe it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. Noninterest income not generated from customers during CTBI’s ordinary activities primarily relates to mortgage servicing rights, gains/losses on the sale of investment securities, gains/losses on the sale of other real estate owned, gains/losses on the sale of property, plant and equipment, and income from bank owned life insurance.
For more information related to our components of noninterest income, see the Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income above.
23. Earnings Per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

Year Ended December 31 (in thousands except per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 81,814 |  |  | $ | 87,939 |  |  | $ | 59,504 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares |  |  | 17,836 |  |  |  | 17,786 |  |  |  | 17,748 |
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effect of equity grants |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 8 |
Adjusted weighted average shares |  |  | 17,851 |  |  |  | 17,804 |  |  |  | 17,756 |
Earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 4.59 |  |  | $ | 4.94 |  |  | $ | 3.35 |
Diluted earnings per share |  |  | 4.58 |  |  |  | 4.94 |  |  |  | 3.35 |

There were no options to purchase common shares that were excluded from the diluted calculations above for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. In addition to in-the-money stock options, unvested restricted stock grants were also used in the calculation of diluted earnings per share based on the treasury method.
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24. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) and the affected line items in the statements of income during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were:

|  | Amounts Reclassified from AOCI |
Year Ended December 31 (in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Affected line item in the statements of income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities gains (losses) |  | $ | (81 | ) |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 1,251 |
Tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 325 |
Total reclassifications out of AOCI |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | 926 |

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee
Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Pikeville, Kentucky
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. (Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control––Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 28, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures include examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company’s loan portfolio totaled $3.7 billion as of December 31, 2022, and the associated allowance for credit losses was $46.0 million. As more fully described in Notes 1 and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company estimates the allowance for credit losses (ACL) at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated credit losses on individually evaluated loans, as well as estimated credit losses inherent in the remainder of the loan and lease portfolio. The determination of the ACL requires significant judgment reflecting the Company’s best estimate of expected credit losses. Expected credit losses are measured on a collective (pool) basis using a combination of loss-rate methods when the financial assets share similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share similar risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Historical loss rates reflecting estimated life of loan losses are analyzed and applied to their respective loan segments comprised of loans not subject to individual evaluation. Historical loss rates are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition, as well as for certain known model limitations. Forecast factors are developed based on information obtained from external sources, as well as consideration of other internal information, and are included in the ACL model for a reasonable and supportable 12-month forecast period, with loss factors immediately reverting back to historic loss rates. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective and forecast factors included in its ACL analysis.
We identified the valuation of the ACL as a critical audit matter. The primary reason for our determination that the ACL is a critical audit matter is that auditing the estimated ACL involved significant judgment and complex review. Auditing the ACL involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management’s estimates, such as evaluating management’s model selections, segmentation, weighted average life calculations, assessment of economic conditions and other environmental factors, assessment of forecast factors, evaluating the adequacy of specific allowances associated with individually evaluated loans and assessing the appropriateness of loan grades.
Our audit procedures related to the estimated ACL included the following procedures, among others.

| • | Obtaining an understanding of the Company’s process for establishing the ACL, including the qualitative and forecast factor adjustments of the ACL and any limitations of the model

| • | Testing the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls, including those related to technology, over the ACL calculation including data completeness and accuracy, verification of historical net loss data and calculated net loss rates, the establishment of qualitative and forecast adjustments, grading and risk classification of loans by segment, including internal independent loan review functions, establishment of reserves on individually evaluated loans and management’s review controls over the ACL

| • | Testing of completeness and accuracy of the information utilized in the calculation of the ACL, including reports used in management review controls over the ACL

| • | Assessing the relevance and reliability of assumptions and data

| • | Testing clerical and computational accuracy of the formulas within the calculation

| • | Evaluating the inherent limitations of the models selected by the Company and need for and level of qualitative factor adjustments

| • | Evaluating how historical losses for each segment are analyzed using a model that is appropriate for the related loan segment, and applied to their respective outstanding balances

| • | Evaluating segmentation of the loan portfolio for reasonableness based on risk characteristics of the pooled loans

| • | Evaluating the qualitative factor adjustments, including assessing the basis for the adjustments and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions

| • | Evaluating the forecast adjustments, including assessing the information sources, basis for the adjustments, and the reasonableness of the significant assumptions

| • | Evaluating management’s risk ratings of loans through utilizing internal professionals to assist us in evaluating the appropriateness of loan grades

| • | Evaluating specific reserves on individually analyzed loans

| • | Evaluating overall reasonableness of estimated reserve by considering past performance of the Company’s loan portfolio, trends in credit quality of the loan portfolio and trends in the credit quality of peer institutions and comparing the trends to the Company’s ACL trends for directional consistency compared to previous years

