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As of September 30, 2023, the cost and fair value of investments with loss positions was approximately $75.8 million and $75.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the cost and fair value of investments with loss positions was approximately $86.3 million and $85.5 million, respectively. We evaluated the nature of these investments, credit worthiness of the issuer and the duration of these impairments to determine if a credit loss exists. 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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

| ☑ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001-04298

COHU, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 95-1934119
(State or other jurisdiction of | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
incorporation or organization) |
12367 Crosthwaite Circle, Poway, California | 92064-6817
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (858) 848-8100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $1.00 par value | COHU | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

As of October 25, 2023, the Registrant had 47,505,132 shares of its $1.00 par value common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

COHU, INC.
INDEX

FORM 10-Q

SEPTEMBER 30, 2023

Part I | Financial Information | Page Number
Item 1. | Financial Statements: | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets September 30, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (unaudited) Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022 | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 28
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 39
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 40
Part II | Other Information |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 41
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 41
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 43
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 43
Item 5. | Other Information | 43
Item 6. | Exhibits | 44
Signatures | 45

Table of Contents

Item 1.
COHU, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except par value amounts)

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 * |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 293,386 |  |  | $ | 242,341 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 94,180 |  |  |  | 143,235 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 130,432 |  |  |  | 176,148 |
Inventories |  |  | 166,673 |  |  |  | 170,141 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 31,179 |  |  |  | 24,017 |
Other current assets |  |  | 2,717 |  |  |  | 8,969 |
Total current assets |  |  | 718,567 |  |  |  | 764,851 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 66,605 |  |  |  | 65,011 |
Goodwill |  |  | 220,684 |  |  |  | 213,539 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 125,008 |  |  |  | 140,104 |
Other assets |  |  | 19,367 |  |  |  | 21,105 |
Operating lease right of use assets |  |  | 17,287 |  |  |  | 22,804 |
|  | $ | 1,167,518 |  |  | $ | 1,227,414 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 1,673 |  |  | $ | 1,907 |
Current installments of long-term debt |  |  | 4,501 |  |  |  | 4,404 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 36,931 |  |  |  | 51,763 |
Customer advances |  |  | 6,741 |  |  |  | 6,886 |
Accrued compensation and benefits |  |  | 31,894 |  |  |  | 38,348 |
Deferred profit |  |  | 4,544 |  |  |  | 8,022 |
Accrued warranty |  |  | 4,542 |  |  |  | 5,614 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 22,641 |  |  |  | 26,648 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 14,977 |  |  |  | 17,280 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 128,444 |  |  |  | 160,872 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 35,189 |  |  |  | 72,664 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | 22,352 |  |  |  | 21,359 |
Noncurrent income tax liabilities |  |  | 6,296 |  |  |  | 6,486 |
Accrued retirement benefits |  |  | 7,936 |  |  |  | 10,363 |
Long-term lease liabilities |  |  | 13,899 |  |  |  | 19,209 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 7,166 |  |  |  | 7,620 |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par value; 1,000 shares authorized, none issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $1 par value; 90,000 shares authorized, 49,350 shares issued and outstanding in 2023 and 49,276 shares in 2022 |  |  | 49,350 |  |  |  | 49,276 |
Paid-in capital |  |  | 679,734 |  |  |  | 687,218 |
Treasury stock, at cost; 1,865 shares in 2023 and 1,767 shares in 2022 |  |  | (56,469 | ) |  |  | (58,043 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 320,586 |  |  |  | 290,402 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (46,965 | ) |  |  | (40,012 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 946,236 |  |  |  | 928,841 |
|  | $ | 1,167,518 |  |  | $ | 1,227,414 |

* Derived from December 31, 2022 audited financial statements

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

3

Table of Contents

COHU, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net sales |  | $ | 150,804 |  |  | $ | 206,687 |  |  | $ | 499,096 |  |  | $ | 621,670 |
Cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales (1) |  |  | 79,909 |  |  |  | 108,621 |  |  |  | 261,638 |  |  |  | 331,495 |
Research and development |  |  | 21,478 |  |  |  | 23,372 |  |  |  | 66,454 |  |  |  | 69,638 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 32,416 |  |  |  | 32,764 |  |  |  | 99,403 |  |  |  | 96,541 |
Amortization of purchased intangible assets |  |  | 8,857 |  |  |  | 8,206 |  |  |  | 26,617 |  |  |  | 25,082 |
Restructuring charges |  |  | 742 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 2,046 |  |  |  | 600 |
|  |  | 143,402 |  |  |  | 172,980 |  |  |  | 456,158 |  |  |  | 523,356 |
Income from operations |  |  | 7,402 |  |  |  | 33,707 |  |  |  | 42,938 |  |  |  | 98,314 |
Other (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense |  |  | (773 | ) |  |  | (1,028 | ) |  |  | (2,628 | ) |  |  | (2,928 | )
Interest income |  |  | 3,207 |  |  |  | 1,132 |  |  |  | 8,657 |  |  |  | 1,551 |
Foreign transaction gain (loss) |  |  | (1,200 | ) |  |  | 1,344 |  |  |  | (2,285 | ) |  |  | 3,979 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (80 | ) |  |  | (369 | ) |  |  | (312 | )
Income before taxes |  |  | 8,636 |  |  |  | 35,075 |  |  |  | 46,313 |  |  |  | 100,604 |
Income tax provision |  |  | 4,721 |  |  |  | 10,193 |  |  |  | 16,129 |  |  |  | 25,385 |
Net income |  | $ | 3,915 |  |  | $ | 24,882 |  |  | $ | 30,184 |  |  | $ | 75,219 |
Income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.52 |  |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 1.55 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.08 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.63 |  |  | $ | 1.53 |
Weighted average shares used in computing income per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 47,615 |  |  |  | 47,984 |  |  |  | 47,525 |  |  |  | 48,412 |
Diluted |  |  | 48,107 |  |  |  | 48,526 |  |  |  | 48,102 |  |  |  | 49,008 |

(1) | Excludes amortization of $6,948 and $6,433 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022, respectively, and $20,941 and $19,673 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

4

Table of Contents

COHU, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net income |  | $ | 3,915 |  |  | $ | 24,882 |  |  | $ | 30,184 |  |  | $ | 75,219 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (10,436 | ) |  |  | (22,520 | ) |  |  | (7,377 | ) |  |  | (43,960 | )
Adjustments related to postretirement benefits |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | (302 | )
Change in unrealized gain/loss on investments |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | (372 | ) |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | (882 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | (10,406 | ) |  |  | (23,021 | ) |  |  | (6,953 | ) |  |  | (45,144 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (6,491 | ) |  | $ | 1,861 |  |  | $ | 23,231 |  |  | $ | 30,075 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

5

Table of Contents

COHU, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except par value and per share amounts)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Common |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | stock |  |  | Paid-in |  |  | Retained |  |  | comprehensive |  |  | Treasury |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  | $1 par value |  |  | capital |  |  | earnings |  |  | loss |  |  | stock |  |  | Total |
Balance at July 1, 2023 |  | $ | 49,350 |  |  | $ | 676,309 |  |  | $ | 316,671 |  |  | $ | (36,559 | ) |  | $ | (52,378 | ) |  | $ | 953,393 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,915 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,915 |
Changes in cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,436 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,436 | )
Adjustments related to postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (123 | )
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 153 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 153 |
Shares issued for restricted stock units vested |  |  | - |  |  |  | (858 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 858 |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase and retirement of stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (275 | ) |  |  | (326 | )
Common stock repurchases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,674 | ) |  |  | (4,674 | )
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,334 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,334 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 49,350 |  |  | $ | 679,734 |  |  | $ | 320,586 |  |  | $ | (46,965 | ) |  | $ | (56,469 | ) |  | $ | 946,236 |
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 49,276 |  |  | $ | 687,218 |  |  | $ | 290,402 |  |  | $ | (40,012 | ) |  | $ | (58,043 | ) |  | $ | 928,841 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,184 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,184 |
Changes in cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,377 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,377 | )
Adjustments related to postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 63 |
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 361 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 361 |
Shares issued under ESPP |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 1,837 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,904 |
Shares issued for restricted stock units vested |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (20,083 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20,076 |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase and retirement of stock |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,918 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (7,648 | ) |  |  | (9,566 | )
Common stock repurchases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10,854 | ) |  |  | (10,854 | )
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,680 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,680 |
Balance at September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 49,350 |  |  | $ | 679,734 |  |  | $ | 320,586 |  |  | $ | (46,965 | ) |  | $ | (56,469 | ) |  | $ | 946,236 |
Three Months Ended September 24, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at June 25, 2022 |  | $ | 49,152 |  |  | $ | 678,495 |  |  | $ | 243,892 |  |  | $ | (49,385 | ) |  | $ | (27,702 | ) |  | $ | 894,452 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,882 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,882 |
Changes in cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,520 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (22,520 | )
Adjustments related to postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (129 | )
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (372 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (372 | )
Shares issued for restricted stock units vested |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase and retirement of stock |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (522 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (542 | )
Common stock repurchases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (17,700 | ) |  |  | (17,700 | )
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,740 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,740 |
Balance at September 24, 2022 |  | $ | 49,187 |  |  | $ | 681,658 |  |  | $ | 268,774 |  |  | $ | (72,406 | ) |  | $ | (45,402 | ) |  | $ | 881,811 |
Nine Months Ended September 24, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 25, 2021 |  | $ | 48,756 |  |  | $ | 674,777 |  |  | $ | 193,555 |  |  | $ | (27,262 | ) |  | $ | (7,324 | ) |  | $ | 882,502 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75,219 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75,219 |
Changes in cumulative translation adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (43,960 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (43,960 | )
Adjustments related to postretirement benefits, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (302 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (302 | )
Changes in unrealized gains and losses on investments, net of tax |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (882 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (882 | )
Exercise of stock options |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 118 |
Shares issued under ESPP |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 1,669 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,746 |
Shares issued for restricted stock units vested |  |  | 521 |  |  |  | (521 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Repurchase and retirement of stock |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | (5,467 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,647 | )
Common stock repurchases |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (38,078 | ) |  |  | (38,078 | )
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,095 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11,095 |
Balance at September 24, 2022 |  | $ | 49,187 |  |  | $ | 681,658 |  |  | $ | 268,774 |  |  | $ | (72,406 | ) |  | $ | (45,402 | ) |  | $ | 881,811 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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COHU, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(in thousands)

|  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 30,184 |  |  | $ | 75,219 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 369 |  |  |  | 312 |
Net accretion on investments |  |  | (998 | ) |  |  | (411 | )
Gain from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (191 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 36,634 |  |  |  | 34,645 |
Share-based compensation expense |  |  | 12,680 |  |  |  | 11,095 |
Non-cash inventory related charges |  |  | 4,222 |  |  |  | 4,826 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (514 | ) |  |  | 1,979 |
Changes in accrued retiree medical benefits |  |  | (727 | ) |  |  | (650 | )
Changes in other accrued liabilities |  |  | (416 | ) |  |  | (822 | )
Changes in other assets |  |  | (353 | ) |  |  | (4,542 | )
Amortization of cloud-based software implementation costs |  |  | 2,100 |  |  |  | 1,434 |
Interest capitalized associated with cloud computing implementation |  |  | - |  |  |  | (122 | )
Amortization of debt discounts and issuance costs |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 247 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 6,328 |  |  |  | 3,954 |
Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding effects from acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer advances |  |  | (201 | ) |  |  | 2,241 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 50,249 |  |  |  | (5,783 | )
Inventories |  |  | 857 |  |  |  | (12,678 | )
Other current assets |  |  | (467 | ) |  |  | (9,955 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (17,534 | ) |  |  | (14,464 | )
Deferred profit |  |  | (3,457 | ) |  |  | (3,027 | )
Income taxes payable |  |  | (3,898 | ) |  |  | 8,764 |
Accrued compensation, warranty and other liabilities |  |  | (10,424 | ) |  |  | (2,980 | )
Current and long-term operating lease liabilities |  |  | (5,972 | ) |  |  | (3,796 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 98,769 |  |  |  | 85,295 |
Cash flows from investing activities, excluding effects from acquisitions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of short-term investments |  |  | (73,322 | ) |  |  | (154,446 | )
Sales and maturities of short-term investments |  |  | 123,863 |  |  |  | 106,525 |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (12,148 | ) |  |  | (10,700 | )
Cash received from sale of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 296 |
Payment for purchase of MCT, net of cash received |  |  | (26,331 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 12,255 |  |  |  | (58,325 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payments on current and long-term finance lease liabilities |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | (126 | )
Repurchases of common stock, net |  |  | (7,637 | ) |  |  | (3,546 | )
Repayments of long-term debt |  |  | (37,467 | ) |  |  | (36,935 | )
Acquisition of treasury stock |  |  | (10,855 | ) |  |  | (38,078 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (56,007 | ) |  |  | (78,685 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (3,972 | ) |  |  | (6,088 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 51,045 |  |  |  | (57,803 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 242,341 |  |  |  | 290,201 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 293,386 |  |  | $ | 232,398 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 14,414 |  |  | $ | 16,189 |
Inventory capitalized as property, plant and equipment |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 1,500 |
Property, plant and equipment purchases included in accounts payable |  | $ | 245 |  |  | $ | 640 |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 2,707 |  |  | $ | 2,261 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

1. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

Our fiscal years are based on a 52- or 53-week period ending on the last Saturday in December. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022, has been derived from our audited financial statements at that date. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2023, (also referred to as “the third quarter of fiscal 2023” and “the first nine months of fiscal 2023”) and September 24, 2022, (also referred to as “the third quarter of fiscal 2022” and “the first nine months of fiscal 2022”) are unaudited. However, in management’s opinion, these financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal, recurring items) necessary to provide a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented. Both the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022 were comprised of 13 and 39 weeks, respectively.

Our interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that should be expected for the full year. The condensed consolidated financial statements presented herein reflect estimates and assumptions made by management at September 30, 2023 and for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2023. For a better understanding of Cohu, Inc. and our financial statements, we recommend reading these interim condensed consolidated financial statements in conjunction with our audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, which are included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the following notes to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements, Cohu, Inc. is referred to as “Cohu”, “we”, “our” and “us”.

All significant consolidated transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant credit risk consist principally of cash equivalents, short-term investments and trade accounts receivable. We invest in a variety of financial instruments and, by policy, limit the amount of credit exposure with any one issuer.

