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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is defined under U.S. GAAP as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is a market-based measurement that is determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.
To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs in valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:
Level 1 - Measurements that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.
Level 2 - Measurements that include other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.
Level 3 - Measurements derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. These fair value measurements require significant judgment.
In determining fair value, we use various valuation approaches within the fair value measurement framework. The valuation methodologies used for our assets and liabilities measured at fair value and their classification in the valuation hierarchy are summarized below:
Fair value option investments and available-for-sale securities. We use the discounted cash flow method, which is an income approach, to estimate the fair value of the investees. The key inputs to determining fair values under that approach are cash flow forecasts and discount rates. We also use a market approach valuation technique, which is based on market multiples of guideline companies, to determine the fair value of each entity.
We also have investments in redeemable preferred shares. We measure the fair value of those available-for-sale securities using the discounted cash flow method.
We have classified our fair value option investments and our investments in available-for-sale securities as Level 3 due to the lack of observable market data over fair value inputs such as cash flow projections and discount rates. Increases in projected cash flows and decreases in discount rates contribute to increases in the estimated fair values of the fair value option investments and available-for-sale securities, whereas decreases in projected cash flows and increases in discount rates contribute to decreases in their fair values. Our fair value option investments were $0.0 million and $1.4 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
Contingent consideration. We are subject to a contingent consideration arrangement to transfer a maximum payout in cash of $2.5 million to the former owners of a business acquired on April 30, 2018.
Liabilities for contingent consideration are measured at fair value each reporting period, with the acquisition-date fair value included as part of the consideration transferred in the related business combination and subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings within Selling, general and administrative expense on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
We use an income approach to value contingent consideration obligations based on the present value of probability-weighted future cash flows. We classify the contingent consideration liabilities as Level 3 due to the lack of relevant observable market data over fair value inputs such as probability-weighting of payment outcomes. We determined that the fair value of our contingent consideration was $0.3 million and $1.3 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
The following table provides a roll forward of the fair value of recurring Level 3 fair value measurements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30,
2020201920202019
Assets
Fair value option investments:
Beginning Balance$— $4,917 $1,405 $73,902 
Total gains (losses) included in earnings— 14 (1,405)(68,971)
Ending Balance$— $4,931 $— $4,931 
Unrealized gains (losses) still held (1)
$— $14 $(1,405)$(68,971)
Available-for-sale securities - Redeemable preferred shares:
Beginning Balance$— $10,201 $— $10,340 
Total gains (losses) included in other comprehensive income (loss)— (63)— (202)
Ending Balance$— $10,138 $— $10,138 
Unrealized gains (losses) still held (1)
$— $(63)$— $(202)
Liabilities
Contingent Consideration:
Beginning Balance$278 $1,239 $1,298 $1,529 
Settlements of contingent consideration liabilities— — (908)(312)
Total losses (gains) included in earnings — 6 6 33 
Foreign currency translation13 (38)(105)(43)
Ending Balance$291 $1,207 $291 $1,207 
Unrealized gains (losses) still held (1)
$— $6 $6 $33 
(1)Represents the unrealized gains or losses recorded in earnings and/or other comprehensive income (loss) during the period for assets and liabilities classified as Level 3 that are still held (or outstanding) at the end of the period.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including assets that are written down to fair value as a result of an impairment or increased due to an observable price change in an orderly transaction.
We recognized $109.5 million in non-cash impairment charges related to goodwill and $39.6 million in non-cash impairment charges related to long-lived assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, of which $17.2 million is included in Restructuring and related charges on our condensed consolidated statement of operations. See Note 2, Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets, and Note 9, Restructuring and Related Charges, for additional information.
We recognized $6.7 million in impairment charges related to an other equity method investment during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. See Note 3, Investments, for additional information.
We did not record any other significant nonrecurring fair value measurements after initial recognition for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019.
Estimated Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value
Our financial instruments not carried at fair value consist primarily of accounts receivable, restricted cash, short-term borrowings, accounts payable, accrued merchant and supplier payables and accrued expenses. The carrying values of those assets and liabilities approximate their respective fair values as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 due to their short-term nature.