/s/ FORVIS, LLP
(Formerly BKD, LLP)
We have served as Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.’s auditor since 2006.
Louisville, Kentucky
February 28, 2023
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Shareholders, Board of Directors, and Audit Committee
Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.
Pikeville, Kentucky
Opinion on the Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Community Trust Bancorp, Inc.’s (Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control––Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control––Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and our report dated February 28, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management report on internal control. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definitions and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ FORVIS, LLP
(Formerly BKD, LLP)
Louisville, Kentucky
February 28, 2023
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Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures

EVALUATION OF DISCLOSURE CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
CTBI’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective disclosure controls and procedures, as defined under Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As of December 31, 2022, an evaluation was carried out by CTBI’s management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022 were effective in ensuring material information required to be disclosed in this annual report on Form 10-K was recorded, processed, summarized, and reported on a timely basis.
CHANGES IN INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the control criteria in the 2013 COSO Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (“COSO”) of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, we have concluded that CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2022.
There were no changes in CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting.
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MANAGEMENT REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL
We, as management of Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“CTBI”), are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

• | Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company;

• | Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and

• | Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention of overriding controls. Accordingly, even effective internal control can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal control may vary over time.
Because of the inherent limitations, any system of internal control over financial reporting, no matter how well designed, may not prevent or detect misstatements due to the possibility that a control can be circumvented or overridden or that misstatements due to error or fraud may occur that are not detected. Also, projections of the effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures included in such controls may deteriorate.
Management has evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 based on the control criteria in the 2013 COSO Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on such evaluation, we have concluded that CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2022.
The effectiveness of CTBI’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 has been audited by FORVIS, LLP (formerly BKD, LLP), an independent registered public accounting firm that audited CTBI’s consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

February 28, 2023 | /s/ Mark A. Gooch |
| Mark A. Gooch
| Vice Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer
| /s/ Kevin J. Stumbo |
| Kevin J. Stumbo
| Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer

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Item 9B. | Other Information

None.
PART III

Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item (other than disclosure of our executive officers, which is included in Part I, Item 1 of this report) is omitted, because CTBI is filing a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report which includes the required information. The required information contained in CTBI’s proxy statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. | Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is omitted because CTBI is filing a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report which includes the required information. The required information contained in CTBI’s proxy statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

The information required by this item other than the information provided below is omitted, because CTBI is filing a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report which includes the required information. The required information contained in CTBI’s proxy statement is incorporated herein by reference.
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Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table provides information as of December 31, 2022, with respect to compensation plans under which common shares of CTBI are authorized for issuance to officers or employees in exchange for consideration in the form of services provided to CTBI and/or our subsidiaries. At December 31, 2022, we maintained one active and one inactive incentive stock option plans covering key employees. The 2015 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”) was approved by the Board of Directors and the Shareholders in 2015. The 2006 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”) was approved by the Board of Directors and the Shareholders in 2006. The 2006 Plan was rendered inactive as of April 28, 2015. The 2015 Plan has 550,000 shares authorized, 400,221 of which were available at December 31, 2022. Shares issuable pursuant to awards which were granted under the prior plans on or before their respective expiration or termination dates will be issued from the remaining shares reserved for issuance under the prior plans. The shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the prior plans in excess of the number of shares as to which options or other benefits are awarded thereunder, and any shares as to which options or other benefits granted under the prior plans may lapse, expire, terminate, or be canceled, will not be reserved and available for issuance or reissuance under the 2015 Plan.

| A | B | C
Plan Category (shares in thousands) | Number of Common Shares to be Issued Upon Exercise | Weighted Average Price | Number of Securities Available for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (excluding securities reflected in Column A)
Equity compensation plans approved by shareholders: | 20 | $32.27 | 400
Stock options |  |  |
Equity compensation plans not approved by shareholders | 0 | -- | 0
Total |  |  | 400

Additional information regarding CTBI’s stock option plans can be found in notes 1 and 14 to the consolidated financial statements contained herein.