Our trade accounts receivable are presented net of allowance for credit losses, which is determined in accordance with the guidance provided by Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 326, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, (“ASC 326”). At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our allowance for credit losses was $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Our customers include semiconductor manufacturers and semiconductor test subcontractors throughout many areas of the world. While we believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate and represents our best estimate at September 30, 2023, we will continue to monitor customer liquidity and other economic conditions, which may result in changes to our estimates regarding expected credit losses.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. Cost includes labor, material and overhead costs. Determining net realizable value of inventories involves numerous estimates and judgments, including projecting average selling prices and sales volumes for future periods and costs to complete and dispose of inventory. As a result of these analyses, we record a charge to cost of sales in advance of the period when the inventory is sold, which occurs when estimated net realizable values are below our costs.

Inventories by category were as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Raw materials and purchased parts |  | $ | 106,466 |  |  | $ | 106,041 |
Work in process |  |  | 32,738 |  |  |  | 36,024 |
Finished goods |  |  | 27,469 |  |  |  | 28,076 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 166,673 |  |  | $ | 170,141 |

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment

Depreciation and amortization of property, plant and equipment, both owned and under financing lease, is calculated principally on the straight-line method based on estimated useful lives of thirty to forty years for buildings, five to fifteen years for building improvements and three to ten years for machinery, equipment and software. Land is not depreciated.

Property, plant and equipment, at cost, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Land and land improvements |  | $ | 6,830 |  |  | $ | 7,066 |
Buildings and building improvements |  |  | 37,272 |  |  |  | 31,161 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 107,139 |  |  |  | 105,109 |
|  |  | 151,241 |  |  |  | 143,336 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (84,636 | ) |  |  | (78,325 | )
Property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 66,605 |  |  | $ | 65,011 |

Cloud-based Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Costs

We have capitalized certain costs associated with the implementation of our new cloud-based Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system in accordance with ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, (“ASC 350”). Capitalized costs include only external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing the system and interest costs incurred, when material, while developing the system.

Unamortized capitalized cloud computing implementation costs totaled $12.8 million and $14.7 million at September 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. These amounts are recorded within other current assets and other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Implementation costs are amortized using the straight-line method over seven years and we recorded amortization expense of $0.7 million and $2.1 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and amortization expense of $0.4 million and $1.4 million during the three and nine months ended September 24, 2022, respectively.

Segment Information

We applied the provisions of ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, (“ASC 280”), which sets forth a management approach to segment reporting and establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity-wide disclosures about products, major customers and the geographies in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. An operating segment is defined as a component that engages in business activities whose operating results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker and for which discrete financial information is available. We have determined that our three identified operating segments are: Test Handler Group (“THG”), Semiconductor Tester Group (“STG”) and Interface Solutions Group (“ISG”). Our THG, STG and ISG operating segments qualify for aggregation under ASC 280 due to similarities in their customers, their economic characteristics, and the nature of products and services provided. As a result, we report in one segment, Semiconductor Test and Inspection Equipment (“Semiconductor Test & Inspection”).

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually and when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We test goodwill for impairment by first comparing the book value of net assets to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value is determined to be less than the book value, a second step is performed to compute the amount of impairment as the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit and its carrying value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill. We estimated the fair values of our reporting units using a weighting of the income and market approaches. Under the income approach, we use a discounted cash flow methodology to derive an indication of value, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasted revenues, gross profit margins, operating income margins, working capital cash flow, perpetual growth rates, and long-term discount rates, among others. For the market approach, we use the guideline public company method. Under this method we utilize information from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting units, to create valuation multiples that are applied to the operating performance metrics of the reporting unit being tested, to obtain an indication of value. We then apply a 50/50 weighting to the indicated values from the income and market approaches to derive the fair values of the reporting units. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our best estimate of future net sales and operating expenses, based primarily on customer forecasts, industry trade organization data and general economic conditions. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

We conduct our annual impairment test as of October 1st of each year and have determined there was no impairment as of October 1, 2022 as the estimated fair values of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values on that date. Other events and changes in circumstances may also require goodwill to be tested for impairment between annual measurement dates.

Other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or any other significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. For other intangible assets, impairment losses are only recorded if the asset’s carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted, probability-weighted future cash flows. We measure the impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value.

Product Warranty

Product warranty costs are accrued in the period sales are recognized. Our products are generally sold with standard warranty periods, which differ by product, ranging from 12- to 36-months. Parts and labor are typically covered under the terms of the warranty agreement. Our warranty expense accruals are based on historical and estimated costs by product and configuration. From time-to-time we offer customers extended warranties beyond the standard warranty period. In those situations, the revenue relating to the extended warranty is deferred at its estimated relative standalone selling price and recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period. Costs associated with our extended warranty contracts are expensed as incurred.

Restructuring Costs

We record restructuring activities including costs for one-time termination benefits in accordance with ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations (“ASC 420”). The timing of recognition for severance costs accounted for under ASC 420 depends on whether employees are required to render service until they are terminated in order to receive the termination benefits. If employees are required to render service until they are terminated in order to receive the termination benefits, a liability is recognized ratably over the future service period. Otherwise, a liability is recognized when management has committed to a restructuring plan and has communicated those actions to employees. Employee termination benefits covered by existing benefit arrangements are recorded in accordance with ASC Topic 712, Nonretirement Postemployment Benefits. These costs are recognized when management has committed to a restructuring plan and the severance costs are probable and estimable. See Note 4, “Restructuring Charges” for additional information.

Debt Issuance Costs

We capitalize costs related to the issuance of debt. Debt issuance costs directly related to our Term Loan Credit Facility are presented within noncurrent liabilities as a reduction of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The amortization of such costs is recognized as interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the respective debt issue. Amortization related to deferred debt issuance costs and original discount costs was $32,000 and $0.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. Amortization related to deferred debt issuance costs and original discount costs was $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 24, 2022, respectively.

Foreign Remeasurement and Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of our wholly owned foreign subsidiaries that use the U.S. Dollar as their functional currency are re-measured using exchange rates in effect at the end of the period, except for nonmonetary assets, such as inventories and property, plant and equipment, which are re-measured using historical exchange rates. Revenues and costs are re-measured using average exchange rates for the period, except for costs related to those balance sheet items that are re-measured using historical exchange rates. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are recognized as incurred. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized foreign exchange losses of $1.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively, in our condensed consolidated statements of income. During the three and nine months ended September 24, 2022, we recognized foreign exchange gains of $1.3 million and $4.0 million, respectively, in our condensed consolidated statements of income. Certain of our foreign subsidiaries have designated the local currency as their functional currency and, as a result, their assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange at the balance sheet date, while revenue and expenses are translated using the average exchange rate for the period. Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments resulting from the translation of the financial statements are included as a separate component of stockholders’ equity.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts

We operate and sell our products in various global markets. As a result, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We enter into foreign currency forward contracts with a financial institution to hedge against future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect certain existing U.S. Dollar denominated assets and liabilities held at our subsidiaries whose functional currency is the local currency. For accounting purposes, our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded within foreign transaction gain (loss) in our condensed consolidated statements of income for both realized and unrealized gains and losses. See Note 7, “Derivative Financial Instruments” for additional information.

Share-Based Compensation

We measure and recognize all share-based compensation under the fair value method.

Reported share-based compensation is classified, in our condensed consolidated financial statements, as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cost of sales |  | $ | 223 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 619 |  |  | $ | 478 |
Research and development |  |  | 849 |  |  |  | 755 |  |  |  | 2,534 |  |  |  | 2,333 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 3,262 |  |  |  | 2,824 |  |  |  | 9,527 |  |  |  | 8,284 |
Total share-based compensation |  |  | 4,334 |  |  |  | 3,740 |  |  |  | 12,680 |  |  |  | 11,095 |
Income tax benefit |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | (770 | ) |  |  | (2,883 | ) |  |  | (3,232 | )
Total share-based compensation, net |  | $ | 4,289 |  |  | $ | 2,970 |  |  | $ | 9,797 |  |  | $ | 7,863 |

Income Per Share

Basic income per common share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted income per share includes the dilutive effect of common shares potentially issuable upon the exercise of stock options, vesting of outstanding restricted stock and performance stock units and issuance of stock under our employee stock purchase plan using the treasury stock method. In loss periods, potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the per share computations due to their anti-dilutive effect. For purposes of computing diluted income per share, stock options with exercise prices that exceed the average fair market value of our common stock for the period are excluded. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, stock options and awards to issue approximately 186,000 and 206,000 shares of common stock were excluded from the computation, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 24, 2022, stock options and awards to issue approximately 325,000 and 300,000 shares of common stock were excluded from the computation, respectively. All shares repurchased and held as treasury stock are reflected as a reduction to our basic weighted average shares outstanding based on the trade date of the share repurchase.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

The following table reconciles the denominators used in computing basic and diluted income per share (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Weighted average common shares |  |  | 47,615 |  |  |  | 47,984 |  |  |  | 47,525 |  |  |  | 48,412 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  | 492 |  |  |  | 542 |  |  |  | 577 |  |  |  | 596 |
|  |  | 48,107 |  |  |  | 48,526 |  |  |  | 48,102 |  |  |  | 49,008 |

Leases

We determine if a contract contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right of use (“ROU”) assets, current other accrued liabilities, and long-term lease liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, other current accrued liabilities, and long-term lease liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the adoption date or the commencement date for leases entered into after the adoption date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rates for the remaining lease terms based on the information available at the adoption date or commencement date in determining the present value of future payments.

The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made, lease incentives, favorable and unfavorable lease terms recognized in business acquisitions and excludes initial direct costs incurred and variable lease payments. Variable lease payments include estimated payments that are subject to reconciliations throughout the lease term, increases or decreases in the contractual rent payments, as a result of changes in indices or interest rates and tax payments that are based on prevailing rates. Our lease terms may include renewal options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. In addition, we include purchase option amounts in our calculations when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise those options. Rent expense for minimum payments under operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term.

Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet but recognized in our condensed consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component and include both in our calculation of the ROU assets and lease liabilities.

We sublease certain leased assets to third parties, mainly as a result of unused space in our facilities. None of our subleases contain extension options. Variable lease payments in our subleases include tax payments that are based on prevailing rates. We account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Revenue Recognition

Our net sales are derived from the sale of products and services and are adjusted for estimated returns and allowances, which historically have been insignificant. We recognize revenue when the obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our systems, non-system products or services. In circumstances where control is not transferred until destination or acceptance, we defer revenue recognition until such events occur.

Revenue for established products that have previously satisfied a customer’s acceptance requirements is generally recognized upon shipment. In cases where a prior history of customer acceptance cannot be demonstrated or from sales where customer payment dates are not determinable and in the case of new products, revenue and cost of sales are deferred until customer acceptance has been received. Our post-shipment obligations typically include installation and standard warranties. The relative standalone selling price of installation related revenue is recognized in the period the installation is performed. Service revenue is recognized over time as we transfer control to our customer for the related contract or upon completion of the services if they are short-term in nature. Spares, contactor and kit revenue is generally recognized upon shipment.

Certain of our equipment sales have multiple performance obligations. These arrangements involve the delivery or performance of multiple performance obligations, and transfer of control of performance obligations may occur at different points in time or over different periods of time. For arrangements containing multiple performance obligations, the revenue relating to the undelivered performance obligation is deferred using the relative standalone selling price method utilizing estimated sales prices until satisfaction of the deferred performance obligation.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Unsatisfied performance obligations primarily represent contracts for products with future delivery dates. At September 30, 2023, we had $6.4 million of revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) for contracts with original expected durations of over one year. As allowed under ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”), we have opted to not disclose unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with original expected durations of less than one year.

We generally sell our equipment with a product warranty. The product warranty provides assurance to customers that delivered products are as specified in the contract (an “assurance-type warranty”). Therefore, we account for such product warranties under ASC Topic 460, Guarantees (“ASC 460”), and not as a separate performance obligation.

The transaction price reflects our expectations about the consideration we will be entitled to receive from the customer and may include fixed or variable amounts. Fixed consideration primarily includes sales to customers that are known as of the end of the reporting period. Variable consideration includes sales in which the amount of consideration that we will receive is unknown as of the end of a reporting period. Such consideration primarily includes sales made to certain customers with cumulative tier volume discounts offered. Variable consideration arrangements are rare; however, when they occur, we estimate variable consideration as the expected value to which we expect to be entitled. Included in the transaction price estimate are amounts in which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration that does not meet revenue recognition criteria is deferred.

Our contracts are typically less than one year in duration and we have elected to use the practical expedient available in ASC 606 to expense cost to obtain contracts as they are incurred because they would be amortized over less than one year.

Accounts receivable represents our unconditional right to receive consideration from our customer. Payments terms do not exceed one year from the invoice date and therefore do not include a significant financing component. To date, there have been no material impairment losses on accounts receivable. There were no material contract assets or contract liabilities recorded on our condensed consolidated balance sheet in any of the periods presented.

On shipments where sales are not recognized, gross profit is generally recorded as deferred profit in our condensed consolidated balance sheet representing the difference between the receivable recorded and the inventory shipped. At September 30, 2023, we had deferred revenue totaling approximately $10.6 million, current deferred profit of $4.5 million and deferred profit expected to be recognized after one year included in noncurrent other accrued liabilities of $5.1 million. At December 31, 2022, we had deferred revenue totaling approximately $16.1 million, current deferred profit of $8.0 million and deferred profit expected to be recognized after one year included in noncurrent other accrued liabilities of $5.5 million.

