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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
__________________________________________________
FORM 10-K
__________________________________________________

(Mark One)
☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission File No. 001-34063
__________________________________________________
LendingTree, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 26-2414818
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1415 Vantage Park Dr., Suite 700, Charlotte, North Carolina 28203
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(704) 541-5351
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
__________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share |  | TREE |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of June 30, 2020, the aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $2,298 million. For the purposes of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and executive officers of the Registrant and a single stockholder who owned in excess of 20% of the voting common stock are assumed to be affiliates of the Registrant.
As of February 19, 2021, there were 13,128,360 shares of the Registrant's common stock, par value $.01 per share, outstanding.
Documents Incorporated By Reference:
Portions of the Registrant's proxy statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III herein. Such proxy statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the Registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  |  | Page
|  | PART I |  |
Item 1. |  | Business |  | 3
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 8
Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments |  | 31
Item 2. |  | Properties |  | 31
Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 32
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 32
|  | PART II |  |
Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |  | 33
Item 6. |  | Selected Financial Data |  | 34
Item 7. |  | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 35
Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 49
Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |  | 50
Item 9. |  | Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |  | 101
Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 101
Item 9B. |  | Other Information |  | 101
|  | PART III |  |
Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |  | 102
Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation |  | 102
Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |  | 102
Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |  | 102
Item 14. |  | Principal Accounting Fees and Services |  | 102
|  | PART IV |  |
Item 15. |  | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules |  | 103
Item 16. |  | Form 10-K Summary |  | 107

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
This annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (the "Annual Report") contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements include statements related to our anticipated financial performance, business prospects and strategy; anticipated trends and prospects in the various industries in which our businesses operate; new products, services and related strategies; and other similar matters. These forward-looking statements are based on management's current expectations and assumptions about future events, which are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. The use of words such as "anticipates," "estimates," "expects," "projects," "intends," "plans" and "believes," among others, generally identify forward-looking statements.
Actual results could differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements. Factors currently known to management that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in forward-looking statements include those matters discussed below, including in Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Other unknown or unpredictable factors that could also adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations may arise from time to time. In light of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking statements discussed in this report may not prove to be accurate. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which only reflect the views of LendingTree, Inc.'s management as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements to reflect changed assumptions, the occurrence of unanticipated events or changes to future operating results or expectations, except as required by law.
PART I
ITEM 1. Business
Our Company
LendingTree, Inc. ("LendingTree", the "Company", "we" or "us") operates what we believe to be the leading online consumer platform that connects consumers with the choices they need to be confident in their financial decisions. Through multiple branded marketplaces, LendingTree empowers consumers to shop for financial services the same way they would shop for airline tickets or hotel stays, comparing multiple offers from a nationwide network of over 800 partners (which we refer to as "Network Partners") in one simple search, and choose the option that best fits their financial needs. Services include mortgage loans, mortgage refinances, home equity loans and lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, auto loans, credit cards, deposit accounts, personal loans, student loans, small business loans, insurance quotes and other related offerings. In addition, we offer tools and resources, including free credit scores, that facilitate comparison shopping for loans, deposit products, insurance and other offerings. We seek to match consumers with multiple providers, who can offer them competing quotes for the product, or products, they are seeking. We believe our platform, consisting of a deep network of Network Partners across a broad array of financial products, differentiates us from other loan or insurance comparison-shopping marketplaces which may focus on fewer product offerings or partner with fewer service providers.
Our strategically designed and executed advertising and marketing campaigns (which we refer to as performance marketing) span a wide array of digital and traditional media acquisition channels and promote our LendingTree and other brands and product offerings. Our marketing efforts are designed to attract consumers to our websites, mobile applications and toll-free telephone numbers. Interested consumers complete inquiry forms, providing detailed information about themselves and the loans or other offerings they are seeking. We refer to such consumer inquiries as consumer requests. We then match these consumer requests with Network Partners in our marketplace that are seeking to serve these consumers' needs. We generate revenue from our Network Partners, generally at the time of transmitting a consumer request to them, in the form of a match fee. In certain instances outside our mortgage and insurance business, we charge other kinds of fees, such as closed loan or closed sale fees. In addition to our primary consumer request data referral business, we also match consumers with Network Partners by offering consumers the ability to click from our website to a Network Partner’s website or by calls for which Network Partners pay either front-end or back-end fees.
We are continually working to improve the consumer experience. We have made investments in technologically-adept personnel and we use in-market real-time testing to improve our digital platforms. Additionally, we work with our Network Partners, including providing training and other resources, to improve the consumer experience throughout the process. Further, we have been building and improving our My LendingTree platform, which provides a relationship-based consumer experience, rather than just a transaction-based experience.

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Evolution and Future Growth of Our Business
At its inception, our original business was to serve consumers seeking home mortgage loans by matching them with various lenders. We launched the LendingTree brand nationally in 1998 and, over the last twenty-plus years, we have invested significantly in this brand to gain widespread consumer recognition.
More recently, we have actively sought to expand the suite of financial services offerings we provide to consumers, in order to both leverage the applicability of the LendingTree brand as well as more fully serve the needs of consumers and Network Partners. We believe that consumers with existing LendingTree-branded associations will be more likely to utilize our other service offerings than those of other providers whose brands consumers may not recognize.
Our My LendingTree platform offers a personalized comparison-shopping experience, by providing free credit scores and credit score analysis. This platform enables us to monitor consumers' credit profiles and then identify and alert them to loans and other offerings on our marketplace that may be more favorable than the terms they have at a given point in time. This is designed to provide consumers with measurable savings opportunities over their lifetimes.
By expanding our portfolio of financial services offerings, we are growing and diversifying our business and sources of revenue. We intend to capitalize on our expertise in performance marketing, product development and technology, and to leverage the widespread recognition of the LendingTree brand to effect this strategy.
We believe the consumer and small business financial services industry is still in the early stages of a fundamental shift to online product offerings, similar to the shift that started in retail and travel many years ago and is now well established. We believe that, like retail and travel, as consumers continue to move towards online shopping and transactions for financial services, suppliers will increasingly shift their product offerings and advertising budgets toward the online channel. We believe the strength of our brands and of our partner network place us in a strong position to continue to benefit from this market shift.
Recent Business Acquisitions
On February 28, 2020, we acquired an equity interest in Stash Financial, Inc. (“Stash”). Stash is a consumer investing and banking platform. Stash brings together banking, investing, and financial services education into one seamless experience offering a full suite of personal investment accounts, traditional and Roth IRAs, custodial investment accounts, and banking services, including checking accounts and debit cards with a Stock-Back® rewards program.
On January 10, 2019, we acquired Value Holding Inc., the parent company of ValuePenguin Inc. ("ValuePenguin"), a personal finance website that offers consumers objective analysis on a variety of financial topics from insurance to credit cards. Combining ValuePenguin’s high-quality content and search engine optimization capability with proprietary technology and insurance carrier network from QuoteWizard.com, LLC ("QuoteWizard") (discussed below) enables us to provide immense value to insurance carriers and agents. This strategic acquisition positions us to achieve further scale in the insurance space as well as the broader financial services industry.
On October 31, 2018, we acquired QuoteWizard.com, one of the largest insurance comparison marketplaces in the growing online insurance advertising market. QuoteWizard services clients by driving consumers to insurance companies’ websites, providing leads to agents and carriers, as well as phone transfers of consumers into carrier call centers. This acquisition has established LendingTree as a leading player in the online insurance advertising industry while continuing our ongoing diversification within the financial services category.
On July 23, 2018, we acquired Student Loan Hero, Inc. (“Student Loan Hero”), a personal finance website dedicated to helping student loan borrowers manage their student debt. Student Loan Hero offers current and former students in-depth financial comparison tools, educational resources, and unbiased, personalized advice. This strategic transaction allows us to scale our student loan business and provide consumers with the tools and resources to better understand their personal finances and make smarter financial decisions.
On June 11, 2018, we acquired Ovation Credit Services, Inc. (“Ovation”), a leading provider of credit services with a strong customer service reputation. Ovation utilizes a proprietary software application that facilitates the credit repair process and is integrated directly with certain credit reporting agencies while educating consumers on credit improvement via ongoing outreach with Ovation case advisors. The proprietary software application offers consumers a simple, streamlined process to identify, dispute, and correct inaccuracies within their credit reports. Ovation's experienced management team, strong credit reporting agency relationships and customized software platform enable us to help more consumers achieve their financial goals through the LendingTree platform.
These acquisitions continue our diversification strategy.
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Economic Conditions
During March 2020, a global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization related to the rapidly growing outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus ("COVID-19"). The pandemic has significantly impacted the economic conditions in the U.S., as federal, state and local governments react to the public health crisis, creating significant uncertainties in the U.S. economy. The downstream impact of various lockdown orders and related economic pullback are affecting our business and marketplace participants to varying degrees. We are continuously monitoring the impacts of the current economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Of our three reportable segments, the Consumer segment has been most impacted as unsecured credit and the flow of capital in certain areas of the market have contracted. The impact to our Home and Insurance segments was much less substantial and these segments recovered by the end of 2020. While forecasting the timeline of full recovery for the Consumer segment remains challenging, the momentum of recovery has increased in each quarter subsequent to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We are encouraged by the progress made, and continue to view the Consumer segment with optimism over the medium to long term. Most of our selling and marketing expenses are variable costs that we adjust dynamically in relation to revenue opportunities to profitably meet demand. Thus, as our revenue was negatively impacted during the recession, our marketing expenses generally decreased in line with revenue.
Segment Reporting
We have three reportable segments: Home, Consumer and Insurance.
Products
Our Home segment includes the following products: purchase mortgage, refinance mortgage, home equity loans and lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, and real estate. Our Consumer segment includes the following products: credit cards, personal loans, small business loans, student loans, auto loans, deposit accounts, and other credit products such as credit repair and debt settlement. Our Insurance segment consists of insurance quote products. Revenue within the Other category includes revenue from the resale of online advertising space to third parties and revenue from home improvement referrals. We ceased offering home improvement referrals during the first quarter of 2019 and ceased reselling online advertising space during the first quarter of 2020.
Segment revenue is as follows (in thousands):

| For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Home | $ | 320,992 |  |  | $ | 277,935 |  |  | $ | 319,176 |
Consumer | 253,198 |  |  | 515,037 |  |  | 395,615 |
Insurance | 333,765 |  |  | 284,792 |  |  | 31,369 |
Other | 2,035 |  |  | 28,839 |  |  | 18,705 |
Total revenue | $ | 909,990 |  |  | $ | 1,106,603 |  |  | $ | 764,865 |