Item 13. | Certain Relationships, Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is omitted, because CTBI is filing a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report which includes the required information. The required information contained in CTBI’s proxy statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is omitted, because CTBI is filing a definitive proxy statement pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report which includes the required information. The required information contained in CTBI’s proxy statement is incorporated herein by reference.
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PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a) 1. Financial Statements
The following financial statements of CTBI and the auditor’s report thereon are filed as part of this Form 10-K under Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data:
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Income and Other Comprehensive Income
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (FORVIS, LLP, Louisville, Kentucky, PCAOB ID 686)
2. Financial Statement Schedules
All required financial statement schedules for CTBI have been included in this Form 10-K in the consolidated financial statements or the related footnotes.
3. Exhibits

Exhibit No. | Description of Exhibits
3.1 | Articles of Incorporation and all amendments thereto {incorporated by reference to registration statement no. 33-35138}
3.2 | By-laws of CTBI as amended July 25, 1995 {incorporated by reference to registration statement no. 33-61891}
3.3 | By-laws of CTBI as amended January 29, 2008 {incorporated by reference to current report on Form 8-K filed January 30, 2008}
4.1+ | Description of CTBI’s Securities Registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
10.1* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. Employee Stock Ownership Plan (effective January 1, 2007) {incorporated herein by reference to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006 under SEC file no. 000-111-29}
10.2* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. Savings and Employee Stock Ownership Plan (Amendment Number One effective January 1, 2002, Amendment Number Two effective January 1, 2004, Amendment Number Three effective March 28, 2005, and Amendment Number Four effective January 1, 2006) {incorporated herein by reference to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006 under SEC file no. 000-111-29}
10.4* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 1998 Stock Option Plan {incorporated by reference to registration statement no. 333-74217}
10.5* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2006 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan {incorporated by reference to Proxy Statement dated March 24, 2006}

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10.6* | Form of Severance Agreement between Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. and executive officers (currently in effect with respect to twelve executive officers) {incorporated herein by reference to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2001 under SEC file no. 000-111-29}
10.7* | Senior Management Incentive Compensation Plan (2023) {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated January 24, 2023}
10.8* | Restricted Stock Agreement {incorporated herein by reference to Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011 under SEC file no. 000-111-29}
10.9* | Employee Incentive Compensation Plan (2023) {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated January 24, 2023}
10.10* | Amendment to the Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2006 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated January 24, 2012}
10.11* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2015 Stock Ownership Incentive Plan {incorporated herein by reference to registration statement no. 333-208053}
10.21* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2021 Executive Committee Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2021}
10.22* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2022 Executive Committee Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated January 25, 2022}
10.23* | Amendment to Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2022 Executive Committee Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated February 3, 2022}
10.24* | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. 2023 Executive Committee Long-Term Incentive Compensation Plan {incorporated herein by reference to current report on Form 8-K dated January 24, 2023}
21+ | Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1+ | Consent of FORVIS, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1+ | Certification of Principal Executive Officer (Mark A. Gooch, Vice Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer)
31.2+ | Certification of Principal Financial Officer (Kevin J. Stumbo, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer)
32.1+ | Certification of Mark A. Gooch, Vice Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

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32.2+ | Certification of Kevin J. Stumbo, Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
99.1 | Community Trust Bancorp, Inc. Dividend Reinvestment Plan, as amended December 20, 2013 {incorporated by reference to registration statement no. 333-193011}
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Management contracts and compensatory plans and arrangements required to be filed as exhibits pursuant to Item 15(b) of this report.
+ Furnished with this report.
(b) Exhibits
The response to this portion of Item 15 is submitted in (a) 3. above.
(c) Financial Statement Schedules
None

Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary

None
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| COMMUNITY TRUST BANCORP, INC.
February 28, 2023 | By: | /s/ Mark A. Gooch
|  | Mark A. Gooch
|  | Vice Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer

| /s/ Kevin J. Stumbo
| Kevin J. Stumbo
| Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer,
| and Treasurer

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Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

February 28, 2023 | /s/ M. Lynn Parrish | Chairman of the Board
| M. Lynn Parrish |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Mark A. Gooch | Vice Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer
| Mark A. Gooch |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Kevin J. Stumbo | Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer
| Kevin J. Stumbo |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Charles J. Baird | Director
| Charles J. Baird |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Franklin H. Farris, Jr. | Director
| Franklin H. Farris, Jr. |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Eugenia “Crit” Luallen | Director
| Eugenia “Crit” Luallen |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Ina Michelle Matthews | Director
| Ina Michelle Matthews |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ James E. McGhee, II | Director
| James E. McGhee II |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Franky Minnifield | Director
| Franky Minnifield |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Anthony W. St. Charles | Director
| Anthony W. St. Charles |
February 28, 2023 | /s/ Chad C. Street | Director
| Chad C. Street |

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