Net sales by type are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
Disaggregated Net Sales |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |  |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |
Systems |  | $ | 73,173 |  |  | $ | 120,672 |  |  | $ | 263,469 |  |  | $ | 369,972 |
Non-systems |  |  | 77,631 |  |  |  | 86,015 |  |  |  | 235,627 |  |  |  | 251,698 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 150,804 |  |  | $ | 206,687 |  |  | $ | 499,096 |  |  | $ | 621,670 |

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Revenue by geographic area based upon product shipment destination (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
Disaggregated Net Sales |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |  |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |
Malaysia |  | $ | 23,550 |  |  | $ | 24,060 |  |  | $ | 78,703 |  |  | $ | 73,033 |
Philippines |  |  | 19,983 |  |  |  | 38,852 |  |  |  | 77,132 |  |  |  | 84,799 |
China |  |  | 19,689 |  |  |  | 31,477 |  |  |  | 69,193 |  |  |  | 116,715 |
United States |  |  | 23,604 |  |  |  | 19,510 |  |  |  | 58,097 |  |  |  | 62,826 |
Rest of the World |  |  | 63,978 |  |  |  | 92,788 |  |  |  | 215,971 |  |  |  | 284,297 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 150,804 |  |  | $ | 206,687 |  |  | $ | 499,096 |  |  | $ | 621,670 |

A small number of customers historically have been responsible for a significant portion of our net sales. Significant customer concentration information is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Customers individually accounting for more than 10% of net sales |  | two |  |  | one |  |  | one |  |  |  | * |
Percentage of net sales |  |  | 22 | % |  |  | 13 | % |  |  | 13 | % |  |  | * |

| * | No single customer represented more than 10% of consolidated net sales.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Our accumulated other comprehensive loss balance totaled approximately $47.0 million and $40.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and was attributed to all non-owner changes in stockholders’ equity and consists of, on an after-tax basis where applicable, foreign currency adjustments resulting from the translation of certain of our subsidiary accounts where the functional currency is not the U.S. Dollar, unrealized loss on investments and adjustments related to postretirement benefits. Reclassification adjustments from accumulated other comprehensive loss during the first nine months of fiscal 2023 and 2022 were not significant.

Retiree Medical Benefits

We provide post-retirement health benefits to certain retired executives, one director (who is a former executive) and their eligible dependents under a noncontributory plan. These benefits are no longer offered to any other retired Cohu employees. The net periodic benefit cost incurred during the first nine months of fiscal 2023 and 2022 was not significant.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASC 848”). ASC 848 provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to certain U.S. GAAP contract modification requirements for contracts affected by reference rate reform as entities transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) to alternative reference rates. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 to defer the sunset date of ASC 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the optional expedients in ASC 848.

Effective June 16, 2023, we adopted ASC 848. Our Term Loan B Credit and Guaranty Agreement is our only contract where interest expense is based on LIBOR. The ICE Benchmark Administration Limited, LIBOR’s administrator, has ceased publishing certain LIBOR settings and is expected to stop publishing the Overnight, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month USD LIBOR U.S. dollar settings in 2023. In anticipation of that cessation, we commenced the transition of our LIBOR-based contract to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR” or “Term SOFR”). The optional expedients under ASC 848 have allowed and will allow us to account for contract modifications as continuations of the existing contract without further reassessments or remeasurements that would otherwise be required under the applicable U.S. GAAP.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

2. | Business Acquisitions, Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets

MCT

On January 30, 2023, we completed the acquisition of all the outstanding membership units of MCT Worldwide, LLC. (“MCT”), pursuant to a membership unit purchase agreement dated January 30, 2023, by and among MCT Worldwide, LLC, Arise Acquisition Co., LLC, The Seaport Group LLC Profit Sharing Plan, and Delta Design, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Cohu (the “Acquisition”). MCT is a U.S. based company with its principal manufacturing site in Penang Malaysia. MCT provides automated solutions for the semiconductor industry and designs, manufactures, markets, services and distributes strip test handlers, film frame handlers and laser mark handlers. On January 30, 2023, we made a cash payment totaling approximately $28.0 million for MCT. The Acquisition is a debt free transaction and was subject to a working capital adjustment which was finalized during the second quarter of 2023 resulting in a cash payment of $0.6 million received from the sellers. Taking into consideration the impact of our working capital adjustment and certain acquisition-related costs that were included in the transaction proceeds, the purchase price for MCT is $26.8 million. During the three and nine-month period ended September 30, 2023, we incurred acquisition-related costs totaling $33,000 and $0.5 million, respectively, which were expensed as selling, general and administrative costs. During the prior year period ended September 24, 2022, no acquisition-related costs were incurred. The Acquisition has been accounted for in conformity with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, (“ASC 805”).

We have not finalized the purchase price allocation. Accordingly, the preliminary purchase price allocation shown below could materially change as we are still in the process of finalizing the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, and the related income tax effects may still be adjusted as they are finalized during the remainder of the measurement period (which will not exceed 12 months from the acquisition closing date). The transaction was an asset acquisition for tax purposes. Consequently, we will record a stepped-up tax basis in the acquired assets, including goodwill and intangibles. The acquired assets and liabilities of MCT were recorded at their respective fair values including an amount for goodwill representing the difference between the Acquisition consideration and the fair value of the identifiable net assets. During the second quarter of 2023, we settled the working capital adjustment with the sellers resulting in an immaterial change to purchase consideration, current assets and goodwill. There were no changes to intangible assets and we expect to finalize the purchase accounting for MCT in the fourth quarter of 2023.

The table below summarizes the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of January 30, 2023 (in thousands):

Current assets, including cash received |  | $ | 9,505 |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | 197 |
Other assets |  |  | 356 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 12,000 |
Goodwill |  |  | 8,755 |
Total assets acquired |  |  | 30,813 |
Liabilities assumed |  |  | (4,024 | )
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 26,789 |

The preliminary allocation of the intangible assets subject to amortization is as follows (in thousands):

|  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Weighted Average Useful Life (years) |
Developed technology |  | $ | 7,500 |  |  |  | 7.0 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 10.0 |
Product backlog |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | 0.5 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 12,000 |  |  |  |  |

Acquired intangible assets reported above are being amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives which approximates the pattern of how the economic benefit is expected to be used. This includes amounts allocated to customer relationships because of anticipated high customer retention rates that are common in the semiconductor capital equipment industry.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

The preliminary value assigned to developed technology was determined by using the using the relief from royalty method under the income approach, which included assumptions related to revenue growth rates, royalty rates, and discount rates. Developed technology, which comprises products that have reached technological feasibility, includes the products in MCT’s product line. The revenue estimates used to value the developed technology were based on estimates of relevant market sizes and growth factors, expected trends in technology and the nature and expected timing of new product introductions by MCT and competitors. The estimated after-tax cash flows were based on a hypothetical royalty rate applied to the revenues for the developed technology. The discount rate utilized to discount the net cash flows of the developed technology to present value was based on the risk associated with the respective cash flows taking into consideration the perceived risk of the technology relative to the other acquired assets, the weighted average cost of capital, the internal rate of return, and the weighted average return on assets.

The preliminary value assigned to customer relationships was determined by using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach. The estimated cash flows were based on revenues from the existing customers net of operating expenses and net of contributory asset charges. The discount rate utilized to discount the net cash flows of the customer relationships to present value was based on the respective cash flows taking into consideration the perceived risks.

The preliminary value assigned to backlog acquired was estimated based upon the contractual nature of the backlog as of January 30, 2023, using the multi-period excess earnings method under the income approach to discount back to present value the cash flows attributable to the backlog at a discount rate commensurate with the expected risks of the backlog cash flows.

MCT’s results of operations have been included starting January 30, 2023. The impact of MCT on our condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income was not material.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Changes in the carrying value of goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2022, and the nine-month period ended September 30, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Goodwill |
Balance, December 25, 2021 |  | $ | 219,791 |
Impact of currency exchange |  |  | (6,252 | )
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  |  | 213,539 |
Additions |  |  | 8,755 |
Impact of currency exchange |  |  | (1,610 | )
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 220,684 |

Purchased intangible assets subject to amortization are as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Remaining |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Gross |  |  |  |  |  |  | Average |  |  | Gross |  |  |  |  |
|  | Carrying |  |  | Accum. |  |  | Amort. |  |  | Carrying |  |  | Accum. |
|  | Amount |  |  | Amort. |  |  | Period (Years) |  |  | Amount |  |  | Amort. |
Developed technology |  | $ | 209,377 |  |  | $ | 127,332 |  |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 224,253 |  |  | $ | 128,938 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 59,959 |  |  |  | 26,721 |  |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  | 64,632 |  |  |  | 31,015 |
Trade names |  |  | 20,061 |  |  |  | 10,412 |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  | 20,461 |  |  |  | 9,397 |
Covenant not-to-compete |  |  | 235 |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 3.3 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 161 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 289,632 |  |  | $ | 164,624 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 309,615 |  |  | $ | 169,511 |

Changes in the carrying values of purchased intangible assets presented above are a result of the impact of fluctuation in currency exchange rates and the acquisition of MCT.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was approximately $8.9 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2023 and $26.6 million in the first nine months of fiscal 2023. Amortization expense related to intangible assets was approximately $8.2 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2022 and $25.1 million in the first nine months of fiscal 2022.

3. | Borrowings and Credit Agreements

The following table is a summary of our borrowings (in thousands):

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Bank Term Loan under Credit Agreement |  | $ | 30,202 |  |  | $ | 66,952 |
Bank Term Loans-Kita |  |  | 2,023 |  |  |  | 2,466 |
Construction Loan- Cohu GmbH |  |  | 7,747 |  |  |  | 8,414 |
Lines of Credit |  |  | 1,673 |  |  |  | 1,907 |
Total debt |  |  | 41,645 |  |  |  | 79,739 |
Less: financing fees and discount |  |  | (282 | ) |  |  | (764 | )
Less: current portion |  |  | (6,174 | ) |  |  | (6,311 | )
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 35,189 |  |  | $ | 72,664 |

Credit Agreement

On October 1, 2018, we entered into a Credit Agreement providing for a $350.0 million Term Loan Credit Facility and borrowed the full amount to finance a portion of the Xcerra acquisition. Loans under the Term Loan Credit Facility amortize in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount, with the balance payable at maturity. All outstanding principal and interest in respect of the Term Loan Credit Facility must be repaid on or before October 1, 2025. The loans under the Term Loan Credit Facility bore interest, at Cohu’s option, at a floating annual rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 3.00%. On June 16, 2023, in connection with the discontinuation of LIBOR, we entered into an amendment to our Term Loan Credit Facility, which provided for the transition of the benchmark interest rate from LIBOR to SOFR. Effective with the interest period beginning July 1, 2023, LIBOR was replaced with Adjusted Term SOFR, a floating annual rate equal to SOFR plus a margin of 3.0%. At September 30, 2023, the outstanding loan balance, net of discount and deferred financing costs, was $29.9 million and $3.4 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding loan balance, net of discount and deferred financing costs, was $66.2 million and $3.2 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2023, the fair value of the debt was $30.2 million. The measurement of the fair value of debt is based on the average of the bid and ask trading quotes as of September 30, 2023 and is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement.

Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the lender may accelerate the payment terms upon the occurrence of certain events of default set forth therein, which include: the failure of Cohu to make timely payments of amounts due under the Credit Agreement, the failure of Cohu to adhere to the representations and covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement, the failure to provide notice of any event that causes a material adverse effect or to provide other required notices, upon the event that related collateral agreements become ineffective, upon the event that certain legal judgments are entered against Cohu, the insolvency of Cohu, or upon the change of control of Cohu. As of September 30, 2023, we believe no such events of default have occurred.

During the first nine months of 2023, we prepaid $34.1 million in principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility for $34.1 million in cash. We accounted for the prepayment as a debt extinguishment, which resulted in a loss of $0.4 million reflected in other expense, net, in our condensed consolidated statement of income and a $0.4 million reduction in debt discounts and deferred financing costs in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the first nine months of 2022, we repurchased $31.8 million in principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility for $31.7 million in cash. This resulted in a loss of $0.3 million reflected in other expense in our condensed consolidated statement of income and a $0.4 million reduction in debt discounts and deferred financing costs in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Approximately $30.2 million in principal of the Term Loan Credit Facility remains outstanding as of September 30, 2023.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Kita Term Loans

We have a series of term loans with Japanese financial institutions primarily related to the expansion of our facility in Osaka, Japan. The loans are collateralized by the facility and land, carry interest rates ranging from 0.05% to 0.44%, and expire at various dates through 2034. At September 30, 2023, the outstanding loan balance was $2.0 million and $0.2 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding loan balance was $2.5 million and $0.2 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The fair value of the debt approximates the carrying value at September 30, 2023.

The term loans are denominated in Japanese Yen and, as a result, amounts disclosed herein will fluctuate because of changes in currency exchange rates.

Construction Loans

In July 2019 and June 2020, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries located in Germany entered into a series of construction loans (“Loan Facilities”) with a German financial institution initially providing it with total borrowings of up to €10.1 million. In May 2022, one of the construction loans was amended, reducing total borrowings provided under the loans to up to €9.5 million. The Loan Facilities were utilized to finance the expansion of our facility in Kolbermoor, Germany and are secured by the land and the existing building on the site. The Loan Facilities bear interest at agreed upon rates based on the facility amounts as discussed below.

The first facility totaling €3.4 million has been fully drawn and is payable over 10 years at a fixed annual interest rate of 0.8%. Principal and interest payments are due each quarter over the duration of the facility ending in September 2029. The second facility totaling €5.2 million has been fully drawn and is payable over 15 years at an annual interest rate of 1.05%, which is fixed until April 2027. Principal and interest payments are due each month over the duration of the facility ending in January 2034. The third facility totaling €0.9 million has been fully drawn and is payable over 10 years at an annual interest rate of 1.2%. Principal and interest payments are due each month over the duration of the facility ending in May 2030.

At September 30, 2023, total outstanding borrowings under the Loan Facilities was $7.7 million with $0.9 million of the total outstanding balance being presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, total outstanding borrowings under the Loan Facilities was $8.4 million with $1.0 million of the total outstanding balance being presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The loans are denominated in Euros and, as a result, amounts disclosed herein will fluctuate because of changes in currency exchange rates. The fair value of the debt approximates the carrying value at September 30, 2023.

Lines of Credit

As a result of our acquisition of Kita, we assumed a series of revolving credit facilities with various financial institutions in Japan. The credit facilities renew monthly and provide Kita with access to working capital totaling up to 960 million Japanese Yen of which 250 million Japanese Yen was drawn as of September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023, total borrowings outstanding under the revolving lines of credit were $1.7 million. As these credit facility agreements renew monthly, they have been included in short-term borrowings in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The revolving lines of credit are denominated in Japanese Yen and, as a result, amounts disclosed herein will fluctuate because of changes in currency exchange rates.