LendingTree does not charge consumers for the use of our services, except for credit repair services. Revenues from our Home products are mostly derived from upfront match fees paid by Network Partners that receive a consumer request, and in some cases upfront fees for clicks or call transfers. Because a given consumer request form can be matched with more than one Network Partner, up to five match fees may be generated from a single consumer request form. Revenues from our Consumer products are generally derived from upfront match fees paid on delivery of a consumer request, click or call and closed loan fees. For our credit card product, we send click traffic to issuers and are generally paid per card approval. Revenues from our Insurance products are primarily derived from upfront match fees, and upfront fees for website clicks or fees for calls, earned through the delivery of consumer requests.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, one Network Partner, Progressive Casualty Insurance, accounted for 15% and 12%, respectively, of total consolidated revenue, all of which was recorded within our Insurance segment. For the year ended December 31, 2018, no Network Partners accounted for more than 10% of total consolidated revenue.
Home Segment
We partner with lenders throughout the United States to provide full geographic lending coverage and to offer a complete suite of loan offerings on our marketplace. To participate on our marketplace, lenders are required to enter into contracts with us that state the terms and conditions for such participation, although these contracts generally may be terminated for convenience by either party. We perform certain due diligence procedures on prospective new lenders, including screening
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against a national anti-fraud database maintained by the Mortgage Asset Research Institute, which helps manage our risk exposure. The data is utilized to determine whether a lender and its principals are eligible to participate on our marketplace and have not been convicted of and/or penalized for fraudulent activity.
Consumers seeking purchase or refinance mortgages through our loan marketplace can receive multiple conditional loan offers from participating lenders in response to a single consumer request form. We refer to the process by which we match consumers and Network Partners as the matching process. This matching process consists of the following steps:
(1)Consumer Request. Consumers complete a single request form with information regarding the type of mortgage loan product they are seeking, loan preferences and other data. Consumers also consent to a soft inquiry regarding their credit.
(2)Consumer Request Form Matching and Transmission. Our proprietary systems and technology match a given consumer's request form data, credit profile and geographic location against certain pre-established criteria of Network Partners, which may be modified from time to time. Once a given request passes through the matching process, the request is automatically transmitted to up to five participating Network Partners.
(3)Lender Evaluation and Response. Network Partners that receive a consumer request form evaluate the information contained in it to determine whether to make a conditional loan offer.
(4)Communication of a Conditional Offer. All matched Network Partners and any conditional offers are presented to the consumer upon completion of the consumer request form. Consumers can return to the site and view their offer(s) at any time by logging in to their My LendingTree profile. Additionally, matched lenders and offers are also sent to the email address associated with the consumer request.
We also offer consumers other mortgage products such as:
•An alternative matching process, which provides them with lender contact information rather than conditional offers from Network Partners.
•A "rate table" loan marketplace, where consumers can enter their loan and credit profile and dynamically view real-time rates or other relevant information from lenders without entering their contact information.
Other Home lending products on our online marketplace include the following:
•Home equity loans and lines of credit, which enable home owners to borrow against the equity in their home, as measured by the difference between the market value of the home and any existing loans secured by the home. Home equity loans are one-time lump sum loans, whereas a home equity line of credit reflects a line of revolving credit where the borrower has flexibility to draw down and repay the line over time.
•Reverse mortgage loans, which are a loan product available to qualifying homeowners age 62 or older.
In addition, we offer real estate brokerage services, through which consumers are matched with local realtors who can assist them in their home purchase or sale efforts. We generate revenue from real estate brokerage services through match fees paid to us by real estate brokers participating in our online marketplace.
Consumer Segment
Consumer lending products on our online marketplace include information, tools and access to multiple conditional loan offers for the following:
•Auto, which includes our auto refinance and purchase loan products. Auto loans enable consumers to purchase new or used vehicles or refinance an existing loan secured by an automobile.
•Credit cards, which include offerings from most major card issuers.
•Personal loans, which are unsecured obligations generally carrying shorter terms and smaller loan amounts than home mortgages.
•Small business loans, which include a broad array of financing types, including but not limited to loans secured by working capital, equipment, real estate and other forms of financing, provided to small and medium-sized businesses.
•Student loans, which includes both new loans to finance an education and related expenses, as well as refinancing of existing loans. During the third quarter of 2018, we purchased Student Loan Hero, a personal finance website dedicated to helping student loan borrowers manage their student debt, enhancing this product.
Non-lending Consumer products also includes information, tools and access to the following:
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•Deposit accounts, through which consumers can access depository deals and analysis covering all major deposit product categories.
•Credit repair, through which consumers can obtain assistance improving their credit profiles, in order to expand and improve loan and other financial product opportunities available to them. During the second quarter of 2018, we purchased Ovation, a leading provider of credit services with a strong customer service reputation, enhancing this product.
•Debt relief services, through which consumers can obtain assistance negotiating existing loans.
We refer to the various purchasers of leads from our other marketplaces as lead purchasers. We generate revenue from the deposit account product from a consumer clicking from our website through to a financial institution's website. We generate revenue from credit repair and debt relief services through subscription fees from consumers that enroll in our credit repair product, or a fee for a customer referral to a service provider partner or through a fee at the time a consumer enrolls in a program with one of our Network Partners.
Insurance Segment
Our Insurance segment includes information, tools and access to insurance quote products, including automobile, home, health and Medicare, through which consumers are matched with insurance lead aggregators to obtain insurance offers. We enhanced our insurance products by acquiring QuoteWizard, one of the largest insurance comparison marketplaces in the growing online insurance advertising market, in the fourth quarter of 2018. We also purchased ValuePenguin, a personal finance website that offers consumers objective analysis on a variety of financial topics from insurance to credit cards, in the first quarter of 2019.
Other Products
Other products not included in the Home, Consumer and Insurance segments includes:
•Home improvement services, through which consumers had the opportunity to research and find home improvement professional services. Effective in the first quarter of 2019, we no longer offer home improvement services.
•Revenue earned through resale of online advertising space to third parties is also classified in other products. Effective in the first quarter of 2020, we no longer resell online advertising space.
We intend to continue adding new offerings for consumers, small businesses and Network Partners on our online marketplace, in order to grow and diversify our sources of revenue. We may develop such new offerings through internal product development efforts, strategic business relationships with third parties and/or acquisitions.
Seasonality
Revenue in our Home segment is subject to cyclical and seasonal trends. Home sales (and purchase mortgages) typically rise during the spring and summer months and decline during the fall and winter months, while refinancing and home equity activity is principally driven by mortgage interest rates as well as real estate values. However, in certain historical periods additional factors affecting the mortgage and real estate markets, such as the 2008-2009 financial crisis and related recession as well as the economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, have impacted customary seasonal trends.
We anticipate revenue in our newer products, primarily within the Consumer segment, to be cyclical as well; however, we have limited historical data to predict the nature and magnitude of this cyclicality. Based on industry data, we anticipate that as our personal loan product matures we will experience less consumer demand during the fourth and first quarters of each year. We also anticipate less consumer demand for credit cards in the fourth quarter of each year, and we anticipate higher consumer demand for deposit accounts in the first quarter of each year. The majority of consumer demand for in-school student loan products occurs in the third quarter coinciding with collegiate enrollment in late summer. Other factors affecting our businesses include macro factors such as credit availability in the market, interest rates, the strength of the economy and employment.
Competition
Our businesses compete with other online marketing companies, including online intermediaries that operate network-type arrangements. We also face competition from lenders and insurance agents that source consumers directly. These companies typically operate consumer-branded websites and attract consumers via online banner ads, keyword placement on search engines, direct mail, television ads, retail branches, realtors, brokers, radio and other sources, partnerships with affiliates and business development arrangements with others, including major online portals.
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Corporate History
LendingTree, Inc. is the parent of LT Intermediate Company, LLC, which holds all of the outstanding ownership interests of LendingTree, LLC, and LendingTree, LLC owns several companies. We were originally incorporated in the state of Delaware in June 1996 and commenced nationwide operations in July 1998.
In May 2003, IAC/InterActiveCorp ("IAC") acquired LendingTree, LLC, which at the time of the acquisition was known as LendingTree, Inc. Following the acquisition, in December 2004, IAC converted LendingTree, Inc. to a Delaware limited liability company, LendingTree, LLC.
In April 2008, IAC formed Tree.com, Inc. (now known as LendingTree, Inc.), a Delaware corporation, which held all of the ownership interests of LendingTree, LLC. In August 2008, Tree.com Inc., including its wholly-owned subsidiary, LendingTree, LLC, was spun off from IAC and became the separately publicly-traded company that we are today.
Effective January 1, 2015, we changed our name from Tree.com, Inc. to LendingTree, Inc.
Regulation and Legal Compliance
We market and provide services in heavily regulated industries through a number of different online and offline channels across the United States. As a result, we are subject to a variety of federal and state laws and regulations, including:
•The Truth-in-Lending Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 ("FACTA"), the Fair Housing Act, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”), and similar state laws, all of which place certain restrictions on the manner in which consumer loans are marketed and originated, and some of which impose restrictions on the amount and nature of fees that may be charged to lenders and real estate professionals for providing or obtaining consumer loan requests;
•The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which imposes, among other things, limitations on fees charged by mortgage lenders, and requirements related to mortgage disclosures;
•Federal and State licensing laws;
•Federal and state laws, which impose restrictions on activities conducted through telephone, mail, email, mobile device or the Internet, including the Telemarketing Sales Rule ("TSR"), the Telephone Consumer Protection Act ("TCPA"), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 ("CAN-SPAM") and the Federal Trade Commission Act;
•Federal and state laws relating to offering of credit repair services to consumers, including such laws that impose restrictions on the usage and storage of consumer credit information such as the Credit Repair Organizations Act ("CROA") and the Fair Credit Reporting Act; and
•Federal and state laws and regulations relating to data privacy and security, such as the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) and the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), which impact how we collect, use, store, share and otherwise process personal information of consumers and other individuals.
Intellectual Property
We believe that our intellectual property and proprietary rights are vital to our success. To protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights in our brand, technology, products, services, data, improvements and inventions, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, and other laws, as well as contractual restrictions on disclosure, such as confidentiality agreements with strategic partners, employees, consultants and other third parties. However, we cannot guarantee that such laws or contractual restrictions will provide us with sufficient protection or that we have entered into confidentiality agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our confidential or proprietary information, know-how or trade secrets.
As we develop or identify new or improved proprietary technologies, we seek patent protection in the United States and abroad, as appropriate. As of December 31, 2020, we own one issued U.S. patent related to the system and method for collecting financial information over a global communications network, which expires in 2032.
Many of our services are offered under proprietary trademarks and service marks. We believe that our LendingTree trademark, which is applied to all of our services, including our acquired businesses, creates positive responses in network partners and consumers. We generally apply to register or secure by contract our principal trademarks and service marks as they are developed and used. As of December 31, 2020, we own 35 trademarks and service marks registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. These registrations can typically be renewed at 10-year intervals.
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In addition, we reserve and register domain names when and where we deem appropriate. As of December 31, 2020, we own approximately 1,600 registered domain names. We also have agreements with third parties that provide for the licensing of patented, copyrighted and other proprietary technology used in our business.
Our success will significantly depend on our ability to obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights and operate our business without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating any intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties. However, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Even if our efforts are successful, we may incur significant costs in defending our intellectual property and proprietary rights or combatting allegations by third parties. From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings or claims, or threatened legal proceedings or claims, including allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of third-party patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets or other intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties. In addition, the use of litigation and other dispute resolution processes, such as Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution, may be necessary for us to enforce our intellectual property rights, including our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of intellectual property or proprietary rights claimed by others. See "Risk Factors" for a more comprehensive description of risks related to our intellectual property.
Human Capital Resources
We are committed to investing in our employees, and nurturing an entrepreneurial and dynamic work environment. We achieve this through dedication to our core principles which include: building truly outstanding products, being open and candid, acting with urgency and creativity, taking charge, setting goals and being accountable, and committing to excellence. Employees are stockholders of the Company, allowing them to take charge and have a direct impact on company choices. We provide individual, career and leadership development opportunities to strengthen skills. We have implemented strong policies and practices to foster a safe and inclusive workplace allowing employees to develop and reach their full potential, and although our employees hold many values in common, our leadership team actively works to attract, develop, and retain talent from a range of backgrounds and experiences in order to benefit from diverse perspectives. The Company and our employees are committed to helping our communities thrive through a variety of Company-sponsored annual and ongoing community outreach efforts.
As of December 31, 2020, we had 1,303 employees, of which approximately 1,289 are full-time and 14 are temporary or part-time. None of our employees are represented under collective bargaining agreements, and we consider our relations with employees and independent contractors to be good.
Additional Information
Website and Public Filings
We maintain a corporate website at www.lendingtree.com and an investor relations website at investors.lendingtree.com. None of the information on or accessible through our websites is incorporated by reference in this report, or in any other filings with, or in any information furnished or submitted to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC").
We make available, free of charge through our website, our reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, our proxy statement for the annual shareholders' meeting and beneficial ownership reports on Forms 3, 4 and 5 as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish such material to, the SEC. Our filings with the SEC are available to the public at the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Our code of business conduct and ethics, which applies to all employees, including all executive officers and senior financial officers and directors, is posted on the investor relations section of our website. This is our code of ethics pursuant to Item 406 of SEC Regulation S-K and the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Any amendments to or waivers of the code of business conduct and ethics that are of the type described in Item 406(b) and (d) of Regulation S-K will be disclosed on our website or in public filings to the extent required by the applicable rules.
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ITEM 1A. Risk Factors
Summary of Risk Factors
Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our common stock.
•The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our business, and the ultimate impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic.
•Adverse conditions in the primary and secondary mortgage markets, as well as the general economy, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•We depend on relationships with our Network Partners and any adverse changes in these relationships could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•Failure to maintain our reputation and brand recognition and attract and retain consumers in a cost-effective manner could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. As such, adverse publicity from litigation or governmental investigations could impact our business and financial condition and results of operations.
•We depend on search engines, online advertising and other online sources to attract visitors to our websites, and if we are unable to attract these visitors and convert them into consumer requests for our Network Partners in a cost-effective manner, our business and financial results may be harmed.
•A significant portion of our revenue growth in 2019 and 2018 was driven by our credit card product.
•A significant portion of our revenue growth in 2020, 2019 and 2018 has been driven by our insurance leads business through our acquisition of QuoteWizard, which was completed in October 2018.
•A portion of our revenue growth in recent years has been driven by personal loan offerings. If lenders participating on our marketplace decide to reduce their offerings of personal loans or if such loans become unattractive to consumers because of higher interest rates demanded by lenders or other reasons, then our results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
•The intended benefits of acquisitions may not be realized and acquisitions or strategic investments that we pursue may not be successful and could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.
•If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
•We rely on the performance of highly skilled personnel and if we are unable to attract, retain, develop and motivate well-qualified employees, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
•A significant portion of our total revenue is derived from one Network Partner, and our results from operations could be adversely affected and stockholder value harmed if we lose significant business from this Network Partner.
•We participate in a highly competitive market, and pressure from existing and new competitors may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If any of our competitors are more successful than we are at attracting and retaining customers or Network Partners, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
•Difficult market conditions have adversely affected the mortgage industry.
•Our current lack of geographic diversity exposes us to risk.
•Our success depends, in part, on the integrity of our systems and infrastructures. System interruption and the lack of integration and redundancy in these systems and infrastructures may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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•We are subject to risks relating to the bankruptcy of our Home Loan Center, Inc. subsidiary, including risks of claims against us and our operating subsidiaries.
•We may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.
•Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
•We may fail to adequately obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights or may be accused of infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating intellectual property or similar proprietary rights of third parties.
•In the ordinary course of business, we are party to litigation involving contract, intellectual property and a variety of other claims, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
•Failure to comply with past, existing or new laws, rules and regulations, or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•If our Network Partners fail to produce required documents for examination by, or other affiliated parties fail to make certain filings with, state regulators, we may be subject to fines, forfeitures and the revocation of required licenses.
•Our collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information could give rise to significant costs and liabilities, including as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements or differing views of personal privacy rights, which may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•The possibility of additional future regulations, changing rule interpretations and examinations by regulatory agencies may result in more stringent compliance standards and could adversely affect the results of our operations.
•Fluctuations in our operating results, quarter to quarter earnings and other factors may result in significant decreases in the price of our common stock.
•One holder of our common stock owns a substantial portion of our outstanding common stock, which concentrates voting control and limits your ability to influence corporate matters.
•Our financial results fluctuate as a result of seasonality, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance and may adversely affect our common stock price.
•The conditional conversion feature of our outstanding convertible senior notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
•We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash or to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Notes.
•Our hedge and warrant transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.
Risk Factors
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this annual report and the information incorporated by reference herein. If any of the risks described below, or incorporated by reference into this annual report actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could suffer. In that case, the trading price of our common stock may decline and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Certain statements below are forward-looking statements. See the information included under the heading "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information" included elsewhere in this annual report.
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Risks Related to our Business
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted our business, and the ultimate impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities in response to the pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the global economy, disrupted global supply chains, created significant volatility and disruption in financial markets, and increased unemployment levels. In addition, the pandemic has resulted in temporary closures of many businesses and the institution of various lockdown orders and sheltering in place requirements in many states and communities. As a result, the demand for our products, in particular in our Consumer segment, has been and may continue to be significantly impacted. Within our Consumer segment we have seen reductions in near-term lender demand for our services, reflecting those lenders' uncertainty over the length and depth of the economic recession as well as the effect of governmental actions such as the temporary suspension of interest accrual and payments on student debt owned by the federal government. Our business operations may also be disrupted if significant portions of our workforce are unable to work effectively, including because of illness, quarantines, government actions, or other restrictions in connection with the pandemic. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our regulatory capital and liquidity ratios, will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and actions taken by governmental authorities and other third parties in response to the pandemic.
Adverse conditions in the primary and secondary mortgage markets, as well as the general economy, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Constraints in the primary and secondary mortgage markets in the past have had, and may in the future have, an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Generally, increases in interest rates adversely affect the ability of our mortgage Network Partners to close loans, and adverse economic trends limit the ability of our mortgage Network Partners to offer home loans other than low-margin conforming loans. Our businesses may experience a decline in demand for their offerings due to decreased consumer demand as a result of the conditions described above, now or in the future. The decreased consumer demand for mortgage refinancing typically leads to decreased traffic to our website and higher associated selling and marketing efforts associated with that traffic. While higher lender demand during these periods often leads to an increase in the amount lenders will pay per matched lead and higher revenue earned per consumer, increases in the amount lenders will pay per matched lead in this situation is limited by the overall cost models of our lenders, and our revenue earned per consumer can be adversely affected by the overall reduced demand for refinancing in a rising interest rate environment. Conversely, during periods with decreased interest rates, mortgage Network Partners have less incentive to use our marketplaces, or in the case of sudden increases in consumer demand, our mortgage Network Partners may lack the ability to support sudden increases in volume. Situations like this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on relationships with our Network Partners and any adverse changes in these relationships could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success depends in significant part on the financial strength of lenders, insurers and lead purchasers participating on our marketplaces and continuing relationships with such lenders, insurers and lead purchases. Network Partners could, for any reason, experience financial difficulties and cease participating on our marketplaces, fail to pay match and/or closing fees when due and/or drop the quality of their services to consumers. We could also have commercial or other disputes with such Network Partners from time to time. The occurrence of one or more of these events with a significant number of Network Partners could, alone or in combination, have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to meet certain metrics required by Network Partners, then our business and financial results may be harmed.
We compete against other online marketing companies in significant part based on the quality and convertibility of the leads we generate. Network Partners have expectations as to the quality and conversion rate of the leads that we generate, and such expectations could change over time. The leads that we supply to Network Partners may not meet the expectations that they have for such leads. Conversion rates for leads may be impacted by factors other than the lead quality, many of which are outside our control. Such factors include competition in lending and insurance markets and sales and marketing practices of Network Partners. Failure to meet the expectations of Network Partners in terms of quality and convertibility of leads may result in reduced fees paid to us by such Network Partners, or in extreme cases, the loss of one or more Network Partners, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Failure to maintain our reputation and brand recognition and attract and retain consumers in a cost-effective manner could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. As such, adverse publicity from litigation or governmental investigations could impact our business and financial condition and results of operations.
In order to attract visitors to our websites, convert these visitors into loan or other financial product requests for our Network Partners and lead purchasers and generate repeat visits from consumers, our businesses must promote and maintain their reputations and various brands. Brand promotion and maintenance requires the expenditure of considerable money and resources for online and offline advertising, marketing and related efforts, as well as the continued provision and introduction of high-quality products and services that meet the needs of consumers at competitive prices, the ability to maintain consumers' trust, and the ability to successfully differentiate our brand, products and services from those of our competitors.
Brand recognition is a key differentiating factor among providers of online services. We believe that continuing to build and maintain the recognition of our various brands is critical to achieving increased demand for the services provided by our businesses. Accordingly, we have spent, and expect to continue to spend, significant amounts on, and devote significant resources to, branding, advertising and other marketing initiatives, which may not be successful or cost-effective. Our brand promotion activities may not generate consumer awareness or yield increased revenue, and even if they do, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in building our brand.
Adverse publicity and the potential corresponding impact on our reputation may be accelerated and amplified by the widespread use of social media platforms. Furthermore, adverse publicity, from legal proceedings against us or our businesses, including governmental proceedings and consumer class action or other litigation, or the disclosure of information from security breaches or other incidents, could negatively impact our reputation and our various brands, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the actions of our third-party marketing partners who engage in advertising on our behalf could negatively impact our reputation and our various brands.
The failure of our businesses to maintain or enhance the reputation and recognition of their respective brands and attract and retain consumers in a cost-effective manner could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We depend on search engines, online advertising and other online sources to attract visitors to our websites, and if we are unable to attract these visitors and convert them into consumer requests for our Network Partners in a cost-effective manner, our business and financial results may be harmed.
Our success depends on our ability to attract online consumers to our websites and convert them into customers in a cost-effective manner. We depend, in part, on search engines, online advertising and other online sources for our website traffic. We are included in search results as a result of both paid search listings, where we purchase specific search terms that result in the inclusion of our advertisement, and, separately, organic searches, that depend upon the searchable content on our sites. Search engines and other online sources revise their algorithms, and introduce new advertising products, from time to time in an attempt to optimize their search results.
If one or more of the search engines or other online sources on which we rely for website traffic were to modify its general methodology for how it displays our websites, resulting in fewer consumers clicking through to our websites, our business could suffer. In addition, if our online advertisements are not able to reach certain consumers due to consumers' use of ad-blocking software or other ad-blocking capabilities, our business could suffer. Furthermore, if any free search engine traffic on which we rely begins charging fees for listing or placement, or if one or more of the search engines or other online sources on which we rely for purchased listings, modifies or terminates its relationship with us, our expenses could rise, we could lose customers, and traffic to our websites could decrease, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A significant portion of our revenue growth in 2019 and 2018 was driven by our credit card product.
Our credit card product offering is subject to particular risks:
•adverse conditions in the economy may affect credit card issuers and their willingness to issue new credit;
•credit losses among credit card issuers may increase beyond normal and budgeted levels which could cause a reduction in demand;
•interest rate increases may make balance transfer cards less profitable for issuers;
•credit card issuers and other advertisers in the business verticals in which we operate may be unwilling to advertise on our websites or mobile applications;
•changes in application approval rates by credit card issuer customers;
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•increased competition and its effect on our website traffic, click-through rates, advertising rates, revenue, margins, and market share;
•ability to provide competitive service to credit card issuers and to consumers using our online offerings and other platforms;
•credit card issuers may determine that the online digital marketing channel is no longer a viable marketing platform for generating new credit card customers;
•our ability to maintain brand recognition for both LendingTree and CompareCards and to effectively leverage the LendingTree brand with the CompareCards brand; and
•our ability to develop new products and services and enhance existing ones.
If our credit card product is impacted by the risks described above, then our results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
A significant portion of our revenue growth in 2020, 2019 and 2018 has been driven by our insurance leads business through our acquisition of QuoteWizard, which was completed in October 2018.
The QuoteWizard acquisition poses risks for our ongoing operations, including, among others:
•adverse conditions in the economy may affect insurance carriers and their willingness to issue policies;
•covered losses among insurance carriers may increase beyond normal and budgeted levels which could cause a reduction in demand for leads;
•insurance carriers and other advertisers in the business verticals in which we or QuoteWizard operate may be unwilling to advertise on our or QuoteWizard’s websites or mobile applications;
•major publishers may determine they no longer want QuoteWizard as an advertising partner;
•changes in underwriting approval rates by insurance carrier customers;
•increased competition and its effect on our or QuoteWizard’s website traffic, click-through rates, advertising rates, revenue, margins, and market share;
•the cost of media may rise at a faster pace than QuoteWizard's monetization of traffic;
•ability to provide competitive service to insurance carriers and to consumers using QuoteWizard’s and our online offerings and other platforms;
•insurance carriers may determine that the online digital marketing channel is no longer a viable marketing platform for generating new insurance customers;
•government regulatory agencies may hinder or disallow the operation of QuoteWizard's marketplace;
•new government regulations and/or laws that affect the ability of private insurance carriers to market products directly to the consumer;
•new government regulations and/or laws that would replace private insurance programs with government run programs;
•our ability to maintain brand recognition for both LendingTree and QuoteWizard and to effectively leverage the LendingTree brand with the QuoteWizard brand;
•our ability to develop new products and services and enhance existing ones;
•our ability to retain key employees of QuoteWizard;
•costs and expenses associated with any undisclosed or potential liabilities;
•that the business acquired in the acquisition may not continue to perform as well as anticipated; and
•assumed liabilities associated with QuoteWizard’s historical operations, including liabilities arising from privacy and security regulations or security breaches.
If the QuoteWizard business is impacted by the risks described above, then our results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
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A portion of our revenue growth in recent years has been driven by personal loan offerings. If lenders participating on our marketplace decide to reduce their offerings of personal loans or if such loans become unattractive to consumers because of higher interest rates demanded by lenders or other reasons, then our results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Prior to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, revenue from personal loan offerings was responsible for a significant portion of the growth in the Consumer segment revenue over the last few years.
Personal loans are unsecured obligations and generally carry shorter terms and smaller loan amounts than mortgages. Because they are unsecured, they are generally riskier assets for lenders than mortgages or other secured loans. Consumer demand for unsecured loans offered on our marketplace is often for refinancing of higher interest credit card debt or for a lower interest alternative to credit card debt for a contemplated larger purchase that would otherwise be purchased with a credit card. Lenders participating on our marketplace may reduce their willingness to make personal loans at more attractive interest rates than credit card debt and may for that reason, or for any other reason, reduce their demand for personal consumer requests generated from our personal loan marketplace. Reasons that lenders might reduce their willingness to make personal loans at attractive interest rates may include regulatory changes, stricter institutional lending criteria, a lack of adequate funding sources or capital for loan originations, or increased borrower default levels, which may occur upon adverse changes in regional, national or global economic conditions. Additionally, lenders may tighten their underwriting standards, making it more difficult for consumers to qualify for personal loans. Personal loan lenders are increasingly focused on profitability and are attempting to reduce their acquisition costs of new customers. If lenders participating on our marketplace decide to reduce their offerings of personal loans, tighten their underwriting standards, or if personal loans become unattractive to consumers because of higher interest rates demanded by lenders or other reasons, then our results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
Any adverse changes in relationships with our Network Partners, or failure to meet certain metrics required by Network Partners, could adversely affect our business. Network Partners affiliated with our marketplaces are not precluded from offering products and services outside of our marketplaces, or obtaining products and services from our competitors.
Because our businesses do not have exclusive relationships with Network Partners, consumers may obtain loans, insurance and other financial products from these third-party service providers without having to use our marketplaces. Network Partners can offer loans, insurance and other financial products directly to consumers through their own marketing campaigns or other traditional methods of distribution, such as referral arrangements, physical store-front operations or broker agreements. Network Partners may also offer loans, insurance and other financial products and services to prospective customers online directly, through one or more online competitors of our businesses, or both. If a significant number of consumers seek loans, insurance and other financial products and services directly from Network Partners or through our competitors as opposed to through our marketplaces, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Some of our products are new to the market and may fail to achieve or maintain customer acceptance and profitability.
We have launched a number of new products over the last several years. We do not have as much experience with these new products as with the other more mature products. Accordingly, new products may be subject to greater risks than our more mature products.
The success of our new products will depend on a number of factors, including:
•Implementing, at an acceptable cost, product features offered by our competitors and/or expected by consumers, lenders and lead purchasers;
•Market acceptance by consumers, lenders and lead purchasers;
•Offerings by current and future competitors;
•Our ability to attract and retain management and other skilled personnel for these businesses;
•Our ability to collect amounts owed to us from third parties;
•Our ability to develop successful and cost-effective marketing campaigns; and
•Our ability to timely adjust marketing expenditures in relation to changes in demand for the underlying products and services offered by our Network Partners.
Our results of operations may suffer if we fail to successfully anticipate and manage these issues associated with new products.
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If we are unable to continually enhance our products and services and adapt them to technological changes and consumer and lender, insurer and/or lead purchaser needs, including the emergence of new computing devices and more sophisticated online services, we may lose market share and revenue and our business could suffer.
We need to anticipate, develop and introduce new products, services and applications on a timely and cost-effective basis that keep pace with technological developments and changing consumer and customer needs. For example, the number of individuals who access the internet through devices other than a personal computer, such as tablets, mobile telephones, voice assistants, televisions and set-top box devices has increased significantly and this trend is likely to continue. Because each manufacturer or distributor may establish unique technical standards for its devices, our websites may not be functional or viewable on these devices. Additionally, new devices and new platforms are continually being released. Consumers access many traditional web services on mobile devices through applications, or apps.
It is difficult to predict the problems we may encounter in improving our websites' functionality with these alternative devices or developing apps for mobile platforms. If we fail to develop our websites or apps to respond to these or other technological developments and changing consumer and customer needs cost effectively, or if consumers and customers respond negatively to changes, we may lose market share, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We improve our products and services in ways that forego short-term gains.
We are constantly striving to improve the user experience for our consumers who use our websites and applications and for our Network Partners. Some of our changes may have the effect of reducing our short-term revenue or profitability if we believe that the benefits will ultimately improve our financial performance over the long-term. Any short-term reductions in revenue or profitability could be more severe than we anticipate or these decisions may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The intended benefits of acquisitions may not be realized.
Our acquisitions pose risks for our ongoing operations, including, among others:
•that senior management’s attention may be diverted from the management of daily operations to the integration of the businesses acquired in the acquisition;
•we may be unable to retain key employees of businesses acquired;
•our ability to fully integrate the businesses acquired;
•costs and expenses associated with any undisclosed or potential liabilities;
•that the businesses acquired in the acquisition may not perform as well as anticipated;
•adverse conditions in the economy may affect the lenders or insurance carriers or other customers of the acquired businesses and their willingness to issue new credit, write new policies or otherwise expand their businesses;
•advertisers in the business verticals in which we or the acquired businesses operate may be unwilling to advertise on our websites or mobile applications;
•increased competition and its effect on our or the acquired businesses' website traffic, click-through rates, submitted consumer requests, advertising rates, revenue, margins, and market share;
•our ability to maintain brand recognition for both us and the acquired businesses and to effectively leverage the LendingTree brand with the newly acquired brands;
•our ability to develop new products and services and enhance existing ones;
•assumed liabilities associated with the historical operations of the acquired businesses, including as a result of privacy regulations or data breaches.
As a result of the foregoing, our acquisitions may not be accretive to us in the near term or at all. Furthermore, if we fail to realize the intended benefits of the business acquired in the acquisition, the market price of our common stock could decline to the extent that the market price reflects an expectation of those benefits.
Other acquisitions or strategic investments that we pursue may not be successful and could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition.
We may consider or undertake strategic acquisitions of, or material investments in, businesses, products or technologies, such as our February 2020 acquisition of an equity interest in Stash. We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition or
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investment candidates, or even if we do identify suitable candidates, they may be difficult to finance, expensive to fund and there is no guarantee that we can obtain any necessary regulatory approvals or complete such transactions on terms that are favorable to us. To the extent we pay the purchase price of any acquisition or investment in cash or through borrowings under our Amended Revolving Credit Facility (as defined herein), it would reduce our cash balances and/or result in indebtedness we must service, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business and financial condition. If the purchase price is paid with our stock, it would be dilutive to our stockholders. In addition, we may assume liabilities associated with a business acquisition or investment, including unrecorded liabilities that are not discovered at the time of the transaction, and the repayment of those liabilities may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition. There may also be litigation or other claims arising in connection with an acquisition itself.
We may not be able to successfully integrate the personnel, operations, businesses, products or technologies of an acquisition or investment. Integration may be particularly challenging if we enter into a line of business in which we have limited experience and the business operates in a difficult legal, regulatory or competitive environment. We may find that we do not have adequate operations or expertise to manage the new business. The integration of any acquisition or investment may divert management's time and resources from our core business, which could impair our relationships with our current employees, customers and strategic partners and disrupt our operations. Acquisitions and investments also may not perform to our expectations for various reasons, including the loss of key personnel and/or customers. If we fail to integrate acquisitions or investments or realize the expected benefits, we may lose the return on these acquisitions or investments or incur additional transaction costs and our business and financial condition may be harmed as a result.
If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
We have experienced rapid and significant growth in our headcount and operations, including as a result of acquisitions, which places substantial demand on management and our operational infrastructure. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new employees, while maintaining the beneficial aspects of our company culture. If we do not manage the growth of our business and operations effectively, the quality of our services and efficiency of our operations could suffer, which could harm our business and results of operations.
We rely on the performance of highly skilled personnel and if we are unable to attract, retain, develop and motivate well-qualified employees, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
We believe our success has depended, continues to and in the future will depend, on the efforts and talents of our management team and our highly skilled employees and workers, including our software engineers, analysts, marketing professionals and sales staff. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. The loss of any of our senior management or key employees could materially and adversely affect our ability to build on the efforts that they have undertaken and to execute our business plan, and we may not be able to find adequate replacements. Despite our current efforts, we cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any members of our senior management or other key employees. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees or developing, retaining and motivating existing employees, our business and results of operations could be harmed.
Network Partners on our marketplaces may not provide competitive levels of service to consumers, which could materially and adversely affect our brands and businesses and their ability to attract consumers.
The ability of our businesses to provide consumers with a high-quality experience depends, in part, on consumers receiving competitive levels of convenience, customer service, price and responsiveness from Network Partners participating on our other marketplaces with whom they are matched. If these providers do not provide consumers with competitive levels of convenience, customer service, price and responsiveness, the value of our various brands may be harmed, the ability of our businesses to attract consumers to our websites may be limited and the number of consumers matched through our marketplaces may decline, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A significant portion of our total revenue is derived from one Network Partner, and our results from operations could be adversely affected and stockholder value harmed if we lose significant business from this Network Partner.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, one Network Partner accounted for 15% and 12%, respectively, of total consolidated revenue. If this significant Network Partner were to cease purchasing consumer requests and we were unable to replace the associated demand, the loss could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations in the short term and potentially also the longer term. Also, if this Network Partner reduces its volume of consumer requests for any reason, our business could be adversely affected.
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We have incurred significant operating losses in the past and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to be profitable over the long term.
We have incurred operating losses from continuing operations at times in our history, and although we were profitable in 2019 and 2018, we have an accumulated deficit of $640.9 million at December 31, 2020. If we fail to maintain or grow our revenue and manage our expenses, we may incur significant losses in the future and not be able to maintain profitability.
Our Amended Revolving Credit Facility contains financial covenants and other restrictions on our actions, and it could therefore limit our operational flexibility or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition. Failure to comply with the terms of any such facility could impair our rights to the assets that have been pledged as collateral under the facility.
On December 10, 2019, our wholly-owned subsidiary LendingTree, LLC entered into an amended and restated $500.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Amended Revolving Credit Facility"), which amended and restated our previous $350.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “2017 Revolving Credit Facility”). This Amended Revolving Credit Facility matures on December 10, 2024. Borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility can be used to finance working capital needs, capital expenditures, and general corporate purposes, including to finance permitted acquisitions. As of February 26, 2021, there were no borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility.
The Amended Revolving Credit Facility contains a restrictive financial covenant, which limits the total consolidated debt to an EBITDA ratio. In addition, the Amended Revolving Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including, subject to certain exceptions, restrictions on our ability to, among other things:
•incur additional indebtedness;
•grant liens;
•make loans and investments;
•enter into mergers or make certain fundamental changes;
•make certain restricted payments, including dividends, distributions, stock repurchases or redemptions;
•sell assets;
•enter into transactions with affiliates;
•enter into restrictive transactions;
•enter into sale and leaseback transactions;
•enter into hedging transactions; and
•engage in certain other transactions without the prior consent of the lenders.
On July 21, 2020, we entered into a temporary amendment to the Amended Revolving Credit Facility to provide for certain covenant relief, primarily to facilitate the issuance of new convertible notes, the repurchase of a portion of existing convertible notes, and to pay down existing borrowings under the credit facility. Among other things, the amendment amends the existing credit agreement to temporarily replace the total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio covenant with a consolidated liquidity covenant requiring us to maintain unrestricted cash and cash equivalents in the United States plus amounts available and permitted to be drawn under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility to be no less than $200.0 million, as well as impose additional limitations on certain restricted payments during such temporary period. These amendments shall apply from the effective date through the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021, unless terminated in advance by us.
The Amended Revolving Credit Facility requires LendingTree, LLC to pledge as collateral, subject to certain customary exclusions, substantially all of its assets, including 100% of its equity in all of its domestic subsidiaries and 66% of the voting equity, and 100% of the non-voting equity, in all of its material foreign subsidiaries (of which there are currently none). The obligations under this facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by LendingTree, Inc. and material domestic subsidiaries of LendingTree, LLC, which guaranties are secured by a pledge as collateral, subject to certain customary exclusions, of 100% of each such guarantor's assets, including 100% of each such guarantor’s equity in all of its domestic subsidiaries and 66% of the voting equity, and 100% of the non-voting equity, in all of its material foreign subsidiaries (of which there are currently none).
If an event of default occurs or if we otherwise fail to comply with any of the negative or affirmative covenants of the Amended Revolving Credit Facility, the lenders may declare all of the obligations and indebtedness under such facility due and payable. In such a scenario, the lenders could exercise their lien on the pledged collateral, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. For additional information on the Amended Revolving
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Credit Facility, see Note 15—Debt, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.
Risks Related to our Industry
We participate in a highly competitive market, and pressure from existing and new competitors may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. If any of our competitors are more successful than we are at attracting and retaining customers or Network Partners, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We currently compete with a number of other online marketing companies and we expect that competition will intensify. We also face the possibility of new competitors. Some of these existing competitors may have more capital or complementary products or services than we do, and they may leverage their greater capital or diversification in a manner that adversely affects our competitive position, including by making strategic acquisitions. In addition, new competitors may enter the market and may be able to innovate and bring products and services to market faster, or anticipate and meet consumer or Network Partner demand before we do. Other newcomers, including major search engines and content aggregators, may be able to leverage their existing products and services or access to data to our disadvantage. We may be forced to expend significant resources to remain competitive with current and potential competitors. If any of our competitors are more successful than we are at attracting and retaining customers or Network Partners, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Difficult market conditions have adversely affected the mortgage industry.
Declines in the housing market from 2006 through early 2012, as measured by the S&P/Case-Schiller 20-city composite home price index, with home price declines and increased foreclosures, unemployment and under-employment, negatively impacted the credit performance of mortgage loans and resulted in significant write-downs of asset values by financial institutions, including government-sponsored entities as well as major commercial and investment banks. These write-downs, initially of mortgage-backed securities but subsequently of other asset-backed securities, credit default swaps and other derivative and cash securities, in turn, caused many financial institutions to seek additional capital, merge with larger and stronger institutions and, in some cases, to fail.
Reflecting concern about the stability of the housing markets generally and the strength of counterparties, many lenders and institutional investors reduced or ceased providing funding to borrowers, including to other financial institutions. This market disruption and tightening of credit led to an increased level of commercial and consumer delinquencies, lack of consumer confidence and increased market volatility. The resulting economic pressure on consumers and lack of confidence in the financial markets has had in the past and may have in the future, an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
While conditions in the housing markets have improved since 2013, the failure to sustain such improvements could have adverse effects on us and our mortgage Network Partners. Further, our business could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other businesses in the financial services sector, including our non-lender lead purchasers. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more of these entities, or the financial services industry generally, have in the past, and may in the future, lead to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to disruptions in the financial technology industry. Any such disruption could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our current lack of geographic diversity exposes us to risk.
Other than a support services office in India, our operations are geographically limited to and dependent upon the economic condition of the United States. As a result of this geographical concentration, we are more vulnerable to downturns or other conditions that affect the U.S. economy. We may choose to expand our operations in order to increase our geographic diversity, and if we do, such expansion would place increased responsibilities on our management, divert resources from other operations and expose us to new risks of foreign operations.
Risks Related to our Operations
Our success depends, in part, on the integrity of our systems and infrastructures. System interruption and the lack of integration and redundancy in these systems and infrastructures may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to maintain the integrity of our systems and infrastructures, including websites, information and related systems, call centers and distribution and fulfillment facilities. System interruption and the lack of
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integration and redundancy in our information systems and infrastructures may materially and adversely affect our ability to operate websites, process and fulfill transactions, respond to customer inquiries and generally maintain cost-efficient operations. We may experience occasional system interruptions that make some or all systems or data unavailable or prevent our businesses from efficiently providing services or fulfilling orders. We also rely on affiliate and third-party computer systems, broadband and other communications systems and service providers in connection with the provision of services generally, as well as to facilitate, process and fulfill transactions. Any interruptions, outages or delays in our systems and infrastructures, our businesses, our affiliates and/or third parties, or deterioration in the performance of these systems and infrastructures, could impair the ability of our businesses to provide services, fulfill orders and/or process transactions. Fire, flood, power loss, telecommunications failure, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, acts of war or terrorism, acts of God, unauthorized intrusions or computer viruses, and similar events or disruptions may damage or interrupt computer, broadband or other communications systems and infrastructures at any time. Any of these events could cause system interruption, delays and loss of critical data, and could prevent our businesses from providing services, fulfilling orders and/or processing transactions. While our businesses have backup systems for certain aspects of their operations, these systems are not fully redundant and disaster recovery planning is not sufficient for all eventualities. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance coverage to compensate for losses from a major interruption. If any of these events were to occur, it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are continuously developing, updating, and rewriting critical platforms that support our business. The risks associated with this work include, but are not limited to, operational implementation, downtimes, and diversion of management and technical resources. If the work is more challenging or time consuming than expected, then our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Breaches or failures of our systems or website security, the theft, unauthorized access, acquisition, use, disclosure, modification or misappropriation of personal information, the occurrence of fraudulent activity, or other data security-related incidents may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In the processing of consumer transactions, our businesses collect, use, store, disclose, transfer, and otherwise process a large volume of personal information and other confidential, proprietary and sensitive data. Breaches or failures of security involving our systems or website or those of any of our affiliates, Network Partners or external service providers may occur, and could result in the theft, unauthorized access, acquisition, use, disclosure, modification or misappropriation of personal information of our consumers, employees or third parties with whom we conduct business, or other confidential, proprietary and sensitive data, fraudulent activity, or system disruptions or shutdowns. The occurrence of any actual or attempted breach, failure of security or fraudulent activity, the reporting of such an incident, whether accurate or not, or our failure to make adequate or timely disclosures to the public or law enforcement agencies following any such event, whether due to delayed discovery or a failure to follow existing protocols, could result in claims made against us or our affiliates, Network Partners or external service providers, which could result in state and/or federal litigation and related financial liabilities, as well as criminal penalties or civil liabilities, regulatory actions from state and/or federal governmental authorities, and significant fines, orders, sanctions, litigation and claims against us by consumers or third parties and related indemnification obligations. Actual or perceived security breaches or failures could also cause financial losses, increased costs, interruptions in the operations of our business, misappropriation of assets, significant damage to our brand and reputation with consumers and third parties with whom we do business, and result in adverse publicity, loss of consumer confidence, distraction to our management, and reduced sales and profits, any or all of which could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Such breaches, failures and fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check fraud, fraudulent inducement, electronic fraud, wire fraud, computer viruses, phishing, social engineering, denial or degradation of service attacks, malware, ransomware or other cyber-attacks, and other dishonest acts, any of which could be the result of a circumvention or failure of our data security processes, procedures, tools, and controls. Our systems are also subject to compromise from internal threats, such as theft, misuse, unauthorized access or other improper actions by employees, external service providers and other third parties with otherwise legitimate access to our systems and website. Data security-related incidents and fraudulent activity are increasing in frequency and evolving in nature. We rely on a framework of security, processes, procedures, tools, and controls designed to protect our information and assets but, given the unpredictability of the timing, nature and scope of data security-related incidents and fraudulent activity, there can be no assurance that any security procedures and controls that we or our external service providers have implemented will be sufficient to prevent data security-related incidents or other fraudulent activity from occurring. Furthermore, because the methods of attack and deception change frequently, are increasingly complex and sophisticated, and can originate from a wide variety of sources, including third parties such as external service providers and even nation-state actors, despite our reasonable efforts to ensure the integrity of our systems and website, it is possible that we may not be able to anticipate, detect, appropriately react and respond to, or implement effective preventative measures against, all security breaches and failures and fraudulent activity. As a result, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
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We also face risks associated with security breaches affecting third parties and their suppliers or partners (fourth parties) with whom we are affiliated or otherwise conduct business. Due to applicable laws and regulations or contractual obligations, we may be held responsible for any breach, failure or fraudulent activity attributed to our affiliates, Network Partners or external service providers as they relate to the information we share with them. In addition, because we do not control our Network Partners or external service providers and our ability to monitor their data security is limited, we cannot ensure the security measures they take will be sufficient to protect our information. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against, respond to, and recover from any potential, attempted, or existing security breaches or failures and their consequences. As data security-related threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful. The inability to implement, maintain and upgrade adequate safeguards could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, there could be public announcements regarding any data security-related incidents and any steps we take to respond to or remediate such incidents, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these announcements to be negative, it could, among other things, have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Consumers are generally concerned with security and privacy of the internet, and any publicized security problems affecting our businesses or those of third parties with whom we are affiliated or otherwise conduct business may discourage consumers from doing business with us, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
While we currently maintain cybersecurity insurance, such insurance may not be sufficient in type or amount to cover us against claims related to breaches, failures or other data security-related incidents, and we cannot be certain that cyber insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all, or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Legal, Compliance and Regulation
We are subject to risks relating to the bankruptcy of our Home Loan Center, Inc. subsidiary, including risks of claims against us and our operating subsidiaries.
Our subsidiary Home Loan Center, Inc. ("HLC") filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the "Bankruptcy Code"), in order to preserve assets for the benefit of all creditors of HLC. In September 2019, the Bankruptcy Court converted the bankruptcy to Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code and appointed a Trustee to liquidate HLC's assets. We refer to HLC’s filing and the subsequent process under the Bankruptcy Code as the HLC bankruptcy.
HLC has indicated that it believes it has claims against HLC’s sole shareholder, our operating subsidiary LendingTree, LLC, and certain of its officers and directors, relating to the declaration of a dividend by HLC in January 2016 of $40.0 million. We believe the declaration of the dividend was proper, that the amounts paid to LendingTree, LLC following such declaration are not subject to recovery by HLC and that any claims by HLC relating to the dividend declaration are without merit. During 2020, LendingTree, LLC and HLC entered into a settlement agreement in the amount of $36.0 million for the release of any and all claims against company defendants by HLC, including the dividend claim.
As a result of its filings with the Bankruptcy Court, certain creditors have, and it is possible that certain other creditors will, assert claims directly against our company or one or more of our wholly-owned subsidiaries not included as debtors in the HLC bankruptcy, which we refer to as non-debtor parties, on various legal theories. While we are not aware of a basis for any material claims of this nature, any such assertions of claims by HLC creditors may require significant effort, resources and money to defend and could result in losses to us. Moreover, our management may be required to spend a significant amount of time and effort dealing with the HLC bankruptcy, which could have an adverse impact on our ability to execute our business plan and operations. See Note 21—Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for a discussion of the accounting for HLC’s bankruptcy filing.
We may become subject to intellectual property disputes, which are costly and may subject us to significant liability and increased costs of doing business.
From time to time, in the ordinary course of business we are subjected to actual and threatened legal proceedings, claims and counterclaims, including allegations relating to infringement of the patents, trademarks, copyrights and other intellectual property and similar proprietary rights, and misappropriation of trade secrets, of third parties. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to develop and commercialize our products and services without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of third parties. However, we may not be aware that our products or services are infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating third-party intellectual property rights and such third parties may bring claims alleging such infringement, misappropriation or violation. Lawsuits are often time-consuming and expensive to resolve and they may
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divert management’s time and attention. Our technologies may not be able to withstand any third-party claims against their use. In addition, many companies may have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them. If a third party is able to obtain an injunction preventing us from accessing third-party intellectual property rights, or if we cannot license or develop alternative technology for any infringing aspect of our business, we may be forced to limit or stop sales of our products and services or cease business activities related to such intellectual property. Our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type or may not be adequate to indemnify us for all liability that may be imposed. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property-related litigation or proceedings could adversely affect our ability to compete in the marketplace. Any intellectual property litigation to which we might become a party, or for which we are required to provide indemnification, may require us to do one or more of the following:
•cease selling or using products or services that incorporate the intellectual property rights that we allegedly infringe, misappropriate or violate;
•make substantial payments for legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages;
•obtain a license, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, to sell or use the relevant technology; or
•redesign or rebrand the allegedly infringing products or services to avoid infringement, misappropriation or violation, which could be costly, time-consuming or impossible.
Any litigation of this nature, regardless of outcome or merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management and technical resources, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Patent litigation tends to be particularly protracted and expensive. In addition, during the course of litigation there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock or other adverse consequences.
Unanticipated changes in effective tax rates or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.
On December 22, 2017, former President Trump signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), comprehensive tax legislation which significantly reformed the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. This tax legislation significantly reduced the U.S. statutory corporate tax rate and made broad and complex changes to the U.S. tax code in the period of enactment and will continue to impact the income tax adjustments of prospective reporting periods. The Company recorded a provisional net tax expense of $9.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, which was subject to adjustment in the remeasurement period of up to one year following the December 2017 enactment, as provided by Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”). During the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company finalized the computations of the income tax effects of the Act. As such, in accordance with SAB 118, the Company's accounting for the effects of the Act was deemed complete. The Company did not significantly adjust provisional amounts recorded in the prior year and the SAB 118 measurement period subsequently ended on December 22, 2018.
The impact of the changes in tax legislation on future years may be material to our consolidated financial statements. Similarly, changes in tax laws and regulations that impact our Network Partners or the economy generally may also impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, tax laws and regulations are complex and subject to varying interpretations, and any significant failure to comply with applicable tax laws and regulations in all relevant jurisdictions could give rise to substantial penalties and liabilities. Any changes in enacted tax laws (such as the recent U.S. tax legislation), rules or regulatory or judicial interpretations; any adverse outcome in connection with tax audits in any jurisdiction; or any change in the pronouncements relating to accounting for income taxes could materially and adversely impact our effective tax rate, tax payments, financial condition and results of operations.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
As of December 31, 2020, we had pre-tax consolidated federal net operating losses (“NOLs”) of $179.5 million. The federal NOLs no longer expire under the TCJA. Our NOLs will be available to offset taxable income subject to the limitations found in Internal Revenue Code Sections 382 and 383. In addition, we have state NOLs of approximately $519.5 million at December 31, 2020, that will expire at various times between 2021 and 2040. If we experience one or more ownership changes in the future as a result of future transactions in our stock, our ability to utilize NOLs could be limited. Our ability to use our NOLs was limited on an annual basis by the TCJA. This limitation was deferred for tax years 2019 and 2020 by the 2020 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security ("CARES") Act.
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We may fail to adequately obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights or may be accused of infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating intellectual property or similar proprietary rights of third parties.
We regard our intellectual property rights, including our patents, trademarks, service marks, copyrights, domain names, trade secrets and similar intellectual property and proprietary rights (as applicable), as critical to our success. Our businesses also rely heavily upon software, informational databases and other components that make up their products and services.
We rely on a combination of laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions with employees, consumers, suppliers, affiliates and others to establish and protect our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to obtain, maintain, enforce and protect our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights may be inadequate. We may not be able to protect our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights if we are unable to enforce our rights or if we do not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property or similar proprietary rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights adequately, third parties, including our competitors, may gain access to our intellectual property and proprietary technology and develop and commercialize substantially identical products, services or technologies, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Despite the precautions we have in place, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property, including our trade secrets, without authorization. In addition, third parties may independently and lawfully develop substantially similar intellectual property.
In some cases, litigation or other actions may be necessary to protect or enforce our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights or to determine the validity and scope of intellectual or proprietary rights claimed by others. Defending, protecting and enforcing our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights might entail significant expense or be time-consuming or distracting to management. Further, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may be met with defenses, counterclaims, and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights, and if such defenses, counterclaims or countersuits are successful, we could lose valuable intellectual property rights. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential or sensitive information could be compromised by disclosure in the event of litigation.
We have generally registered and continue to apply to register, or secure by contract when appropriate, our principal trademarks and service marks as they are developed and used, and reserve and register domain names when and where we deem appropriate. We generally consider the protection of our trademarks to be important for purposes of brand maintenance and reputation. While we strive to protect our trademarks, service marks and domain names, effective trademark protection may not be available, and contractual disputes may affect the use of marks governed by private contract. Similarly, not every variation of a domain name may be available or be registered, even if available. Our failure to protect our intellectual property rights in a meaningful manner or challenges to related contractual rights could result in erosion of our brand names and reputation, and limit our ability to control marketing on or through the Internet using our various domain names or otherwise, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The value of our intellectual property could diminish if others assert rights in or ownership of our trademarks and other intellectual property rights, or trademarks that are similar to our trademarks. We may be unable to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to our satisfaction.
We have been granted one U.S. patent and from time to time we may have patent applications pending with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and various foreign patent authorities for various proprietary technologies and other inventions. The status of any patent involves complex legal and factual questions, and the breadth of claims allowed is uncertain. Accordingly, any patent application filed may not result in a patent being issued, or existing or future patents may not be adjudicated valid by a court or be afforded adequate protection against competitors with similar technology. Even if we continue to seek patent protection in the future, we may be unable to obtain or maintain patent protection for our technology. In addition, any patents issued from pending or future patent applications or licensed to us in the future may not provide us with competitive advantages, or may be successfully challenged by third parties. Likewise, the issuance of a patent to us does not mean that our processes or inventions will be found not to infringe upon patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties. There may be issued patents of which we are not aware, held by third parties that, if found to be valid and enforceable, could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future processes or inventions. There also may be pending patent applications of which we are not aware that may result in issued patents, which could be alleged to be infringed by our current or future processes or inventions. Moreover, third parties may create new products or methods that achieve similar results without infringing upon patents that we own.
Any patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights that we have or may obtain may be challenged or circumvented by others or invalidated or held unenforceable through administrative process, including re-examination, inter partes review, interference and derivation proceedings and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings) or litigation. Furthermore, legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability, and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are often uncertain. Patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available to us. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United
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States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. As we expand our activities, our exposure to unauthorized copying and use of our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights will likely increase. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property and similar proprietary rights may be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States and where mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be weak. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may be unable to prevent third parties from infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating our intellectual property or similar proprietary rights.
We cannot ensure that all persons and entities contributing to our intellectual property have validly assigned to us all applicable intellectual property rights they may have or that we will be able to enforce our rights under any such agreements. Moreover, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into confidentiality agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our confidential or proprietary information, know-how and trade secrets, or that any such confidentiality agreements will be effective in controlling access to, and distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering or disclosure of, our confidential or proprietary information, know-how and trade secrets. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach.
In the ordinary course of business, we are party to litigation involving contract, intellectual property and a variety of other claims, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.
We are involved in various legal proceedings and claims involving taxes, contract, alleged infringement of third-party intellectual property rights, consumer protection, securities laws, and other claims, including, but not limited to, the legal proceedings described in Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings. These matters could involve claims for substantial amounts of money or for other relief that might necessitate changes to our business or operations. The defense of these actions has been, and will likely continue to be, both time consuming and expensive, and the outcomes of these actions cannot be predicted with certainty. Determining reserves for pending litigation is a complex, fact-intensive process that requires significant legal judgment. It is possible that unfavorable outcomes in one or more such proceedings could result in substantial payments that could adversely affect our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period.
Failure to comply with past, existing or new laws, rules and regulations, or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We market and provide services in heavily regulated industries through a number of different channels across the United States. As a result, our businesses have been and remain subject to a variety of laws, rules, regulations, statutes, standards, policies and procedures in various jurisdictions in the United States and abroad, which are subject to change at any time. The failure of our businesses to comply with past, existing or new laws, rules and regulations, or to obtain and maintain required licenses, could result in administrative fines or proceedings against us or our businesses by governmental agencies and/or litigation by consumers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and our brand.
Our businesses conduct marketing activities via telephone, mail and/or through online marketing channels, and these general marketing activities are governed by numerous federal regulations, such as the TSR, the CAN-SPAM Act, the TCPA, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, and various state telemarketing laws, federal and state data privacy and security laws and their accompanying regulations and guidelines, among others. Additionally, increased regulation by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (“CFPB”), the U.S. Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") and Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") has resulted in restrictions on our marketing activities.
Additional federal, state and in some instances, local laws regulate secured and unsecured lending, and insurance brokerage activities, and certain solicitation activities related to registered investment advisors, which impacts our marketplace, partners and consumers. These laws generally regulate the manner in which lending and lending-related activities, and insurance brokerage activities, and solicitation activities related to registered investment advisors are marketed or made available, including advertising and other consumer disclosures, payments for services and record keeping requirements; these laws include RESPA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Truth-in-Lending Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and various state laws. State laws often restrict the amount (and nature) of interest and fees that may be charged by a lender or mortgage broker, or otherwise regulate the manner in which lenders or mortgage brokers operate or advertise.
State and federal lending laws and regulations generally require accurate disclosure of the critical components of credit costs so that consumers can readily compare credit terms from various lenders. These laws and regulations also impose certain restrictions on the marketing and advertisement of these credit terms. Because we are an aggregator of rate and other information regarding many financial products, including mortgages, loans, deposits and credit cards, we may be subject to some of these laws and regulations and we may be held liable under these laws and regulations for information provided through our online services.
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Our businesses are also subject to various state, federal and/or local laws, rules and regulations that regulate the amount and nature of fees that may be charged for transactions and incentives, such as rebates, that may be offered to consumers by our businesses, as well as the manner in which these businesses may offer, advertise or promote transactions. For example, RESPA generally prohibits the payment or receipt of referral fees and fee shares or splits in connection with residential mortgage loan transactions, subject to certain exceptions. The applicability of referral fee and fee sharing prohibitions to lenders and real estate providers, including online networks, may have the effect of reducing the types and amounts of fees that may be charged or paid in connection with real estate-secured loan offerings or activities, including mortgage brokerage, lending and real estate brokerage services, or otherwise limiting our and our Network Partners' ability to conduct marketing and referral activities.
Various federal, state and, in some instances, local, laws also prohibit unfair, deceptive and abusive marketing and sales practices. We have adopted appropriate policies and procedures to address these requirements (such as appropriate consumer disclosures and call scripting, call monitoring and other quality assurance and compliance measures), but it is not possible to ensure that all employees comply with our policies and procedures at all times.
Regulatory authorities and private plaintiffs may allege that we failed to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations where we believe we have complied. These allegations may relate to past conduct and/or past business operations, such as our discontinued mortgage origination operation (which was subject to various state and local laws, rules and regulations). Even allegations that our activities have not complied or do not comply with all applicable laws and regulations may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The alleged violation of such laws, rules or regulations may entitle an individual plaintiff to seek monetary damages, or may entitle an enforcing government agency to seek significant civil or criminal penalties, costs and attorneys' fees. Regardless of its merit, an allegation typically requires legal fee expenditures to defend against. We have in the past and may in the future decide to settle allegations of non-compliance with laws, rules and regulations when we determine that the cost of settlement is less than the cost and risk of continuing to defend against an allegation. Settlements may require us to pay monetary fines and may require us to adopt new procedures and practices, which may render it more difficult to operate or may raise our internal costs. The future occurrence of one or more of these events could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations is a significant component of our internal costs, and new laws, rules and regulations are frequently proposed and adopted, requiring us to adopt new procedures and practices. Changes to existing laws, rules and regulations or changes to interpretation of existing laws, rules and regulations could result in further restriction of activities incidental to our business and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operation and financial condition. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulatory requirements may result in, among other things, revocation of or inability to renew required licenses or registrations, loss of approval status, termination of contracts without compensation, administrative enforcement actions and fines, private lawsuits, including those styled as class actions, cease and desist orders and civil and criminal liability.
Our reputation, ability to do business and financial statements may be harmed by improper conduct by our business partners.
Our business partners (or businesses we acquire or partner with) may violate U.S. and/or non-U.S. laws, including the laws governing payments to government officials, bribery, fraud, kickbacks and false claims, pricing, sales and marketing practices, conflicts of interest, competition, employment practices and workplace behavior, export and import compliance, money laundering and data privacy. Our business partners typically act as independent contractors and not as agents in their solicitations and transactions with consumers, and we cannot ensure that these entities will comply with applicable laws and regulations at all times. Failure on the part of a lender, insurer, website operator or other third party to comply with applicable laws or regulations could result in, among other things, claims of vicarious liability or a negative impact on our reputation and business.
Failure to obtain proper business licenses or other documentation or to otherwise comply with local laws and requirements regarding marketing, sales or services, may result in civil or criminal penalties and restrictions on our ability to conduct business in that jurisdiction.
Most states require licenses to solicit, broker or make loans secured by residential mortgages and other consumer loans to residents of those states, as well as to operate real estate referral and brokerage services, and in many cases require the licensure or registration of individual employees engaged in aspects of these businesses. Further, as mandated by the federal Secure and Fair Enforcement of Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 (the "SAFE Act"), states adopted certain minimum standards for the licensing of individuals involved in mortgage lending or loan brokering. States also require licenses to undertake certain insurance brokerage activities, and state or federal licensure or registration is required to undertake solicitation activities involving registered investment advisors. Compliance with these requirements may render it more difficult for us and our Network Partners to operate or may raise our internal costs or the costs of our Network Partners, which may be passed on to us
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through less favorable commercial arrangements. While our businesses have endeavored to comply with applicable requirements, the application of these requirements to persons operating online is not always clear. Moreover, any of the licenses or rights currently held by our businesses or our employees may be revoked prior to, or may not be renewed upon, their expiration. In addition, our businesses or our employees may not be granted new licenses or rights for which they may be required to apply from time to time in the future.
Regulations promulgated by some states may also impose compliance obligations on directors, executive officers, and any person who acquires a certain percentage (for example, 10% or more) of the equity in a licensed entity, including requiring such persons to periodically file financial and other personal and business information with state regulators. If any such person refuses or fails to comply with these requirements, we may be unable to obtain certain licenses and existing licensing arrangements may be jeopardized. The inability to obtain, or the loss of, required licenses could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our Network Partners fail to produce required documents for examination by, or other affiliated parties fail to make certain filings with, state regulators, we may be subject to fines, forfeitures and the revocation of required licenses.
Some of the states in which our businesses maintain licenses require them to collect various loan documents from our Network Partners and produce these documents for examination by state regulators. While our Network Partners are contractually obligated to provide these documents upon request, these measures may be insufficient. Failure to produce required documents for examination could result in fines, as well as the revocation of our licenses to operate in certain states, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.
In the event that our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, or independent registered public accounting firm determines in the future that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective as defined under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we could be subject to one or more investigations or enforcement actions by state or federal regulatory agencies, stockholder lawsuits or other adverse actions requiring us to incur defense costs, pay fines, settlements or judgments, thereby causing investor perceptions to be adversely affected and potentially resulting in restatement of our financial statements for prior periods and a decline in the market price of our stock.
In addition, our current internal controls and any new controls we implement may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business or information technology systems or changes in the applicable laws, regulations and standards. We have also recently acquired, and may acquire in future, companies that were not subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley regulations and accordingly were not required to establish and maintain an internal control infrastructure meeting the standards promulgated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Any failure to design or operate effective controls, any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, or any failure to implement adequate internal controls for our acquired companies could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. Not correctly designing controls nor fully recognizing, understanding or testing the state of or changes in our internal control environment could also adversely affect the results of management evaluations and independent registered public accounting firm audits of our internal control over financial reporting, about which we are required to include in our periodic reports filed with the SEC. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, if we are unable to continue to meet these requirements, we may not be able to remain listed on the Nasdaq stock market in the future.
We may be exposed to liabilities under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our operations in India may subject us to compliance with various laws and regulations, including the FCPA and similar anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws, which generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from engaging in bribery or making other improper payments to private or public parties for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or gaining an unfair business advantage. The FCPA also requires proper record keeping and characterization of such payments in our reports filed with the SEC. Violations of these laws could result in severe criminal or civil sanctions and financial penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations.
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Our collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information could give rise to significant costs and liabilities, including as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements or differing views of personal privacy rights, which may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In the course of our operations and the processing of consumer transactions, our businesses collect, use, store, disclose, transfer and otherwise process a large volume of personal information, including from our consumers, employees and third parties with whom we conduct business, and other user data. The collection, use, storage, disclosure, transfer and other processing of personal information is increasingly subject to a wide array of federal and state laws and regulations regarding data privacy and security, such as the GLBA and the CCPA, that are intended to protect the privacy of personal information that is collected, used, stored, disclosed, transferred and otherwise processed in or from the governing jurisdiction. Some countries, including India, also are considering or have passed legislation requiring local storage and processing of data, or similar requirements, which could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our products and services. As we seek to expand our business, we are, and may increasingly become, subject to various laws, regulations and standards, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data use, privacy and security in the jurisdictions in which we operate. In many cases, these laws and regulations apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between or among us, our affiliates and other parties with whom we conduct business. These laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible that they will be interpreted and applied in ways that may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The regulatory framework for data privacy and security worldwide is continuously evolving and developing and, as a result, interpretation and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future.
In the United States, various federal and state regulators, including governmental agencies like the CFPB and FTC, have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws and regulations concerning personal information and data security. This patchwork of legislation and regulation may give rise to conflicts or differing views of personal privacy rights. For example, certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to personal information than federal, international or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, all of which may complicate compliance efforts. At the federal level, we may be subject to the GLBA, which restricts certain collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure by covered companies of certain personal information, requires notice to individuals of privacy practices and provides individuals with certain rights to prevent the use and disclosure of certain non-public or otherwise legally protected information. The GLBA also imposes requirements regarding the safeguarding and proper destruction of personal information through the issuance of data security standards or guidelines. In addition, many states in which we operate have laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information. For example, the CCPA, which increases privacy rights for California residents and imposes obligations on companies that process their personal information, came into effect on January 1, 2020. Among other things, the CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers and provide such consumers new data protection and privacy rights, including the ability to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. The CCPA was amended in September 2018 and November 2019, and it is possible that further amendments will be enacted, but even in its current form it remains unclear how various provisions of the CCPA will be interpreted and enforced. The recent passage of the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) will bring additional compliance obligations. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in Congress of a new federal data protection and privacy law to which we would become subject if it is enacted. All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs that are likely to increase over time, may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, divert resources from other initiatives and projects, and could restrict the way products and services involving data are offered, all of which may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Many statutory requirements, both in the United States and abroad, include obligations for companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving certain personal information, which could result from breaches experienced by us or our external service providers. For example, laws in all 50 U.S. states require businesses to provide notice to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. These laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is difficult and may be costly. Moreover, states have been frequently amending existing laws, requiring attention to changing regulatory requirements. We also may be contractually required to notify consumers or other counterparties of a security breach. Although we may have contractual protections with our external service providers, any actual or perceived security breach could harm our reputation and brand, expose us to potential liability or require us to expend significant resources on data security and in responding to any such actual or perceived breach. Any contractual protections we may have from our external service providers may not be sufficient to adequately protect us from any such liabilities and losses, and we may be unable to enforce any such contractual protections.
In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups have and may in the future propose self-regulatory standards from time to time. These and other industry standards may legally or contractually apply to us, or we may
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elect to comply with such standards. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws and regulations concerning data privacy and security, and we cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. New laws, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations may require us to incur additional costs and restrict our business operations. Because the interpretation and application of laws, regulations, standards and other obligations relating to data privacy and security are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws, regulations, standards and other obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data processing practices and policies or the features of our products and services. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, public censure, other claims and penalties, and significant costs for remediation and damage to our reputation, we could be materially and adversely affected if legislation or regulations are expanded to require changes in our data processing practices and policies or if governing jurisdictions interpret or implement their legislation or regulations in ways that negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner, or at all. Any inability to adequately address data privacy or security-related concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable laws, regulations, standards and other obligations relating to data privacy and security, could result in additional cost and liability to us, harm our reputation and brand, damage our relationships with consumers and have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We make public statements about our use and disclosure of personal information through our privacy policies, information provided on our website and press statements. Although we endeavor to comply with our public statements and documentation, we may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. The publication of our privacy policies and other statements that provide promises and assurances about data privacy and security can subject us to potential government or legal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Moreover, from time to time, concerns may be expressed about whether our products and services compromise the privacy of consumers and others. Any concerns about our data privacy and security practices, even if unfounded, could damage the reputation of our businesses, discourage potential users from our products and services and have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Any failure or perceived failure by us or our Network Partners or external service providers to comply with our posted privacy policies or with any applicable federal, state or similar foreign laws, regulations, standards, certifications or orders relating to data privacy, security or consumer protection, or any compromise of security that results in the theft, unauthorized access, acquisition, use, disclosure, or misappropriation of personal information or other user data, could result in fines or proceedings or litigation by governmental agencies or consumers, including class action privacy litigation in certain jurisdictions, which would subject us to significant awards, penalties or judgments, one or all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if our practices are not consistent, or viewed as not consistent, with legal and regulatory requirements, including changes in laws, regulations and standards or new interpretations or applications of existing laws, regulations and standards, we may also become subject to audits, inquiries, whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, or severe criminal or civil sanctions, all of which may affect our financial condition, operating results and our reputation.
Changes in the regulation of the Internet, mobile carriers and their partners could negatively affect our business.
Our business is dependent on the continued growth and maintenance of the Internet’s infrastructure, as well as our ability to market products through channels such as e-mail and voice and text messaging. There can be no assurance that the Internet’s infrastructure will continue to be able to support the demands placed on it by sustained growth in the number of users and amount of traffic. To the extent that the Internet’s infrastructure is unable to support the demands placed on it, our business may be impacted. We may also be disadvantaged by the adverse effect of any delays or cancellations of private sector or government initiatives designed to expand broadband access. The reduction in the growth of, or a decline in, broadband and Internet access poses a risk to us.
In addition, federal, state and international government bodies and agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws and regulations affecting the use of the Internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could adversely affect the demand for our products and services or require us to modify our products and services in order to comply with these changes. Laws, rules and regulations governing advertising and e-commerce through Internet communications and mobile carriers and their partners are dynamic, and the extent of future government regulation is uncertain. Federal and state regulations govern various aspects of our online business, including intellectual property ownership, infringement and misappropriation, including with respect to trade secrets, the distribution of electronic communications, marketing and advertising, data privacy and security, search engines and Internet tracking technologies. Future taxation on the use of the Internet or e-commerce transactions could also be imposed. Existing or future regulation or taxation could hinder growth in or negatively impact the use of the Internet generally, including the viability of Internet e-commerce, which could reduce our revenue, increase our operating expenses and expose us to significant liabilities.
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The possibility of additional future regulations, changing rule interpretations and examinations by regulatory agencies may result in more stringent compliance standards and could adversely affect the results of our operations.
In response to conditions in the U.S. financial markets and economy, as well as a heightened regulatory and Congressional focus on consumer and small business lending and consumer investing, regulators have increased their scrutiny of the financial services industry, the result of which has included new regulations and guidance. We are unable to predict the long-term impact of this enhanced scrutiny. We are also unable to predict whether any additional or similar changes to statutes or regulations, including the interpretation or implementation thereof, will occur in the future. Likewise, states or municipalities may adopt statutes or regulations making it unattractive, impracticable or infeasible for our businesses to continue to conduct business in such jurisdictions. The impact of additional future regulations and/or withdrawal from any jurisdiction due to emerging legal requirements could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to an Investment in our Common Stock
Fluctuations in our operating results, quarter to quarter earnings and other factors may result in significant decreases in the price of our common stock.
The market price for our common stock has been volatile, as the trading volume has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate, causing significant price variations to occur. From when we became a publicly-traded company to as of December 31, 2020, the price per share of our common stock has fluctuated from an intra-day low of $1.42 per share to an intra-day high of $434.94 per share. The market price of our common stock may fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our common stock or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our common stock include:
•our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers;
•the timing and success of introductions of new services;
•rapid technological change, frequent new product introductions and evolving industry standards;
•variations in our quarterly operating and financial results or our projected operating and financial results;
•failure to meet analysts' earnings estimates;
•publication of research reports about us, our Network Partners or our industry;
•additions or departures of key management personnel;
•adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or preferred or common stock we may issue in the future;
•actions by stockholders, including "activist" investors;
•changes in market valuations of other companies in our industry, including our customers and competitors;
•announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, dispositions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;
•increased competition from one or more large, well-established technology companies;
•systems, data center and internet failures, breaches and service interruptions;
•speculation in the press or investment community, including the short selling of our common stock;
•our ability to expand internationally;
•changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations affecting our industry or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements relating to these matters;
•threatened or actual ligation;
•loss of key employees;
•changes in estimated fair value of contingent consideration related to acquisitions; and
•changes in general economic or market conditions.
The stock market is subject to frequent price and volume fluctuations. These market fluctuations could result in extreme volatility in the trading price of our common stock, which could cause a decline in the value of your investment in our common shares. In addition, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business or financial results, including in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if those events do not directly affect us.
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You should also be aware that price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock are low. These factors may result in short-term or long-term negative pressure on the value of our common stock.
If securities or industry analysts publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for internet marketplace operators and lead-generation companies depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about the industry and specific companies. If one or more analysts covering us currently or in the future fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decline, which could cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. If one or more recognized securities or industry analysts that cover our company or our industry in the future downgrades our common stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business or industry, our stock price would likely decline.
One holder of our common stock owns a substantial portion of our outstanding common stock, which concentrates voting control and limits your ability to influence corporate matters.
As of February 19, 2021, Douglas Lebda, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owned approximately 16% of our outstanding common stock. Additionally, Mr. Lebda holds restricted stock unit awards representing 11,294 shares and options to purchase a maximum of 1,326,676 shares that are not included in beneficial ownership because Mr. Lebda does not have the right to acquire them within 60 days. If these restricted stock units were to settle and these options were exercisable, they would represent additional beneficial ownership of approximately 7% of our outstanding common stock.
Therefore, for the foreseeable future, Mr. Lebda will have influence over our management and affairs and all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election or removal (with or without cause) of directors and approval of any significant corporate transaction, such as a merger or other sale of us or our assets. The interests of Mr. Lebda may not necessarily align with the interests of our other stockholders. Mr. Lebda could elect to sell a significant interest in us and you may receive less than the then-current fair market value or the price you paid for your shares as a result of such transaction. This concentrated control could delay, defer or prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us that other stockholders may otherwise support. This concentrated control could also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our common stock and might harm the market price of our common stock.
Future sales of common stock by our existing stockholders may cause our stock price to fall.
The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales by our existing stockholders in the market, or the perception that these sales could occur. These sales might also make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities at a time and price that we deem appropriate.
We may issue additional shares of our common stock in the future pursuant to current or future equity incentive plans, or in connection with current or future acquisitions or financings. If we were to raise capital in the future by selling shares of our common stock, or securities that are convertible into our common stock or issuing shares of our common stock in a business acquisition, their issuance would have a dilutive effect on the percentage ownership of our stockholders and, depending on the prices at which such shares or convertible securities are sold or issued, on their investment in our common stock and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on the market prices of our common stock.
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by stockholders to replace or remove our management and affect the market price of our common stock.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended and restated, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and/or amended and restated bylaws include provisions that:
•Authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by our stockholders, up to five million shares of undesignated preferred stock, sometimes referred to as "blank check preferred";
•Prohibit cumulative voting in the election of directors;
•Provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office or by the sole remaining director;
•Provide that only our board of directors may change the size of our board of directors;
•Specify that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by or at the direction of our board of directors or by a person specifically designated with such authority by the board; and
•Prohibit stockholders from taking action by written consent.
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The provisions described above may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing our management. These provisions may also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company, even if stockholders support such a change of control.
We do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
We have not declared or paid a cash dividend on our common stock during the eight most recent fiscal years. We have no current intention to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, the Amended Revolving Credit Facility contains certain restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. See Note 15—Debt, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The declaration, payment and amount of future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be the sole source of gain for the foreseeable future for holders of our common stock.
Our financial results fluctuate as a result of seasonality, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance and may adversely affect our common stock price.
Several of our products are subject to seasonal trends. Products in our Home segment have seasonal trends that reflect the general patterns of the mortgage industry and housing sales, which typically peak in the spring and summer seasons and decline in the winter. Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate as a result of these seasonal trends. In certain historical periods, broader cyclical trends in interest rates, as well as the mortgage and real estate markets, have upset the customary seasonal trends. Our Consumer and Insurance segments also have certain products with various seasonality trends which may create further uncertainty in our quarterly operating results. See Item 1. Business—Seasonality included elsewhere in this annual report for more information. Any of these seasonal trends, or the combination of them, may negatively impact the price of our common stock.
The conditional conversion feature of our outstanding convertible senior notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
If the conditional conversion feature of our 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due July 15, 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) and 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes due June 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”, and, together with the 2025 Notes, the “Notes”) is triggered, holders of Notes will be entitled to convert the Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. Convertibility for each quarter will be determined based on whether the last reported sales price of our common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter, is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price under the Notes on each applicable trading day. If so, then the Notes will be convertible during that calendar quarter. The Notes will also be convertible at any time during the five business day period immediately following any five consecutive trading day period in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of Notes for each trading Day of such five trading day period is less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of our common stock on each such trading day and the conversion ratio under the Notes, as more fully described in the respective indentures governing the Notes, which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this annual report.
If one or more holders elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the respective Notes as a current rather than long-term liability, which would result in a material reduction of our net working capital.
We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash or to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Notes.
Holders of the Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid special interest, if any. We may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Notes surrendered therefore, or pay cash with respect to Notes being converted if we elect not to issue shares, which could harm our reputation and affect the trading price of our common stock.
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Our hedge and warrant transactions may affect the value of the Notes and our common stock.
In connection with the pricing of the Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with certain counterparties. The hedge transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution upon conversion of the Notes and/or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, as the case may be. We also entered into warrant transactions with such counterparties. However, the warrant transactions could separately have a dilutive effect to the extent that the market price per share of our common stock exceeds the applicable strike price of the warrants. The initial strike price of the warrants is $709.52 for the warrants associated with the 2025 Notes and $266.39 for the warrants associated with the 2022 Notes.
In connection with establishing their initial hedge of the hedge and warrant transactions, the counterparties or their respective affiliates may have purchased shares of our common stock and/or entered into various derivative transactions with respect to our common stock concurrently with or shortly after the pricing of the Notes. In addition, the counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ours in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of Notes or following any repurchase of Notes by us on any fundamental repurchase date or otherwise). This activity could cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock or the Notes.
The accounting method for our convertible senior notes and warrants issued could have a material adverse effect on our reported financial results.
In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2020-06, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments, amends the derivatives scope exception guidance for contracts in an entity’s own equity, and amends the related earnings-per-share guidance. These amendments are required to be adopted in reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. We expect these amendments to impact the accounting for our convertible senior notes and warrants issued. Subsequent to adoption, these amendments are expected to result in an increase to the carrying value of the debt liability, and lower dilutive earnings per share, compared to the historical method of accounting.
We may need additional equity, debt or other financing in the future, which we may not be able to obtain on acceptable terms, or at all, and any additional financing may result in restrictions on our operations or substantial dilution to our stockholders.
We may need to raise funds in the future, for example, to develop new technologies, expand our business, respond to competitive pressures and make acquisitions. We may try to raise additional funds through public or private financings, strategic relationships or other arrangements. Although our existing credit facility limits our ability to incur additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions and may be amended with the consent of our lenders. Accordingly, under certain circumstances, we may incur substantial additional debt.
Our ability to obtain debt or equity funding will depend on a number of factors, including market conditions, interest rates, our operating performance, our credit rating and investor interest. Additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to reduce expenditures, including curtailing our growth strategies, foregoing acquisitions or reducing our business development efforts. If we succeed in raising additional funds through the issuance of equity or equity-linked securities, then existing stockholders could experience substantial dilution. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities or preferred stock, these new securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of the holders of our common stock. In addition, any such issuance could subject us to restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. Further, to the extent we incur additional indebtedness or such other obligations, the risks associated with our existing debt, including our possible inability to service our existing debt, would increase.
General Risk Factors
If our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets become impaired, we may be required to record a significant charge to earnings.
Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"), we review the carrying value of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets on an annual basis as of October 1, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Factors that may be considered a change in circumstances, indicating that the carrying value of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets may not be recoverable, include a decline in stock price and market capitalization, reduced future cash flow estimates and slower growth rates in our industry or our customers' industries. We may be required to record a significant
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charge in our financial statements during a period in which any impairment of our goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets is determined, negatively impacting our results of operations.
Charges to earnings resulting from acquisitions may adversely affect our operating results.
Under GAAP, when we acquire businesses, we allocate the purchase price to tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets acquired at their acquisition date fair values. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. We also estimate the fair value of any contingent consideration. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable but which are uncertain and involve significant judgments by management. After we complete an acquisition, the following factors could result in material charges and adversely affect our operating results and may adversely affect our cash flows:
•costs incurred to combine the operations of companies we acquire, such as transitional employee expenses and employee retention or relocation expenses;
•impairment of goodwill or intangible assets;
•a reduction in the useful lives of intangible assets acquired;
•impairment of long-lived assets;
•identification of, or changes to, assumed contingent liabilities;
•changes in the fair value of any contingent consideration;
•charges to our operating results due to duplicative pre-merger activities;
•charges to our operating results from expenses incurred to effect the acquisition; and
•charges to our operating results due to the expensing of certain stock awards assumed in an acquisition.
Substantially all of these potential charges would be accounted for as expenses that would decrease our net income and earnings per share for the periods in which those costs are incurred. Charges to our operating results in any given period could differ substantially from other periods based on the timing and size of our acquisitions and the extent of acquisition accounting adjustments.
For acquisitions with potential future contingent consideration payments, we assign a fair value to the contingent consideration and reassess this fair value quarterly. Increases or decreases based on the actual performance of the acquired company against the contingent consideration targets or other factors will cause decreases or increases, respectively, in our results of operations. These quarterly adjustments could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, we incurred $5.3 million, $28.4 million and $10.8 million, respectively, of contingent consideration expense due to the change in estimated fair value of the earnout payments.
ITEM 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. Properties
Our new corporate office is currently in the final stages of construction and will be located on approximately 176,000 square feet of office space in Charlotte, North Carolina under an approximate 15-year lease that is expected to contractually commence in the first quarter of 2021. We also have additional Charlotte offices, some of which are expected to be consolidated into our new principal executive offices.
Primarily as a result of our acquisitions in recent years, we also operate offices in: Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Denver, Colorado; Jacksonville, Florida; New York City, New York; Rancho Cordova, California; San Mateo, California; Seattle, Washington; and Makarba, India.
Our Charlotte operations support all three of our segments: Home, Consumer and Insurance. Our Home segment is also supported by our San Mateo office. The Consumer segment has personnel in the Charleston, Chicago, Jacksonville, New York City, San Mateo and Makarba offices. The Insurance segment has personnel in the Denver, New York City, Rancho Cordova and Seattle offices.
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ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings
In the ordinary course of business, we are party to litigation involving property, contract, intellectual property and a variety of other claims. The amounts that may be recovered in such matters may be subject to insurance coverage. See Note 17—Contingencies and Note 21—Discontinued Operations in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for a discussion of our current and recently settled litigation.
ITEM 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
General Market Information, Holders and Dividends
Our common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the ticker symbol "TREE". As of February 19, 2021, there were approximately 575 holders of record of our common stock.
We have no current intention to declare or pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. The declaration, payment and amount of future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors.
Performance Graph
The performance graph shall not be deemed "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as otherwise expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
Set forth below is a line graph, for the period from December 31, 2015 through December 31, 2020, comparing the cumulative total stockholder return of $100 invested (assuming that all dividends were reinvested) in (1) our common stock, (2) the cumulative return of all companies listed on the Nasdaq Composite Index and (3) the cumulative total return of the Research Development Group ("RDG") Internet index. Returns over the indicated periods should not be considered indicative of future stock prices or stockholder returns.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the year ended December 31, 2020, we did not issue or sell any shares of our common stock or other equity securities in transactions that were not registered under the Securities Act.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
In each of February 2018 and February 2019, the board of directors authorized and we announced a stock repurchase program which allowed for the repurchase of up to $100.0 million and $150.0 million, respectively, of our common stock. Under this program, we can repurchase stock in the open market or through privately-negotiated transactions. We have used available cash to finance these repurchases. We will determine the timing and amount of any additional repurchases based on our evaluation of market conditions, applicable SEC guidelines and regulations, and other factors. This program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the discretion of our board of directors. During the quarter ended December 31, 2020, no shares of common stock were repurchased under the stock repurchase program. As of February 19, 2021, approximately $179.7 million is authorized for future share repurchases.
Additionally, the LendingTree Sixth Amended and Restated 2008 Stock and Award Incentive Plan and the LendingTree 2017 Inducement Grant Plan allow employees to forfeit shares of our common stock to satisfy federal and state withholding obligations upon the exercise of stock options, the settlement of restricted stock unit awards and the vesting of restricted stock awards granted to those individuals under the plans. During the quarter ended December 31, 2020, 6,587 shares were purchased related to these obligations under the LendingTree Sixth Amended and Restated 2008 Stock and Award Incentive Plan and 1,443 shares were purchased related to these obligations under the LendingTree 2017 Inducement Grant Plan. The withholding of those shares does not affect the dollar amount or number of shares that may be purchased under the stock repurchase program described above.
The following table provides information about the Company's purchases of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2020.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (in thousands)
10/1/20 - 10/31/20 |  | 4,899 |  |  | $ | 332.98 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 179,673 |
11/1/20 - 11/30/20 |  | 339 |  |  | $ | 317.02 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 179,673 |
12/1/20 - 12/31/20 |  | 2,792 |  |  | $ | 274.04 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 179,673 |
Total |  | 8,030 |  |  | $ | 311.81 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 179,673 |

