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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Groupon, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include the assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses of all wholly-owned subsidiaries and majority-owned subsidiaries over which we exercise control and variable interest entities for which we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. Outside stockholders' interests in subsidiaries are shown on the consolidated financial statements as Noncontrolling interests. Investments in entities in which we do not have a controlling financial interest are accounted for at fair value, as available-for-sale securities or at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, as appropriate.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards and Recently Issued Accounting Standards | Adoption of New Accounting Standards We adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses of Financial Instruments ("CECL"), on January 1, 2020. This ASU requires entities to measure credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost based on expected losses over the lifetime of the asset rather than incurred losses. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) - Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, on January 1, 2020. This ASU eliminates Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test and requires a goodwill impairment to be measured as the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of its goodwill. During the first quarter 2020, we determined a triggering event occurred that required us to evaluate our goodwill for impairment, and we recorded an impairment charge as a result of that assessment. See Note 3, COVID-19 Pandemic, for additional information. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements, on January 1, 2020. This ASU modifies the disclosure requirements in Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements by removing, modifying, or adding certain disclosures. The adoption of ASU 2018-13 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), on January 1, 2019. This ASU requires the recognition of lease assets and liabilities for operating leases, in addition to the finance lease assets and liabilities historically recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. We adopted Topic 842 using the modified retrospective transition method. Beginning on January 1, 2019, our consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with the revised policies, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical policies. For additional information on the impact of adoption of Topic 842 on our accounting policies, refer to our discussion under Lease and Asset Retirement Obligations below. The modified retrospective transition method required the cumulative effect, if any, of initially applying the guidance to be recognized as an adjustment to our accumulated deficit as of our adoption date. As a result of adopting Topic 842, we recognized additional lease assets and liabilities of $109.6 million as of January 1, 2019. The discount rate used to calculate that adjustment was the rate implicit in the lease, unless that rate was not readily determinable. For leases for which the rate was not readily determinable, the discount rate used was our incremental borrowing rate as of the adoption date, January 1, 2019. There was no cumulative effect adjustment to our accumulated deficit as a result of initially applying the guidance. Aside from the impact to our consolidated balance sheet discussed above, lease accounting policies and presentation within the consolidated statement of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows is substantially consistent with historical treatment. We elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within Topic 842, which allowed us to carry forward prior conclusions about lease identification, classification and initial direct costs for leases entered into prior to adoption of Topic 842. Additionally, we elected to not separate lease and non-lease components for all of our leases. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, we elected the short-term lease exemption, which allowed us to not recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for qualifying leases existing at transition and new leases we may enter into in the future. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, on January 1, 2019. This ASU expands the scope to make the guidance for share-based payment awards to nonemployees consistent with the guidance for share-based payment awards to employees. The adoption of ASU 2018-07 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40) - Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, on January 1, 2019. This ASU requires entities in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract to follow the guidance in Subtopic 350-40, Internal-Use Software, to determine which costs to implement the service contract would be capitalized as an asset related to the service contract and which costs would be expensed. The requirements of ASU 2018-15 have been applied on a prospective basis to implementation costs incurred on or after January 1, 2019. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-15, we capitalized $10.5 million and $7.4 million of implementation costs for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. We recognized $1.7 million of amortization related to these implementation costs for the year ended December 31, 2020. We did not recognize any amortization related to these implementation costs for the year ended December 31, 2019. We adopted the guidance in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, on January 1, 2018. Topic 606 is a comprehensive new revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method. Beginning on January 1, 2018, results are presented in accordance with the revised policies. The adoption of Topic 606 did not significantly impact our presentation of revenue on a gross or net basis. For additional information on the impact of adoption of Topic 606 on our accounting policies, refer to our discussion under Revenue Recognition below. We recorded a net reduction to our opening accumulated deficit of $88.9 million, which is net of a $6.7 million income tax effect, as of January 1, 2018 due to the cumulative impact of adopting Topic 606. The following table summarizes balance sheet accounts impacted by the cumulative effect of adopting Topic 606 (in thousands):
|  | Increase (decrease) to beginning accumulated deficit
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | (4,007) |
Other non-current assets |  | (10,223) |
Accrued merchant and supplier payables |  | (64,970) |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | (13,188) |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 3,443 |
Effect on beginning accumulated deficit |  | $ | (88,945) |
We adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments (Topic 825-10) - Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, as amended, on January 1, 2018. This ASU generally requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized through net income and eliminates the cost method for equity securities. However, for equity investments without readily determinable fair values, the ASU permits entities to elect to measure the investments at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes in the measurement recognized through net income. We applied that measurement alternative to our equity investments that were previously accounted for under the cost method. The adoption of ASU 2016-01 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) - Restricted Cash, on January 1, 2018. This ASU requires companies to include amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents, along with cash and cash equivalents, when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Previously, changes in restricted cash were reported within cash flows from operating activities. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-05, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20) - Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets, on January 1, 2018. This ASU is meant to clarify the scope of ASC Subtopic 610-20, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, and to add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets. The adoption of ASU 2017-05 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-07, Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715) - Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost, on January 1, 2018. This ASU requires employers to include only the service cost component of net periodic pension cost in operating expenses, together with other employee compensation costs. The other components of net periodic pension cost, including interest cost, expected return on plan assets, amortization of prior service cost and settlement and curtailment effects, are to be included in non-operating expenses. The adoption of ASU 2017-07 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2017-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Scope of Modification Accounting, on January 1, 2018. This ASU clarifies the changes to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award that require an entity to apply modification accounting. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. We adopted the guidance in ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220) - Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, as of January 1, 2018. This ASU permits a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Jobs Act"). As a result of the adoption of ASU 2018-02, we reclassified $0.2 million from accumulated other comprehensive income to accumulated deficit. Recently Issued Accounting Standards In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. The ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those annual periods and early adoption is permitted. We believe that the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-03, Codification Improvements to Financial Instruments. This ASU amends a wide variety of Topics in the Codification, including revolving-debt arrangements and allowance for credit losses related to leases. This ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those annual periods and early adoption is permitted. We believe that the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity's Own Equity. This ASU amends the guidance on convertible instruments and the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity's own equity, and also improves and amends the related EPS guidance for both Subtopics. This ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021 and interim periods within those annual periods and early adoption is permitted. We believe the accounting for our convertible senior notes will be affected by ASU 2020-06, however, we are still assessing the impact on our consolidated financial statements. In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-10, Codification Improvements. This ASU amends a variety of Topics, including presentation and disclosures of financial statements, interim reporting, accounting changes and error corrections. This ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021 and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022 and early adoption is permitted. We are still assessing the impact of ASU 2020-10 on our consolidated financial statements. There are no other accounting standards that have been issued but not yet adopted that we believe could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Reclassifications | ReclassificationsCertain reclassifications have been made to the consolidated financial statements of prior periods and the accompanying notes to conform to the current period presentation.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates in our consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, variable consideration from unredeemed vouchers; income taxes; leases; initial valuation and subsequent impairment testing of goodwill, other intangible assets and long-lived assets; investments; receivables; customer refunds and other reserves; contingent liabilities; and the useful lives of property, equipment and software and intangible assets. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash | Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash represents amounts that we are unable to access for operational purposes. These amounts primarily relate to withholdings from employee paychecks under our employee stock purchase plan ("ESPP").
Accounts Receivable, Net | Accounts Receivable, NetAccounts receivable primarily represents the net cash due from credit card and other payment processors and from merchants and performance marketing networks for commissions earned on consumer purchases. The carrying amount of receivables is reduced by an allowance for expected credit losses that reflects management's best estimate of amounts that will not be collected. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses on accounts receivable based on identifying the following customer risk characteristics: size, type of customer, and payment terms offered in the normal course of business. Receivables with similar risk characteristics are grouped into pools. For each pool, we consider the historical credit loss experience, current economic conditions, bankruptcy filings, published or estimated credit default rates, age of the receivable and any recoveries in assessing the lifetime expected credit losses.
Inventories | Inventories Inventories, consisting of merchandise purchased for resale, are accounted for using the first-in, first-out method of accounting and are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We write down our inventory to the lower of cost or net realizable value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected, additional inventory write-downs may be required. Once established, the original cost of the inventory less the related inventory write-down represents a new cost basis.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Generally, the useful lives are three to five years for computer hardware, office equipment and furniture and fixtures and the shorter of the term of the lease or five years for leasehold improvements and assets under finance leases.
Internal-Use Software | Internal-Use Software We incur costs related to internal-use software and website development, including purchased software and internally-developed software. Costs incurred in the planning and evaluation stage of internally-developed software and website development are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred and accumulated during the application development stage are capitalized and included within Property, equipment and software, net on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of internal-use software is recorded on a straight-line basis over the two-year estimated useful life of the assets.