Our wholly owned subsidiary in Switzerland has one line of credit which provides borrowings of up to a total of 2.0 million Swiss Francs, a portion of which is reserved for tax guarantees. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 no amounts were outstanding under this line of credit.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

4. | Restructuring Charges

MCT Integration Program

During the first quarter of 2023, we began a strategic restructuring and integration program in connection with the acquisition of MCT (“MCT Integration Program”). See Note 2, “Business Acquisitions, Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets” for additional information regarding the acquisition of MCT. As part of this program, we intend to consolidate MCT’s Penang, Malaysia manufacturing operations into Cohu’s Melaka, Malaysia manufacturing operations by the end of 2023. Relating to the facility consolidation actions, we notified certain impacted employees of a reduction in force program and the facility consolidation and reduction in force programs are being implemented as part of a comprehensive review of our operations and are intended to reduce our operating cost structure and capitalize on acquisition synergies.

As a result of the activities described above, we recognized total pretax charges of $0.7 million and $2.0 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, that are within the scope of ASC 420.

The following table summarizes the activity within the restructuring related accounts for the MCT Integration Program during the first nine months ended September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

|  | Severance and |  |  | Other Exit |  |  |  |  |
|  | Other Payroll |  |  | Costs |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2022 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Costs accrued |  |  | 1,810 |  |  |  | 236 |  |  |  | 2,046 |
Amounts paid or charged |  |  | (1,358 | ) |  |  | (236 | ) |  |  | (1,594 | )
Balance, September 30, 2023 |  | $ | 452 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 452 |

Xcerra Integration Program

Subsequent to the acquisition of Xcerra on October 1, 2018, during the fourth quarter of 2018, we began a strategic restructuring program designed to reposition our organization and improve our cost structure as part of our targeted integration plan regarding Xcerra (“Xcerra Integration Program”). As part of the Xcerra Integration Program we consolidated our global handler and contactor manufacturing operations and closed our manufacturing operations in Penang, Malaysia and Fontana, California in 2019.

In the second quarter of 2019, we entered into a social plan (“Plan”) with the German labor organization representing certain of the employees of our wholly owned subsidiary, Multitest elektronische Systeme GmbH, as part of our Xcerra Integration Program. During the fourth quarter of 2020 we implemented a voluntary program and termination agreements with certain employees of our wholly owned subsidiary, Cohu GmbH. These programs collectively reduced headcount, enabled us to consolidate the facilities of our multiple operations located near Kolbermoor and Rosenheim, Germany, as well as transitioned certain manufacturing to other lower cost regions. The facility consolidations and reduction in force programs were implemented as part of a comprehensive review of our operations and were intended to streamline and reduce our operating cost structure and capitalize on acquisition synergies.

As a result of the activities described above, we recognized total pretax charges of $0.6 million for the first nine months ended September 24, 2022, that are within the scope of ASC 420. Total pretax charges for the first nine months ended September 30, 2023 were not material.

Costs associated with restructuring activities are presented in our condensed consolidated statements of income as restructuring charges, except for certain costs associated with inventory charges related to the decision to end manufacturing of certain of Xcerra’s semiconductor test handler products, which are classified within cost of sales. Other restructuring costs include expenses for professional fees associated with employee severance, impairments of fixed assets and building close expenses. As of December 31, 2022, restructuring activities associated with the Xcerra Integration Program were materially complete.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

The following table summarizes the activity within the restructuring related accounts for the Xcerra Integration Program during the first nine months ended September 24, 2022 (in thousands):

|  | Severance and |  |  | Other Exit |  |  |  |  |
|  | Other Payroll |  |  | Costs |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 25, 2021 |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 348 |
Costs accrued |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 615 |  |  |  | 600 |
Amounts paid or charged |  |  | (269 | ) |  |  | (615 | ) |  |  | (884 | )
Impact of currency exchange |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9 | )
Balance, September 24, 2022 |  | $ | 55 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 55 |

At September 30, 2023, our total accrual for both the MCT and Xcerra Integration Programs are reflected within current liabilities of our condensed consolidated balance sheets as these amounts are expected to be paid out within a year. The estimated costs associated with the employee severance and facility consolidation actions will be paid predominantly in cash.

5. | Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value

Our cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments consisted primarily of cash and other investment grade securities. We do not hold investment securities for trading purposes. All short-term investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Investment securities are exposed to market risk due to changes in interest rates and credit risk and we monitor credit risk and attempt to mitigate exposure by making high-quality investments and through investment diversification.

We assess whether unrealized loss positions on available-for-sale debt securities are due to credit-related factors. The credit-related portion of unrealized losses, and any subsequent improvements, are recorded in earnings through an allowance account. Unrealized gains and losses that are not due to credit-related factors are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Factors that could indicate an impairment exists include, but are not limited to earnings performance, changes in credit rating or adverse changes in the regulatory or economic environment of the asset. Gross realized gains and losses on sales of short-term investments are included in interest income. Realized gains and losses for the periods presented were not significant.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Investments that we have classified as short-term, by security type, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
|  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses (1) |  |  | Value |
Corporate debt securities (2) |  | $ | 40,601 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 40,528 |
Bank certificates of deposit |  |  | 22,640 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 22,639 |
U.S. treasury securities |  |  | 21,918 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | 21,667 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 8,652 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 8,621 |
Foreign government security |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 725 |
|  | $ | 94,536 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 94,180 |

|  | December 31, 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Gross |  |  | Gross |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Unrealized |  |  | Fair |
|  | Cost |  |  | Gains |  |  | Losses (1) |  |  | Value |
Corporate debt securities (2) |  | $ | 59,283 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 59,073 |
Bank certificates of deposit |  |  | 36,500 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 36,479 |
U.S. treasury securities |  |  | 34,614 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 34,197 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 12,727 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 79 |  |  |  | 12,658 |
Foreign government security |  |  | 828 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 828 |
|  | $ | 143,952 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 778 |  |  | $ | 143,235 |

| (1) | As of September 30, 2023, the cost and fair value of investments with loss positions was approximately $75.8 million and $75.4 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the cost and fair value of investments with loss positions was approximately $86.3 million and $85.5 million, respectively. We evaluated the nature of these investments, credit worthiness of the issuer and the duration of these impairments to determine if a credit loss exists. We have the ability and intent to hold these investments to maturity.

| (2) | Corporate debt securities include investments in financial and other corporate institutions. No single issuer represents a significant portion of the total corporate debt securities portfolio.

Effective maturities of short-term investments are as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
|  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |  |  | Amortized |  |  | Estimated |
|  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Cost |  |  | Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 70,275 |  |  | $ | 70,012 |  |  | $ | 112,956 |  |  | $ | 112,683 |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 23,536 |  |  |  | 23,443 |  |  |  | 30,996 |  |  |  | 30,552 |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  | $ | 94,536 |  |  | $ | 94,180 |  |  | $ | 143,952 |  |  | $ | 143,235 |

Accounting standards pertaining to fair value measurements establish a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: Level 1, defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets; Level 2, defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and Level 3, defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. When available, we use quoted market prices to determine the fair value of our investments, and they are included in Level 1. When quoted market prices are unobservable, we use quotes from independent pricing vendors based on recent trading activity and other relevant information, and they are included in Level 2.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

The following table summarizes, by major security type, our financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are categorized using the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

|  | Fair value measurements at September 30, 2023 using: |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total estimated |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | fair value |
Cash |  | $ | 243,956 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 243,956 |
U.S. treasury securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,667 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 21,667 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,523 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,523 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,621 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,621 |
Money market funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48,435 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48,435 |
Bank certificates of deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,639 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22,639 |
Foreign government security |  |  | - |  |  |  | 725 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 725 |
|  | $ | 243,956 |  |  | $ | 143,610 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 387,566 |

|  | Fair value measurements at December 31, 2022 using: |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total estimated |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | fair value |
Cash |  | $ | 190,371 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 190,371 |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 69,753 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 69,753 |
Money market funds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,290 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40,290 |
Bank certificates of deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37,480 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37,480 |
U.S. treasury securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,196 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,196 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,658 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,658 |
Foreign government security |  |  | - |  |  |  | 828 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 828 |
|  | $ | 190,371 |  |  | $ | 195,205 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 385,576 |

6. | Employee Stock Benefit Plans

Our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) is a broad-based, long-term retention program intended to attract, motivate, and retain talented employees as well as align stockholder and employee interests. Awards that may be granted under the program include, but are not limited to, non-qualified and incentive stock options, restricted stock units, and performance stock units. We settle employee stock option exercises, employee stock purchase plan purchases, and the vesting of restricted stock units, and performance stock units with newly issued common shares. On September 30, 2023, there were 3,534,994 shares available for future equity grants under the 2005 Plan. On May 10, 2023, our stockholders approved amendments to the 2005 Plan which increased the shares of stock available for issuance by 3,200,000, specified an annual limit of $750,000 on our non-employee director compensation, increased the amounts permitted for cash payouts of performance awards from current limit of $2,000,000 to $4,000,000 per each fiscal year and provided updated criteria for performance awards.

Stock Options

Stock options may be granted to employees, consultants and non-employee directors to purchase a fixed number of shares of our common stock. The exercise prices of options granted are at least equal to the fair market value of our common stock on the dates of grant and options vest and become exercisable in annual increments that range from one to four years from the date of grant. Stock options granted under the 2005 Plan have a maximum contractual term of ten years. In the first nine months of fiscal 2023, we did not grant any stock options and did not issue any shares of our common stock on the exercise of options that were granted previously. On September 30, 2023, no stock options were exercisable and outstanding.

Restricted Stock Units

We grant restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to certain employees, consultants and directors. RSUs vest in annual increments that range from one to four years from the date of grant. Prior to vesting, RSUs do not have dividend equivalent rights, do not have voting rights and the shares underlying the RSUs are not considered issued and outstanding. Shares of our common stock will be issued on the date the RSUs vest net of the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements to be paid by us on behalf of our employees. As a result, the actual number of shares issued will be fewer than the actual number of RSUs outstanding at September 30, 2023.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

In the first nine months of fiscal 2023, we awarded 350,070 RSUs and issued 424,917 shares of our common stock on vesting of previously granted awards and 17,977 shares were forfeited. On September 30, 2023, we had 876,418 RSUs outstanding with an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $30.2 million and the weighted average remaining vesting period was approximately 1.3 years.

Performance Stock Units

We also grant performance stock units (“PSUs”) to senior executives as a part of our long-term equity compensation program. The number of shares of common stock that will ultimately be issued to settle PSUs granted ranges from 0% to 200% of the number granted and is determined based on certain performance criteria over a three-year measurement period. The performance criteria for the PSUs are based on a combination of our annualized Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”) for the performance period and the relative performance of our TSR compared with the Russell 2000 Index (RUT) for the performance period. PSUs granted vest 100% on the third anniversary of their grant, assuming achievement of the applicable performance criteria.

We estimate the fair value of the PSUs using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized ratably over the explicit service period. To the extent applicable performance conditions are satisfied, shares of our common stock are issued on the date the PSUs vest net of the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements to be paid by us on behalf of our employees.

In the first nine months of fiscal 2023, we awarded 256,073 PSUs, we issued 257,845 shares of our common stock on vesting of previously granted awards and 7,430 shares were forfeited. On September 30, 2023, we had 394,022 PSUs outstanding with an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately $13.6 million and the weighted average remaining vesting period was approximately 1.7 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Cohu, Inc. 1997 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) provides for the issuance of shares of our common stock. Under the ESPP, eligible employees may purchase shares of Cohu common stock through payroll deductions at a price equal to 85 percent of the lower of the fair market value of Cohu common stock at the beginning or end of each 6-month purchase period, subject to certain limits. During the first nine months of fiscal 2023, 67,642 shares of our common stock were sold to our employees under the ESPP leaving 878,856 shares available for future issuance as of September 30, 2023. On May 10, 2023, our stockholders approved an amendment to the ESPP which increased the number of ESPP shares that may be issued by 600,000 and eliminated the requirement that no participant may purchase shares for any offering period with a value exceeding $12,500 divided by the share value on the first date of the offering period.

7. | Derivative Financial Instruments

Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts

We operate and sell our products in various global markets and, as a result, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We utilize foreign currency forward contracts to offset future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect certain existing foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. Under this program, our strategy is to have increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures mitigated by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts to reduce the risks and volatility associated with foreign currency transaction gains or losses.

We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. For accounting purposes, our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedging instruments and, accordingly, we record the fair value of these contracts as of the end of our reporting period in our condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded within foreign transaction gain (loss) in our condensed consolidated statements of income for both realized and unrealized gains and losses. The cash flows associated with the foreign currency forward contracts are reported in net cash provided by operating activities in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

The fair value of our foreign exchange derivative contracts was determined based on current foreign currency exchange rates and forward points. All our foreign exchange derivative contracts outstanding at September 30, 2023 will mature during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2023.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

The following table provides information about our foreign currency forward contracts outstanding as of September 30, 2023 (in thousands):

|  |  | Contract Amount |  |  | Contract Amount |
Currency | Contract Position |  | (Local Currency) |  |  | (U.S. Dollars) |
Euro | Buy |  |  | 58,637 |  |  | $ | 62,000 |
Swiss Franc | Buy |  |  | 11,874 |  |  |  | 13,000 |
Malaysian Ringgit | Buy |  |  | 9,356 |  |  |  | 2,000 |
South Korean Won | Buy |  |  | 2,699,700 |  |  |  | 2,000 |
Japanese Yen | Buy |  |  | 148,930 |  |  |  | 1,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 80,000 |

Our foreign currency contracts are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy as they are valued using pricing models that utilize observable market inputs. The fair values of foreign currency contracts outstanding on September 30, 2023 were immaterial.

The location and amount of gains and losses related to non-designated derivative instruments in the condensed consolidated statements of income were as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | Three months ended |  |  | Nine months ended |
Derivatives not designated | Location of loss |  | Sept. 30, |  |  | Sept. 24, |  |  | Sept. 30, |  |  | Sept. 24, |
as hedging instruments | recognized on derivatives |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Foreign exchange forward contracts | Foreign transaction loss |  | $ | (6,885 | ) |  | $ | (8,236 | ) |  | $ | (5,672 | ) |  |  | (12,577 | )

8. | Equity

Share Repurchase Program

On October 28, 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $70 million share repurchase program. On October 25, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $70 million under the share repurchase program. This share repurchase program was effective as of November 2, 2021 and has no expiration date, and the timing of share repurchases and the number of shares of common stock to be repurchased will depend upon prevailing market conditions and other factors. Repurchases under this program will be made using our existing cash resources and may be commenced or suspended from time-to-time at our discretion without prior notice. Repurchases may be made in the open market, through 10b5-1 programs, or in privately negotiated transactions at prevailing market rates in accordance with federal securities laws. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased 133,100 shares of our common stock for $4.7 million to be held as treasury stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased 309,985 shares of our common stock for $10.9 million to be held as treasury stock. During the three months ended September 24, 2022, we repurchased 637,700 shares of our common stock for $17.7 million to be held as treasury stock. During the nine months ended September 24, 2022, we repurchased 1,355,508 shares of our common stock for $38.1 million to be held as treasury stock. As of September 30, 2023, $71.1 million of shares of our common stock remained available for us to repurchase under our share repurchase program.

9. | Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”). The provision or benefit for income taxes is attributable to U.S. federal, state, and foreign income taxes. Our effective tax rate (“ETR”) used for interim periods is based on an estimated annual effective tax rate, including the tax effect of items required to be recorded discretely in the interim periods in which those items occur. Our ETR is different than the statutory rate in the U.S. due to foreign income taxed at different rates than the U.S., generation of tax credits, changes in uncertain tax benefit positions, changes to valuation allowances, and the impact of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) and the Base Erosion and Anti-abuse Tax (“BEAT”). In addition, we have numerous tax holidays related to our manufacturing operations in Malaysia and the Philippines. The tax holiday periods expire at various times in the future; however, we actively seek to obtain new tax holidays.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

We conduct business globally and as a result, Cohu or one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the US and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, we are subject to examinations by taxing authorities throughout the world and are currently under examination in Germany, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. We believe our financial statement accruals for income taxes are appropriate.

Companies are required to assess whether a valuation allowance should be recorded against their deferred tax assets (“DTAs”) based on the consideration of all available evidence, using a “more likely than not” realization standard. The four sources of taxable income that must be considered in determining whether DTAs will be realized are, (1) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences (i.e. offset of gross deferred tax assets against gross deferred tax liabilities); (2) taxable income in prior carryback years, if carryback is permitted under the tax law; (3) tax planning strategies and (4) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards.

In assessing whether a valuation allowance is required, significant weight is to be given to evidence that can be objectively verified. We have evaluated our DTAs at each reporting period, including an assessment of our cumulative income or loss over the prior three-year period and future periods, to determine if a valuation allowance was required.

Based on the evidence available, including a lack of sustainable earnings and history of expiring unused NOLs, and tax credits, we continue to maintain our judgment that a previously recorded valuation allowance against substantially all of our net deferred tax assets in the United States is still required. If a change in judgment regarding this valuation allowance were to occur in the future, we will record a potentially material deferred tax benefit, which could result in a favorable impact on the effective tax rate in that period.

In accordance with the disclosure requirements as described in ASC 740, we have classified unrecognized tax benefits as non-current income tax liabilities, or a reduction in non-current deferred tax assets, unless expected to be paid within one year. Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. There were no material changes to our unrecognized tax benefits and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023. There were no material changes to our unrecognized tax benefits and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits during the three and nine months ended September 24, 2022.

10. | Leases

We lease certain of our facilities, equipment and vehicles under non-cancelable operating and finance leases. Leases with initial terms of 12 months or less are not recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, but we recognize those lease payments in the condensed consolidated statements of income on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease and non-lease components are included in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liabilities.

Our leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 34 years, some of which include one or more options to extend the leases for up to 25 years. Our lease term includes renewal terms when we are reasonably certain we will exercise the renewal options. We sublease certain leased assets to third parties, mainly as a result of unused space in our facilities.

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

(in thousands) | Classification |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets | Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 17,287 |  |  | $ | 22,804 |
Finance lease assets | Property, plant and equipment, net (1) |  |  | 255 |  |  |  | 323 |
Total lease assets |  | $ | 17,542 |  |  | $ | 23,127 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating | Other accrued liabilities |  | $ | 4,971 |  |  | $ | 4,927 |
Finance | Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 49 |
Noncurrent |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating | Long-term lease liabilities |  |  | 13,882 |  |  |  | 19,185 |
Finance | Long-term lease liabilities |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 24 |
Total lease liabilities |  | $ | 18,881 |  |  | $ | 24,185 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 5.6 |  |  |  | 6.2 |
Finance leases |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 6.4 | % |  |  | 6.2 | %
Finance leases |  |  | 3.8 | % |  |  | 2.2 | %

| (1) | Finance lease assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $0.3 million and $0.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The components of lease expense were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |  |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |
Operating leases |  | $ | 1,642 |  |  | $ | 1,654 |  |  | $ | 5,001 |  |  | $ | 5,046 |
Variable lease expense |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | 520 |  |  |  | 1,683 |  |  |  | 1,583 |
Short-term operating leases |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 3 |
Finance leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of leased assets |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 69 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
Sublease income |  |  | (7 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (54 | )
Net lease cost |  | $ | 2,214 |  |  | $ | 2,170 |  |  | $ | 6,745 |  |  | $ | 6,648 |

Future minimum lease payments at September 30, 2023, are as follows:

|  | Operating |  |  | Finance |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | leases |  |  | leases |  |  | Total |
2023 |  | $ | 1,490 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 1,494 |
2024 |  |  | 5,822 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 5,833 |
2025 |  |  | 4,948 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 4,959 |
2026 |  |  | 2,446 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 2,449 |
2027 |  |  | 1,493 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,493 |
Thereafter |  |  | 6,796 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6,796 |
Total lease payments |  |  | 22,995 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 23,024 |
Less: Interest |  |  | (4,142 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (4,143 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 18,853 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | 18,881 |

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Cohu, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
September 30, 2023

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

|  | Nine Months Ended |
(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | September 24, 2022 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 5,005 |  |  | $ | 4,946 |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 126 |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 664 |  |  | $ | 1,308 |
Financing lease assets acquired in MCT acquisition |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | - |
Operating lease assets acquired in MCT acquisition |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | - |

11. | Contingencies

From time-to-time we are involved in various legal proceedings, examinations by various tax authorities and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome of any litigation is inherently uncertain. While there can be no assurance, we do not believe at the present time that the resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on our assets, financial position or results of operations.

12. | Guarantees

Product Warranty

Our products are generally sold with warranty periods that range from 12 to 36 months following sale or acceptance. The product warranty promises customers that delivered products are as specified in the contract (an “assurance-type warranty”). Therefore, we account for such product warranties under ASC 460, and not as a separate performance obligation. Parts and labor are covered under the terms of the warranty agreement. The warranty provision is based on historical and projected experience by product and configuration.

Changes in accrued warranty were as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 5,534 |  |  | $ | 7,015 |  |  | $ | 6,214 |  |  | $ | 7,691 |
Warranty expense accruals |  |  | 1,508 |  |  |  | 2,090 |  |  |  | 5,229 |  |  |  | 6,733 |
Warranty payments |  |  | (1,956 | ) |  |  | (2,605 | ) |  |  | (6,424 | ) |  |  | (7,924 | )
Liability acquired |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | - |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 5,086 |  |  | $ | 6,500 |  |  | $ | 5,086 |  |  | $ | 6,500 |

Accrued warranty amounts expected to be incurred after one year are included in noncurrent other accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. These amounts totaled $0.5 million and $0.6 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

13. | Subsequent Event

EQT Acquisition

On October 2, 2023, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding share capital of Equiptest Engineering Pte Ltd. (“EQT”), pursuant to a Share Purchase Agreement dated October 2, 2023, by and among EQT and its shareholders, and Cohu Interface Solutions LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Cohu (the “Acquisition”). EQT is a provider of semiconductor test contactors and other test consumables. On October 2, 2023, we made a cash payment totaling 66.0 million Singapore dollars for EQT. The Acquisition is a cash free debt free transaction and is subject to a working capital adjustment for the difference between the actual and estimated net working capital. In connection with the Acquisition, we incurred approximately $0.8 million in acquisition-related costs, which were expensed as selling, general and administrative costs during the course of fiscal 2023.

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Cohu, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Form 10-Q contains certain forward-looking statements including expectations of market conditions, challenges and plans, within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is subject to the Safe Harbor provisions created by that statute. Such forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs, including estimates and projections about our business and include, but are not limited to, statements concerning financial position, business strategy, our industry environment, market growth expectations, and plans or objectives for future operations. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict and may cause actual results to differ materially from management’s current expectations. Such risks and uncertainties include those set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K under the heading “Item 1A. Risk Factors”. The forward-looking statements in this report speak only as of the time they are made, and do not necessarily reflect management’s outlook at any other point in time. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or for any other reason, however, readers should carefully review the risk factors set forth in other reports or documents we file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this Quarterly Report. This Form 10-Q also contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for certain of our products. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances reflected in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market, and other data from reports, research surveys, studies, and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry, and general publications, government data, and similar sources.

OVERVIEW

Cohu is a leading supplier of semiconductor test and inspection and metrology automation systems (handlers), micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) test modules, test contactors, thermal subsystems, and semiconductor automated test equipment (ATE) used by global semiconductor manufacturers and test subcontractors. We offer a wide range of products and services and our revenue from capital equipment products is driven by the capital expenditure and operating budgets of our customers, who often abruptly delay or accelerate purchases in reaction to variations in their business. The level of expenditures by these companies depends on the current and anticipated market demand for semiconductor devices and the products that incorporate them. Our recurring products are driven by the number of semiconductor devices that are tested and by the continuous introduction of new products and new technologies by our customers. As a result, our recurring products provide a more stable recurring source of revenue and generally do not have the same degree of cyclicality as our capital equipment products.

Equiptest Engineering Pte. Ltd. (“EQT”), acquired by Cohu on October 2, 2023, is a Singapore-based company. EQT is a provider of semiconductor test contactors and other test consumables. The acquisition of EQT was completed after Cohu’s quarter ended September 30, 2023, and certain disclosures include EQT to enable investors to evaluate the operating and financial effects to our business recognized in the subsequent accounting period. Unless otherwise indicated, disclosures made throughout this Form 10-Q exclude the effect of the acquisition of EQT.

In 2023, global macroeconomic and geopolitical factors are shaping the semiconductor industry. In response to the higher cost of capital, many chip companies are cutting costs, reducing employee headcount, and pushing out capital expenditures for additional capacity. For the third quarter ended September 30, 2023, on a sequential, quarter-over-quarter basis, our consolidated net sales declined 10.7% to $150.8 million due to lower demand for automotive, industrial, mobility (including 5G-related products) and computing applications. Over the past twelve months, we have seen improvements in our gross margin due to favorable revenue mix, and greater insourcing of contactor manufacturing. Based on our ongoing assessment of business conditions and the results from our operations, we have continued to take actions to reduce outstanding principal debt under our Term Loan Credit Facility through voluntary prepayments, and we have also repurchased 309,985 shares of our common stock for approximately $10.9 million during the first nine months of 2023.

We continue to focus on building a well-balanced and resilient business model. Our long-term market drivers and market strategy remain intact, and we are encouraged by increased use of semiconductors including the most recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI), along with customer traction with our new products. We continue to capture new customers and remain optimistic about the long-term prospects for our business due to the increasing ubiquity of semiconductors, increasing semiconductor complexity, increasing quality demands from semiconductor customers, increasing test intensity and continued proliferation of electronics in a variety of products across the automotive, mobility, industrial, computing, and consumer markets.

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Cohu, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Application of Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience, forecasts and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the current circumstances, however actual results may differ from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements. Some of our accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain.

Our critical accounting estimates that we believe are the most important to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and condition and that require complex management judgment include:

| ● | revenue recognition, including the deferral of revenue on sales to customers, which impacts our results of operations;

| ● | estimation of valuation allowances and accrued liabilities, specifically inventory reserves, which impact gross margin or operating expenses;

| ● | the recognition and measurement of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, unrecognized tax benefits, the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets and accounting for the impact of the change to U.S. tax law as described herein, which impact our tax provision, and

| ● | the assessment of recoverability of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets including goodwill and other intangible assets, which primarily impacts gross margin or operating expenses if we are required to record impairments of assets or accelerate their depreciation.

Below, we discuss these policies further, as well as the estimates and judgments involved. We also have other policies that we consider key accounting policies; however, these policies typically do not require us to make estimates or judgments that are difficult or subjective.

Revenue Recognition: Our net sales are derived from the sale of products and services and are adjusted for estimated returns and allowances, which historically have been insignificant. We recognize revenue when the obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied; generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of our systems, non-system products or services. In circumstances where control is not transferred until destination or acceptance, we defer revenue recognition until such events occur. Revenue for established products that have previously satisfied a customer’s acceptance requirements is generally recognized upon shipment. In cases where a prior history of customer acceptance cannot be demonstrated or from sales where customer payment dates are not determinable and in the case of new products, revenue and cost of sales are deferred until customer acceptance has been received. Our post-shipment obligations typically include installation and standard warranties. The relative standalone selling price of installation related revenue is recognized in the period the installation is performed. Service revenue is recognized over time as we transfer control to our customer for the related contract or upon completion of the services if they are short-term in nature. Spares, contactor and kit revenue is generally recognized upon shipment. Certain of our equipment sales have multiple performance obligations. These arrangements involve the delivery or performance of multiple performance obligations, and transfer of control of performance obligations may occur at different points in time or over different periods of time. For arrangements containing multiple performance obligations, the revenue relating to the undelivered performance obligation is deferred using the relative standalone selling price method utilizing estimated sales prices until satisfaction of the deferred performance obligation. Unsatisfied performance obligations primarily represent contracts for products with future delivery dates. At September 30, 2023, we had $6.4 million of revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) for contracts with original expected durations of over one year. As allowed under ASC 606, we have opted to not disclose unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with original expected durations of less than one year. We generally sell our equipment with a product warranty. The product warranty provides assurance to customers that delivered products are as specified in the contract (an “assurance-type warranty”). Therefore, we account for such product warranties under ASC 460, and not as a separate performance obligation. The transaction price reflects our expectations about the consideration we will be entitled to receive from the customer and may include fixed or variable amounts. Fixed consideration primarily includes sales to customers that are known as of the end of the reporting period. Variable consideration includes sales in which the amount of consideration that we will receive is unknown as of the end of a reporting period. Such consideration primarily includes sales made to certain customers with cumulative tier volume discounts offered. Variable consideration arrangements are rare; however, when they occur, we estimate variable consideration as the expected value to which we expect to be entitled. Included in the transaction price estimate are amounts in which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration that does not meet revenue recognition criteria is deferred. Our contracts are typically less than one year in duration and we have elected to use the practical expedient available in ASC 606 to expense costs to obtain contracts as they are incurred because they would be amortized over less than one year. Accounts receivable represents our unconditional right to receive consideration from our customer. Payments terms do not exceed one year from the invoice date and therefore do not include a significant financing component. To date, there have been no material impairment losses on accounts receivable. There were no material contract assets or contract liabilities recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in any of the periods presented. On shipments where sales are not recognized, gross profit is generally recorded as deferred profit in the condensed consolidated balance sheet representing the difference between the receivable recorded and the inventory shipped.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Accounts Receivable: We maintain an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates, resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required. Our customers include semiconductor manufacturers and semiconductor test subcontractors throughout many areas of the world. While we believe that our allowance for credit losses is adequate and represents our best estimate of future losses, we will continue to monitor customer liquidity and other economic conditions, which may result in changes to our estimates.