(1)During October 2020, November 2020 and December 2020, 4,899 shares, 339 shares and 2,792 shares, respectively (totaling 8,030 shares), were purchased to satisfy federal and state withholding obligations of our employees upon the settlement of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards, all in accordance with our Sixth Amended and Restated 2008 Stock and Award Incentive Plan and 2017 Inducement Grant Plan, as described above.
(2)See the narrative disclosure above the table for further description of our publicly announced stock repurchase program.
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data
Intentionally Omitted.
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ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere within this report. This discussion includes both historical information and forward-looking information that involves risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from management's expectations as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in the sections entitled "Risk Factors" and "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information."
Company Overview
LendingTree, Inc. is the parent of LT Intermediate Company, LLC, which holds all of the outstanding ownership interests of LendingTree, LLC, and LendingTree, LLC owns several companies.
We operate what we believe to be the leading online consumer platform that connects consumers with the choices they need to be confident in their financial decisions. Our online consumer platform provides consumers with access to product offerings from our Network Partners, including mortgage loans, home equity loans and lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, auto loans, credit cards, deposit accounts, personal loans, student loans, small business loans, insurance quotes and other related offerings. In addition, we offer tools and resources, including free credit scores, that facilitate comparison shopping for loans, deposit products, insurance and other offerings. We seek to match consumers with multiple providers, who can offer them competing quotes for the product, or products, they are seeking. We also serve as a valued partner to lenders and other providers seeking an efficient, scalable and flexible source of customer acquisition with directly measurable benefits, by matching the consumer inquiries we generate with these Network Partners.
Our My LendingTree platform offers a personalized comparison-shopping experience by providing free credit scores and credit score analysis. This platform enables us to monitor consumers' credit profiles and then identify and alert them to loans and other offerings on our marketplace that may be more favorable than the terms they may have at a given point in time. This is designed to provide consumers with measurable savings opportunities over their lifetimes.
We are focused on developing new product offerings and enhancements to improve the experiences that consumers and Network Partners have as they interact with us. By expanding our portfolio of financial services offerings, we are growing and diversifying our business and sources of revenue. We intend to capitalize on our expertise in performance marketing, product development and technology, and to leverage the widespread recognition of the LendingTree brand, to effect this strategy.
We believe the consumer and small business financial services industry is still in the early stages of a fundamental shift to online product offerings, similar to the shift that started in retail and travel many years ago and is now well established. We believe that like retail and travel, as consumers continue to move towards online shopping and transactions for financial services, suppliers will increasingly shift their product offerings and advertising budgets toward the online channel. We believe the strength of our brands and of our partner network place us in a strong position to continue to benefit from this market shift.
The LendingTree Loans business is presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and consolidated cash flows for all periods presented. Except for the discussion under the heading "Discontinued Operations," the analysis within Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations reflects our continuing operations.
Economic Conditions
During March 2020, a global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization related to the rapidly growing outbreak of COVID-19. The pandemic has significantly impacted the economic conditions in the U.S., as federal, state and local governments react to the public health crisis, creating significant uncertainties in the U.S. economy. The downstream impact of various lockdown orders and related economic pullback are affecting our business and marketplace participants to varying degrees. We are continuously monitoring the impacts of the current economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic and the effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Of our three reportable segments, the Consumer segment has been most impacted as unsecured credit and the flow of capital in certain areas of the market have contracted. The impact to our Home and Insurance segments was much less substantial and these segments recovered by the end of 2020. While forecasting the timeline of full recovery for the Consumer segment remains challenging, the momentum of recovery has increased in each quarter subsequent to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We are encouraged by the progress made, and continue to view the Consumer segment with optimism over the medium to long term. Most of our selling and marketing expenses are variable costs that we adjust dynamically in relation to revenue opportunities to profitably meet demand. Thus, as our revenue was negatively impacted during the recession, our marketing expenses generally decreased in line with revenue.
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Segment Reporting
We have three reportable segments: Home, Consumer and Insurance.
Recent Business Acquisitions
On February 28, 2020, we acquired an equity interest in Stash for $80.0 million. Stash is a consumer investing and banking platform. Stash brings together banking, investing, and financial services education into one seamless experience offering a full suite of personal investment accounts, traditional and Roth IRAs, custodial investment accounts, and banking services, including checking accounts and debit cards with a Stock-Back® rewards program.
On January 10, 2019, we acquired ValuePenguin, a personal finance website that offers consumers objective analysis on a variety of financial topics from insurance to credit cards, for $106.2 million. Combining ValuePenguin’s high-quality content and search engine optimization capability with proprietary technology and insurance carrier network from QuoteWizard enables us to provide immense value to insurance carriers and agents. This strategic acquisition positions us to achieve further scale in the insurance space as well as the broader financial services industry.
On October 31, 2018, we acquired QuoteWizard, one of the largest insurance comparison marketplaces in the growing online insurance advertising market, for $299.5 million in cash and potential contingent consideration payments of up to $70.2 million through October 2021, subject to achieving specific targets. QuoteWizard services clients by driving consumers to insurance companies’ websites, providing leads to agents and carriers, as well as phone transfers of consumers into carrier call centers. This acquisition has established LendingTree as a leading player in the online insurance advertising industry, while continuing our ongoing diversification within the financial services category.
On July 23, 2018, we acquired Student Loan Hero for $62.7 million in cash, of which $2.3 million was recognized as severance expense in our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Student Loan Hero, a personal finance website dedicated to helping student loan borrowers manage their student debt, offers current and former students in-depth financial comparison tools, educational resources, and unbiased, personalized advice. This strategic transaction allows us to scale our student loan business and provide consumers with the tools and resources to better understand their personal finances and make smarter financial decisions.
On June 11, 2018, we acquired Ovation, a leading provider of credit services with a strong customer service reputation, for $12.1 million in cash and potential contingent consideration payments of up to $8.75 million through June 2020, subject to achieving specified targets. Ovation utilizes a proprietary software application that facilitates the credit repair process and is integrated directly with certain credit reporting agencies while educating consumers on credit improvement via ongoing outreach with Ovation case advisors. The proprietary software application offers consumers a simple, streamlined process to identify, dispute, and correct inaccuracies within their credit reports. Ovation's experienced management team, strong credit reporting agency relationships and customized software platform enable us to help more consumers achieve their financial goals through the LendingTree platform.
These acquisitions continue our diversification strategy.
Recent Mortgage Interest Rate Trends
Interest rate and market risks can be substantial in the mortgage lead generation business. Short-term fluctuations in mortgage interest rates primarily affect consumer demand for mortgage refinancings, while long-term fluctuations in mortgage interest rates, coupled with the U.S. real estate market, affect consumer demand for new mortgages. Consumer demand, in turn, affects lender demand for mortgage leads from third-party sources, as well as our own ability to attract online consumers to our website.
Typically, when interest rates decline, we see increased consumer demand for mortgage refinancing, which in turn leads to increased traffic to our website and decreased selling and marketing efforts associated with that traffic. At the same time, lender demand for leads from third-party sources typically decreases, as there are more consumers in the marketplace seeking refinancings and, accordingly, lenders receive more organic mortgage lead volume. Due to lower lender demand, our revenue earned per consumer typically decreases, but with correspondingly lower selling and marketing costs.
Conversely, when interest rates increase, we typically see decreased consumer demand for mortgage refinancing, leading to decreased traffic to our website and higher associated selling and marketing efforts associated with that traffic. At the same time, lender demand for leads from third-party sources typically increases, as there are fewer consumers in the marketplace and, accordingly, the supply of organic mortgage lead volume decreases. Due to high lender demand, we typically see an increase in the amount lenders will pay per matched lead, which often leads to higher revenue earned per consumer. However, increases in the amount lenders will pay per matched lead in this situation is limited by the overall cost models of our lenders, and our revenue earned per consumer can be adversely affected by the overall reduced demand for refinancing in a rising rate environment.
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We dynamically adjust selling and marketing expenditures in all interest rate environments to optimize our results against these variables.
According to Freddie Mac, 30-year mortgage interest rates increased from 3.95% at the end of 2017 to a monthly average of 4.87% in November 2018, but declined to 4.64% at the end of 2018. During 2019, 30-year mortgage interest rates steadily decreased from a monthly average of 4.46% in January 2019, ending at a monthly average of 3.72% in December. The declining trend continued into 2020, largely as a result of stimulus efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, ending at a monthly average of 2.68% in December 2020.
On a full-year basis, 30-year mortgage interest rates decreased to an average 3.11% in 2020, compared to 3.94% and 4.54% in 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Typically, as mortgage interest rates decline, there are more consumers in the marketplace seeking refinancings and, accordingly, the mix of mortgage origination dollars will move towards refinance mortgages. According to Mortgage Bankers Association ("MBA") data, total refinance origination dollars increased from 28% of total 2018 mortgage origination dollars to 38% in 2019, then increased further to 60% in 2020 as a result of the general trend in average mortgage interest rates. Total refinance origination dollars increased by 70% in 2019 over 2018 and by 109% in 2020 over 2019. Industry-wide mortgage origination dollars increased by 34% in 2019 over 2018 and by 59% in 2020 over 2019.
Looking forward, the MBA is projecting 30-year mortgage interest rates to increase slightly in 2021 to an average 3.4%. According to MBA projections, the mix of mortgage origination dollars is expected to move back towards purchase mortgages with the refinance share representing just 42% for 2021.
The U.S. Real Estate Market
The health of the U.S. real estate market and interest rate levels are the primary drivers of consumer demand for new mortgages. Consumer demand, in turn, affects lender demand for purchase mortgage leads from third-party sources. Typically, a strong real estate market will lead to reduced lender demand for leads, as there are more consumers in the marketplace seeking financing and, accordingly, lenders receive more organic lead volume. Conversely, a weaker real estate market will typically lead to an increase in lender demand, as there are fewer consumers in the marketplace seeking mortgages.
According to the National Association of Realtors ("NAR"), nationwide existing home sales in 2018 declined approximately 3% compared to 2017 due to limited inventory of homes for sale and rising interest rates. Existing home sales in 2019 remained consistent with 2018 levels. In 2020, existing home sales grew by 6% over 2019, fueled by increased competition for low inventory as well as an increase in first-time home buyers. The NAR expects a 15% increase in existing home sales in 2021.
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Convertible Senior Notes and Hedge and Warrant Transactions
On July 24, 2020, we issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due July 15, 2025 and, in connection therewith, entered into Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant transactions with respect to our common stock.
On May 31, 2017, we issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of our 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes due June 1, 2022 and, in connection therewith, entered into Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant transactions with respect to our common stock. On July 24, 2020, a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2025 Notes was used to repurchase approximately $130.3 million principal amount of the 2022 Notes. A portion of the call spread transactions associated with the 2022 Notes was also terminated on July 24, 2020 in notional amounts corresponding to the principal amount of the 2022 Notes repurchased.
For more information, see Note 15—Debt, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
North Carolina Office Properties
In December 2016, we completed the acquisition of two office buildings in Charlotte, North Carolina, for $23.5 million in cash. The buildings were acquired with the intent to use such buildings as our corporate headquarters and rent any unused space. In November 2018, the office buildings were classified as held for sale. In May 2019, we sold these buildings to an unrelated third party for a sale price of $24.4 million.
Our new corporate office is currently in the final stages of construction and will be located on approximately 176,000 square feet of office space in Charlotte, North Carolina under an approximate 15-year lease that is expected to contractually commence in the first quarter of 2021.
With our expansion in North Carolina, in December 2016, we received a grant from the state that provides up to $4.9 million in reimbursements over 12 years beginning in 2017 for investing in real estate and infrastructure in addition to increasing jobs in North Carolina at specific targeted levels through 2020, and maintaining the jobs thereafter. Additionally, the city of Charlotte and the county of Mecklenburg provided a grant that will be paid over five years and is based on a percentage of new property tax we pay on the development of a corporate headquarters. In December 2018, we received an additional grant from the state that provides up to $8.4 million in reimbursements over 12 years beginning in 2020 for increasing jobs in North Carolina at specific targeted levels through 2023, and maintaining the jobs thereafter.
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Results of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019
For information on fiscal 2018 results and similar comparisons, see Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations for the Years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