Cloud Computing Costs | Cloud Computing Costs We have entered into non-cancelable cloud computing hosting arrangements for which we incur implementation costs. Costs incurred in the planning and evaluation stage of the cloud computing hosting arrangement are expensed as incurred. Costs incurred during the application development stage related to implementation of the hosting arrangement are capitalized and included within Other current and non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of implementation costs is recorded on a straight-line basis over the term of the associated hosting arrangement for each module or component of the related hosting arrangement when it is ready for its intended use. Amortization costs are recorded primarily in Selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
Goodwill | Goodwill Goodwill is allocated to our reporting units at acquisition. Once goodwill has been allocated to the reporting units, it no longer retains its identification with a particular acquisition and becomes identified with the reporting unit in its entirety. Accordingly, the fair value of the reporting unit as a whole is available to support the recoverability of its goodwill. We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually on October 1 or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicates the carrying value may not be recoverable. We have the option to assess goodwill for impairment by first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If it is determined that the reporting unit fair value is more-likely-than-not less than its carrying value, or if we do not elect the option to perform an initial qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative assessment of the reporting unit's fair value. If the fair value of the reporting unit is in excess of its carrying value, the related goodwill is not impaired. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, we recognize an impairment equal to the difference between the carrying value of the reporting unit and its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill. During the first quarter 2020, we determined a triggering event occurred that required us to evaluate our goodwill for impairment, and we recorded an impairment charge as a result of that assessment. During the third quarter 2020, we exited our operations in Japan and New Zealand, which represents the majority of the countries in our Asia Pacific reporting unit. As a result, we combined the remainder of the Asia Pacific reporting unit and the EMEA reporting unit into a single International reporting unit, consistent with how management reviews the operating results of the business. See Note 3, COVID-19 Pandemic, and Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, for more information.
Investments and Other-than-Temporary Impairment of Investments | Investments Investments in equity shares without a readily determinable fair value and for which we do not have the ability to exercise significant influence are accounted for at cost adjusted for observable price changes and impairments, with changes in the measurement recognized through net income (loss). Those investments are classified within Investments on the consolidated balance sheets. We have investments in common stock or in-substance common stock for which we have the ability to exercise significant influence and we have made an irrevocable election to account for those investments at fair value. Those investments are classified within Investments on the consolidated balance sheets. Investments in convertible debt securities and convertible redeemable preferred shares are accounted for as available-for-sale securities, which are classified within Investments on the consolidated balance sheets. Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value each reporting period. Unrealized gains and losses, net of the related tax effects, are excluded from earnings and recorded as a separate component within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets until realized. Interest income from available-for-sale securities is reported within Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Other-than-Temporary Impairment of Investments We conduct reviews of our available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses on a quarterly basis to evaluate whether those impairments are other-than-temporary. Investments with unrealized losses that are determined to be other-than-temporary are written down to fair value with a charge to earnings. Unrealized losses that are determined to be temporary in nature are recorded, net of tax, in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for available-for-sale securities.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized based upon anticipated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. We regularly review deferred tax assets to assess whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized and, if necessary, establish a valuation allowance for portions of such assets to reduce the carrying value. For purposes of assessing whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be realized, we consider the following four sources of taxable income for each tax jurisdiction: (a) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, (b) projected future earnings, (c) taxable income in carryback years, to the extent that carrybacks are permitted under the tax laws of the applicable jurisdiction, and (d) tax planning strategies, which represent prudent and feasible actions that a company ordinarily might not take, but would take to prevent an operating loss or tax credit carryforward from expiring unused. To the extent that evidence about one or more of these sources of taxable income is sufficient to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not necessary, other sources need not be considered. Otherwise, evidence about each of the sources of taxable income is considered in arriving at a conclusion about the need for and amount of a valuation allowance. See Note 17, Income Taxes, for further information about our valuation allowance assessments. We are subject to taxation in the United States, various states and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes and recording the related income tax assets and liabilities. During the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. For example, our effective tax rate could be adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in countries where it has lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in countries where it has higher statutory rates, by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, by changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, by changes in the measurement of uncertain tax positions or by changes in the relevant laws, regulations, principles and interpretations. We account for uncertainty in income taxes by recognizing the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not criteria, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority.
