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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Apr. 30, 2017
Disclosure of Compensation Related Costs, Share-based Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation The Company has two types of stock-based compensation awards in effect for its employees and directors. The Company has issued stock options since 1986 and restricted stock units ("RSUs") since fiscal 2010. Total compensation expense related to stock-based awards for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.5 million, $3.6 million and $3.5 million, respectively. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The Company estimates the forfeiture rates based upon its historical experience. Stock Incentive Plans At April 30, 2017, the Company had stock option and RSU awards outstanding under four different plans: (1) second amended and restated 2004 stock incentive plan for employees; (2) 2006 non-employee directors equity ownership plan; (3) 2011 non-employee directors equity ownership plan; and (4) 2015 non-employee directors equity ownership plan. As of April 30, 2017, there were 881,010 shares of common stock available for future stock-based compensation awards under the Company’s stock incentive plans. Methodology Assumptions For purposes of valuing stock option grants, the Company has identified one employee group and one non-employee director group, based upon observed option exercise patterns. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value the Company’s stock options for each of the groups. Using this option-pricing model, the fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant. The fair value of the Company’s stock option awards is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the stock options. The expected volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock over a term equal to the expected term of the option granted. The expected term of stock option awards granted is derived from the Company’s historical exercise experience and represents the period of time that stock option awards granted are expected to be outstanding for each of the identified groups. The expected term assumption incorporates the contractual term of an option grant, which is generally ten years for employees and from four to ten years for non-employee directors, as well as the vesting period of an award, which is typically three years. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield on a U.S. Treasury constant maturity with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the option granted. For purposes of determining the fair value of RSUs, the Company uses the closing stock price of its common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on the date of grant. The fair value of the Company’s RSU awards is expensed on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the RSUs to the extent the Company believes it is probable the related performance criteria, if any, will be met. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield on a U.S. Treasury constant maturity with a remaining term equal to the vesting period of the RSU grant. The weighted-average assumptions and valuation of the Company’s stock options were as follows for fiscal years ended April 30, 2016 and 2015. The Company did not grant stock options during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2017.
| FISCAL YEARS ENDED APRIL 30
| 2016 |  | 2015
Weighted-average fair value of grants | $ | 18.59 |  |  | $ | 9.25 |
Expected volatility | 29.8 | % |  | 27.4 | %
Expected term in years | 5.8 |  |  | 5.9 |
Risk-free interest rate | 2.16 | % |  | 2.19 | %
Expected dividend yield | 0.0 | % |  | 0.0 | %
Stock Option Activity Stock options granted and outstanding under each of the Company’s plans vest evenly over a three-year period and have contractual terms of ten years. The exercise price of all stock options granted is equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the option grant date. The following table presents a summary of the Company’s stock option activity for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 (remaining contractual term in years and exercise prices are weighted-averages):
| NUMBER OF OPTIONS |  | WEIGHTED AVERAGE REMAINING CONTRACTUAL TERM |  | WEIGHTED AVERAGE EXERCISE PRICE |  | AGGREGATE INTRINSIC VALUE (in thousands)
Outstanding at April 30, 2014 | 851,314 |  |  | 4.3 |  | $28.16 |  | $ | 3,121 |
Granted | 66,600 |  |  | 9.1 |  | 29.92 |  | — |
Exercised | (508,639 | ) |  | — |  | 28.05 |  | 7,209 |
Cancelled or expired | (11,200 | ) |  | — |  | 32.64 |  | — |
Outstanding at April 30, 2015 | 398,075 |  |  | 5.0 |  | $28.46 |  | $ | 8,851 |
Granted | 30,700 |  |  | 9.1 |  | 57.11 |  | — |
Exercised | (287,975 | ) |  | — |  | 27.99 |  | 11,089 |
Cancelled or expired | (14,167 | ) |  | — |  | 40.43 |  | — |
Outstanding at April 30, 2016 | 126,633 |  |  | 5.8 |  | $35.15 |  | $ | 4,773 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Exercised | (71,715 | ) |  | — |  | 33.00 |  | 2,597 |
Cancelled or expired | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Outstanding at April 30, 2017 | 54,918 |  |  | 5.6 |  | $37.95 |  | $ | 2,963 |
Vested and expected to vest in the future at April 30, 2017 | 52,283 |  |  | 5.5 |  | $37.76 |  | $ | 2,830 |
Exercisable at April 30, 2017 | 17,949 |  |  | 1.4 |  | $28.13 |  | $ | 1,145 |
The aggregate intrinsic value in the previous table of the outstanding options on April 30, 2017 represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the excess, if any, of the Company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of fiscal 2017 over the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) of the shares of the Company’s common stock that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on April 30, 2017. This amount changes based upon the fair market value of the Company’s common stock. The total fair value of options vested for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $0.6 million, $0.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of April 30, 2017, there was $0.2 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options granted under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.0 year. Cash received from option exercises for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was an aggregate of $2.4 million, $8.1 million and $14.3 million, respectively. The actual tax benefit realized for the tax deduction from option exercises of stock option awards totaled $1.0 million, $4.3 million and $2.8 million for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at April 30, 2017 (remaining lives in years and exercise prices are weighted-averages):