Inventory: The valuation of inventory requires us to estimate obsolete or excess inventory as well as inventory that is not of saleable quality. The determination of obsolete or excess inventory requires us to estimate the future demand for our products. The demand forecast is a direct input in the development of our short-term manufacturing plans. We record valuation reserves on our inventory for estimated excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or net realizable value concerns equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated realizable value based upon assumptions about future product demand, market conditions and product selling prices. If future product demand, market conditions or product selling prices are less than those projected by management or if continued modifications to products are required to meet specifications or other customer requirements, increases to inventory reserves may be required which would have a negative impact on our gross margin.

Income Taxes: We estimate our liability for income taxes based on the various jurisdictions where we conduct business. This requires us to estimate our (i) current taxes; (ii) temporary differences that result from differing treatment of certain items for tax and accounting purposes and (iii) unrecognized tax benefits. Temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities that are reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based upon all available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Establishing, reducing or increasing a valuation allowance in an accounting period generally results in an increase or decrease in tax expense in the statement of income. We must make significant judgments to determine the provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, unrecognized tax benefits and any valuation allowance to be recorded against deferred tax assets. Our deferred tax assets consist primarily of research and development costs that are required to be capitalized under IRC Section 174, net of related amortization, reserves and accruals that are not yet deductible for tax, and tax credit and net operating loss carryforwards.

Segment Information: We applied the provisions of ASC 280, which sets forth a management approach to segment reporting and establishes requirements to report selected segment information quarterly and to report annually entity-wide disclosures about products, major customers and the geographies in which the entity holds material assets and reports revenue. Under ASC 280, an operating segment is defined as a component that engages in business activities whose operating results are reviewed by the chief operating decision maker and for which discrete financial information is available. We have determined that our three identified operating segments are: THG, STG and ISG. Our THG, STG and ISG operating segments qualify for aggregation under ASC 280 due to similarities in their customers, their economic characteristics, and the nature of products and services provided. As a result, we report in one segment, Semiconductor Test & Inspection.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets: We evaluate goodwill for impairment annually and when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. We test goodwill for impairment by first comparing the book value of net assets to the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value is determined to be less than the book value, a second step is performed to compute the amount of impairment as the difference between the fair value of the reporting unit and its carrying value of goodwill, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill. We estimate the fair values of our reporting units using a weighting of the income and market approaches. Under the income approach, we use a discounted cash flow methodology to derive an indication of value, which requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasted revenues, gross profit margins, operating income margins, working capital cash flow, perpetual growth rates, and long-term discount rates, among others. For the market approach, we use the guideline public company method. Under this method we utilize information from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting units, to create valuation multiples that are applied to the operating performance metrics of the reporting unit being tested, to obtain an indication of value. We then apply a 50/50 weighting to the indicated values from the income and market approaches to derive the fair values of the reporting units. Forecasts of future cash flows are based on our best estimate of future net sales and operating expenses, based primarily on customer forecasts, industry trade organization data and general economic conditions. Fair value determinations require considerable judgment and are sensitive to changes in underlying assumptions and factors.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

We conduct our annual impairment test as of October 1st of each year and have determined there was no impairment as of October 1, 2022, as the estimated fair values of our reporting units exceeded their carrying values on that date. Other events and changes in circumstances may also require goodwill to be tested for impairment between annual measurement dates.

Other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets might not be recoverable. Conditions that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset, a significant change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, or any other significant adverse change that would indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be recoverable. For other intangible assets, impairment losses are only recorded if the asset’s carrying amount is not recoverable through its undiscounted, probability-weighted future cash flows. We measure the impairment loss based on the difference between the carrying amount and estimated fair value.

During the first nine months of 2023, no events or conditions occurred suggesting an impairment in our goodwill and other intangible assets.

Warranty: We provide for the estimated costs of product warranties in the period sales are recognized. Our warranty obligation estimates are affected by historical product shipment levels, product performance and material and labor costs incurred in correcting product performance problems. Should product performance, material usage or labor repair costs differ from our estimates, revisions to the estimated warranty liability would be required.

Contingencies: We are subject to certain contingencies that arise in the ordinary course of our businesses which require us to assess the likelihood that future events will confirm the existence of a loss or an impairment of an asset. If a loss or asset impairment is probable and the amount of the loss or impairment is reasonably estimable, we accrue a charge to operations in the period such conditions become known.

Share-based Compensation: Share-based compensation expense related to restricted stock unit awards is calculated based on the market price of our common stock on the grant date, reduced by the present value of dividends expected to be paid on our common stock prior to vesting of the restricted stock unit. Share-based compensation on performance stock units with market-based goals is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of the grant. Share-based compensation expense related to stock options is recorded based on the fair value of the award on its grant date, which we estimate using the Black-Scholes valuation model.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a description of accounting changes and recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects, if any, on our consolidated financial statements, see “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”, in Note 1 located in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Recent Transactions Impacting Results of Operations

On January 30, 2023, we completed the acquisition of MCT and the results of its operations have been included in our condensed consolidated financial statements since that date.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

The following table summarizes certain operating data as a percentage of net sales:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |  |  | September 30, |  |  | September 24, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net sales |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | %
Cost of sales |  |  | (53.0 | ) |  |  | (52.6 | ) |  |  | (52.5 | ) |  |  | (53.3 | )
Gross margin |  |  | 47.0 |  |  |  | 47.4 |  |  |  | 47.5 |  |  |  | 46.7 |
Research and development |  |  | (14.2 | ) |  |  | (11.3 | ) |  |  | (13.3 | ) |  |  | (11.2 | )
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | (21.5 | ) |  |  | (15.8 | ) |  |  | (19.9 | ) |  |  | (15.6 | )
Amortization of purchased intangible assets |  |  | (5.9 | ) |  |  | (4.0 | ) |  |  | (5.3 | ) |  |  | (4.0 | )
Restructuring charges |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | ) |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | )
Income from operations |  |  | 4.9 | % |  |  | 16.3 | % |  |  | 8.6 | % |  |  | 15.8 | %

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Third Quarter of Fiscal 2023 Compared to Third Quarter of Fiscal 2022

Net Sales

Our consolidated net sales decreased 27.0% to $150.8 million in 2023, compared to $206.7 million in 2022. As compared to the prior year, during the third fiscal quarter of 2023 our net sales declined due to the current macroeconomic environment, which is driving lower demand for automotive, industrial, mobility (including 5G-related products) and computing applications. Our consolidated net sales in the third quarter of 2023 also include the net sales of MCT, which Cohu acquired on January 30, 2023, and totaled $1.4 million.

Gross Margin (exclusive of amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets described below)

Gross margin consists of net sales less cost of sales. Cost of sales consists primarily of materials, assembly, and test labor, and overhead from operations. Our gross margin can fluctuate due to several factors, including, but not limited to, the mix and volume of products sold, product support costs, material, labor, supplier, logistics and other operating cost changes, changes to inventory reserves or the sale of previously reserved inventory and utilization of manufacturing capacity. Our gross margin, as a percentage of net sales for the third fiscal quarter, was 47.0% in 2023 and 47.4% in 2022.

Our gross margin can be impacted by charges to cost of sales related to excess, obsolete and lower of cost or net realizable value inventory issues. During the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, we recorded charges to cost of sales of $1.0 million and $2.7 million for excess and obsolete inventory, respectively. While we believe our reserves for excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or net realizable value concerns are adequate to cover known exposures as of September 30, 2023, reductions in customer forecasts or continued modifications to products, because of our failure to meet specifications or other customer requirements, may result in additional charges to operations that could negatively impact our gross margin in future periods.

Research and Development Expense (“R&D Expense”)

R&D expense consists primarily of salaries and related costs of employees engaged in ongoing research, product design and development activities, costs of engineering materials and supplies and professional consulting expenses. R&D expense was $21.5 million in 2023 and $23.4 million in 2022 representing 14.2% and 11.3% of net sales, respectively. R&D expense decreased during the third fiscal quarter of 2023 due to lower spending on material costs associated with product development during the current year. The third quarter of 2023 includes $0.1 million of incremental R&D costs from MCT.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense (“SG&A Expense”)

SG&A expense consists primarily of salaries and benefit costs of employees, commission expense for independent sales representatives, product promotion and costs of professional services. SG&A expense was $32.4 million or 21.5% of net sales in 2023, compared to $32.8 million or 15.8% in 2022. SG&A expense during the third fiscal quarter of 2023 includes $0.4 million of incremental SG&A costs from the operations of MCT and $0.8 million of transaction related costs incurred specifically related to the acquisitions of MCT and EQT.

Amortization of Purchased Intangible Assets

Amortization of purchased intangibles is the process of expensing the cost of an intangible asset acquired through a business combination over the projected life of the asset. Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets was $8.9 million and $8.2 million in the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in expense recorded during the current year was a result of the amortization of acquired intangible assets from MCT.

Restructuring Charges

During the first quarter of 2023, we began a strategic restructuring and integration program in connection with the acquisition of MCT. In addition, subsequent to the acquisition of Xcerra on October 1, 2018, during the fourth quarter of 2018, we began a strategic restructuring program designed to reposition our organization and improve our cost structure as part of our targeted integration plan regarding Xcerra. Restructuring charges recorded in the third fiscal quarter of 2023 were $0.7 million. Restructuring charges recorded in the third fiscal quarter of 2022 were not material. Restructuring costs incurred in the third fiscal quarter of 2023 relate to the integration of MCT which was acquired on January 30, 2023.

See Note 4, “Restructuring Charges” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information with respect to restructuring charges.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Interest Expense and Income

Interest expense was $0.8 million and $1.0 million in the third fiscal quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest income was $3.2 million and $1.1 million in the third fiscal quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in interest income year-over-year is a result of higher rates and higher investment balances maintained during the course of the third quarter of 2023.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740. The provision or benefit for income taxes is attributable to U.S. federal, state, and foreign income taxes. Our effective tax rate (“ETR”) used for interim periods is based on an estimated annual effective tax rate, including the tax effect of items required to be recorded discretely in the interim periods in which those items occur. Our ETR is different than the statutory rate in the U.S. due to foreign income taxed at different rates than the U.S., generation of tax credits, changes in uncertain tax benefit positions, changes to valuation allowances, and the impact of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) and the Base Erosion and Anti-abuse Tax (“BEAT”). In addition, we have numerous tax holidays related to our manufacturing operations in Malaysia and the Philippines. The tax holiday periods expire at various times in the future; however, we actively seek to obtain new tax holidays.

Our third quarter ETR reflects the impact of certain foreign earnings taxed at rates higher than the U.S. statutory rate and an increase in the U.S. valuation allowance attributable to capitalized research and development costs, offset by return-to-provision adjustments related to tax filings in Germany, and the tax benefit of U.S research and development and foreign tax credits.

We conduct business globally and as a result, Cohu or one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the US and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, we are subject to examinations by taxing authorities throughout the world and are currently under examination in Germany, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. We believe our financial statement accruals for income taxes are appropriate.

In accordance with the disclosure requirements as described in ASC 740, we have classified unrecognized tax benefits as non-current income tax liabilities, or a reduction in non-current deferred tax assets, unless expected to be paid within one year. Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. There were no material changes to our unrecognized tax benefits and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022.

Net Income

As a result of the factors set forth above, our net income was $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. For the three months ended September 24, 2022 our net income was $24.9 million.

First Nine Months of Fiscal 2023 Compared to First Nine Months of Fiscal 2022

Net Sales

Our consolidated net sales decreased 19.7% to $499.1 million in 2023, compared to $621.7 million in 2022. The decrease was due to the current macroeconomic environment, which is driving lower demand for automotive, industrial, mobility (including 5G-related products) and computing applications. Our consolidated net sales in the first nine months of fiscal 2023 also include the net sales of MCT, which Cohu acquired on January 30, 2023, and totaled $8.4 million.

Gross Margin (exclusive of amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets described below)

Our gross margin, as a percentage of net sales, increased to 47.5% in 2023 from 46.7% in 2022. Our gross margin can fluctuate due to several factors, including, but not limited to, the mix of products sold, product support costs, material, labor, supplier, logistics and other operating cost changes, inventory reserve adjustments, and utilization of manufacturing capacity. Our gross margin for the first nine months of fiscal 2023 improved compared to the prior year due to favorable product mix and increased insourcing of contactor manufacturing.

In the first nine months of fiscal 2023 and 2022 we recorded charges to cost of sales of approximately $4.0 million and $5.2 million for excess and obsolete inventory, respectively. While we believe our reserves for excess and obsolete inventory and lower of cost or market concerns are adequate to cover known exposures as of September 30, 2023, reductions in customer forecasts or continued modifications to products, because of our failure to meet specifications or other customer requirements, may result in additional charges to operations that could negatively impact our results of operations and gross margin in future periods.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

R&D Expense

R&D expense was $66.5 million or 13.3% of net sales in 2023, compared to $69.6 million or 11.2% in 2022. R&D expense decreased during the first nine months of fiscal 2023 due to lower spending on material costs associated with product development during the current year. The first nine months of fiscal 2023 includes $0.5 million of incremental R&D costs from MCT.

SG&A Expense

SG&A expense was $99.4 million or 19.9% of net sales in 2023, compared to $96.5 million or 15.6% in 2022. SG&A expense increased during the first nine months of fiscal 2023 because of $1.5 million of incremental SG&A costs from the operations of MCT and $1.3 million of transaction related costs incurred specifically related to the acquisitions of MCT and EQT.