| Year Ended December 31, |  | 2020 vs. 2019
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | $ Change | % Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Home | $ | 320,992 |  |  | $ | 277,935 |  |  | $ | 43,057 |  | 15 | %
Consumer | 253,198 |  |  | 515,037 |  |  | (261,839) |  | (51) | %
Insurance | 333,765 |  |  | 284,792 |  |  | 48,973 |  | 17 | %
Other | 2,035 |  |  | 28,839 |  |  | (26,804) |  | (93) | %
Revenue | 909,990 |  |  | 1,106,603 |  |  | (196,613) |  | (18) | %
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) | 54,494 |  |  | 68,379 |  |  | (13,885) |  | (20) | %
Selling and marketing expense | 617,404 |  |  | 735,180 |  |  | (117,776) |  | (16) | %
General and administrative expense | 129,101 |  |  | 116,847 |  |  | 12,254 |  | 10 | %
Product development | 43,636 |  |  | 39,953 |  |  | 3,683 |  | 9 | %
Depreciation | 14,201 |  |  | 10,998 |  |  | 3,203 |  | 29 | %
Amortization of intangibles | 53,078 |  |  | 55,241 |  |  | (2,163) |  | (4) | %
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | 5,327 |  |  | 28,402 |  |  | (23,075) |  | (81) | %
Severance | 295 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  | (731) |  | (71) | %
Litigation settlements and contingencies | (943) |  |  | (151) |  |  | (792) |  | (525) | %
Total costs and expenses | 916,593 |  |  | 1,055,875 |  |  | (139,282) |  | (13) | %
Operating (loss) income | (6,603) |  |  | 50,728 |  |  | (57,331) |  | (113) | %
Other (expense) income, net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (36,300) |  |  | (20,271) |  |  | 16,029 |  | 79 | %
Other income | 376 |  |  | 524 |  |  | (148) |  | (28) | %
(Loss) income before income taxes | (42,527) |  |  | 30,981 |  |  | (73,508) |  | (237) | %
Income tax benefit | 19,961 |  |  | 8,479 |  |  | 11,482 |  | 135 | %
Net (loss) income from continuing operations | (22,566) |  |  | 39,460 |  |  | (62,026) |  | (157) | %
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | (25,689) |  |  | (21,632) |  |  | 4,057 |  | 19 | %
Net (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (48,255) |  |  | $ | 17,828 |  |  | $ | (66,083) |  | (371) | %

Revenue
Revenue decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 due to decreases in our Consumer segment and Other category, partially offset by increases in our Insurance and Home segments.
Our Consumer segment includes the following products: credit cards, personal loans, small business loans, student loans, auto loans, deposit accounts, and other credit products such as credit repair and debt settlement. Many of our Consumer segment products are not individually significant to revenue. Revenue from our Consumer segment decreased $261.8 million in 2020 from 2019, or 51%, primarily due to decreases in our credit cards, personal loans, small business loans and student loans products.
Revenue from our credit cards product decreased $133.9 million to $77.4 million in 2020 from $211.3 million in 2019, or 63%, primarily due to the impact of economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic that caused lower issuer demand, resulting in a decrease in the number of approvals and a decrease in revenue earned per approval.
Revenue from our personal loans product decreased $86.2 million to $66.5 million in 2020 from $152.7 million in 2019, or 56%, primarily due to the impact of economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic that caused a contraction in the flow of capital and a decrease in revenue earned per consumer.
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For the periods presented, no other products in our Consumer segment represented more than 10% of revenue; however, certain other Consumer products experienced notable changes primarily due to the impact of economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Revenue from our small business loans product decreased $20.9 million in 2020 compared to 2019, due to a contraction in the flow of capital and a decrease in revenue earned per consumer. Revenue from our student loans product decreased $18.0 million in 2020 compared to 2019, due to a decrease in the number of consumers on our marketplace seeking student loans and lower demand for student loan refinancing due to the CARES Act providing temporary payment deferral relief.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to continue to impact our Consumer product revenues in the near-term due to the significant industry-wide contraction in the availability of capital for products in the Consumer segment, specifically credit cards, small business loans and personal loans, as discussed above.
Revenue from our Insurance segment increased $49.0 million to $333.8 million in 2020 from $284.8 million in 2019, or 17%, due to increases in the number of consumers seeking insurance coverage, partially offset by a decrease in revenue earned per consumer.
Our Home segment includes the following products: purchase mortgage, refinance mortgage, home equity loans and lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, and real estate. Revenue from our Home segment increased $43.1 million in 2020 from 2019, or 15%, primarily due to an increase in revenue from our refinance mortgage product, partially offset by decreases in our purchase mortgage and home equity loans and lines of credit products.
Revenue from our refinance mortgage product increased $98.3 million in 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to an increase in the number of consumers completing request forms resulting from increased refinancing activity in a declining interest rate environment, partially offset by a decrease in revenue earned per consumer. Revenue from our purchase mortgage product and our home equity loans and lines of credit product decreased $28.8 million and $24.0 million, respectively, in 2020 compared to 2019. Revenue from our purchase mortgage and home equity loans and lines of credit products decreased due to a shift in lender focus toward refinance products as well as decreases in revenue earned per consumer.
Our Other category includes revenue from the resale of online advertising space to third parties and revenue from home improvement referrals. Revenue in the Other category decreased $26.8 million in 2020 compared to 2019, as we ceased offering home improvement referrals during the first quarter of 2019 and ceased reselling online advertising space during the first quarter of 2020.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs associated with compensation and other employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) relating to internally-operated customer call centers, third-party customer call center fees, costs for online advertising resold to third parties, credit scoring fees, credit card fees, website network hosting and server fees.
Cost of revenue decreased in 2020 from 2019, primarily due to a $21.7 million decrease for the cost of resold advertising space, partially offset by increases in compensation and benefits, website network hosting and server fees, and credit card fees of $2.4 million, $2.3 million, and $2.1 million, respectively.
Cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue remained consistent at 6% for each of 2020 and 2019.
Selling and marketing expense
Selling and marketing expense consists primarily of advertising and promotional expenditures and compensation and other employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) for personnel engaged in sales or marketing functions. Advertising and promotional expenditures primarily include online marketing, as well as television, print and radio spending. Advertising production costs are expensed in the period the related ad is first run.
The decrease in selling and marketing expense in 2020 compared to 2019 was primarily due to decreases in advertising and promotional expense of $120.4 million, as discussed below. This was partially offset by an increase in compensation and benefits of $2.7 million as a result of increases in headcount.
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Advertising and promotional expense is the largest component of selling and marketing expense, and is comprised of the following:

| Year Ended December 31, |  | 2020 vs. 2019
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | $ Change | % Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Online | $ | 539,910 |  |  | $ | 653,739 |  |  | $ | (113,829) |  | (17) | %
Broadcast | 13,415 |  |  | 20,972 |  |  | (7,557) |  | (36) | %
Other | 14,423 |  |  | 13,469 |  |  | 954 |  | 7 | %
Total advertising expense | $ | 567,748 |  |  | $ | 688,180 |  |  | $ | (120,432) |  | (18) | %

Revenue is primarily driven by Network Partner demand for our products, which is matched to corresponding consumer requests. We adjust our selling and marketing expenditures dynamically in relation to anticipated revenue opportunities in order to ensure sufficient consumer inquiries to profitably meet such demand. An increase in a product’s revenue is generally met by a corresponding increase in marketing spend, and conversely a decrease in a product’s revenue is generally met by a corresponding decrease in marketing spend. This relationship exists for our Home, Consumer and Insurance segments.
We decreased our advertising expenditures in 2020 compared to 2019 in response to changes in Network Partner demand on our marketplace as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic discussed above. We will continue to adjust selling and marketing expenditures dynamically in relation to this and in response to anticipated revenue opportunities.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense consists primarily of compensation and other employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) for personnel engaged in finance, legal, tax, corporate information technology, human resources and executive management functions, as well as facilities and infrastructure costs and fees for professional services.
General and administrative expense increased in 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to increases in professional fees, facilities expense, and technology expense of $5.7 million, $4.9 million, and $4.1 million, respectively. 2019 also benefited from a $2.7 million gain on the sale of two office buildings in Charlotte, North Carolina. This was partially offset by decreases in travel and entertainment expense of $3.8 million and employee morale of $1.7 million.
Non-cash compensation expense within general and administrative expense is expected to increase in 2021, which could result in reductions in net income from continuing operations in 2021 compared to historical periods. For additional information, see Note 13—Stock-Based Compensation in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Non-cash compensation expense is excluded from Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization ("Adjusted EBITDA"), as discussed below.
General and administrative expense as a percentage of revenue increased to 14% in 2020 compared to 11% in 2019.
Product development
Product development expense consists primarily of compensation and other employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) and third-party labor costs that are not capitalized, for employees and consultants engaged in the design, development, testing and enhancement of technology.
Product development expense increased in 2020 compared to 2019 as we continued to invest in internal development of new and enhanced features, functionality and business opportunities that we believe will enable us to better and more fully serve consumers and Network Partners.
Depreciation
The increase in depreciation expense in 2020 compared to 2019 was primarily the result of higher investment in internally developed software in recent years, to support the growth of our business.
Contingent consideration
During 2020, we recorded aggregate contingent consideration expense of $5.3 million due to adjustments in the estimated fair value of the earnout payments related to our recent acquisitions. For 2020, the net contingent consideration expense for the QuoteWizard, Ovation and SnapCap acquisitions was $4.0 million, $1.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively.
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During 2019, we recorded aggregate contingent consideration expense of $28.4 million due to adjustments in the estimated fair value of the earnout payments related to our recent acquisitions. For 2019, the contingent consideration expense for the QuoteWizard and SnapCap acquisitions were $27.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively. This was partially offset by a contingent consideration gain for the DepositAccounts acquisition of $1.0 million.
Interest expense
Interest expense increased in 2020 compared to 2019 due to the issuance of $575.0 million of our 2025 Notes as well as the repurchase of a portion of our existing 2022 Notes in July 2020. In 2020, interest expense of $11.5 million was recognized on the newly-issued 2025 Notes. Further, a loss on debt extinguishment of $7.8 million was recognized within interest expense upon the partial repurchase of the 2022 Notes. These increases to interest expense were partially offset by lower interest expense on the 2022 Notes subsequent to the repurchase of $130.3 million principal amount of the 2022 Notes. See Note 15—Debt for additional information on the issuance of the 2025 Notes and the partial repurchase of the 2022 Notes.
Income tax benefit