| OPTIONS OUTSTANDING |  | OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
OPTION PRICE |  |  | REMAINING |  | EXERCISE |  |  |  | EXERCISE
PER SHARE | OPTIONS |  | LIFE |  | PRICE |  | OPTIONS |  | PRICE
$22.77-$23.96 | 11,750 |  |  | 1.2 |  | $23.45 |  | 11,750 |  |  | $23.45
$29.92-$34.11 | 24,533 |  |  | 5.7 |  | 30.34 |  | 4,966 |  |  | 32.02
$57.11 | 18,635 |  |  | 8.1 |  | 57.11 |  | 1,233 |  |  | 57.11
| 54,918 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,949 |  |  |
Restricted Stock Unit Activity: The Company’s RSUs granted to employees cliff-vest over a three-year period from date of grant, while RSUs granted to non-employee directors vest daily over a two-year period from date of grant. Directors were granted service-based RSUs only, while employees were awarded both service-based and performance-based RSUs ("PBRSUs") in fiscal years 2017, 2016 and 2015. The PBRSUs granted in fiscal 2017 are earned based on achievement of a number of goals pertaining to the Company’s cultural and financial performance during three one-year performance periods of fiscal years 2017, 2018 and 2019. Employees who satisfy the vesting criteria will receive a proportional amount of PBRSUs based upon the Compensation Committee’s assessment of the Company’s achievement of the performance criteria. The following table contains a summary of the Company’s RSU activity for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015:
| PERFORMANCE-BASED RSUs |  | SERVICE-BASED RSUs |  | TOTAL RSUs |  | WEIGHTED AVERAGE GRANT DATE FAIR VALUE
Issued and outstanding, April 30, 2014 | 235,795 |  |  | 123,375 |  |  | 359,170 |  |  | $22.79
Granted | 79,500 |  |  | 40,100 |  |  | 119,600 |  |  | $30.82
Cancelled due to non-achievement of performance goals | (16,218 | ) |  | — |  |  | (16,218 | ) |  | $36.18
Settled in common stock | (79,407 | ) |  | (54,861 | ) |  | (134,268 | ) |  | $17.45
Forfeited | (8,726 | ) |  | (4,764 | ) |  | (13,490 | ) |  | $27.78
Issued and outstanding, April 30, 2015 | 210,944 |  |  | 103,850 |  |  | 314,794 |  |  | $27.15
Granted | 48,201 |  |  | 22,349 |  |  | 70,550 |  |  | $57.83
Cancelled due to non-achievement of performance goals | (19,657 | ) |  | — |  |  | (19,657 | ) |  | $29.92
Settled in common stock | (89,665 | ) |  | (46,950 | ) |  | (136,615 | ) |  | $19.57
Forfeited | (9,056 | ) |  | (3,537 | ) |  | (12,593 | ) |  | $40.99
Issued and outstanding, April 30, 2016 | 140,767 |  |  | 75,712 |  |  | 216,479 |  |  | $40.88
Granted | 36,058 |  |  | 25,322 |  |  | 61,380 |  |  | $66.58
Cancelled due to non-achievement of performance goals | (4,270 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,270 | ) |  | $64.55
Settled in common stock | (45,509 | ) |  | (32,300 | ) |  | (77,809 | ) |  | $37.09
Forfeited | (1,979 | ) |  | (1,280 | ) |  | (3,259 | ) |  | $49.40
Issued and outstanding, April 30, 2017 | 125,067 |  |  | 67,454 |  |  | 192,521 |  |  | $50.09
As of April 30, 2017, there was $3.4 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs granted under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans. This expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.6 years. For the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015 stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:
(in thousands) | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Cost of sales and distribution | $ | 665 |  |  | $ | 608 |  |  | $ | 518 |
Selling and marketing expenses | 1,066 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 954 |
General and administrative expenses | 1,738 |  |  | 1,922 |  |  | 2,025 |
Stock-based compensation expense, before income taxes | $ | 3,469 |  |  | $ | 3,609 |  |  | $ | 3,497 |
Restricted Stock Tracking Units: During fiscal 2017, the Board of Directors of the Company approved grants of 5,136 cash-settled performance-based restricted stock tracking units ("RSTUs") and 2,804 cash-settled service-based RSTUs for more junior level employees who previously received RSU grants under the Company’s shareholder approved plan. Each performance-based RSTU entitles the recipient to receive a payment in cash equal to the fair market value of a share of the Company’s common stock as of the payment date if applicable performance and cultural conditions are met and the recipient remains continuously employed with the Company until the units vest. The service-based RSTUs entitle the recipients to receive a payment in cash equal to the fair market value of a share of our common stock as of the payment date if they remain continuously employed with the Company until the units vest. The RSTUs cliff-vest three years from the grant date. Since the RSTUs will be settled in cash, the grant date fair value of these awards is recorded as a liability until the date of payment. The fair value of each cash-settled RSTU award is remeasured at the end of each reporting period and the liability is adjusted, and related expense recorded, based on the new fair value. The Company recognized expense of $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.4 million related to RSTUs for the fiscal years ended April 30, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. A liability for payment of the RSTUs is included in the Company's balance sheets in the amount of $1.5 million and $1.2 million as of April 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 40 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=65895303&loc=d3e17540-113929 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68057994&loc=d3e25284-112666 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 14) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=27013229&loc=d3e301413-122809 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5070-113901 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 4 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6415400&loc=d3e5444-113901 + Details
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