Lease and Asset Retirement Obligations | Lease and Asset Retirement Obligations We have entered into various non-cancelable operating lease agreements for our offices and data centers and non-cancelable finance lease agreements for property and equipment. Significant judgment is required when determining whether a contract is or contains a lease. We review contracts to determine whether the language conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. We classify leases at their commencement as either operating or finance leases. We may receive renewal or expansion options, rent holidays, leasehold improvements or other incentives on certain lease agreements. We recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all of our leases at the commencement of the lease. Lease liabilities are measured based on the present value of the minimum lease payments discounted by a rate determined as of the date of commencement. Right-of-use assets are measured based on the lease liability adjusted for any initial direct costs, prepaid rent, or lease incentives. Minimum lease payments made under operating and finance leases are apportioned between interest expense and a reduction of the related operating and finance lease obligations. Operating lease costs, including interest expense on operating leases, are presented within Selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations and the related operating lease obligation is presented within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Operating lease obligations on the consolidated balance sheets. Amortization and interest expense on finance leases are presented within Selling, general and administrative expense and Other income (expense), net, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations and the related finance lease obligation is presented within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and Other non-current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. As discussed above, the present value of minimum lease payments is used in determining the value of our operating and finance lease liabilities. The discount rate used to calculate the present value for lease payments is the rate implicit in the lease, unless that rate cannot be readily determined. For leases in which the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the discount rate is our incremental borrowing rate, which is determined based on information available at lease commencement and is equal to the rate of interest that we would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term in an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. Certain lease agreements include variable lease costs which are primarily related to costs that are dependent on our usage of the underlying asset or lease payments that are dependent on an index when that index has changed since lease commencement. Those costs are expenses in the period in which they are incurred. We establish liabilities for the present value of estimated future costs to retire long-lived assets at the termination or expiration of a lease. Those costs are capitalized and amortized over the lease term, and the recorded liabilities are accreted to the future value of the estimated retirement costs. The related amortization and accretion expenses are presented within Selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations. We have also subleased certain office facilities under operating lease agreements, for which we recognize sublease income on a straight-line basis over their respective lease terms. Sublease income is generally presented within Selling, general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
Revenue Recognition and Costs of Obtaining Contracts | Revenue Recognition We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer. Substantially all of our performance obligations are satisfied at a point in time rather than over time. We offer goods and services through our online marketplaces in three primary categories: Local, Goods and Travel. Service revenue Service revenue primarily represents the net commissions earned from selling goods or services on behalf of third-party merchants. Those transactions generally involve a customer's purchase of a voucher through one of our online marketplaces that can be redeemed by the customer with a third-party merchant for goods or services (or for discounts on goods or services). Service revenue from those transactions is reported on a net basis as the purchase price collected from the customer less the portion of the purchase price that is payable to the third-party merchant. We recognize revenue from those transactions when our commission has been earned, which occurs when a sale through one of our online marketplaces is completed and the related voucher has been made available to the customer. We believe that our remaining obligations to remit payment to the merchant and to provide information about vouchers sold are administrative activities that are immaterial in the context of the contract with the merchant. Revenue from hotel reservation offerings is recognized at the time the reservation is made, net of an allowance for estimated cancellations. We also earn commissions when customers make purchases with retailers using digital coupons accessed through our websites and mobile applications. We recognize those commissions as revenue in the period in which the underlying transactions between the customer and the third-party merchant are completed. Additionally, we earn advertising revenue when the advertiser's logo or website link has been included on our websites or in specified email distributions for the requisite period of time as set forth in the agreement with the advertiser. Product revenue We generate product revenue from our sales of first-party Goods transactions, which are direct sales of merchandise inventory. For product revenue transactions, we are the primary party responsible for providing the good to the customer, we have inventory risk and we have discretion in establishing prices. As such, product revenue is reported on a gross basis as the purchase price received from the customer. Product revenue, including associated shipping revenue, is recognized when title passes to the customer upon delivery of the product. Variable Consideration for Unredeemed Vouchers For merchant agreements with redemption payment terms, the merchant is not paid its share of the sale price for a voucher sold through one of our online marketplaces until the customer redeems the related voucher. If the customer does not redeem a voucher with such merchant payment terms, we retain all of the gross billings for that voucher, rather than retaining only our net commission. We estimate the variable consideration from vouchers that will not ultimately be redeemed using our historical voucher redemption experience at the time of sale. We apply a constraint to ensure it is probable that a significant reversal of revenue will not occur in future periods. In 2020, we have increased our constraint on revenue from unredeemed vouchers as customer redemptions have decreased due to the impacts of COVID-19 and may not be reflective