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
| (in thousands, except percentages)
Income tax benefit | $ | 19,961 |  |  | $ | 8,479 |  |  |
Effective tax rate | 46.9 | % |  | (27.4) | % |  |

For 2020, the effective tax rate varied from the federal statutory rate of 21% in part due to the benefit derived from excess tax deductions from the vesting of restricted stock and exercise of stock options of $2.5 million, including state taxes. The effective tax rate for 2020 was also impacted by a tax benefit of $6.1 million for the impact of the CARES Act, as described below.
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the CARES Act. This legislation is an economic relief package in response to the public health and economic impacts of COVID-19 and includes various provisions that impact us, including, but not limited to, modifications for net operating losses, accelerated timeframe for refunds associated with prior minimum taxes and modifications of the limitation on business interest.
We revalued deferred tax assets related to net operating losses in light of the changes in the CARES Act and recorded a net tax benefit of $6.1 million during 2020. These deferred tax assets are being revalued, as they have been carried back to 2016 and 2017, which are tax periods prior to the TCJA when the federal statutory tax rate was 35% versus the 21% federal statutory tax rate in effect after the enactment of the TCJA.
For 2019, the effective tax rate varied from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the benefit derived from excess tax deductions from the vesting of restricted stock and exercise of stock options of $17.1 million, including state taxes and the benefit of an expected 2019 federal research and development tax credit of $3.5 million, offset by expense due to incremental valuation allowance on state net operating losses of $3.9 million, primarily due to state legislative changes.
Discontinued Operations
The results of discontinued operations include the results of the LendingTree Loans business formerly operated by our wholly-owned subsidiary, HLC. The sale of substantially all of the assets of HLC, including the LendingTree Loans business, was completed on June 6, 2012. HLC filed a petition under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code on July 21, 2019, which was converted to Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code on September 16, 2019.
As a result of the voluntary bankruptcy petition, as of the initial July 21, 2019 bankruptcy petition filing date, HLC and its consolidated subsidiary were deconsolidated from LendingTree’s consolidated financial statements. The effect of such deconsolidation was the elimination of the consolidated assets and liabilities of HLC (and its consolidated subsidiary) from LendingTree’s consolidated balance sheets.
Prior to the bankruptcy filing, losses from the LendingTree Loans business were primarily due to litigation settlements and contingencies and legal fees associated with ongoing legal proceedings.
The results of discontinued operations include litigation settlements and contingencies and legal fees associated with ongoing legal proceedings against LendingTree, Inc. or LendingTree, LLC that arose due to the LendingTree Loans business or the HLC bankruptcy filing.
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See Note 21—Discontinued Operations to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information, including the accounting effect of HLC’s bankruptcy filing on our consolidated financial statements.
Segment Profit

| Year Ended December 31, |  | 2020 vs. 2019
| 2020 | 2019 |  | $ Change | % Change
| (Dollars in thousands)
Home | $ | 132,123 |  | $ | 103,121 |  |  | $ | 29,002 |  | 28 | %
Consumer | 106,890 |  | 213,185 |  |  | (106,295) |  | (50) | %
Insurance | 131,142 |  | 114,639 |  |  | 16,503 |  | 14 | %
Other | (682) |  | 1,373 |  |  | (2,055) |  | (150) | %
Segment profit | $ | 369,473 |  | $ | 432,318 |  |  | $ | (62,845) |  | (15) | %

Segment profit is our primary segment operating metric. Segment profit is calculated as segment revenue less segment selling and marketing expenses attributed to variable costs paid for advertising, direct marketing and related expenses that are directly attributable to the segments' products. See Note 22—Segment Information in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on segments and a reconciliation of segment profit to pre-tax income from continuing operations.
Consumer segment profit decreased $106.3 million during 2020, primarily due to decreases in revenue, partially offset by corresponding decreases in selling and marketing expense due to the impact of economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the Consumer segment was the most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in our credit cards, personal loans and small business loans products, recovery in the segment gained momentum throughout 2020. We are encouraged by increasing credit card issuer budgets, increasing lender demand, and sustained signs of improved consumer health and spending, while continuing to be aware of challenges in consumer demand for unsecured loans. While the timeline of full recovery for the Consumer segment remains uncertain, we continue to view the segment with optimism over the medium to long term.
Home segment profit increased $29.0 million during 2020, primarily due to an increase in revenue resulting from increased lender capacity and competition among network lenders, as well as due to margins that have improved as 2020 progressed. In an environment of historic lows in mortgage rates and nearly historic highs in mortgage originations, lender demand increased in 2020 and persists into the new year. Lenders adding operational capacity have increasingly turned to LendingTree to help drive growth. We continue to view our leading position in the mortgage industry as a key point of competitive differentiation, and believe that the mortgage industry is still in the early stages of the shift to digital fulfillment, which has accelerated throughout 2020. We believe that our reputation, history and lender relationships position us to not only benefit from but also help drive this accelerating shift to price discovery and digital fulfillment.
Insurance segment profit increased $16.5 million during 2020, primarily due to increases in revenue, partially offset by corresponding increases in selling and marketing expense. We are consistently innovating and identifying opportunities for diversification and growth within the Insurance industry. The rollout of our new publisher platform during 2020, which enables third-party content producers to monetize traffic through our distribution network, has increasingly contributed to segment results during the year. The build out in 2020 of our in-house agency serving property and casualty clients, which complements our existing offerings by enabling us to drive volume for insurance carriers who do not write premiums directly, shows promising unit economics and we intend to scale the number of licensed agents and the geographic coverage significantly throughout 2021. Finally, in addition to the automobile and home categories, our health insurance and Medicare categories continue to scale. The Medicare category, which we began building out in 2020, showed significant promise during our first open-enrollment period in the fourth quarter of 2020. We believe there is significant opportunity in this category, and intend to continue investing in its growth over the coming years.
Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization
We report Adjusted EBITDA as a supplemental measure to GAAP. This measure is the primary metric by which we evaluate the performance of our businesses, on which our marketing expenditures and internal budgets are based and by which, in most years, management and many employees are compensated. We believe that investors should have access to the same set of tools that we use in analyzing our results. This non-GAAP measure should be considered in addition to results prepared in accordance with GAAP but should not be considered a substitute for or superior to GAAP results. We provide and encourage investors to examine the reconciling adjustments between the GAAP and non-GAAP measures discussed below.
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Definition of Adjusted EBITDA
We report Adjusted EBITDA as net income from continuing operations adjusted to exclude interest, income tax, amortization of intangibles and depreciation, and to further exclude (1) non-cash compensation expense, (2) non-cash impairment charges, (3) gain/loss on disposal of assets, (4) restructuring and severance expenses, (5) litigation settlements and contingencies, (6) acquisitions and dispositions income or expense (including with respect to changes in fair value of contingent consideration), and (7) one-time items. Adjusted EBITDA has certain limitations in that it does not take into account the impact to our statement of operations of certain expenses, including depreciation, non-cash compensation and acquisition-related accounting. We endeavor to compensate for the limitations of the non-GAAP measures presented by also providing the comparable GAAP measures with equal or greater prominence and descriptions of the reconciling items, including quantifying such items, to derive the non-GAAP measures. These non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.
One-Time Items
Adjusted EBITDA is adjusted for one-time items, if applicable. Items are considered one-time in nature if they are non-recurring, infrequent or unusual and have not occurred in the past two years or are not expected to recur in the next two years, in accordance with SEC rules. One-time items for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted of expenses incurred in connection with a secondary public offering of our common stock by our largest shareholder, for which we did not receive any proceeds. There are no adjustments for one-time items for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Non-Cash Expenses that are Excluded from Adjusted EBITDA
Non-cash compensation expense consists principally of expense associated with grants of restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock options, some of which awards have performance-based vesting conditions. These expenses are not paid in cash, and we include the related shares in our calculations of fully diluted shares outstanding. Upon settlement of restricted stock units, exercise of certain stock options or vesting of restricted stock awards, the awards may be settled, on a net basis, with us remitting the required tax withholding amount from our current funds.
Amortization of intangibles are non-cash expenses relating primarily to intangible assets acquired through acquisitions. At the time of an acquisition, the intangible assets of the acquired company, such as purchase agreements, technology and customer relationships, are valued and amortized over their estimated lives.
The following table is a reconciliation of net (loss) income from continuing operations to Adjusted EBITDA.

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
| (in thousands) |  |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations | $ | (22,566) |  |  | $ | 39,460 |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile to Adjusted EBITDA: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of intangibles | 53,078 |  |  | 55,241 |  |  |
Depreciation | 14,201 |  |  | 10,998 |  |  |
Severance | 295 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  |
Loss (gain) on impairments and disposal of assets | 1,160 |  |  | (945) |  |  |
Non-cash compensation expense | 53,733 |  |  | 52,167 |  |  |
Costs of secondary public offering | 863 |  |  | — |  |  |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | 5,327 |  |  | 28,402 |  |  |
Acquisition expense | 2,217 |  |  | 211 |  |  |
Litigation settlements and contingencies | (943) |  |  | (151) |  |  |
Interest expense, net | 36,300 |  |  | 20,271 |  |  |
Income tax benefit | (19,961) |  |  | (8,479) |  |  |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 123,704 |  |  | $ | 198,201 |  |  |

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Financial Position, Liquidity and Capital Resources
For information on fiscal 2018 results and similar comparisons, see Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Financial Position, Liquidity and Capital Resources of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.
General
As of December 31, 2020, we had $169.9 million of cash and cash equivalents, compared to $60.2 million of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2019.
We expect our cash and cash equivalents and cash flows from operations to be sufficient to fund our operating needs for the next twelve months and beyond. Our revolving credit facility described below is an additional potential source of liquidity. We will continue to monitor the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our liquidity and capital resources. We expect our cashflow from operating activities to be negatively impacted by the economic recession.
Notable transactions affecting cash and cash equivalents during the reported periods are as follows:
2020
In July 2020, we made litigation settlement payments of $26.5 million to the ResCap Liquidating Trust ("ResCap") and $36.0 million to the HLC bankruptcy Trustee for the matters noted in Note 21—Discontinued Operations. In October 2020, due to the timing of distributions from the HLC bankruptcy estate, we were required to make a further payment of $6.4 million to ResCap. We anticipate receiving a total $8.6 million reimbursement from the HLC bankruptcy estate related to the ResCap payments by the third quarter of 2021.
In July 2020, we issued $575.0 million of our 2025 Notes for net proceeds of approximately $559.9 million. We used approximately $63.0 million of the net proceeds to enter into Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant transactions. Further, we used $234.0 million of the net proceeds to repurchase approximately $130.3 million principal amount of our 2022 Notes. To the extent of the repurchases of the 2022 Notes, we received approximately $15.6 million as a result of terminating a corresponding portion of the Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant transactions entered into on May 31, 2017. See Note 15—Debt for additional information.
In February 2020, we acquired an equity interest in Stash for $80.0 million. The investment was funded through $80.0 million drawn on our Amended Revolving Credit Facility. See Note 8—Equity Investment to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for more information.
During 2020, we made net repayments of $75.0 million on our Amended Revolving Credit Facility.
During 2020, we made contingent consideration payments of $6.0 million, $4.4 million and $20.2 million related to the prior acquisitions of SnapCap, Ovation and QuoteWizard, respectively. We could make an additional potential contingent consideration payment of up to $23.4 million for QuoteWizard.
2019
In 2019, we purchased an aggregate of 22,731 shares of our common stock pursuant to a stock repurchase program for $5.5 million.
In May 2019, we completed the sale of two office buildings in Charlotte, North Carolina to an unrelated third party for a sale price of $24.4 million. We received proceeds of $24.1 million, net of closing fees of $0.3 million.
In January 2019, we acquired ValuePenguin for $106.2 million in cash. The acquisition was funded through $90.0 million drawn on our 2017 Revolving Credit Facility and the balance using cash on hand.
During 2019, we paid down $140.0 million on our 2017 Revolving Credit Facility.
During 2019, we made contingent consideration payments of $3.0 million, $3.0 million, $4.4 million and $23.4 million related to the prior acquisitions of SnapCap, DepositAccounts, Ovation and QuoteWizard, respectively.
Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility
On December 10, 2019, we entered into an amended and restated $500.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility, which matures on December 10, 2024. Borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility can be used to finance working capital needs, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, including to finance permitted acquisitions. In July 2020, we executed a temporary amendment to the Amended Revolving Credit Facility to provide for certain covenant relief, primarily to facilitate the issuance of the 2025 Notes, the repurchase of a portion of the 2022 Notes, and to pay down
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existing borrowings under the credit facility. The amendment applies from the effective date through the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021, unless terminated in advance by us.
As of February 26, 2021, we have outstanding a $0.2 million letter of credit under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility. The remaining borrowing capacity at February 26, 2021 is $499.8 million.
For additional information on the Amended Revolving Credit Facility, see Note 15—Debt in the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.
Cash Flows from Continuing Operations
Our cash flows attributable to continuing operations are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
| (in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 111,299 |  |  | $ | 157,174 |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | $ | (122,149) |  |  | $ | (101,060) |  |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 193,290 |  |  | $ | (87,678) |  |  |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Our largest source of cash provided by our operating activities is revenues generated by our products. Our primary uses of cash from our operating activities include advertising and promotional payments. In addition, our uses of cash from operating activities include compensation and other employee-related costs, other general corporate expenditures, litigation settlements and contingencies, certain contingent consideration payments, and income taxes.
Net cash provided by operating activities attributable to continuing operations decreased in 2020 from 2019 primarily due to a decrease in revenue, partially offset by a corresponding decrease in selling and marketing expense. This was further partially offset by a net increase in cash from changes in working capital, primarily due to favorable changes in accounts receivable, partially countered by unfavorable changes in income taxes receivable and current contingent consideration.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities attributable to continuing operations in 2020 of $122.1 million consisted of the purchase of an $80.0 million equity interest in Stash and capital expenditures of $42.1 million primarily related to internally developed software and leasehold improvements for our new principal corporate offices currently under construction.
Net cash used in investing activities attributable to continuing operations in 2019 of $101.1 million consisted primarily of the acquisition of ValuePenguin for $105.6 million, net of cash acquired, and capital expenditures of $20.0 million primarily related to internally developed software. This was partially offset by proceeds of $24.1 million on the sale of two office buildings, net of closing expenses.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities attributable to continuing operations in 2020 of $193.3 million consisted primarily of $575.0 million of gross proceeds from the issuance of the 2025 Notes, partially offset by $233.9 million paid to repurchase a portion of the 2022 Notes, a net $47.4 million paid for the related convertible note hedge and warrant transactions outlined above, $75.0 million of net repayments on our Amended Revolving Credit Facility, and $16.6 million for the payment of debt issuance costs.
Net cash used in financing activities attributable to continuing operations in 2019 of $87.7 million consisted primarily of $50.0 million of net repayments on our 2017 Revolving Credit Facility, $21.3 million of aggregate contingent consideration payments for the prior acquisitions of SnapCap, Ovation and QuoteWizard, $5.5 million for the repurchase of our stock, and $8.4 million in withholding taxes paid upon surrender of shares to satisfy obligations on equity awards, net of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no off-balance sheet arrangements other than a letter of credit and our funding commitments pursuant to our surety bonds, none of which have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is
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material to investors. See Note 16—Commitments to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in the report for further details.
Summary of Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and commercial commitments as of December 31, 2020.

| Payments Due By Period as of December 31, 2020
Contractual Obligations (a) | Total | Less Than 1 Year | 1-3 Years | 3-5 Years | More Than 5 Years
Operating lease obligations (b) | $ | 150,958 |  | $ | 9,147 |  | $ | 25,440 |  | $ | 20,309 |  | $ | 96,062 |
Long-term contractual obligations (c) | 23,146 |  | 13,858 |  | 8,512 |  | 776 |  | — |
Convertible debt | 744,690 |  | — |  | 169,690 |  | 575,000 |  | — |
Total contractual obligations | $ | 918,794 |  | $ | 23,005 |  | $ | 203,642 |  | $ | 596,085 |  | $ | 96,062 |

(a)Excludes potential obligations under surety bonds. Excludes a $2.6 million accrual related to uncertain tax position, as we are unable to determine when, or if, payments for these taxes will ultimately be made.
(b)Our operating lease obligations are associated with office space and office equipment.
(c)Includes a liability of $8.2 million for the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration obligation reflected on the balance sheet for the QuoteWizard acquisition. The actual contingent consideration payment could range from zero to $23.4 million for QuoteWizard. Also includes $14.9 million of certain other commitments.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The following disclosure is provided to supplement the description of our accounting policies contained in Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report in regard to significant areas of judgment. This disclosure includes accounting policies related to both continuing operations and discontinued operations. Management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions during the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. These estimates and assumptions impact the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. They also impact the reported amount of net earnings during any period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Because of the size of the financial statement elements to which they relate, some of our accounting policies and estimates have a more significant impact on our consolidated financial statements than others. A discussion of some of our more significant accounting policies and estimates follows.
Income Taxes
Estimates of deferred income taxes and the significant items giving rise to the deferred assets and liabilities are shown in Note 14—Income Taxes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report, and reflect management's assessment of actual future taxes to be paid on items reflected in the consolidated financial statements, giving consideration to both timing and the probability of realization. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, state income tax apportionment or the outcome of any review of our tax returns by the IRS, as well as actual operating results that may vary significantly from anticipated results.
We also recognize liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the two-step process prescribed by the accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. This measurement step is inherently difficult and requires subjective estimations of such amounts to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes.
A valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is "more likely than not" that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. At December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, we recorded a partial valuation allowance of $5.8 million, $4.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, primarily related to state net operating losses, which we do not expect to be able to utilize prior to expiration.
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Stock-Based Compensation
The forms of stock-based awards granted to our employees are principally restricted stock units ("RSUs"), RSUs with performance conditions and stock options. Further, stock options with market conditions, restricted stock awards ("RSAs") with performance conditions and RSAs with market conditions have been granted to our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The value of RSUs is measured at their grant dates as the fair value of common stock and amortized ratably as non-cash compensation expense over the vesting term. The value of stock options issued is generally estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. The value of performance-based grants is measured at their grant dates and recognized as non-cash compensation expense, considering the probability of the targets being achieved. Performance-based grants with a market condition are generally valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. If an award is modified, we determine if the modification requires a new calculation of fair value or change in the vesting term of the award. See Note 13—Stock-Based Compensation to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information on assumptions and inputs to the fair value determination of stock-based awards.
Evaluation of Goodwill Impairment
We test goodwill annually for impairment as of October 1, or more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances. As part of our annual impairment testing of goodwill, we may elect to assess qualitative factors as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the traditional quantitative impairment testing. If our assessment of these qualitative factors indicates that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, then no further testing is required. Otherwise, the goodwill reporting unit must be quantitatively tested for impairment.
Performing the quantitative test for goodwill impairment that compares the reporting unit fair value with its carrying value using a discounted cash flow analysis requires the exercise of significant judgments, including judgments about appropriate discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
The value of goodwill subject to assessment for impairment at December 31, 2020 is $420.1 million.
Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets
We review the carrying value of all long-lived assets, primarily property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets and operating lease right-of-use assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may be impaired. Impairment is considered to have occurred whenever the carrying value of a long-lived asset cannot be recovered from cash flows that are expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. This recoverability test requires us to make assumptions and judgments related to factors used in a calculation of undiscounted cash flows, including, but not limited to, management’s expectations for future operations and projected cash flows. The key assumptions used in this calculation include Adjusted EBITDA, the remaining useful lives of the primary cash flow generating asset in the asset group and, to a lesser extent, the deduction of capital expenditures and taxes paid in cash to arrive at net cash flows.
Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2018-15 in the first quarter of 2020, capitalized implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are also allocated to and included within long-lived asset groups tested for recoverability.
The combined value of long-lived assets and capitalized implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract subject to assessment for impairment is $267.9 million at December 31, 2020.
Business Acquisitions
When we acquire businesses, we allocate the purchase price to tangible assets and liabilities and identifiable intangible assets acquired at their acquisition date fair values. Any residual purchase price is recorded as goodwill. We also estimate the fair value of any contingent consideration using Level 3 unobservable inputs. Our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable but which are uncertain and involve significant judgments by management.
We reassess the fair value of contingent consideration quarterly until the contingency is resolved, and changes in the fair value are recorded in operating income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
New Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report for a description of recent accounting pronouncements.
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ITEM 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Other than our Amended Revolving Credit Facility, we do not have any financial instruments that are exposed to significant market risk. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents in bank deposits and short-term, highly liquid money market investments. A hypothetical 100-basis point increase or decrease in market interest rates would not have a material impact on the fair value of our cash equivalents securities, or our earnings on such cash equivalents, but would have an effect on the interest paid on borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility, if any. As of February 26, 2021, there were no borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility.
Fluctuations in interest rates affect consumer demand for new mortgages and the level of refinancing activity which, in turn, affects lender demand for mortgage leads. Typically, when interest rates decline, we see increased consumer demand for mortgage refinancing, which in turn leads to increased traffic to our website and decreased selling and marketing efforts associated with that traffic. At the same time, lender demand for leads from third-party sources typically decreases, as there are more consumers in the marketplace seeking refinancings and, accordingly, lenders receive more organic lead volume. Due to lower lender demand, our revenue earned per consumer typically decreases but with correspondingly lower selling and marketing costs. Conversely, when interest rates increase, we typically see decreased consumer demand for mortgage refinancing, leading to decreased traffic to our website and higher associated selling and marketing efforts associated with that traffic. At the same time, lender demand for leads from third-party sources typically increases, as there are fewer consumers in the marketplace and, accordingly, the supply of organic mortgage lead volume decreases. Due to high lender demand, we typically see an increase in the amount lenders will pay per matched lead, which often leads to higher revenue earned per consumer. However, increases in the amount lenders will pay per matched lead in this situation is limited by the overall cost models of our lenders, and our revenue earned per consumer can be adversely affected by the overall reduced demand for refinancing in a rising rate environment.
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ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

|  | Page Number
LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 51
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: |
| Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 54
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 55
| Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity | 56
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 57
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 58

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of LendingTree, Inc.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of LendingTree, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), of shareholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for leases in 2019.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Contingent Consideration - QuoteWizard
As described in Notes 9 and 18 to the consolidated financial statements, on October 31, 2018 the Company acquired QuoteWizard.com, LLC. During 2020 the Company recorded $4.0 million of contingent consideration expense and as of December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration totaled $8.2 million. The Company could make payments ranging from zero to $70.2 million based on the achievement of certain defined operating results for QuoteWizard. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration payments is determined using an option pricing model. Management estimates the fair value of any contingent consideration payments each reporting period using Level 3 unobservable inputs. The significant unobservable inputs used to calculate the fair value of the contingent consideration for QuoteWizard are the operating results growth rate and the discount rate.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the contingent consideration associated with the QuoteWizard acquisition is a critical audit matter are the significant judgment by management to determine the fair value of contingent consideration, which included the use of an option pricing model and significant assumption related to the operating results growth rate; this in turn led to a high degree of auditor subjectivity and judgment to evaluate the audit evidence obtained related to the fair value estimate, and the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the accounting for contingent consideration, including controls over determining the fair value of the contingent consideration. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for determining the fair value estimate, evaluating the appropriateness of the option pricing model, and evaluating the reasonableness of the operating results growth rate assumption used by management. Evaluating the reasonableness of the operating results growth rate involved considering the past performance of the acquired business as well as industry forecasts. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of the Company’s option pricing model.
2025 Convertible Senior Notes Valuation
As described in Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements, on July 24, 2020, the Company issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due July 15, 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) in a private placement. The initial measurement of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash is separated into a debt and an equity component whereby the debt component is based on the fair value of a similar instrument that does not contain an equity conversion option. The separate components of debt and equity of the Company’s 2025 Notes were determined using an interest rate of 5.30%, which reflects the nonconvertible debt borrowing rate of the Company at the date of issuance. As a result, the initial components of debt and equity were $455.6 million and $119.4 million, respectively.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the 2025 convertible senior notes valuation is a critical audit matter is the significant judgment by management in estimating the fair value of the separate components of debt and equity, including determining the interest rate used, which in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence related to the interest rate. In addition, the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s convertible senior notes valuation, including controls over the determination of the interest rate used to value the
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separate components of debt and equity. These procedures also included, among others, testing management’s process for determining the estimate and evaluating the reasonableness of the interest rate used by management to value the separate components of debt and equity. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating whether the interest rate of the notes used by management were reasonable.
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
Charlotte, North Carolina
February 26, 2021
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
| (in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue | $ | 909,990 |  |  | $ | 1,106,603 |  |  | $ | 764,865 |
Costs and expenses: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately below) | 54,494 |  |  | 68,379 |  |  | 36,399 |
Selling and marketing expense | 617,404 |  |  | 735,180 |  |  | 500,291 |
General and administrative expense | 129,101 |  |  | 116,847 |  |  | 101,219 |
Product development | 43,636 |  |  | 39,953 |  |  | 26,958 |
Depreciation | 14,201 |  |  | 10,998 |  |  | 7,385 |
Amortization of intangibles | 53,078 |  |  | 55,241 |  |  | 23,468 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | 5,327 |  |  | 28,402 |  |  | 10,788 |
Severance | 295 |  |  | 1,026 |  |  | 2,352 |
Litigation settlements and contingencies | (943) |  |  | (151) |  |  | (186) |
Total costs and expenses | 916,593 |  |  | 1,055,875 |  |  | 708,674 |
Operating (loss) income | (6,603) |  |  | 50,728 |  |  | 56,191 |
Other (expense) income, net: |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense, net | (36,300) |  |  | (20,271) |  |  | (12,437) |
Other income (expense) | 376 |  |  | 524 |  |  | (10) |
(Loss) income before income taxes | (42,527) |  |  | 30,981 |  |  | 43,744 |
Income tax benefit | 19,961 |  |  | 8,479 |  |  | 65,575 |
Net (loss) income from continuing operations | (22,566) |  |  | 39,460 |  |  | 109,319 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | (25,689) |  |  | (21,632) |  |  | (12,820) |
Net (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (48,255) |  |  | $ | 17,828 |  |  | $ | 96,499 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 13,007 |  |  | 12,834 |  |  | 12,504 |
Diluted | 13,007 |  |  | 14,619 |  |  | 14,097 |
(Loss) income per share from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (1.73) |  |  | $ | 3.07 |  |  | $ | 8.74 |
Diluted | $ | (1.73) |  |  | $ | 2.70 |  |  | $ | 7.75 |
Loss per share from discontinued operations: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (1.98) |  |  | $ | (1.69) |  |  | $ | (1.03) |
Diluted | $ | (1.98) |  |  | $ | (1.48) |  |  | $ | (0.91) |
Net (loss) income per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (3.71) |  |  | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | 7.72 |
Diluted | $ | (3.71) |  |  | $ | 1.22 |  |  | $ | 6.85 |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| (in thousands, except par value and share amounts)
ASSETS: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 169,932 |  |  | $ | 60,243 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 117 |  |  | 96 |
Accounts receivable (net of allowance of $1,402 and $1,466, respectively) | 89,841 |  |  | 113,487 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 27,949 |  |  | 15,516 |
Current assets of discontinued operations | 8,570 |  |  | 84 |
Total current assets | 296,409 |  |  | 189,426 |
Property and equipment (net of accumulated depreciation of $20,238 and $17,979, respectively) | 62,381 |  |  | 31,363 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 84,109 |  |  | 25,519 |
Goodwill | 420,139 |  |  | 420,139 |
Intangible assets, net | 128,502 |  |  | 181,580 |
Deferred income tax assets | 96,224 |  |  | 87,664 |
Equity investment (Note 8) | 80,000 |  |  | — |
Other non-current assets | 5,334 |  |  | 4,330 |
Non-current assets of discontinued operations | 15,892 |  |  | 7,948 |
Total assets | $ | 1,188,990 |  |  | $ | 947,969 |
LIABILITIES: |  |  |
Revolving credit facility | $ | — |  |  | $ | 75,000 |
Accounts payable, trade | 10,111 |  |  | 2,873 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 101,196 |  |  | 112,755 |
Current contingent consideration | — |  |  | 9,028 |
Current liabilities of discontinued operations | 536 |  |  | 31,050 |
Total current liabilities | 111,843 |  |  | 230,706 |
Long-term debt | 611,412 |  |  | 264,391 |
Operating lease liabilities | 92,363 |  |  | 21,358 |
Non-current contingent consideration | 8,249 |  |  | 24,436 |
Other non-current liabilities | 362 |  |  | 4,752 |
Total liabilities | 824,229 |  |  | 545,643 |
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 16 and 17) |  |  |
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY: |  |  |
Preferred stock $.01 par value; 5,000,000 shares authorized; none issued or outstanding | — |  |  | — |
Common stock $.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 15,766,193 and 15,676,819 shares issued, respectively, and 13,124,875 and 13,035,501 shares outstanding, respectively | 158 |  |  | 157 |
Additional paid-in capital | 1,188,673 |  |  | 1,177,984 |
Accumulated deficit | (640,909) |  |  | (592,654) |
Treasury stock; 2,641,318 shares | (183,161) |  |  | (183,161) |
Total shareholders' equity | 364,761 |  |  | 402,326 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 1,188,990 |  |  | $ | 947,969 |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