Amortization of Purchased Intangible Assets

Amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets was $26.6 million and $25.1 million for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in expense recorded during the current year was a result of the amortization of acquired intangible assets from MCT.

Restructuring Charges

We recorded restructuring charges, exclusive of the specific inventory related charges described above, totaling $2.0 million and $0.6 million in the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively. Restructuring costs incurred in the first nine months of fiscal 2023 relate to the integration of MCT which was acquired on January 30, 2023, whereas restructuring expense recorded during the prior year was related to the integration of Xcerra.

See Note 4, “Restructuring Charges” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q for additional information with respect to restructuring charges.

Interest Expense and Income

Interest expense was $2.6 million and $2.9 million in the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest income was $8.7 million and $1.6 million in the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in interest income year-over-year is a result of higher rates and higher investment balances maintained during the course of the first nine months of 2023.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740. The provision or benefit for income taxes is attributable to U.S. federal, state, and foreign income taxes. Our effective tax rate (“ETR”) used for interim periods is based on an estimated annual effective tax rate, including the tax effect of items required to be recorded discretely in the interim periods in which those items occur. Our ETR is different than the statutory rate in the U.S. due to foreign income taxed at different rates than the U.S., generation of tax credits, changes in uncertain tax benefit positions, changes to valuation allowances, and the impact of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) and the Base Erosion and Anti-abuse Tax (“BEAT”). In addition, we have numerous tax holidays related to our manufacturing operations in Malaysia and the Philippines. The tax holiday periods expire at various times in the future; however, we actively seek to obtain new tax holidays.

The ETR on income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 reflects the impact of certain foreign earnings taxed at rates higher than the U.S. statutory rate and an increase in the U.S. valuation allowance attributable to capitalized research and development costs, offset by the impact of remeasuring deferred tax assets in Malaysia due to a tax holiday scheduled to expire in June 2024, return-to-provision adjustments related to tax filings in Germany, the impact of excess tax benefits relating to share-based compensation, and the tax benefit of U.S research and development and foreign tax credits.

We conduct business globally and as a result, Cohu or one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the US and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, we are subject to examinations by taxing authorities throughout the world and are currently under examination in Germany, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. We believe our financial statement accruals for income taxes are appropriate.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

In accordance with the disclosure requirements as described in ASC 740, we have classified unrecognized tax benefits as non-current income tax liabilities, or a reduction in non-current deferred tax assets, unless expected to be paid within one year. Our continuing practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. There were no material changes to our unrecognized tax benefits and interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 24, 2022.

Net Income

As a result of the factors set forth above, our net income was $30.2 million in 2023 as compared to $75.2 million in 2022.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary business is dependent on capital expenditures by semiconductor manufacturers and test subcontractors that are, in turn, dependent on the current and anticipated market demand for semiconductors. The seasonal and volatile nature of demand for semiconductor equipment, our primary industry, makes estimates of future revenues, results of operations and net cash flows difficult.

Our primary historical source of liquidity and capital resources has been cash flow generated by our operations and we manage our businesses to maximize operating cash flows as our primary source of liquidity. We use cash to fund growth in our operating assets and to fund new products and product enhancements primarily through research and development. As of September 30, 2023, $184.6 million or 62.9% of our cash and cash equivalents was held by our foreign subsidiaries. If these funds are needed for our operations in the U.S., we may be required to accrue and pay foreign withholding taxes if we repatriate these funds. Except for working capital requirements in certain jurisdictions, we provide for all withholding and other residual taxes related to unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiaries.

At September 30, 2023, our total indebtedness, net of discount and deferred financing costs, was $41.4 million, which included $29.9 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Facility, $2.0 million outstanding under Kita’s term loans, $7.7 million outstanding under Cohu GmbH’s construction loan and $1.7 million outstanding under Kita’s lines of credit. During the first nine months of fiscal 2023, we prepaid $34.1 million in principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility and we repurchased 309,985 shares of our outstanding common stock, to be held as treasury stock, for $10.9 million.

Liquidity

Working Capital: The following summarizes our cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and working capital:

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | Increase |  |  | Percentage |
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | (Decrease) |  |  | Change |
Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments |  | $ | 387,566 |  |  | $ | 385,576 |  |  | $ | 1,990 |  |  |  | 0.5 | %
Working capital |  | $ | 590,123 |  |  | $ | 603,979 |  |  | $ | (13,856 | ) |  |  | (2.3 | )%

Cash Flows

Operating Activities: Operating cash flows for the first nine months of fiscal 2023 consisted of our net income, adjusted for non-cash expenses and changes in operating assets and liabilities. These adjustments include depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment, share-based compensation expense, amortization of intangible assets, deferred income taxes, amortization of cloud-based software implementation costs, loss on extinguishment of debt, capitalized interest associated with cloud computing implementation, amortization of debt discounts and issuance costs and sales of property, plant and equipment. Our net cash provided by operating activities in the first nine months of fiscal 2023 totaled $98.8 million. Excluding the impact of the acquisition of MCT, net cash provided by operating activities was impacted by changes in current assets and liabilities and included decreases in accounts receivable of $50.2 million, accounts payable of $17.5 million, accrued compensation, warranty and other liabilities of $10.4 million, income taxes payable of $3.9 million and deferred profit of $3.5 million. Accrued compensation, warranty and other liabilities decreased due to payments of incentive compensation related to the prior year that was paid during the first quarter of 2023. The income taxes payable decrease was driven by an excess of payments over accruals, the decrease in accounts receivable was due to the timing of cash collections on net sales recognized in the first nine months of 2023 and the recognition of revenue that was previously deferred in accordance with our revenue recognition policy resulted in the decrease in deferred profit.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Investing Activities: Investing cash flows consist primarily of cash used for capital expenditures in support of our business, purchases of investments, proceeds from investment maturities, business divestitures and asset disposals. Net cash provided by investing activities in the first nine months of fiscal 2023 totaled $12.3 million. In the first nine months of fiscal 2023 we generated $123.9 million from sales and maturities and used $73.3 million of cash for purchases of short-term investments. We invest our excess cash, in an attempt to seek the highest available return while preserving capital, in short-term investments since excess cash may be required for a business-related purpose. During the first nine months of 2023, we also used $26.3 million of cash, net of cash received, for the acquisition of MCT which was a strategic transaction for our test handler group, adding strip, film-frame and laser marking to Cohu’s product portfolio, and critical technologies that will accelerate development into the growing advanced package test market. Additions to property, plant and equipment of $12.1 million were made to support our operating and development activities and include amounts related to the expansion of our Philippines factory to support our interface business.

Financing Activities: Financing cash flows consist primarily of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our stock option and employee stock purchase plans, repurchases of shares made under our share repurchase program and repayments of debt, net of new borrowings. We issue restricted stock units and maintain an employee stock purchase plan as components of our overall employee compensation. In the first nine months of fiscal 2023, cash used to settle the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements on behalf of our employees upon vesting of restricted and performance stock awards, net of proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options, was $7.6 million. We made payments totaling $10.9 million in the first nine months of 2023 for shares of our common stock repurchased under our share repurchase program to be held as treasury stock. Repayments of debt during the first nine months of fiscal 2023 totaled $37.5 million.

Share Repurchase Program

On October 28, 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $70 million share repurchase program. On October 25, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $70 million under the share repurchase program. This share repurchase program was effective as of November 2, 2021, has no expiration date, and the timing of share repurchases and the number of shares of common stock to be repurchased will depend upon prevailing market conditions and other factors. Repurchases under this program will be made using our existing cash resources and may be commenced or suspended from time-to-time at our discretion without prior notice. Repurchases may be made in the open market, through 10b5-1 programs, or in privately negotiated transactions at prevailing market rates in accordance with federal securities laws. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased 309,985 shares of our common stock for $10.9 million to be held as treasury stock. As of September 30, 2023, $71.1 million of shares of our common stock remained available for us to repurchase under our share repurchase program.

Capital Resources

We have access to credit facilitates and other borrowings provided by financial institutions to finance acquisitions, capital expenditures and our operations if needed. A summary of our borrowings and available credit is as follows.

Credit Agreement

On October 1, 2018, we entered into a Credit Agreement providing for a $350.0 million Term Loan Credit Facility and borrowed the full amount to finance a portion of the Xcerra acquisition. Loans under the Term Loan Credit Facility amortize in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% of the original principal amount, with the balance payable at maturity. All outstanding principal and interest in respect of the Term Loan Credit Facility must be repaid on or before October 1, 2025. The loans under the Term Loan Credit Facility bore interest, at Cohu’s option, at a floating annual rate equal to LIBOR plus a margin of 3.00%. On June 16, 2023, in connection with the discontinuation of LIBOR, we entered into an amendment to our Term Loan Credit Facility, which provided for the transition of the benchmark interest rate from LIBOR to SOFR. Effective with the interest period beginning July 1, 2023, LIBOR was replaced with Adjusted Term SOFR, a floating annual rate equal to SOFR plus a margin of 3.0%. At September 30, 2023, the outstanding loan balance, net of discount and deferred financing costs, was $29.9 million and $3.4 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding loan balance, net of discount and deferred financing costs, was $66.2 million and $3.2 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Under the terms of the Credit Agreement, the lender may accelerate the payment terms upon the occurrence of certain events of default set forth therein, which include: the failure of Cohu to make timely payments of amounts due under the Credit Agreement, the failure of Cohu to adhere to the representations and covenants set forth in the Credit Agreement, the failure to provide notice of any event that causes a material adverse effect or to provide other required notices, upon the event that related collateral agreements become ineffective, upon the event that certain legal judgments are entered against Cohu, the insolvency of Cohu, or upon the change of control of Cohu. As of September 30, 2023, we believe no such events of default have occurred.

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Cohu, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

During the first nine months of 2023, we prepaid $34.1 million in principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility for $34.1 million in cash. We accounted for the prepayment as a debt extinguishment, which resulted in a loss of $0.4 million reflected in other expense, net, in our condensed consolidated statement of income and a $0.4 million reduction in debt discounts and deferred financing costs in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. During the first nine months of 2022, we repurchased $31.8 million in principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility for $31.7 million in cash. This resulted in a loss of $0.3 million reflected in other expense in our condensed consolidated statement of income and a corresponding $0.4 million reduction in debt discounts and deferred financing costs in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Approximately $30.2 million in principal of the Term Loan Credit Facility remained outstanding as of September 30, 2023.

Kita Term Loans

We have a series of term loans with Japanese financial institutions primarily related to the expansion of our facility in Osaka, Japan. The loans are collateralized by the facility and land, carry interest rates ranging from 0.05% to 0.44%, and expire at various dates through 2034. At September 30, 2023, the outstanding loan balance was $2.0 million and $0.2 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, the outstanding loan balance was $2.5 million and $0.2 million of the outstanding balance is presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The term loans are denominated in Japanese Yen and, as a result, amounts disclosed herein will fluctuate because of changes in currency exchange rates.

Construction Loans

In July 2019 and June 2020, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries located in Germany entered into a series of Loan Facilities with a German financial institution initially providing it with total borrowings of up to €10.1 million. In May 2022, one of the construction loans was amended, reducing total borrowings provided under the loans to up to €9.5 million. The Loan Facilities were utilized to finance the expansion of our facility in Kolbermoor, Germany and are secured by the land and the existing building on the site. The Loan Facilities bear interest at agreed upon rates based on the facility amounts as discussed below.

The first facility totaling €3.4 million has been fully drawn and is payable over 10 years at a fixed annual interest rate of 0.8%. Principal and interest payments are due each quarter over the duration of the facility ending in September 2029. The second facility totaling €5.2 million has been fully drawn and is payable over 15 years at an annual interest rate of 1.05%, which is fixed until April 2027. Principal and interest payments are due each month over the duration of the facility ending in January 2034. The third facility totaling €0.9 million has been fully drawn and is payable over 10 years at an annual interest rate of 1.2%. Principal and interest payments are due each month over the duration of the facility ending in May 2030.

At September 30, 2023, total outstanding borrowings under the Loan Facilities was $7.7 million with $0.9 million of the total outstanding balance being presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, total outstanding borrowings under the Loan Facilities was $8.4 million with $1.0 million of the total outstanding balance being presented as current installments of long-term debt in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. The loans are denominated in Euros and, as a result, amounts disclosed herein will fluctuate because of changes in currency exchange rates. The fair value of the debt approximates the carrying value at September 30, 2023.

Lines of Credit

As a result of our acquisition of Kita, we assumed a series of revolving credit facilities with various financial institutions in Japan. The credit facilities renew monthly and provide access to working capital totaling up to 960 million Japanese Yen of which 250 million Japanese Yen was drawn as of September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023, total borrowings outstanding under the revolving lines of credit were $1.7 million. As these credit facility agreements renew monthly, they have been included in short-term borrowings in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The revolving lines of credit are denominated in Japanese Yen and, as a result, amounts disclosed herein will fluctuate because of changes in currency exchange rates.

Our wholly owned subsidiary in Switzerland has one line of credit which provides borrowings of up to a total of 2.0 million Swiss Francs, a portion of which is reserved for tax guarantees. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, no amounts were outstanding under this line of credit.

We also have a letter of credit facility (“LC Facility”) under which Bank of America, N.A., has agreed to administer the issuance of letters of credit on our behalf. The LC Facility requires us to maintain deposits of cash or other approved investments in amounts that approximate our outstanding letters of credit and contains customary restrictive covenants. In addition, our wholly owned subsidiary, Xcerra, has arrangements with various financial institutions for the issuance of letters of credit and bank guarantees. As of September 30, 2023, $0.3 million was outstanding under standby letters of credit and bank guarantees.

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Cohu, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

We expect that we will continue to make capital expenditures to support our business and we anticipate that present working capital will be sufficient to meet our operating requirements for at least the next twelve months.

Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Contractual Obligations: Our significant contractual obligations consist of liabilities for debt, operating leases, unrecognized tax benefits, pensions, post-retirement benefits and warranties. During the first nine months of 2023, we prepaid $34.1 million in outstanding principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility. Aside from the repayment of outstanding principal of our Term Loan Credit Facility, there were no material changes to these obligations outside the ordinary course of business from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Commitments to contract manufacturers and suppliers: From time to time, we enter into commitments with our vendors and outsourcing partners to purchase inventory at fixed prices or in guaranteed quantities. We are not able to determine the aggregate amount of such purchase orders that represent contractual obligations, as purchase orders may represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. Our purchase orders are based on our current manufacturing needs and are fulfilled by our vendors within relatively short time horizons. We typically do not have significant agreements for the purchase of raw materials or other goods specifying minimum quantities or set prices that exceed our expected requirements for the next three months.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements: During the ordinary course of business, we provide standby letters of credit instruments to certain parties as required. As of September 30, 2023, $0.3 million was outstanding under standby letters of credit.

Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Investment and Interest Rate Risk.

At September 30, 2023, our investment portfolio included short-term fixed-income investment securities with a fair value of approximately $94.2 million. These securities are subject to interest rate risk and will likely decline in value if interest rates increase. Our future investment income may fall short of expectations due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. As we classify our short-term securities as available-for-sale, no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be credit-related. Due to the relatively short duration of our investment portfolio, an immediate ten percent change in interest rates would have no material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

We evaluate our investments periodically for possible credit losses by reviewing factors such as the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer and our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient for anticipated recovery of market value. As of September 30, 2023, the cost and fair value of investments we held with loss positions were approximately $75.8 million and $75.4 million, respectively. We evaluated the nature of these investments, credit worthiness of the issuer and the duration of these impairments to determine if a credit loss exists. We have the ability and intent to hold these investments to maturity.

Our long-term debt is carried at amortized cost and immaterial fluctuations in interest rates do not impact our consolidated financial statements. However, the fair value of our debt will generally fluctuate with movements of interest rates, increasing in periods of declining rates of interest and declining in periods of increasing rates of interest. As of September 30, 2023, we have approximately $30.2 million of long-term debt under a Term Loan Credit Facility that is subject to quarterly interest payments that are based on either a base rate plus a margin of up to 2.0% per annum, or SOFR plus a margin of up to 3.0% per annum. Prior to the discontinuation of LIBOR and the amendment of our Term Loan Credit Facility on June 30, 2023, our quarterly interest payments were based on either a base rate plus a margin of up to 2.0% per annum, or LIBOR plus a margin of up to 3.0% per annum. The selection of the interest rate formula is at our discretion. The interest rate otherwise payable under the Term Loan Credit Facility will be subject to increase by 2.0% per annum during the continuance of a payment default and may be subject to increase by 2.0% per annum with respect to the overdue principal amount of any loans outstanding and overdue interest payments and other overdue fees and amounts. At September 30, 2023, the interest rate in effect on these borrowings was 8.9%.

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Cohu, Inc.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
September 30, 2023

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk.

We have operations in several foreign countries and conduct business in the local currency in these countries. As a result, we have risk associated with currency fluctuations as the value of foreign currencies fluctuate against the U.S. dollar, in particular the Swiss Franc, Euro, Malaysian Ringgit, Chinese Yuan, Philippine Peso and Japanese Yen. These fluctuations can impact our reported earnings.

During the fourth quarter of 2020, we began entering into foreign currency forward contracts with a financial institution to offset future movements in foreign exchange rates that affect certain existing U.S. Dollar denominated assets and liabilities held at our subsidiaries whose functional currency is the local currency. Under this program, our strategy is to have increases or decreases in our foreign currency exposures mitigated by gains or losses on the foreign currency forward contracts in order to mitigate the risks and volatility associated with foreign currency transaction gains or losses.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates also impact the U.S. Dollar amount of our net investment in foreign operations. The assets and liabilities of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. Dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Income and expense accounts are translated at an average exchange rate during the period which approximates the rates in effect at the transaction dates. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss. As a result of fluctuations in certain foreign currency exchange rates in relation to the U.S. Dollar as of September 30, 2023, compared to December 31, 2022, our stockholders’ equity increased by $7.4 million.

Based upon the current levels of net foreign assets, a hypothetical 10% devaluation of the U.S. Dollar as compared to these currencies as of September 30, 2023 would result in an approximate $37.0 million positive translation adjustment recorded in other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity. Conversely, a hypothetical 10% appreciation of the U.S. Dollar as compared to these currencies as of September 30, 2023 would result in an approximate $37.0 million negative translation adjustment recorded in other comprehensive income within stockholders’ equity.

Item 4. | Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report.

It should be noted that any system of controls, however well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, and not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system are met. In addition, the design of any control system is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. Because of these and other inherent limitations of control systems, there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, regardless of how remote. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

(b) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we did not make any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Part II | OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. | Legal Proceedings.

The information set forth above under Note 11 contained in the “Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” of this Form 10-Q is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 1A. | Risk Factors.

The most significant risk factors applicable to Cohu are described in Part I, Item 1A (Risk Factors) of Cohu’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (our “2022 Form 10-K”). There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our 2022 Form 10-K, except that we have updated the risk factors set forth below to reflect events occurring since the filing of our 2022 Form 10-K.

Risks Relating to our Indebtedness, Financing and Future Access to Capital

We are exposed to the instability of financial institutions where we maintain cash deposits or other liquid holdings, including federally insured banks, which could result in a lack of liquidity and have an impact to Cohu’s overall financial performance.

To ensure financial flexibility, we maintain a substantial amount of cash deposit holdings in financial banks that exceed the limits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”). A bank failure, default, or other adverse events that restrict the ability of financial institutions to perform, including elevated concerns of such potential events that are rapidly communicated across media platforms, may lead to liquidity constraints for those institutions. On March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), now a division of First Citizens Bank and formerly the country’s 16th largest bank by total assets, experienced a significant and rapid withdrawal of funds that led to its collapse. The FDIC determined that it would guarantee all deposit amounts held at SVB, including amounts above FDIC insurance limits. However, there is no guarantee that the FDIC will similarly protect deposit amounts held above insurance limits if other banks were to fail or other adverse conditions were to impact financial institutions.

We held cash deposits at SVB in excess of FDIC insurance limits at the time of its failure totaling approximately $12.3 million which, based on the FDIC’s specific determination with respect to SVB, was fully protected and guaranteed by the FDIC and therefore we did not experience any losses on our cash deposits. Since that time, we have maintained a limited commercial relationship with SVB, but have minimal deposit risk when viewed as part of our overall financial strategy and diversification of assets across multiple financial institutions.

While SVB’s collapse was partly driven by recent interest rate increases, which resulted in steep realized losses to cover the run on withdrawals, the potential for similar events occurring pose ongoing risk to us. Such events could cause the loss of cash deposits, limit our access to debt facilities and restrict our ability to obtain needed liquidity from financial institutions, hampering our ability to make strategic acquisitions or investments.

Risks Relating to Our Business Operations and Industry

The semiconductor mobility market segment (primarily semiconductors used in smartphones, also other wearables) is undergoing a significant downturn and recent erosion in automotive and industrial segment sales are collectively causing an adverse impact on our sales.

A material portion of Cohu’s sales have historically been derived from customers that provide semiconductor devices for use within the automotive, industrial and mobility market segments. These segments have continued to weaken over the past year. For example, mobility system sales in the last twelve months (as measured from the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2023), compared to the prior year period, have declined 56.7%. This decline has had, and is expected to continue to have, an adverse impact on our business and operating results. Further, during third quarter 2023, automotive and industrial market segment sales began to weaken. Given the inherent uncertainty and volatility within our industry, at this time, we are unable to predict when the mobility, automotive and industrial market segments, or the overall market, will recover or the extent of any such recovery.

The use of Artificial Intelligence within Cohu’s product development involves risks and uncertainties that may impact our operational performance and be subject to legal and/or regulatory action.

We currently utilize, and expect in the future to continue to utilize, Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) technology within certain of our products, including data analytics software designed to provide predictive maintenance recommendations and vision inspection software designed to find pattern recognition within large image datasets. The primary goal of these technologies is to improve the efficiency and performance of our customer deployed systems.

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While our use of AI technology is intended to accelerate innovation and improve productivity, the algorithmic calculations used by AI may result in incorrect data production and flawed root cause analysis of identified issues. Additionally, it is likely that legal and/or regulatory actions that will be taken by impacted jurisdictions may include enhanced legislation that addresses the protection of individuals from data privacy harm resulting from AI use. Finally, an overreliance on AI technology could result in the loss of or diminished human oversight and uncaught errors that could have a negative impact on our business operations and productivity. The continued rapid evolution of AI, including potential government regulation of AI, will require resources to develop, test and maintain our products and features to help us implement AI ethically in order to minimize unintended, harmful impact.

Risks Associated with Operating a Global Business

Geopolitical instability in locations critical to Cohu and its customers’ business, manufacturing, and engineering operations may adversely impact our operations and sales.

An increase in geopolitical tensions in Asia, particularly in the Taiwan Strait, could disrupt existing semiconductor chip manufacturing and increase the prospect of an interruption to the semiconductor chip supply across the world. A setback to the current state of relative peace and stability in the region could compromise existing semiconductor chip production and have downstream implications for our company. The world’s largest semiconductor chip manufacturer is located in Taiwan and is a top supplier for many U.S. companies, many of which are part of the company’s customer base. In addition, war between Ukraine and Russia could adversely impact the supply chain in this region, particularly with respect to critical materials and metals, such as palladium which is used in our interface products as well as in semiconductors. Recently, the armed conflict involving Hamas and Israel, as well as further escalation of tensions between Israel and various countries in the Middle East and North Africa, may cause increased inflation in energy and logistics costs and could further cause general economic conditions in the U.S. or abroad to deteriorate. It is unknown how long any of these disruptions will continue and whether such disruptions will become more severe. Any of these conflicts or threatened conflicts, if they cause interruption to semiconductor chip supply and related impacts to the company’s customers, or any increased costs or disruption in our supply chain, could result in an adverse impact to our financial results.

Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the period covered by this report.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On October 28, 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $70 million share repurchase program. On October 25, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $70 million under the share repurchase program. This share repurchase program was effective as of November 2, 2021 and has no expiration date, and the timing of share repurchases and the number of shares of common stock to be repurchased will depend upon prevailing market conditions and other factors. Repurchases under this program will be made using our existing cash resources and may be commenced or suspended from time-to-time at our discretion without prior notice. Repurchases may be made in the open market, through 10b5-1 programs, or in privately negotiated transactions at prevailing market rates in accordance with federal securities laws. All such repurchased shares and related costs are held as treasury stock and accounted for at trade date using the cost method. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased 133,100 shares of our common stock for $4.7 million to be held as treasury stock. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased 309,985 shares of our common stock for $10.9 million to be held as treasury stock. During the three months ended September 24, 2022, we repurchased 637,700 shares of our common stock for $17.7 million to be held as treasury stock. During the nine months ended September 24, 2022, we repurchased 1,355,508 shares of our common stock for $38.1 million to be held as treasury stock. As of September 30, 2023, $71.1 million of shares of our common stock remained available for us to repurchase under our share repurchase program.

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Share repurchase activity during the third quarter of fiscal 2023 was as follows:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total Number of |  |  | Maximum $ |
|  | Total |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |  |  |  | Shares Purchased |  |  | Value of Shares |
|  | Number of |  |  | Average |  |  | Total |  |  | as Part of Publicly |  |  | That May Yet Be |
|  | Shares |  |  | Price Paid |  |  | Purchase |  |  | Announced |  |  | Purchased Under |
|  | Purchased |  |  | Per Share(1) |  |  | Cost(2) |  |  | Programs(3) |  |  | The Programs(3) |
(In thousands except price per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Jul 2 - Jul 29, 2023 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 75,776 |
Jul 30 - Aug 26, 2023 |  |  | 43 |  |  | $ | 35.72 |  |  | $ | 1,540 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | $ | 74,236 |
Aug 27 - Sep 30, 2023 |  |  | 90 |  |  | $ | 34.80 |  |  | $ | 3,134 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  | $ | 71,102 |
|  |  | 133 |  |  | $ | 35.10 |  |  | $ | 4,674 |  |  |  | 133 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The weighted average price paid per share of common stock does not include the cost of commissions.
(2) | The total purchase cost includes the cost of commissions.
(3) | On October 28, 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a $70 million share repurchase program. On October 25, 2022, our Board of Directors authorized an additional $70 million under the share repurchase program. This share repurchase program is effective as of November 2, 2021 and has no expiration date, and the timing of share repurchases and the number of shares of common stock to be repurchased will depend upon prevailing market conditions and other factors. Repurchases under this program will be made using our existing cash resources and may be commenced or suspended from time-to-time at our discretion without prior notice. Repurchases may be made in the open market, through 10b5-1 programs, or in privately negotiated transactions at prevailing market rates in accordance with federal securities laws. All such repurchased shares and related costs are held as treasury stock and accounted for at trade date using the cost method.

Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. | Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

Our directors and executive officers may purchase or sell shares of our common stock in the market from time to time, including pursuant to equity trading plans adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act and in compliance with guidelines specified by our insider trading policy. In accordance with Rule 10b5-1 and our insider trading policy, directors, officers and certain employees who, at such time, are not in possession of material non-public information are permitted to enter into written plans that pre-establish amounts, prices and dates (or formula for determining the amounts, prices and dates) of future purchases or sales of our stock, including shares acquired pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Under a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, a broker executes trades pursuant to parameters established by the director or executive officer when entering into the plan, without further direction from them. The use of these trading plans permits asset diversification as well as personal financial and tax planning. Our directors and executive officers also may buy or sell additional shares outside of a Rule 10b5-1 plan when they are not in possession of material nonpublic information, subject to compliance with SEC rules, the terms of our insider trading policy and certain minimum holding requirements. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, none of our directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan.

Transactions by Section 16 directors and officers will be disclosed publicly through Form 144 and Form 4 filings with the SEC to the extent required by law. No non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements (as defined by Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K) were entered into, adopted or terminated by any Section 16 director or officer during the third quarter of 2023.

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Item 6. |  | Exhibits.
31.1 |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 |  | Certification pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| COHU, INC. |
| (Registrant) |
Date: November 3, 2023 |  | /s/ Luis A. Müller |
|  | Luis A. Müller |
|  | President & Chief Executive Officer |
Date: November 3, 2023 |  | /s/ Jeffrey D. Jones |
|  | Jeffrey D. Jones |
|  | Senior Vice President, Finance & Chief Financial Officer |
|  | (Principal Financial & Accounting Officer) |

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