of future redemption behavior. If actual redemptions differ from our estimates, the effects could be material to the consolidated financial statements. Refunds Refunds are recorded as a reduction of revenue. The liability for estimated refunds is included within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. We estimate our refund reserve using historical refund experience by category. We assess the trends that could affect our estimates on an ongoing basis and make adjustments to the refund reserve calculations if it appears that changes in circumstances, including changes to our refund policies or general economic conditions, may cause future refunds to differ from our initial estimates. In 2020, we have experienced increased refund levels due to the impacts of COVID-19. If actual refunds differ from our estimates, the effects could be material to the consolidated financial statements. Discounts, Customer Credits and Other Consideration Payable to Customers We provide discount offers to encourage purchases of goods and services through our online marketplaces. We record discounts as a reduction of revenue. Additionally, we issue credits to customers that can be applied to future purchases through our online marketplaces. Credits are primarily issued as consideration for refunds. To a lesser extent, credits are issued for customer relationship purposes. Credits issued to satisfy refund requests are applied as a reduction to the refund reserve and customer credits issued for relationship purposes are classified as a reduction of revenue. Breakage income from customer credits that are not expected to be used is estimated and recognized as revenue in proportion to the pattern of redemption for customer credits that are used. Customer credits can be redeemed through our online marketplaces for goods or services provided by a third-party merchant or for merchandise inventory sold by us. When customer credits are redeemed for goods or services provided by a third-party merchant, service revenue is recognized on a net basis as the difference between the carrying amount of the customer credit liability derecognized and the amount due to the merchant for the related transaction. When customer credits are redeemed for merchandise inventory sold by us, product revenue is recognized on a gross basis equal to the amount of the customer credit liability derecognized. Historically, customer credits have primarily been used within one year of issuance; however, usage patterns have been impacted from changes in customer behavior due to COVID-19. Sales and Related Taxes Sales, use, value-added and related taxes that are imposed on specific revenue-generating transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from revenue. Costs of Obtaining Contracts Incremental costs to obtain contracts with third-party merchants, such as sales commissions, are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of the merchant arrangement, generally from 12 to 18 months. Those costs are classified within Selling, general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue is comprised of direct and certain indirect costs incurred to generate revenue. Costs incurred to generate revenue, which include credit card processing fees, editorial costs, compensation expense for technology support personnel who are responsible for maintaining the infrastructure of our websites, amortization of internal-use software relating to customer-facing applications, web hosting and other processing fees are attributed to the cost of service and product revenue in proportion to gross billings during the period. For product revenue transactions, cost of revenue also includes the cost of inventory, shipping and fulfillment costs and inventory markdowns. Fulfillment costs are comprised of third-party logistics provider costs, as well as rent, depreciation, personnel costs and other costs of operating our fulfillment center. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We review our long-lived assets, such as property, equipment and software, intangible assets and right-of-use assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. If circumstances require that a long-lived asset or asset group to be held and used be tested for possible impairment, we first compare the undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that long-lived asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Long-lived assets or disposal groups classified as held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs. Long-lived assets are not depreciated or amortized while classified as held for sale. During the first quarter 2020, we determined a triggering event occurred that required us to evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment, and we recorded an impairment charge as a result of that assessment. See Note 3, COVID-19 Pandemic, for more information. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized long-lived asset impairment charges related to our restructuring plan. See Note 16 Restructuring and Related Charges, for more information.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation We measure stock-based compensation cost at fair value. Expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period during which awards are expected to vest, except for awards with both performance conditions and a graded vesting schedule, which are recognized using the accelerated method. We present stock-based compensation expense within the consolidated statements of operations based on the classification of the respective employees' cash compensation. See Note 14, Compensation Arrangements.
Foreign Currency | Foreign CurrencyBalance sheet accounts of our operations outside of the United States are translated from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars at exchange rates as of the consolidated balance sheet dates. Revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. Foreign currency translation adjustments and foreign currency gains and losses on intercompany balances that are of a long-term investment nature are included within Accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency gains and losses resulting from transactions that are denominated in currencies other than the entity's functional currency, including foreign currency gains and losses on intercompany balances that are not of a long-term investment nature, are included within Other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.
Business Combinations | Business CombinationsThe results of businesses acquired are included in the consolidated financial statements beginning on the respective acquisition dates. The fair value of consideration transferred in business combinations is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated amount recorded as goodwill. Acquired goodwill represents the premium paid over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired. We may pay a premium for a number of reasons, including growing our merchant base and acquiring an assembled workforce. The goodwill from business combinations is generally not deductible for tax purposes.

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