|  |  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |
| Total |  | Number of Shares |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Number of Shares |  | Amount |  | Noncontrolling Interest
| (in thousands)
Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 294,874 |  |  | 14,218 |  |  | $ | 142 |  |  | $ | 1,087,582 |  |  | $ | (708,354) |  |  | 2,239 |  |  | $ | (85,085) |  |  | $ | 589 |
Net income and comprehensive income | 96,499 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 96,499 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-cash compensation | 44,365 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,365 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (92,606) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 379 |  |  | (92,606) |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, net of withholding taxes | 2,217 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,205 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cumulative effect adjustment due to ASU 2014-09 | 1,373 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,373 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest | (510) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (589) |
Other | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2018 | $ | 346,208 |  |  | 15,428 |  |  | $ | 154 |  |  | $ | 1,134,227 |  |  | $ | (610,482) |  |  | 2,618 |  |  | $ | (177,691) |  |  | $ | — |
Net income and comprehensive income | 17,828 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,828 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-cash compensation | 52,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,167 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Purchase of treasury stock | (5,470) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | (5,470) |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, net of withholding taxes | (8,406) |  |  | 249 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (8,409) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2019 | $ | 402,326 |  |  | 15,677 |  |  | $ | 157 |  |  | $ | 1,177,984 |  |  | $ | (592,654) |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | $ | (183,161) |  |  | $ | — |
Net loss and comprehensive loss | (48,255) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (48,255) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Non-cash compensation | 53,733 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,733 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, net of withholding taxes | (3,910) |  |  | 89 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (3,911) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes, net | 116,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116,300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchase of 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes, net | (107,882) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (107,882) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Convertible note hedge transactions | (14,379) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,379) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Warrant transactions | (33,171) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (33,171) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 364,761 |  |  | 15,766 |  |  | $ | 158 |  |  | $ | 1,188,673 |  |  | $ | (640,909) |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | $ | (183,161) |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018
| (in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities attributable to continuing operations: |  |  |
Net (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (48,255) |  | $ | 17,828 |  | $ | 96,499 |
Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | 25,689 |  | 21,632 |  | 12,820 |
(Loss) income from continuing operations | (22,566) |  | 39,460 |  | 109,319 |
Adjustments to reconcile income from continuing operations to net cash provided by operating activities attributable to continuing operations: |  |  |
Loss (gain) on impairments and disposal of assets | 1,160 |  | (695) |  | 2,210 |
Amortization of intangibles | 53,078 |  | 55,241 |  | 23,468 |
Depreciation | 14,201 |  | 10,998 |  | 7,385 |
Rental amortization of intangibles and depreciation | — |  | — |  | 630 |
Non-cash compensation expense | 53,733 |  | 52,167 |  | 44,365 |
Deferred income taxes | (9,628) |  | (8,555) |  | (63,901) |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | 5,327 |  | 28,402 |  | 10,788 |
Bad debt expense | 1,785 |  | 1,697 |  | 880 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 3,474 |  | 1,974 |  | 1,776 |
Write-off of previously-capitalized debt issuance costs | — |  | 333 |  | — |
Amortization of convertible debt discount | 19,570 |  | 12,016 |  | 11,397 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt | 7,768 |  | — |  | — |
Reduction in carrying amount of ROU asset, offset by change in operating lease liabilities | 8,888 |  | 213 |  | — |
Changes in current assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 21,861 |  | (22,457) |  | (16,820) |
Prepaid and other current assets | (952) |  | (3,258) |  | (2,985) |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities | (8,013) |  | (2,322) |  | 14,270 |
Current contingent consideration | (25,787) |  | (12,500) |  | (21,912) |
Income taxes receivable | (10,598) |  | 4,548 |  | 3,669 |
Other, net | (2,002) |  | (88) |  | (591) |
Net cash provided by operating activities attributable to continuing operations | 111,299 |  | 157,174 |  | 123,948 |
Cash flows from investing activities attributable to continuing operations: |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (42,149) |  | (20,041) |  | (14,907) |
Proceeds from the sale of fixed assets | — |  | 24,077 |  | — |
Equity investment | (80,000) |  | — |  | — |
Acquisition of ValuePenguin, net of cash acquired | — |  | (105,578) |  | — |
Acquisition of QuoteWizard, net of cash acquired | — |  | 482 |  | (297,072) |
Acquisition of Student Loan Hero, net of cash acquired | — |  | — |  | (59,483) |
Acquisition of Ovation, net of cash acquired | — |  | — |  | (11,566) |
Acquisition of SnapCap | — |  | — |  | (10) |
Net cash used in investing activities attributable to continuing operations | (122,149) |  | (101,060) |  | (383,038) |
Cash flows from financing activities attributable to continuing operations: |  |  |
Payments related to net-share settlement of stock-based compensation, net of proceeds from exercise of stock options | (3,910) |  | (8,406) |  | 2,217 |
Proceeds from the issuance of 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes | 575,000 |  | — |  | — |
Repurchase of 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes | (233,862) |  | — |  | — |
Payment of convertible note hedge on the 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes | (124,200) |  | — |  | — |
Termination of convertible note hedge on the 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes | 109,881 |  | — |  | — |
Proceeds from the sale of warrants related to the 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes | 61,180 |  | — |  | — |
Termination of warrants related to the 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes | (94,292) |  | — |  | — |
Net (repayment of) proceeds from revolving credit facility | (75,000) |  | (50,000) |  | 125,000 |
Payment of debt issuance costs | (16,568) |  | (2,518) |  | (583) |
Contingent consideration payments | (4,755) |  | (21,275) |  | (27,588) |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  | (5,470) |  | (93,704) |
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest | — |  | — |  | (499) |
Other financing activities | (184) |  | (9) |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities attributable to continuing operations | 193,290 |  | (87,678) |  | 4,843 |
Total cash provided by (used in) continuing operations | 182,440 |  | (31,564) |  | (254,247) |
Discontinued operations: |  |  |
Net cash used in operating activities attributable to discontinued operations | (72,730) |  | (13,255) |  | (13,236) |
Total cash used in discontinued operations | (72,730) |  | (13,255) |  | (13,236) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents | 109,710 |  | (44,819) |  | (267,483) |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period | 60,339 |  | 105,158 |  | 372,641 |
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 170,049 |  | $ | 60,339 |  | $ | 105,158 |
Non-cash investing activities: |  |  |
Increase (decrease) in capital expenditures included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | $ | 4,196 |  | $ | (946) |  | $ | 949 |
Capital additions from tenant improvement allowance | — |  | 1,111 |  | — |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 4,741 |  | $ | 7,005 |  | $ | 3,593 |
Income tax payments | 561 |  | 25 |  | 541 |
Income tax refunds | 60 |  | 4,743 |  | 5,678 |

The accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements are an integral part of these statements.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1—ORGANIZATION
Company Overview
LendingTree, Inc. is the parent of LT Intermediate Company, LLC, which holds all of the outstanding ownership interests of LendingTree, LLC, and LendingTree, LLC owns several companies (collectively, "LendingTree" or the "Company").
LendingTree operates what it believes to be the leading online consumer platform that connects consumers with the choices they need to be confident in their financial decisions. The Company offers consumers tools and resources, including free credit scores, that facilitate comparison-shopping for mortgage loans, home equity loans and lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, auto loans, credit cards, deposit accounts, personal loans, student loans, small business loans, insurance quotes and other related offerings. The Company primarily seeks to match in-market consumers with multiple providers on its marketplace who can provide them with competing quotes for loans, deposit products, insurance or other related offerings they are seeking. The Company also serves as a valued partner to lenders and other providers seeking an efficient, scalable and flexible source of customer acquisition with directly measurable benefits, by matching the consumer inquiries it generates with these providers.
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of LendingTree and all its wholly-owned entities, except Home Loan Center, Inc. ("HLC") subsequent to its bankruptcy filing on July 21, 2019 which resulted in the Company's loss of a controlling interest in HLC under applicable accounting standards. Intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.
Discontinued Operations
The LendingTree Loans business, which consisted of originating various consumer mortgage loans through HLC (the "LendingTree Loans Business"), is presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and consolidated cash flows for all periods presented. The notes accompanying these consolidated financial statements reflect the Company's continuing operations and, unless otherwise noted, exclude information related to the discontinued operations. See Note 21 —Discontinued Operations for additional information.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC").
Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.
NOTE 2—SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Revenue Recognition
The Company derives its revenue primarily from match fees and closing fees. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied and promised services have transferred to the customer. In identifying performance obligations, judgment is required around contracts where there was a possibility of bundled services and multiple parties. In applying judgment, the Company considers customer expectations of performance, materiality and the core principles of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company's services are generally transferred to the customer at a point in time.
Variable consideration is included in revenue if it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur.
Revenue from Home products is primarily generated from upfront match fees paid by mortgage Network Partners that receive a loan request, and in some cases upfront fees for clicks or call transfers. Match fees and upfront fees for clicks and call transfers are earned through the delivery of loan requests that originated through the Company's websites or affiliates. The Company recognizes revenue at the time a loan request is delivered to the customer, provided that no significant obligations remain. The Company's contractual right to the match fee consideration is contemporaneous with the satisfaction of the performance obligation to deliver a loan request to the customer.
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Revenue from Consumer products is generated by match and other upfront fees for clicks or call transfers, as well as from closing fees, approval fees and upfront service and subscription fees. Closing fees are derived from lenders on certain auto loans, business loans, personal loans and student loans when the lender funds a loan with the consumer. Approval fees are derived from credit card issuers when the credit card consumer receives card approval from the credit card issuer. Upfront service fees and subscription fees are derived from consumers in the Company's credit services product. Upfront fees paid by consumers are recognized as revenue over the estimated time the consumer will remain a customer and receive services. Subscription fees are recognized over the period a consumer is receiving services.
Under ASC Topic 606, the timing of recognizing revenue for closing fees and approval fees is accelerated to the point when a loan request or a credit card consumer is delivered to the customer, as opposed to when the consumer loan is closed by the lender or credit card approval is made by the issuer. The Company's contractual right to closing fees and approval fees is not contemporaneous with the satisfaction of the performance obligation to deliver a loan request or a credit card consumer to the customer. As such, the Company records a contract asset at each reporting period-end related to the estimated variable consideration on closing fees and approval fees for which the Company has satisfied the related performance obligation but are still pending the loan closing or credit card approval before the Company has a contractual right to payment. This estimate is based on the Company's historical closing rates and historical time between when a consumer request for a loan or credit card is delivered to the lender or card issuer and when the loan is closed by the lender or approved by the card issuer. The time between satisfaction of the Company's performance obligation and when the Company's right to consideration becomes unconditional varies across products but is generally less than 90 days for auto loans, personal loans, student loans and credit card approvals. The time between satisfaction of the Company's performance obligation and when the Company's right to consideration becomes unconditional for small business loans is generally less than 39 months.
Revenue from the Company's Insurance products is primarily generated from upfront match fees and upfront fees for website clicks or fees for calls. Match fees and upfront fees for clicks and call transfers are earned through the delivery of consumer requests that originated through the Company's websites or affiliates. The Company recognizes revenue at the time a consumer request is delivered to the customer, provided that no significant obligations remain. The Company's contractual right to the match fee consideration is contemporaneous with the satisfaction of the performance obligation to deliver a consumer request to the customer.
Our payment terms vary by customer and services offered. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is generally 30 days or less.
Sales commissions are incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers. The Company expenses sales commissions when incurred as the duration of contracts with customers is less than one year, based on the right of either party to terminate the contract with less than one year's notice without compensation to either party. These costs are recorded within selling and marketing expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash and short-term, highly liquid money market investments with original maturities of three months or less.
Restricted Cash
Cash escrowed or contractually restricted for a specific purpose is designated as restricted cash.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are stated at amounts due from customers, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts.
The Company determines its allowance for doubtful accounts by considering a number of factors, including the length of time accounts receivable are past due, previous loss history, current and expected economic conditions and the specific customer's current and expected ability to pay its obligation. Accounts receivable are considered past due when they are outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms. Accounts receivable are written off when management deems them uncollectible.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the allowance for doubtful accounts is as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Balance, beginning of the period | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 1,143 |  |  | $ | 675 |
Charges to earnings | 1,785 |  |  | 1,697 |  |  | 880 |
Write-off of uncollectible accounts receivable | (1,859) |  |  | (1,400) |  |  | (435) |
Recoveries collected | 10 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 23 |
Balance, end of the period | $ | 1,402 |  |  | $ | 1,466 |  |  | $ | 1,143 |

Segment Reporting
The Company has three reportable segments: Home, Consumer and Insurance. Characteristics which were relied upon in making the determination of the reportable segments include the nature of the products, the organization's internal structure, and the information that is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker, or CODM, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment, including internally-developed software and significant improvements, are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation. Due to the rapid advancements in technology and evolution of company products, all internally-developed software is written off at the end of its useful life. Repairs and maintenance and any gains or losses on dispositions are recognized as incurred in current operations.
Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis to allocate the cost of depreciable assets to operations over their estimated service lives. The following table presents the estimated useful lives for each asset category:

Asset Category | Estimated Useful Lives
Computer equipment and capitalized software | 1 to 5 years
Leasehold improvements | Lesser of asset life or life of lease
Furniture and other equipment | 7 years
Aircraft and automobile | 5 to 10 years

Hosting Arrangement that is a Service Contract
Subsequent to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2018-15 in the first quarter of 2020, as described below, qualifying implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are capitalized and deferred on a straight-line basis over the term of the hosting arrangement, which is typically one to five years. These costs are capitalized to prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets on the balance sheet, and the associated amortization expense is included within general and administrative expense on the statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The majority of such capitalized implementation costs arise from internal and external labor associated with software development, described below.
Software Development Costs
Software development costs primarily include internal and external labor expenses incurred to develop the software that powers the Company's websites. Certain costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized, either as property and equipment or as a hosting arrangement that is a service contract, based on specific activities tracked, while costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation/operation stage are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software development costs are amortized over an estimated useful life of one to five years.
Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
Goodwill acquired in business combinations is assigned to the reporting units that are expected to benefit from the combination as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, consisting of certain trade names and trademarks, are not amortized. Rather, these assets are tested annually for impairment as of October 1, or more frequently upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances.
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As part of its annual impairment testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, in each instance, the Company may elect to assess qualitative factors as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the traditional quantitative impairment testing. If the Company’s assessment of these qualitative factors indicates that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit or indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, then no further testing is required. Otherwise, the goodwill reporting unit or long-lived intangible assets, as applicable, must be quantitatively tested for impairment.
The quantitative impairment test for goodwill involves a comparison of the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company determines the fair value of its reporting units by using a market approach and a discounted cash flow ("DCF") analysis. Determining fair value using a DCF analysis requires the exercise of significant judgments, including judgments about appropriate discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess.
The quantitative impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets involves a comparison of the estimated fair value of the intangible asset with its carrying value. If the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The estimates of fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets are determined using a DCF valuation analysis that employs a relief-from-royalty methodology in estimating the fair value of trade names and trademarks. Significant judgments inherent in this analysis include the determination of royalty rates, discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the amount and timing of future revenues.
Results of the October 1, 2020 qualitative annual impairment tests indicated that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the goodwill and the indefinite-lived intangible assets were each less than their respective carrying values. Accordingly, no further testing was required.
At October 1, 2019, the Company performed the first step of the quantitative goodwill impairment test and found that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, indicating no goodwill impairment. The Company changed its operating segments in the fourth quarter of 2019 and accordingly changed its reporting units. At December 31, 2019, the Company performed the first step of the quantitative goodwill impairment test and found that the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its carrying amount, indicating no goodwill impairment. Results of the October 1, 2019 qualitative annual impairment tests for the indefinite-lived intangible assets indicated that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the assets were each less than their respective carrying values. Accordingly, no further testing was required.
Long-Lived Assets and Intangible Assets with Definite Lives
Long-lived assets include property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets and operating lease right-of-use assets. Amortization of definite-lived intangible assets is recorded on a straight-line basis over their estimated lives.
Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2018-15, described below, capitalized implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are also allocated to and included within long-lived asset groups tested for recoverability.
Long-lived asset groups are tested for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset group is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group. If the carrying amount is deemed to not be recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded as the amount by which the carrying amount of the long-lived asset group exceeds its fair value.
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company performed its review of impairment triggering events for long-lived asset groups and determined that a triggering event had not occurred.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company categorizes its assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the assumptions used in pricing the asset or liability into the following three levels:
•Level 1: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets obtained from independent sources.
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•Level 2: Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data and which require the Company to develop its own assumptions, based on the best information available under the circumstances, about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.
The Company's non-financial assets, such as goodwill, intangible assets and property and equipment are recorded at fair value upon acquisition. These assets are remeasured at fair value when there is an indicator of impairment and recorded at fair value only when an impairment charge is recognized. Such fair value measurements are based predominantly on Level 3 inputs.
Contingent consideration payments related to acquisitions are measured at fair value each reporting period using Level 3 unobservable inputs. The Company's estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable but which are uncertain and involve significant judgments by management. Any changes in the fair value of these contingent consideration payments are included in operating income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with compensation and other employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) related to internally-operated customer call centers, third-party customer call center fees, credit scoring fees, credit card fees, website network hosting and server fees.
Product Development
Product development expense consists primarily of compensation and other employee-related costs (including stock-based compensation) and third-party labor costs that are not capitalized, for employees and consultants engaged in the design, development, testing and enhancement of technology.
Advertising
Advertising costs are expensed in the period incurred (except for production costs which are initially capitalized and then recognized as expense when the advertisement first runs) and principally represent offline costs, including television, print and radio advertising, and online advertising costs, including fees paid to search engines and distribution partners. Advertising expense was $567.7 million, $688.2 million and $469.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and is included in selling and marketing expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the liability method, and deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. In estimating future tax consequences, all expected future events are considered. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Interest is recorded on potential tax contingencies as a component of income tax expense and recorded net of any applicable related income tax benefit. For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company followed the incremental or "with" and "without" approach to intraperiod tax allocation for determination of the amount of tax benefit to allocate to continuing operations as prescribed in ASC 740-20-45-7.
In accordance with the accounting standard for uncertainty in income taxes, liabilities for uncertain tax positions are recognized based on the two-step process prescribed by the accounting standards. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
Effective January 1, 2018, the Company changed the method used to estimate the deduction for prepaid marketing and advertising costs. This change in methodology impacts the timing of the tax deductibility of these related costs. The Company historically estimated these expenses to be deductible if the services were provided within 12 months of payment. Under the
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
proposed method of accounting, the Company will take into account only prepaid marketing and advertising as the Company makes payment for the services to the extent that the payment is due and the services are reasonably expected by the Company to be provided to the applicant within 3-½ months after the date of payment as authorized by Treas. Reg. §1.461-4(d)(6)(ii). The Company has accounted for this change as a change in accounting method and recorded a cumulative impact of $1.0 million as a deferred tax liability to be recognized over four years.
On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 ("SAB 118"), which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ("TCJA"). SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the TCJA enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company's accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in the financial statements. In accordance with SAB 118, the Company determined that the $9.1 million of the deferred tax expense recorded in connection with the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and liabilities was a provisional amount and a reasonable estimate at December 31, 2017.
During the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company finalized the computations of the income tax effects of the Act. As such, in accordance with SAB 118, the Company's accounting for the effects of the Act is complete. The Company did not significantly adjust provisional amounts recorded in 2017 and the SAB 118 measurement period subsequently ended on December 22, 2018. Although the Company no longer considers these amounts to be provisional, the determination of the Act's income tax effects may change following future legislation or further interpretation of the Act based on future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities.
Stock-Based Compensation
The forms of stock-based awards granted to LendingTree employees are principally restricted stock units ("RSUs"), RSUs with performance conditions and stock options. Further, stock options with market conditions, restricted stock awards ("RSAs") with performance conditions and RSAs with market conditions have been granted to the Company's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. RSUs are awards in the form of units, denominated in a hypothetical equivalent number of shares of LendingTree common stock and with the value of each award equal to the fair value of LendingTree common stock at the date of grant. RSUs may be settled in cash, stock or both, as determined by the Company's Compensation Committee at the time of grant. The Company does not have a history of settling these awards in cash. Each stock-based award is subject to service-based vesting, where a specific period of continued employment must pass before an award vests. The Compensation Committee can modify the vesting provisions of an award. Certain awards also include performance-based vesting, where certain performance targets set at the time of grant must be achieved before an award vests.
LendingTree recognizes as expense non-cash compensation for all stock-based awards for which vesting is considered probable. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur.
For service-based awards, non-cash compensation is measured at fair value on the grant date and expensed ratably over the vesting term. The fair value of stock option awards without a market condition is typically estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, while the fair value of an RSU or RSA is measured as the closing common stock price at the time of grant. For performance-based grants, the fair value is measured on the grant date and recognized as non-cash compensation expense, considering the probability of the targets being achieved. Performance-based grants with a market condition are typically valued using a Monte Carlo simulation model. Non-cash compensation expense for single cliff-vesting grants with a market condition are recognized on a straight-line basis, while graded-vesting grants with a market condition use graded vesting expense attribution.
Excess tax benefits and deficiencies that arise due to the difference in the measure of stock compensation and the amount deductible for tax purposes are recorded in income tax expense within the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), and are classified as a component of operating cash flows within the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Litigation Settlements and Contingencies
Litigation settlements and contingencies consists of expenses related to actual or anticipated litigation settlements.
The Company is involved in legal proceedings on an ongoing basis. If the Company believes that a loss arising from such matters is probable and can be reasonably estimated, the estimated liability is accrued in the consolidated financial statements. If only a range of estimated losses can be determined, an amount within the range is accrued that, in the Company's judgment,
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reflects the most likely outcome; if none of the estimates within that range is a better estimate than any other amount, the low end of the range is accrued. For those proceedings in which an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible but not probable, an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of losses or a conclusion that an estimate of the reasonably possible loss or range of losses arising directly from the proceeding (i.e., monetary damages or amounts paid in judgment or settlement) are not material is disclosed. Legal expenses associated with these matters are recognized as incurred.
Accounting Estimates
Management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions during the preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. These estimates and assumptions impact the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. They also impact the reported amount of net earnings during any period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Significant estimates underlying the accompanying consolidated financial statements, including discontinued operations, include: the recoverability of long-lived assets, goodwill and intangible assets; the determination of income taxes payable and deferred income taxes, including related valuation allowances; fair value of assets acquired in a business combination; contingent consideration related to business combinations; litigation accruals; HLC ownership related claims; contract assets; various other allowances, reserves and accruals; assumptions related to the determination of stock-based compensation; and the determination of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.
The Company considered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the assumptions and estimates used when preparing its financial statements including, but not limited to, the allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation allowances, contract asset and contingent consideration. These assumptions and estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. If economic conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic do not recover as currently estimated by management, such future changes may have an adverse impact on the Company's results of operations, financial position and liquidity.
Certain Risks and Concentrations
LendingTree's business is subject to certain risks and concentrations including dependence on third-party technology providers, exposure to risks associated with online commerce security and credit card fraud.
Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk at December 31, 2020, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable, as disclosed in the consolidated balance sheet. Cash and cash equivalents are in excess of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limits, but are maintained with quality financial institutions of high credit. The Company requires certain Network Partners to maintain security deposits with the Company, which in the event of non-payment, would be applied against any accounts receivable outstanding.
Due to the nature of the mortgage lending industry, interest rate fluctuations may negatively impact future revenue from the Company's marketplace.
For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, one network partner accounted for 15% and 12%, respectively, of total consolidated revenue, all of which was recorded within the Insurance segment. No Network Partners accounted for more than 10% of total consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Lenders and lead purchasers participating on the Company's marketplace can offer their products directly to consumers through brokers, mass marketing campaigns or through other traditional methods of credit distribution. These lenders and lead purchasers can also offer their products online, either directly to prospective borrowers, through one or more online competitors, or both. If a significant number of potential consumers are able to obtain loans and other products from Network Partners without utilizing the Company's services, the Company's ability to generate revenue may be limited. Because the Company does not have exclusive relationships with the Network Partners whose loans and other financial products are offered on its online marketplace, consumers may obtain offers from these Network Partners without using its service.
Other than a support services office in India, the Company's operations are geographically limited to and dependent upon the economic condition of the United States.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2018-15, which aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15,
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2019. The amendments should be applied either retrospectively or prospectively to all implementation costs incurred after the date of adoption. The Company adopted ASU 2018-15 in the first quarter of 2020 using the prospective approach. Subsequent to the adoption of this ASU, capitalizable implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract are recorded within prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The amortization expense associated with these capitalized implementation costs is included within general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The adoption of ASU 2018-15 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 6—Hosting Arrangements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, which removes, modifies and adds certain disclosure requirements in ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Certain amendments must be applied prospectively while others are to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. The Company adopted ASU 2018-13 in the first quarter of 2020. See Note 18—Fair Value Measurement.
In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07 which simplifies the accounting for nonemployee share-based payments by expanding the scope of ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. Under the new guidance, most of the initial and subsequent measurement for such payments to nonemployees is aligned with the requirements for share-based payments to employees. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption was permitted. Entities must transition to the new guidance through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company early-adopted this ASU during the second quarter of 2018, with no impact to its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09 which clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. Under the new guidance, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions or the classification of the award changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. This ASU is effective prospectively for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted this ASU during the first quarter of 2018.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, which eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge (Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test). Instead, an impairment charge will be based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value. This ASU is effective for annual and interim impairment tests performed in periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2020.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18 which is intended to reduce the diversity in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash in the statement of cash flows, by requiring entities to combine the changes in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in one line. As a result, entities will no longer present transfers between cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash in the statement of cash flows. In addition, if more than one line item is recorded on the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a reconciliation between the statement of cash flows and balance sheet is required. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The retrospective transition method, requiring adjustment to all comparative periods presented, is required. The Company adopted this ASU during the first quarter of 2018. See Note 4—Cash and Restricted Cash for the reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported on the balance sheet to the total of such amounts shown on the statement of cash flows.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15 which addresses eight cash flow classification issues, eliminating the diversity in practice. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The retrospective transition method, requiring adjustment to all comparative periods presented, is required unless it is impracticable for some of the amendments, in which case those amendments would be prospectively applied as of the earliest date practicable. The Company adopted this ASU during the first quarter of 2018. Pursuant to adoption of this ASU, contingent consideration payments made are classified as cash outflows from financing activities up to the amount of the contingent consideration liability recognized at the acquisition date, and the portion of payments in excess of that initial liability are classified as cash outflows from operating activities. See Note 9—Business Acquisitions for additional information.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, which requires entities to measure expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU introduces ASC Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, which replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including trade receivables and certain other financial assets that have the contractual right to receive cash. ASC Topic 326 is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 15, 2019. The guidance must be adopted using a modified retrospective transition. The Company adopted ASC Topic 326 as of January 1, 2020, which did not result in any cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit in the period of adoption.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02 related to lease accounting guidance. This ASU introduces ASC Topic 842, Leases, which supersedes ASC Topic 840, Leases. In 2018 and 2019, the FASB issued final amendments clarifying certain narrow aspects of implementing ASU 2016-02, including clarifications related to the rate implicit in the lease, lessee reassessment of lease classification, lessor reassessment of lease term and purchase options, variable payments that depend on an index or rate, transition disclosures and certain other transition matters. The clarification ASUs also provided an optional transition method that allows entities to initially apply the lease accounting transition requirements at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption without restating comparative prior periods presented. The clarification ASUs must be adopted concurrently with the adoption of ASU 2016-02 (collectively, "ASC Topic 842").
The Company adopted ASC Topic 842 as of January 1, 2019, using the optional transition method to apply the new requirements at the adoption date without restating comparative prior periods presented. The adoption resulted in the increase in total assets and total liabilities of $8.8 million as of January 1, 2019, related to operating leases greater than one year in duration for which the Company is the lessee, with no cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. As part of the transition, the Company elected the package of practical expedients, which allows the Company to not reassess whether expired or existing contracts contain leases, lease classification for expired or existing leases, and initial direct costs for existing leases. Additionally, the Company elected an accounting policy to not record short-term leases, which are leases with an initial term of twelve months or fewer, on the balance sheet.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09 related to revenue recognition. This guidance introduces ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. In 2016, the FASB issued final amendments clarifying implementation guidance for principal versus agent considerations, identifying performance obligations, assessing collectability, presenting sales taxes, measuring noncash consideration and certain other transition matters. The clarification ASUs must be adopted concurrently with the adoption of ASU 2014-09 (collectively, "ASC Topic 606"). Under the new ASUs, the timing of recognizing revenue for closing fees and approval fees in the Company's Consumer products has been accelerated to the point when a loan request or a credit card consumer is delivered to the customer as opposed to when the consumer loan is closed by the lender or credit card approval is made by the issuer and communicated to the Company.
The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition approach. The Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying ASC Topic 606 as an adjustment to the opening balance of accumulated deficit. The cumulative effect of the changes made to the consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of ASC Topic 606 were as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2017 | Adjustments due to ASC Topic 606 | January 1, 2018
Assets: |  |  |
Prepaid and other current assets | $ | 11,881 |  | $ | 1,903 |  | $ | 13,784 |
Deferred income tax assets | 20,156 |  | (530) |  | 19,626 |
Shareholders' equity: |  |  |
Accumulated deficit | $ | (708,354) |  | $ | 1,373 |  | $ | (706,981) |

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments, amends the derivatives scope exception guidance for contracts in an entity’s own equity, and amends the related earnings-per-share guidance. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including adoption in interim periods. An entity should adopt the guidance as of the beginning of its annual fiscal year. An entity may adopt the amendments through either a modified retrospective method of transition or a fully retrospective method of transition. The Company expects the amendments to impact its convertible senior notes and warrants issued and is evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements and whether to early adopt.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, which simplifies the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to improve consistency among reporting entities. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in interim periods. Entities electing early adoption must adopt all amendments in the same period. Most amendments must be applied prospectively while others are to be applied on a retrospective basis for all periods presented or a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company is evaluating the impact this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements and does not expect material effects. The Company will adopt ASU 2019-12 in the first quarter of 2021.
NOTE 3—REVENUE
Revenue is as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Home | $ | 320,992 |  |  | $ | 277,935 |  |  | $ | 319,176 |
Credit cards | 77,361 |  |  | 211,294 |  |  | 165,776 |
Personal loans | 66,513 |  |  | 152,729 |  |  | 134,199 |
Other Consumer | 109,324 |  |  | 151,014 |  |  | 95,640 |
Consumer | 253,198 |  |  | 515,037 |  |  | 395,615 |
Insurance | 333,765 |  |  | 284,792 |  |  | 31,369 |
Other | 2,035 |  |  | 28,839 |  |  | 18,705 |
Total revenue | $ | 909,990 |  |  | $ | 1,106,603 |  |  | $ | 764,865 |

The contract asset recorded within prepaid and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheets related to estimated variable consideration in the Company's Consumer business was $6.4 million and $6.5 million on December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
The contract liability recorded within accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets related to upfront fees paid by consumers in the Company's Consumer business was $0.7 million and $0.6 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. During 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $0.6 million that was included in the contract liability balance at December 31, 2019. During 2019, the Company recognized revenue of $0.4 million that was included in the contract liability balance at December 31, 2018.
Revenue recognized in any reporting period includes estimated variable consideration for which the Company has satisfied the related performance obligations but are still pending the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event outside the Company's control (such as lenders providing loans to consumers or credit card approvals of consumers) before the Company has a contractual right to payment. The Company recognized increases to such revenue from prior periods of $0.3 million, $4.4 million and $0.7 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
NOTE 4—CASH AND RESTRICTED CASH
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents consist of the following (in thousands):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 169,932 |  |  | $ | 60,243 |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents | 117 |  |  | 96 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents | $ | 170,049 |  |  | $ | 60,339 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 5—PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
The balance of property and equipment, net is as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Computer equipment and capitalized software | $ | 34,777 |  |  | $ | 28,425 |
Leasehold improvements | 5,012 |  |  | 7,751 |
Furniture and other equipment | 3,290 |  |  | 3,993 |
Aircraft and automobile | 2,621 |  |  | 2,621 |
Projects in progress | 36,919 |  |  | 6,552 |
Total gross property and equipment | 82,619 |  |  | 49,342 |
Accumulated depreciation | (20,238) |  |  | (17,979) |
Total property and equipment, net | $ | 62,381 |  |  | $ | 31,363 |

Unamortized capitalized software development costs recorded in property and equipment, whether in service or under development, are $24.8 million and $19.9 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Capitalized software development depreciation expense was $11.1 million, $8.6 million and $6.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Long-lived assets located outside the United States, the Company's country of domicile, were $0.1 million at each of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
NOTE 6—HOSTING ARRANGEMENTS
The balance of capitalized implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract, which are recorded within prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets, is as follows at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

| Current portion |  | Non-current portion
Capitalized implementation costs | $ | 530 |  |  | $ | 1,036 |
Projects in progress | 505 |  |  | 1,154 |
Total gross | 1,035 |  |  | 2,190 |
Accumulated amortization | — |  |  | (185) |
Total net | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | 2,005 |

Amortization expense included within general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss) associated with these capitalized implementation costs was $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.
NOTE 7—GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
The balance of goodwill, net is as follows (in thousands):

| Goodwill |  | Accumulated Impairment Loss |  | Net Goodwill
Balance at December 31, 2018 | $ | 831,435 |  |  | $ | (483,088) |  |  | $ | 348,347 |
Acquisition of Ovation | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Acquisition of QuoteWizard | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |
Acquisition of ValuePenguin | 71,739 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,739 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 903,227 |  |  | $ | (483,088) |  |  | $ | 420,139 |
Changes in goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2020 | $ | 903,227 |  |  | $ | (483,088) |  |  | $ | 420,139 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The balance of intangible assets, net is as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Intangible assets with indefinite lives | $ | 10,142 |  |  | $ | 10,142 |
Intangible assets with definite lives, net | 118,360 |  |  | 171,438 |
Total intangible assets, net | $ | 128,502 |  |  | $ | 181,580 |

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets
The Company's goodwill at each of December 31, 2020 and 2019 consists of $59.3 million associated with the Home segment, $166.1 million associated with the Consumer segment, and $194.7 million associated with the Insurance segment. Prior to the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company's goodwill was associated with its then one reportable segment. Results of the annual impairment test as of October 1, 2020 indicated that no impairment had occurred.
Intangible assets with indefinite lives relate to the Company's trademarks. Results of the annual impairment test as of October 1, 2020 indicated that no impairment had occurred.
Intangible Assets with Definite Lives
Intangible assets with definite lives relate to the following (dollars in thousands):

| Weighted Average Amortization Life |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Technology | 4.3 years |  | $ | 87,700 |  |  | $ | (48,166) |  |  | $ | 39,534 |
Customer lists | 13.2 years |  | 77,300 |  |  | (18,560) |  |  | 58,740 |
Trademarks and tradenames | 4.9 years |  | 17,200 |  |  | (9,947) |  |  | 7,253 |
Website content | 3.0 years |  | 43,200 |  |  | (30,367) |  |  | 12,833 |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | $ | 225,400 |  |  | $ | (107,040) |  |  | $ | 118,360 |

| Weighted Average Amortization Life |  | Cost |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net
Technology | 4.2 years |  | $ | 116,200 |  |  | $ | (48,938) |  |  | $ | 67,262 |
Customer lists | 13.2 years |  | 77,300 |  |  | (12,452) |  |  | 64,848 |
Trademarks and tradenames | 4.9 years |  | 17,200 |  |  | (6,407) |  |  | 10,793 |
Website content | 3.0 years |  | 51,000 |  |  | (22,467) |  |  | 28,533 |
Other | 3.0 years |  | 5 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 2 |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  |  | $ | 261,705 |  |  | $ | (90,267) |  |  | $ | 171,438 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Amortization of intangible assets with definite lives is computed on a straight-line basis and, based on balances as of December 31, 2020, future amortization is estimated to be as follows (in thousands):

| Amortization Expense
Year ending December 31, 2021 | $ | 42,738 |
Year ending December 31, 2022 | 25,256 |
Year ending December 31, 2023 | 8,602 |
Year ending December 31, 2024 | 6,747 |
Year ending December 31, 2025 | 6,259 |
Thereafter | 28,758 |
Total intangible assets with definite lives, net | $ | 118,360 |

NOTE 8—EQUITY INVESTMENT
On February 28, 2020, the Company acquired an equity interest in Stash Financial, Inc. (“Stash”) for $80.0 million. Stash is a consumer investing and banking platform. Stash brings together banking, investing, and financial services education into one seamless experience offering a full suite of personal investment accounts, traditional and Roth IRAs, custodial investment accounts, and banking services, including checking accounts and debit cards with a Stock-Back® rewards program.
The Stash equity securities do not have a readily determinable fair value and, upon acquisition, the Company elected the measurement alternative to value its securities. The Stash equity securities will be carried at cost and subsequently marked to market upon observable market events with any gains or losses recorded in operating income in the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2020, there have been no observable market events that would result in upward or downward adjustments in the fair value, and there have been no impairments to the original cost of $80.0 million.
NOTE 9—BUSINESS ACQUISITIONS
Changes in Contingent Consideration
In 2018, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of QuoteWizard.com, LLC (“QuoteWizard”) and Ovation Credit Services, Inc. (“Ovation”). See 2018 Acquisitions—QuoteWizard and 2018 Acquisitions—Ovation below.
In 2017, the Company acquired certain assets of Snap Capital LLC, which does business under the name SnapCap (“SnapCap”). During 2020, the Company made the final earnout payments related to the achievement of certain defined earnings targets for SnapCap. The earnout payment of $3.0 million in 2019 is included within cash flows from financing activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows. Of the total earnout payments of $6.0 million in 2020, $3.3 million is included within cash flows from financing activities and $2.7 million is included within cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.
In 2017, the Company acquired all of the assets of Deposits Online, LLC, which does business under the name DepositAccounts.com (“DepositAccounts”). The Company made no earnout payments related to the DepositAccounts acquisition during 2020, and this earnout is complete. Total earnout payments of $4.0 million in 2018 are included within cash flows from financing activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows, except for an immaterial portion included within cash flows from operating activities. Total earnout payments of $3.0 million in 2019 are included within cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.
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Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration is summarized as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
QuoteWizard | $ | 3,980 |  |  | $ | 27,103 |  |  | $ | 6,833 |
Ovation | 1,270 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 1,654 |
SnapCap | 77 |  |  | 2,220 |  |  | (330) |
DepositAccounts | — |  |  | (947) |  |  | 1,979 |
CompareCards | — |  |  | — |  |  | 652 |
Total changes in fair value of contingent consideration | $ | 5,327 |  |  | $ | 28,402 |  |  | $ | 10,788 |

2019 Acquisition
ValuePenguin
On January 10, 2019, the Company acquired Value Holding, Inc., the parent company of ValuePenguin Inc. ("ValuePenguin"), a personal finance website that offers consumers objective analysis on a variety of financial topics from insurance to credit cards. The Company made an upfront cash payment of $106.1 million at the closing of the transaction, funded through $90.0 million drawn on the Company's revolving credit facility and the balance using cash on hand. The purchase price of $106.2 million is comprised of the upfront cash payment of $106.1 million and a $0.1 million post-closing payment for working capital settlement.
The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. In 2019, the Company completed the determination of the final allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

| Fair Value
Net working capital | $ | 2,502 |
Fixed assets | 68 |
Intangible assets | 31,600 |
Goodwill | 71,739 |
Net noncurrent assets | 323 |
Total purchase price | $ | 106,232 |

The Company primarily used the income approach for the valuation as appropriate and used valuation inputs in these models and analyses that were based on market participant assumptions. Market participants are buyers and sellers unrelated to the Company, and fair value is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction at the measurement date.
The acquired intangible assets are definite-lived assets consisting of developed technology, content and trademarks and tradenames. The estimated fair values of the developed technology were determined using the cost replacement method, the content was determined using the excess earnings method, and the trademarks and tradenames were determined using the relief from royalty method. The estimated fair value of the intangible assets are based on estimates for content lifecycles, estimates for revenue growth rates, estimates for future cash flows, the probability weighting of scenarios and discount rates, known at the acquisition date, which management believes are reasonable. The fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Fair Value | Weighted Average Amortization Life
Technology | $ | 4,200 |  | 3 years
Content | 26,100 |  | 3 years
Trademarks and tradenames | 1,300 |  | 5 years
Total intangible assets | $ | 31,600 |  | 3.1 years

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company recorded goodwill of $71.7 million, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired, net of the liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to ValuePenguin as a going concern, which represents the ability of the Company to earn a higher return on the collection of assets and business of ValuePenguin than if those assets and business were to be acquired and managed separately. The benefit of access to the workforce is an additional element of goodwill. The goodwill was recorded in the Company’s then one reportable segment. For income tax purposes, the Company accounted for the acquisition as an asset purchase which would indicate the goodwill will be tax deductible.
Subsequent to the acquisition date, the Company’s consolidated results of operations include the results of the acquired ValuePenguin business. In 2019, the Company’s consolidated results of operations include revenue of $19.8 million attributable to the ValuePenguin business. In the first six months of 2019, net income from continuing operations attributable to the ValuePenguin business was $3.1 million. Due to the integration of the ValuePenguin business subsequent to the acquisition, earnings of the acquired ValuePenguin business beginning in the third quarter of 2019 is impracticable to determine with sufficient accuracy. Acquisition-related costs were $0.1 million in 2019 and are included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
2018 Acquisitions
QuoteWizard
On October 31, 2018, the Company acquired QuoteWizard.com, LLC, one of the largest insurance comparison marketplaces in the growing online insurance advertising market. QuoteWizard services clients by driving consumers to insurance companies’ websites, providing leads to agents and carriers, as well as phone transfers of consumers into carrier call centers.
The Company paid $299.9 million in initial cash consideration, funded through $174.9 million of cash on hand and $125.0 million drawn on the Company's revolving credit facility, and could make up to three additional earnout payments, each ranging from zero to $23.4 million, based on certain defined operating results during the earnout periods November 1, 2018 through October 31, 2019, November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020, and November 1, 2020 through October 31, 2021. These additional payments, to the extent earned, will be payable in cash. The purchase price of $313.4 million is comprised of the upfront cash payment of $299.9 million, $13.9 million for the estimated fair value of the earnout payments, and a $0.4 million post-closing receipt for working capital settlement.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company paid $23.4 million related to the earnout payment for the period of November 1, 2018 through October 31, 2019, of which $13.9 million is included within cash flows from financing activities and $9.5 million is included within cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company paid $20.2 million related to the earnout payment for the period of November 1, 2019 through October 31, 2020, which is included within cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.
As of December 31, 2020, the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration totaled $8.2 million, which is included in non-current contingent consideration in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration payments is determined using an option pricing model. The estimated value of the contingent consideration is based upon available information and certain assumptions, known at the time of this report, which management believes are reasonable. Any differences in the actual contingent consideration payments will be recorded in operating income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). During 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded $4.0 million, $27.1 million and $6.8 million, respectively, of contingent consideration expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) due to the change in estimated fair value of the contingent consideration.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. In 2019, the Company completed the determination of the final allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

| Fair Value
Net working capital | $ | 8,521 |
Fixed assets | 1,509 |
Intangible assets | 120,400 |
Goodwill | 182,896 |
Other noncurrent assets | 29 |
Total purchase price | $ | 313,355 |

The Company primarily used the income approach for the valuation as appropriate, and used valuation inputs in these models and analyses that were based on market participant assumptions. Market participants are buyers and sellers unrelated to the Company and fair value is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction at the measurement date.
The acquired intangible assets are definite-lived assets consisting of developed technology, customer relationships, content and trademarks and tradenames. The estimated fair values of the developed technology were determined using the excess earnings method, the customer relationships were determined using the distributor method, the content was determined using the cost replacement method, and the trademarks and tradenames were determined using the relief from royalty method. The fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Fair Value | Weighted Average Amortization Life
Technology | $ | 68,900 |  | 4 years
Customer lists | 42,700 |  | 14.7 years
Content | 1,000 |  | 3 years
Trademarks and tradenames | 7,800 |  | 5 years
Total intangible assets | $ | 120,400 |  | 7.9 years

The Company recorded goodwill of $182.9 million, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired, net of the liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to QuoteWizard as a going concern, which represents the ability of the Company to earn a higher return on the collection of assets and business of QuoteWizard than if those assets and business were to be acquired and managed separately. The benefit of access to the workforce is an additional element of goodwill. The goodwill was recorded in the Company’s then one reportable segment. For income tax purposes, the acquisition was an asset purchase and the goodwill will be tax deductible. Acquisition-related costs were $4.8 million in 2018 and are included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
The unaudited pro forma financial results for the year ended December 31, 2018 below combine the consolidated results of the Company and QuoteWizard, giving effect to the acquisition as if it had been completed on January 1, 2017. This unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of future operations or results had the acquisition been completed as of January 1, 2017, or any other date.
The unaudited pro forma financial results include adjustments for additional amortization expense based on the fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives and their estimated useful lives, as well as changes in depreciation expense associated with the change in fair value of the property and equipment recorded in relation to the acquisition. Interest expense was adjusted to eliminate historical interest associated with QuoteWizard's revolving credit facility and notes payable that were not assumed with the acquisition, as well as reflect incremental interest expense associated with debt issued to finance the acquisition. The provision for income taxes from continuing operations has also been adjusted to reflect taxes on the historical results of operations of QuoteWizard. QuoteWizard did not pay taxes at the entity level as it was a limited liability company whose members elected for it to be taxed as a partnership.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| 2018 |
| (in thousands)
Pro forma revenue | $ | 900,978 |  |
Pro forma net income from continuing operations | $ | 110,015 |  |

The unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations in 2018 includes the aggregate after-tax contingent consideration expense associated with the QuoteWizard earnout of $4.9 million. Acquisition-related costs of $5.9 million incurred by the Company and QuoteWizard that are directly attributable to the acquisition, which will not have an ongoing impact, have been eliminated from the unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations for 2018.
Student Loan Hero
On July 23, 2018, the Company acquired Student Loan Hero, Inc., a personal finance website dedicated to helping student loan borrowers manage their student debt. Student Loan Hero offers current and former students in-depth financial comparison tools, educational resources, and unbiased, personalized advice. The Company made an upfront cash payment of $60.7 million at the closing of the transaction, of which $2.3 million was recognized as severance expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The purchase price of $60.4 million is comprised of the upfront cash payment of $60.7 million less the $2.3 million recognized as severance expense, and a $2.0 million post-closing payment for working capital settlement.
The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. During 2018, the Company completed the determination of the final allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

| Fair Value
Net working capital | $ | 5,429 |
Intangible assets | 19,600 |
Goodwill | 40,856 |
Deferred tax liabilities | (5,467) |
Total purchase price | $ | 60,418 |

The Company primarily used the income approach for the valuation as appropriate, and used valuation inputs in these models and analyses that were based on market participant assumptions. Market participants are buyers and sellers unrelated to the Company and fair value is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction at the measurement date.
The acquired intangible assets are definite-lived assets consisting of content, customer relationships and trademarks and tradenames. The estimated fair values of the content was determined using the excess earnings method, the customer relationships were determined using the distributor method and the trademarks and tradenames were determined using the relief from royalty method. The fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Fair Value | Weighted Average Amortization Life
Content | $ | 16,100 |  | 3 years
Customer lists | 2,500 |  | 10 years
Trademarks and tradenames | 1,000 |  | 5 years
Total intangible assets | $ | 19,600 |  | 4.0 years

The Company recorded goodwill of $40.9 million, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired, net of the liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to Student Loan Hero as a going concern, which represents the ability of the Company to earn a higher return on the collection of assets and business of Student Loan Hero than if those assets and business were to be acquired and managed separately. The benefit of access to the workforce is an additional element of goodwill. The goodwill was recorded in the Company’s then one reportable segment. For income tax purposes, the acquisition was an equity purchase and the goodwill will not be tax deductible. Acquisition-related costs were $0.5 million in 2018 and are included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Ovation
On June 11, 2018, the Company acquired Ovation Credit Services, Inc., a leading provider of credit services with a strong customer service reputation. Ovation utilizes a proprietary software application that facilitates the credit repair process and is integrated directly with certain credit reporting agencies while educating consumers on credit improvement via ongoing outreach with Ovation case advisors. The proprietary software application offers consumers a simple, streamlined process to identify, dispute, and correct inaccuracies within their credit reports.
The Company paid $12.2 million in initial cash consideration and had the potential to make up to two additional earnout payments, each ranging from zero to $4.4 million, based on certain defined operating metrics during the earnout periods July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019 and July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020. The purchase price of $17.9 million is comprised of the upfront cash payment of $12.2 million, $5.8 million for the estimated fair value of the earnout payments, and a $0.1 million post-closing receipt for working capital settlement.
In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company paid $4.4 million related to the earnout payment for the period of July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019, which is included within cash flows from financing activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows. In the fourth quarter of 2020, the Company paid $4.4 million related to the earnout payment for the period of July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020, of which $1.4 million is included within cash flows from financing activities and $3.0 million is included within cash flows from operating activities on the consolidated statement of cash flows.
The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. In 2019, the Company completed the determination of the final allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as follows (in thousands):

| Fair Value
Net working capital | $ | 303 |
Fixed assets | 76 |
Intangible assets | 8,900 |
Goodwill | 11,280 |
Net deferred tax liabilities | (2,688) |
Total purchase price | $ | 17,871 |

The Company primarily used the income approach for the valuation as appropriate, and used valuation inputs in these models and analyses that were based on market participant assumptions. Market participants are buyers and sellers unrelated to the Company and fair value is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction at the measurement date.
The acquired intangible assets are definite-lived assets consisting of developed technology, customer relationships and trademarks and tradenames. The estimated fair values of the developed technology were determined using the excess earnings method, the customer relationships were determined using the cost savings method and the trademarks and tradenames were determined using the relief from royalty method. The fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives is as follows (dollars in thousands):

| Fair Value | Weighted Average Amortization Life
Technology | $ | 6,000 |  | 7 years
Customer lists | 1,900 |  | 1 year
Trademarks and tradenames | 1,000 |  | 4 years
Total intangible assets | $ | 8,900 |  | 5.4 years

The Company recorded goodwill of $11.3 million, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired, net of the liabilities assumed. The goodwill is primarily attributable to Ovation as a going concern, which represents the ability of the Company to earn a higher return on the collection of assets and business of Ovation than if those assets and business were to be acquired and managed separately. The benefit of access to the workforce is an additional element of goodwill. The goodwill was recorded in the Company’s then one reportable segment. For income tax purposes, the acquisition was an equity purchase and the goodwill will not be tax deductible. Acquisition-related costs were $0.4 million in 2018 and are included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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Pro forma Financial Results
The unaudited pro forma financial results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 combine the consolidated results of the Company and Ovation, Student Loan Hero, QuoteWizard and ValuePenguin, giving effect to the acquisitions as if the Ovation, Student Loan Hero and QuoteWizard acquisitions had been completed on January 1, 2017, and as if the ValuePenguin acquisition had been completed on January 1, 2018. This unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of future operations or results had the acquisitions been completed as of January 1, 2017 or 2018, or any other date.
The unaudited pro forma financial results include adjustments for additional amortization expense based on the fair value of the intangible assets with definite lives and their estimated useful lives. Depreciation expense and interest expense were adjusted for the impact of the QuoteWizard acquisition, as described above, including incremental interest associated with debt issued to finance the acquisition. Interest expense was also adjusted to reflect incremental interest associated with debt issued to finance the ValuePenguin acquisition. The provision for income taxes from continuing operations has been adjusted to reflect taxes on the historical results of operations of QuoteWizard, as described above.

| 2019 | 2018 |
| (in thousands)
Pro forma revenue | $ | 1,107,118 |  | $ | 934,209 |  |
Pro forma net income from continuing operations | $ | 39,173 |  | $ | 104,153 |  |

The unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations in 2019 includes the aggregate after-tax contingent consideration expense associated with the DepositAccounts, SnapCap, Ovation and QuoteWizard earnouts of $21.5 million. The unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations for 2018 has been adjusted to include acquisition-related costs of $0.6 million incurred by the Company that are directly attributable to the ValuePenguin acquisition, and which will not have an ongoing impact. Accordingly, these acquisition-related costs have been eliminated from the unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations for 2019.
The unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations in 2018 includes the aggregate after-tax contingent consideration expense associated with the DepositAccounts, SnapCap, Ovation and QuoteWizard earnouts of $7.2 million. Acquisition-related costs of $6.9 million incurred by the Company, Student Loan Hero and QuoteWizard that are directly attributable to the Ovation, Student Loan Hero and QuoteWizard acquisitions, and which will not have an ongoing impact, have been eliminated from the unaudited pro forma net income from continuing operations for 2018.
NOTE 10—ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Accrued advertising expense | $ | 54,045 |  |  | $ | 65,836 |
Accrued compensation and benefits | 14,081 |  |  | 10,540 |
Accrued professional fees | 1,869 |  |  | 1,560 |
Customer deposits and escrows | 8,153 |  |  | 6,920 |
Contribution to LendingTree Foundation | 3,333 |  |  | 3,333 |
Current lease liabilities | 5,375 |  |  | 6,885 |
Other | 14,340 |  |  | 17,681 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 101,196 |  |  | $ | 112,755 |

NOTE 11—LEASES
The Company is a lessee to leases of corporate offices and certain office equipment. The majority of leases for corporate offices include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms ranging from two to five years. These renewal options have not been included in the calculation of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, as the Company is not reasonably certain of the
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exercise of these renewal options. The Company used its incremental borrowing rate to calculate the right-of-use asset and lease liability for each lease.
As of December 31, 2020, right-of-use assets totaled $84.1 million and lease liabilities, the current portion of which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying balance sheet, totaled $97.7 million. At December 31, 2019, right-of-use assets totaled $25.5 million and lease liabilities totaled $28.2 million. During the second quarter of 2020 the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities increased $65.7 million due to commencement of the lease, as defined under ASC Topic 842, Leases, for the Company’s new principal executive offices currently under construction in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Lease expense, which is included in general and administrative expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), consists of the following (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Operating lease cost | $ | 11,226 |  |  | $ | 6,346 |
Short-term lease cost | 59 |  |  | 86 |
Total lease cost | $ | 11,285 |  |  | $ | 6,432 |

Weighted average remaining lease term and discount rate for operating leases are as follows:

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  |
Weighted average remaining lease term | 13.0 years |  | 5.0 years |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 5.0 | % |  | 4.7 | % |  |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases is as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  |
Net cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | 2,359 |  |  | $ | 6,779 |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities | $ | 66,881 |  |  | $ | 21,969 |  |  |

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

| Operating Leases
Year ending December 31, 2021 | $ | 9,147 |
Year ending December 31, 2022 | 12,823 |
Year ending December 31, 2023 | 12,617 |
Year ending December 31, 2024 | 10,973 |
Year ending December 31, 2025 | 9,336 |
Thereafter | 96,062 |
Total lease payments | 150,958 |
Less: Interest | 44,959 |
Less: Tenant improvement allowances | 8,261 |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 97,738 |

Rental expense for all operating leases, except those with terms of a month or less that were not renewed, charged to continuing operations was $3.4 million in 2018, which is included in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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The Company operated as a lessor in connection with office buildings in Charlotte, North Carolina acquired in December 2016. The properties were sold in 2019 to an unrelated third party. Rental income of $0.3 million in 2019 and $0.9 million in 2018 is included in other income on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
NOTE 12—SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Basic and diluted income (loss) per share was determined based on the following share data (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Weighted average basic common shares | 13,007 |  |  | 12,834 |  |  | 12,504 |
Effect of stock options | — |  |  | 747 |  |  | 1,043 |
Effect of dilutive share awards | — |  |  | 167 |  |  | 153 |
Effect of Convertible Senior Notes and warrants | — |  |  | 871 |  |  | 397 |
Weighted average diluted common shares | 13,007 |  |  | 14,619 |  |  | 14,097 |

For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company had a loss from continuing operations and, as a result, no potentially dilutive securities were included in the denominator for computing diluted loss per share, because the impact would have been anti-dilutive. Accordingly, the weighted average basic shares outstanding was used to compute loss per share. Approximately 1.1 million shares related to potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2020 because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the weighted average shares that were anti-dilutive included options to purchase 0.2 million shares of common stock.
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the weighted average shares that were anti-dilutive, and therefore excluded from the calculation of diluted income per share, included options to purchase 0.1 million and 0.4 million shares of common stock, respectively.
The convertible notes and the warrants issued by the Company could be converted into the Company’s common stock, subject to certain contingencies. See Note 15—Debt for additional information. Shares of the Company's common stock associated with the 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due July 15, 2025 and the warrants issued by the Company in 2020 were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share for the year ended December 31, 2020 as they were anti-dilutive since the conversion price of the notes and the strike price of the warrants were greater than the average market price of the Company’s common stock during the relevant period.
See Note 13—Stock-Based Compensation for a full description of outstanding equity awards.
Common Stock Repurchases
In each of February 2018 and February 2019, the board of directors authorized and the Company announced the repurchase of up to $100.0 million and $150.0 million, respectively, of LendingTree's common stock. During the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company purchased 22,731 and 379,449 shares, respectively, of its common stock for aggregate consideration of $5.5 million and $92.6 million, respectively. At December 31, 2020, $179.7 million remains authorized for share repurchase.
NOTE 13—STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The Company currently has two active plans, the Sixth Amended and Restated LendingTree 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan (the "Equity Award Plan") and the LendingTree 2017 Inducement Grant Plan (the "Inducement Plan"), under which future awards may be granted, which currently covers outstanding stock options to acquire shares of the Company's common stock, restricted stock, restricted stock with performance conditions, RSUs and RSUs with performance conditions, and provides for the future grants of these and other equity awards. Under the Equity Award Plan and the Inducement Plan, the Company is authorized to grant stock options, restricted stock, RSUs and other equity-based awards for up to 6.1 million and 0.5 million shares, respectively, of LendingTree common stock to employees, and, under the Equity Award Plan only, to non-employee consultants and directors.
The Equity Award Plan and Inducement Plan each have a stated term of ten years and provide that the exercise price of stock options granted will not be less than the market price of the common stock on the grant date. The Equity Award Plan and Inducement Plan do not specify grant dates or vesting schedules, as those determinations are delegated to the Compensation
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Committee of the board of directors. Each grant agreement reflects the vesting schedule for that particular grant, as determined by the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee has the authority to modify the vesting provisions of an award.
Non-cash compensation related to equity awards is included in the following line items in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Cost of revenue | $ | 1,319 |  |  | $ | 755 |  |  | $ | 378 |
Selling and marketing expense | 6,240 |  |  | 5,785 |  |  | 3,568 |
General and administrative expense | 39,650 |  |  | 39,177 |  |  | 34,325 |
Product development | 6,524 |  |  | 6,450 |  |  | 6,094 |
Total non-cash compensation | $ | 53,733 |  |  | $ | 52,167 |  |  | $ | 44,365 |

For the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $11.4 million, $12.2 million and $11.2 million of income tax benefit, including state taxes, related to non-cash compensation. Additionally, for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recognized $2.5 million, $17.1 million and $77.6 million, respectively, of excess tax benefit, including state taxes, in income tax expense. See Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies, for additional information regarding excess tax benefits and deficiencies.
Stock Options
A summary of changes in outstanding stock options is as follows:

| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(a)
|  |  | (per option) |  | (in years) |  | (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 777,871 |  |  | $ | 69.87 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 203,582 |  |  | 290.27 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (47,630) |  |  | 161.25 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | (5,396) |  |  | 285.56 |  |  |  |  |
Expired | (3,717) |  |  | 221.99 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 924,710 |  |  | $ | 111.82 |  |  | 4.47 |  | $ | 155,411 |
Options exercisable | 663,239 |  |  | $ | 44.49 |  |  | 2.63 |  | $ | 153,243 |

(a)The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price of $273.79 on the last trading day of 2020 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares covered by in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holder had the option holder exercised these options on December 31, 2020. The intrinsic value changes based on the market value of the Company's common stock.
As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $25.5 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 4.0 years.
Upon exercise, the intrinsic value represents the pre-tax difference between the Company's closing stock price on the exercise date and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of stock options exercised. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the total intrinsic value of stock options that were exercised was $6.8 million, $50.2 million and $268.3 million, respectively. Cash received from stock option exercises and the related actual tax benefit realized were $7.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2020.
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted stock options with a weighted average grant date fair value per share of $116.08, $167.10 and $150.55, respectively, of which the vesting periods include (a) immediately upon grant, (b) one year from the grant date, (c) 50% over a period of two years from the grant date, (d) 33% over a period of three years from the grant date, (e) 25% over a period of four years from the grant date, and (f) certain grants to executive officers that vest over periods of up to six years.
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For purposes of determining stock-based compensation expense, the weighted average grant date fair value per share of the stock options, except the December 2020 grant to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer described below, was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of various key assumptions. The weighted average assumptions used are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018
Expected term (1) | 5.00 - 6.25 years | 5.00 - 6.25 years | 5.00 - 6.71 years
Expected dividend (2) | — |  | — |  | — |
Expected volatility (3) | 52% - 60% | 51% - 55% | 50% - 53%
Risk-free interest rate (4) | 0.33% - 0.96% | 1.46% - 2.55% | 2.33% - 3.06%

(1)The expected term of stock options granted was calculated using the 'Simplified Method', which utilizes the midpoint between the weighted average time of vesting and the end of the contractual term. This method was utilized for the stock options due to a lack of historical exercise behavior by the Company's employees.
(2)For all stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, no dividends are expected to be paid over the contractual term of the stock options, resulting in a zero expected dividend rate.
(3)The expected volatility rate is based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock.
(4)The risk-free interest rate is specific to the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields for notes with comparable expected terms as the awards, in effect at the grant date.
In December 2020, the Company granted time-based stock options to its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at a premium exercise price of $300, representing an approximate 25% premium over the closing market price of LendingTree's common stock on the date of grant. The net after-tax shares acquired through exercise of these stock options are subject to a two-year post-exercise holding requirement. For purposes of determining stock-based compensation expense, the grant date fair value per share of these time-based stock options was estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation model. The key assumptions used in the valuation are as follows:
(1)An average expected term of 6.90 years based on the midpoint between the first day that the stock options are both vested and in-the-money and the end of the contractual term.
(2)A zero expected dividend rate as no dividends are expected to be paid over the contractual term of the stock options.
(3)An expected volatility rate of 52% based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock.
(4)A risk-free interest rate of 0.92% based on U.S. Treasury yields for notes with comparable expected terms as the awards, in effect at the grant date.
(5)An 8.8% discount for the post-exercise holding requirement, calculated using the cost-of-carry method, the Chaffe protective put method, and the Finnerty model.
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the total fair value of options vested was $5.8 million, $6.9 million and $11.4 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Stock Options with Market Conditions
A summary of changes in outstanding stock options with market conditions at target is as follows:

| Number of Options with Market Conditions |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value(a)
|  |  | (per option) |  | (in years) |  | (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 463,440 |  |  | $ | 204.31 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 236,769 |  |  | 298.05 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Expired | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 700,209 |  |  | $ | 236.01 |  |  | 7.75 |  | $ | 36,238 |
Options exercisable | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 0 |  | $ | — |

(a)The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price of $273.79 on the last trading day of 2020 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of shares covered by in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holder had the option holder exercised these options on December 31, 2020. The intrinsic value changes based on the market value of the Company's common stock.
As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $58.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options with market conditions. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.8 years. For single cliff-vesting stock options with market conditions, the fair value will be recognized on a straight-line basis through each grant’s vest date, whether or not any of the total shareholder return targets are met. For graded-vesting stock options with market conditions, the fair value will be recognized using graded vesting expense attribution, whether or not any of the total shareholder return targets are met.
During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted stock options with a weighted-average grant date fair value per share of $142.54, $230.81 and $296.80, respectively. The single cliff-vesting stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 have vest dates of March 31, 2024, March 31, 2023, March 31, 2022 and September 30, 2022. The graded-vesting stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2020 have a vesting schedule with vesting dates of December 31, 2024, December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2026.
For purposes of determining stock-based compensation expense, the weighted-average grant date fair value per share of the stock options with a market condition was estimated using the Monte Carlo simulation model, which requires the use of various key assumptions.
The weighted-average assumptions used for single cliff-vesting stock options with a market condition are as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018
Expected term (1) | 7.00 years | 7.00 years | 7.00 - 7.15 years
Expected dividend (2) | — |  | — |  | — |
Expected volatility (3) | 51 | % | 51 | % | 50 | %
Risk-free interest rate (4) | 1.03 | % | 2.54% | 2.38% - 2.81%

(1)The expected term of stock options with a market condition granted was calculated using the midpoint between the weighted average time of vesting and the end of the contractual term.
(2)For all stock options with a market condition granted during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, no dividends are expected to be paid over the contractual term of the stock options, resulting in a zero expected dividend rate.
(3)The expected volatility rate is based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock.
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(4)The risk-free interest rate is specific to the date of grant. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields for notes with comparable expected terms as the awards, in effect at the grant date.
In December 2020, the Company granted graded-vesting stock options with a market condition to its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer at a premium exercise price of $300, representing an approximate 25% premium over the closing market price of LendingTree's common stock on the date of grant. The net after-tax shares acquired through exercise of these stock options are subject to a two-year post-exercise holding requirement. The key assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation model to determine the grant date fair value per share of these graded-vesting stock options with a market condition are as follows:
(1)An average expected term of 7.54 years based on the midpoint between vesting and the end of the contractual term.
(2)A zero expected dividend rate as no dividends are expected to be paid over the contractual term of the stock options.
(3)An expected volatility rate of 52% based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock.
(4)A risk-free interest rate of 0.92% based on U.S. Treasury yields for notes with comparable expected terms as the awards, in effect at the grant date.
(5)An 8.8% discount for the post-exercise holding requirement, calculated using the cost-of-carry method, the Chaffe protective put method, and the Finnerty model.
The single cliff-vesting stock options with a market condition granted in 2020 have a target number of shares that vest upon achieving a targeted total shareholder return performance of 81% stock price appreciation and a maximum of 31,940 shares for achieving superior performance. No shares will vest unless 41% of the targeted performance is achieved. The performance measurement period ends on March 31, 2024. The graded-vesting stock options with a market condition granted in 2020 have a target number of shares that vest upon achieving a targeted total shareholder return performance of 135% stock price appreciation and a maximum of 363,464 shares for achieving superior performance. No shares will vest unless 81% of the targeted performance is achieved. The performance measurement period ends on March 31, 2025.
The stock options with a market condition granted in 2019 have a target number of shares that vest upon achieving a targeted total shareholder return performance of 81% stock price appreciation and a maximum of 27,132 shares for achieving superior performance. No shares will vest unless 41% of the targeted performance is achieved. The performance measurement period ends on March 31, 2023.
Certain of the stock options with a market condition granted in 2018 have a target number of shares that vest upon achieving a targeted total shareholder return performance of 110% stock price appreciation and a maximum of 52,332 shares for achieving superior performance. No shares will vest unless 70% of the targeted performance is achieved. The performance measurement period ends on September 30, 2022. The remaining stock options with a market condition granted in 2018 have a target number of shares that vest upon achieving a targeted total shareholder return performance of 81% stock price appreciation and a maximum of 21,982 shares for achieving superior performance. No shares will vest unless 41% of the targeted performance is achieved. The performance measurement period ends on March 31, 2022.
For all stock options with market conditions, time-based service vesting conditions would also have to be satisfied in order for shares to become fully vested and no longer subject to forfeiture.
As of December 31, 2020, stock options with a market condition of 481,669 had been earned, which have a vest date of September 30, 2022.
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Restricted Stock Units
A summary of changes in outstanding nonvested RSUs is as follows:

| RSUs
| Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
|  |  | (per unit)
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 144,939 |  |  | $ | 267.85 |
Granted (a) | 138,418 |  |  | 286.42 |
Vested | (70,698) |  |  | 239.15 |
Forfeited | (17,973) |  |  | 285.95 |
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | 194,686 |  |  | $ | 289.82 |

(a)The grant date fair value per share of the RSUs is calculated as the closing market price of LendingTree's common stock at the time of grant.
As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $35.2 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.7 years.
The total fair value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $22.4 million, $27.2 million and $21.8 million, respectively.
Restricted Stock Units with Performance Conditions
A summary of changes in outstanding nonvested RSUs with performance conditions is as follows:

| RSUs with Performance Conditions |  |
| Number of Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  |  |
|  |  | (per unit) |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 14,647 |  |  | $ | 210.55 |  |  |  |  |
Granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Vested | (8,319) |  |  | 200.40 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | 6,328 |  |  | $ | 223.90 |  |  |  |  |

No RSUs with performance conditions were granted in 2020 or 2019. During 2018, the Company granted RSUs with performance conditions to an employee with a 0.5 year vesting period, pending the attainment of certain performance targets set at the time of grant. The grant date fair value per share of the RSUs with performance conditions is calculated as the closing market price of LendingTree's common stock at the time of grant.
As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $1.1 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs with performance conditions. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.8 years.
The total fair value of RSUs with performance conditions that vested during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $2.6 million, $18.8 million, and $7.9 million, respectively.
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Restricted Stock Awards with Performance Conditions
A summary of changes in outstanding nonvested RSAs with performance conditions is as follows:

| RSAs with Performance Conditions
| Number of Awards |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
|  |  | (per unit)
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 47,608 |  |  | $ | 340.25 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Vested | (23,804) |  |  | 340.25 |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | 23,804 |  |  | $ | 340.25 |

No RSAs with performance conditions were granted in 2020 or 2019. During 2018, the Company granted time-vested RSAs with a performance condition to its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, which vest through December 31, 2021. The terms of this award were fixed in compensation agreements in July 2017 with a total grant date fair value of $21.9 million. The performance condition was tied to the Company's operating results during the first six months of 2018, and has been met.
As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $4.4 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSAs with performance conditions. These costs are expected to be recognized over a period of approximately 1.0 year.
The total fair value of RSAs with performance conditions that vested during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 was $6.2 million, $8.2 million and $13.6 million, respectively.
Restricted Stock Awards with Market Conditions
A summary of changes in outstanding nonvested RSAs with market conditions at target is as follows:

| RSAs with Market Conditions
| Number of Awards |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
|  |  | (per unit)
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 26,674 |  |  | $ | 340.25 |
Granted | — |  |  | — |
Vested | — |  |  | — |
Forfeited | — |  |  | — |
Nonvested at December 31, 2020 | 26,674 |  |  | $ | 340.25 |

No RSAs with market conditions were granted in 2020 or 2019. During 2018, the Company granted RSAs with market conditions to its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer with a total grant date fair value of $1.9 million. These RSAs with a market condition have a target number of shares that vest upon achieving a targeted total shareholder return performance of 110% stock price appreciation and a maximum of 44,545 shares for achieving superior performance. No shares will vest unless 70% of the targeted performance is achieved. The performance measurement period ends on September 30, 2022. Time-based service vesting conditions would also have to be satisfied in order for shares to become fully vested and no longer subject to forfeiture.
As of December 31, 2020, there was approximately $0.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to RSAs with market conditions. These costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.
As of December 31, 2020, RSAs with a market condition of 29,601 had been earned, which have a vest date of September 30, 2022.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 14—INCOME TAXES
Income Tax Provision
The components of the income tax benefit are as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Current income tax (benefit) expense: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | (10,705) |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | (1,470) |
State | 372 |  |  | (125) |  |  | (204) |
Current income tax (benefit) expense | (10,333) |  |  | 76 |  |  | (1,674) |
Deferred income tax (benefit) provision: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (7,495) |  |  | (10,857) |  |  | (44,950) |
State | (2,133) |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | (18,951) |
Deferred income tax benefit | (9,628) |  |  | (8,555) |  |  | (63,901) |
Income tax benefit | $ | (19,961) |  |  | $ | (8,479) |  |  | $ | (65,575) |

A reconciliation of the income tax benefit to the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to (loss) income from continuing operations before income taxes is shown as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Federal statutory income tax | $ | (8,931) |  |  | $ | 6,506 |  |  | $ | 9,186 |
State income taxes, net | (3,551) |  |  | (1,832) |  |  | (14,884) |
Excess tax deductions on non-cash compensation | (2,033) |  |  | (13,971) |  |  | (59,601) |
Impact of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act | (6,104) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Research and experimentation tax credit | (3,800) |  |  | (5,794) |  |  | (2,523) |
Impact of certain state legislation, net | — |  |  | 3,932 |  |  | — |
Nondeductible executive compensation | 1,778 |  |  | 988 |  |  | 163 |
Change in (release of) valuation allowance | 2,100 |  |  | 954 |  |  | (12) |
Uncertain tax positions | 458 |  |  | 922 |  |  | 289 |
Nondeductible meals & entertainment | 99 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 310 |
Impact of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act | — |  |  | — |  |  | 270 |
Other, net | 23 |  |  | (612) |  |  | 1,227 |
Income tax benefit | $ | (19,961) |  |  | $ | (8,479) |  |  | $ | (65,575) |

During the fourth quarter of 2017, LendingTree recorded a net tax expense of $9.1 million related to the enactment of the TCJA. The expense is primarily related to the remeasurement of LendingTree’s deferred tax assets and liabilities considering the TCJA’s enacted tax rates and certain other impacts. Simultaneous with the Act, the SEC Staff released SAB 118, which allows the use of provisional amounts (reasonable estimates) if the analysis of the impacts of the Act have not been completed when financial statements are issued. During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company finalized the computations of the income tax effects of the Act. As such, in accordance with SAB 118, the Company's accounting for the effects of the Act is complete. The Company did not significantly adjust provisional amounts recorded in 2017 and the SAB 118 measurement period subsequently ended on December 22, 2018. Although the Company no longer considers these amounts to be provisional, the determination of the Act’s income tax effects may change following future legislation or further interpretation of the Act based on the publication of recently proposed U.S. Treasury regulations and guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Deferred Income Taxes
The tax effects of cumulative temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Provision for accrued expenses | $ | 4,907 |  |  | $ | 12,234 |
Leasing | 24,864 |  |  | 7,299 |
Net operating loss carryforwards (a) | 56,190 |  |  | 56,450 |
Non-cash compensation expense | 20,746 |  |  | 15,805 |
Intangible assets | 12,684 |  |  | 4,182 |
Interest limitation | 4,059 |  |  | 987 |
Contingent liabilities | 4,507 |  |  | 9,366 |
Tax credits | 13,656 |  |  | 6,124 |
Other | 3,605 |  |  | 446 |
Total gross deferred tax assets | 145,218 |  |  | 112,893 |
Less: valuation allowance (b) | (5,802) |  |  | (4,102) |
Total deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowance | 139,416 |  |  | 108,791 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Leasing | (21,632) |  |  | (6,596) |
Property and equipment | (5,015) |  |  | (4,748) |
Other | (653) |  |  | (1,835) |
Total gross deferred tax liabilities | (27,300) |  |  | (13,179) |
Net deferred taxes | $ | 112,116 |  |  | $ | 95,612 |

(a)At December 31, 2020, the Company had pre-tax consolidated federal net operating losses ("NOLs") of $179.5 million. The federal NOLs no longer expire under the new TCJA. The Company's NOLs will be available to offset taxable income subject to the Internal Revenue Code Section 382 annual limitation. In addition, the Company has state NOLs of approximately $519.5 million at December 31, 2020 that will expire at various times between 2021 and 2040.
(b)The valuation allowance is related to items for which it is "more likely than not" that the tax benefit will not be realized.
Deferred income taxes are presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

| December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Deferred income tax assets | $ | 96,224 |  |  | $ | 87,664 |
Non-current assets of discontinued operations | 15,892 |  |  | 7,948 |
Net deferred taxes | $ | 112,116 |  |  | $ | 95,612 |

Valuation Allowance
A valuation allowance is provided on deferred tax assets if it is determined that it is "more likely than not" that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of each reporting date, management considers both positive and negative evidence regarding the likelihood of future realization of the deferred tax assets.
At December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded a partial valuation allowance of $5.8 million, $4.1 million and $2.2 million, respectively, primarily related to state net operating losses, which the Company does not expect to be able to utilize prior to expiration.
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the deferred tax valuation allowance is as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Balance, beginning of the period | $ | 4,102 |  |  | $ | 2,229 |  |  | $ | 2,694 |
Charges to earnings | 1,700 |  |  | 1,873 |  |  | (465) |
Balance, end of the period | $ | 5,802 |  |  | $ | 4,102 |  |  | $ | 2,229 |

Unrecognized Tax Benefits
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, beginning of the period | $ | 1,996 |  |  | $ | 1,127 |
Additions based on tax positions of the current period | 570 |  |  | 525 |
Additions based on tax positions of the prior period | 47 |  |  | 344 |
Balance, end of the period | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 1,996 |

Interest and, if applicable, penalties are recognized related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits included in income tax expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is immaterial.
As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the accrual for unrecognized tax benefits, including interest, was $2.6 million and $2.1 million, respectively, which would benefit the effective tax rate if recognized.
Tax Audits
LendingTree is subject to audits by federal, state and local authorities in the area of income tax. These audits include questioning the timing and the amount of deductions and the allocation of income among various tax jurisdictions. Income taxes payable include amounts considered sufficient to pay assessments that may result from examination of prior year returns; however, any amounts paid upon resolution of issues raised may differ from the amount provided. Differences between the reserves for tax contingencies and the amounts owed by the Company are recorded in the period they become known. As of December 31, 2020, the Company is subject to a federal income tax examination for the tax years 2014 through 2019. In addition, the Company is subject to state and local tax examinations for the tax years 2014 through 2019.
NOTE 15—DEBT
Convertible Senior Notes
2025 Notes
On July 24, 2020, the Company issued $575.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due July 15, 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) in a private placement. The issuance included $75.0 million aggregate principal amount of 2025 Notes under a 13-day purchase option which was exercised in full. The 2025 Notes bear interest at a rate of 0.50% per year, payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on January 15, 2021. The 2025 Notes will mature on July 15, 2025, unless earlier repurchased, redeemed or converted.
The initial conversion rate of the 2025 Notes is 2.1683 shares of the Company's common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2025 Notes (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $461.19 per share). The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, upon the occurrence of a make-whole fundamental change prior to the maturity of the 2025 Notes or if the Company issues a notice of redemption for the 2025 Notes, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate by a specified number of additional shares for a holder that elects to convert the 2025 Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change or to convert its 2025 Notes called for redemption, as the case may be. Upon conversion, the 2025 Notes will settle for cash, shares of the Company’s stock, or a combination thereof, at the Company’s option. It is the intent of
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
the Company to settle the principal amount of the 2025 Notes in cash and any conversion premium in shares of its common stock.
The 2025 Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2025 Notes; equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness, including borrowings under the senior secured revolving credit facility, described below, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries.
Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 13, 2025, the 2025 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders thereof only under the following circumstances:
•during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2020 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which, for each trading day of that period, the trading price (as defined in the 2025 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2025 Notes for such trading day was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day;
•if the Company calls such 2025 Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date, but only with respect to the notes called for redemption; or
•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events including but not limited to a fundamental change.
Holders of the 2025 Notes were not entitled to convert the 2025 Notes during the calendar quarter ended December 31, 2020 as the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on September 30, 2020, was not greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2025 Notes on each applicable trading day. Holders of the 2025 Notes are not entitled to convert the 2025 Notes during the calendar quarter ended March 31, 2021 as the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on December 31, 2020, was not greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2025 Notes on each applicable trading day.
On or after March 13, 2025, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the 2025 Notes, holders of the 2025 Notes may convert all or a portion of their 2025 Notes regardless of the foregoing conditions.
The Company may not redeem the 2025 Notes prior to July 20, 2023. On or after July 20, 2023 and before the 41st scheduled trading day immediately before the maturity date, the Company may redeem for cash all or a portion of the 2025 Notes, at its option, if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading day period (and including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including the last trading day immediately preceding the date of notice of redemption is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day. The redemption price will be equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2025 Notes to be redeemed, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date. No sinking fund is provided for the 2025 Notes.
Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change prior to the maturity date of the 2025 Notes, holders of the 2025 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the 2025 Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2025 Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
If the market price per share of the common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2025 Notes, exceeds the conversion price of the 2025 Notes, the 2025 Notes could have a dilutive effect, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the principal amount of the 2025 Notes and any conversion premium in cash.
The initial measurement of convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash is separated into a debt and an equity component whereby the debt component is based on the fair value of a similar instrument that does not contain an equity conversion option. The separate components of debt and equity of the Company’s 2025 Notes were determined using an
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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
interest rate of 5.30%, which reflects the nonconvertible debt borrowing rate of the Company at the date of issuance. As a result, the initial components of debt and equity were $455.6 million and $119.4 million, respectively. Financing costs related to the issuance of the 2025 Notes were approximately $15.1 million, of which $12.0 million were allocated to the liability component and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt and $3.1 million were allocated to the equity component.
During 2020, the Company recorded interest expense on the 2025 Notes of $11.5 million which consisted of $1.3 million associated with the 0.50% coupon rate, $9.3 million associated with the accretion of the debt discount, and $0.9 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs. The debt discount is being amortized over the term of the debt.
As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of the 2025 Notes is estimated to be approximately $564.1 million using the Level 1 observable input of the last quoted market price on December 31, 2020.
A summary of the gross carrying amount, unamortized debt cost, debt issuance costs and net carrying value of the liability component of the 2025 Notes are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2020 |  |
Gross carrying amount | $ | 575,000 |  |  |
Unamortized debt discount | 110,110 |  |  |
Debt issuance costs | 11,056 |  |  |
Net carrying amount | $ | 453,834 |  |  |

2022 Notes
On May 31, 2017, the Company issued $300.0 million aggregate principal amount of its 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes due June 1, 2022 (the “2022 Notes”) in a private placement. The 2022 Notes bear interest at a rate of 0.625% per year, payable semi-annually on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on December 1, 2017. The 2022 Notes will mature on June 1, 2022, unless earlier repurchased or converted.
The initial conversion rate of the 2022 Notes is 4.8163 shares of the Company's common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Notes (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $207.63 per share). The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain specified events but will not be adjusted for accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, upon the occurrence of a make-whole fundamental change prior to the maturity of the 2022 Notes, the Company will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate by a specified number of additional shares for a holder that elects to convert the 2022 Notes in connection with such make-whole fundamental change. Upon conversion, the 2022 Notes will settle for cash, shares of the Company’s stock, or a combination thereof, at the Company’s option. It is the intent of the Company to settle the principal amount of the 2022 Notes in cash and any conversion premium in shares of its common stock.
The 2022 Notes are the Company’s senior unsecured obligations and will rank senior in right of payment to any of the Company’s indebtedness that is expressly subordinated in right of payment to the 2022 Notes; equal in right of payment to any of the Company’s unsecured indebtedness that is not so subordinated; effectively junior in right of payment to any of the Company’s secured indebtedness, including borrowings under the senior secured revolving credit facility, described below, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness; and structurally junior to all indebtedness and other liabilities (including trade payables) of the Company’s subsidiaries.
Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2022, the 2022 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders thereof only under the following circumstances:
•during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on September 30, 2017 (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;
•during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period in which, for each trading day of that period, the trading price (as defined in the 2022 Notes) per $1,000 principal amount of 2022 Notes for such trading day was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the common stock and the conversion rate on each such trading day; or
•upon the occurrence of specified corporate events including but not limited to a fundamental change.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Holders of the 2022 Notes were entitled to convert the 2022 Notes during the calendar quarter ended December 31, 2020 as the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on September 30, 2020, was greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2022 Notes on each applicable trading day. Holders of the 2022 Notes are not entitled to convert the 2022 Notes during the calendar quarter ended March 31, 2021 as the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on December 31, 2020, was not greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2022 Notes on each applicable trading day.
On or after February 1, 2022, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the 2022 Notes, holders of the 2022 Notes may convert all or a portion of their 2022 Notes regardless of the foregoing conditions.
The Company may not redeem the 2022 Notes prior to the maturity date and no sinking fund is provided for the 2022 Notes. Upon the occurrence of a fundamental change prior to the maturity date of the 2022 Notes, holders of the 2022 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the 2022 Notes for cash at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2022 Notes to be repurchased, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
If the market price per share of the common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2022 Notes, exceeds the conversion price of the 2022 Notes, the 2022 Notes could have a dilutive effect, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the principal amount of the 2022 Notes and any conversion premium in cash.
The separate components of debt and equity of the Company’s 2022 Notes were determined using an interest rate of 5.36%, which reflects the nonconvertible debt borrowing rate of the Company at the date of issuance. As a result, the initial components of debt and equity were $238.4 million and $61.6 million, respectively. Financing costs related to the issuance of the 2022 Notes were approximately $9.3 million, of which $7.4 million were allocated to the liability component and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the debt and $1.9 million were allocated to the equity component.
On July 24, 2020, the Company used approximately $234.0 million of the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2025 Notes to repurchase approximately $130.3 million principal amount of the 2022 Notes, including the payment of accrued and unpaid interest of approximately $0.1 million, through separate transactions with certain holders of the 2022 Notes. Of the consideration paid, $126.0 million was allocated to the extinguishment of the liability component of the notes, while the remaining $107.9 million was allocated to the reacquisition of the equity component and recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity. The Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $7.8 million in the third quarter of 2020, which is included in interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
During 2020, the Company recorded interest expense on the 2022 Notes of $13.0 million which consisted of $1.5 million associated with the 0.625% coupon rate, $10.3 million associated with the accretion of the debt discount, and $1.2 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs. During 2019, the Company recorded interest expense on the 2022 Notes of $15.3 million which consisted of $1.9 million associated with the 0.625% coupon rate, $12.0 million associated with the accretion of the debt discount, and $1.4 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs. During 2018, the Company recorded interest expense on the 2022 Notes of $14.6 million which consisted of $1.9 million associated with the 0.625% coupon rate, $11.4 million associated with the accretion of the debt discount, and $1.3 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs. The debt discount is being amortized over the term of the debt.
As of December 31, 2020, the fair value of the 2022 Notes is estimated to be approximately $243.8 million using the Level 1 observable input of the last quoted market price on December 31, 2020.
A summary of the gross carrying amount, unamortized debt cost, debt issuance costs and net carrying value of the liability component of the 2022 Notes are as follows (in thousands):

| December 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Gross carrying amount | $ | 169,690 |  |  | $ | 299,991 |
Unamortized debt discount | 10,815 |  |  | 31,789 |
Debt issuance costs | 1,297 |  |  | 3,811 |
Net carrying amount | $ | 157,578 |  |  | $ | 264,391 |

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LENDINGTREE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Convertible Note Hedge and Warrant Transactions
2020 Hedge and Warrants
On July 24, 2020, in connection with the issuance of the 2025 Notes, the Company entered into Convertible Note Hedge (the “2020 Hedge”) and warrant transactions with respect to the Company’s common stock. The Company used approximately $63.0 million of the net proceeds from the 2025 Notes to pay for the cost of the 2020 Hedge, after such cost was partially offset by the proceeds from the warrant transactions.
On July 24, 2020, the Company paid $124.2 million to the counterparties for the 2020 Hedge transactions. The 2020 Hedge transactions cover 1.2 million shares of the Company’s common stock, the same number of shares initially underlying the 2025 Notes, and are exercisable upon any conversion of the 2025 Notes. The 2020 Hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the Company's common stock upon conversion of the 2025 Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted 2025 Notes, as the case may be, in the event that the market price per share of common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2020 Hedge transactions, is greater than the strike price of the 2020 Hedge transactions, which initially corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2025 Notes, or approximately $461.19 per share of common stock. The 2020 Hedge transactions will expire upon the maturity of the Notes.
On July 24, 2020, the Company sold to the counterparties, warrants (the “2020 Warrants”) to acquire 1.2 million shares of the Company's common stock at an initial strike price of $709.52 per share, which represents a premium of 100% over the last reported sale price of the common stock of $354.76 on July 21, 2020. On July 24, 2020, the Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $61.2 million from the sale of the 2020 Warrants. If the market price per share of the common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2020 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2020 Warrants, the 2020 Warrants could have a dilutive effect, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2020 Warrants in cash.
The 2020 Hedge and 2020 Warrants transactions are indexed to, and potentially settled in, the Company's common stock and the net cost of $63.0 million has been recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity.
2017 Hedge and Warrants
On May 31, 2017, in connection with the issuance of the 2022 Notes, the Company entered into Convertible Note Hedge (the “2017 Hedge”) and warrant transactions with respect to the Company’s common stock. The Company used approximately $18.1 million of the net proceeds from the 2022 Notes to pay for the cost of the 2017 Hedge, after such cost was partially offset by the proceeds from the warrant transactions.
On May 31, 2017, the Company paid $61.5 million to the counterparties for the 2017 Hedge transactions. The 2017 Hedge transactions initially covered 1.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock, the same number of shares initially underlying the 2022 Notes, and are exercisable upon any conversion of the 2022 Notes. The 2017 Hedge transactions are expected generally to reduce the potential dilution to the Company's common stock upon conversion of the 2022 Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted 2022 Notes, as the case may be, in the event that the market price per share of common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2017 Hedge transactions, is greater than the strike price of the 2017 Hedge transactions, which initially corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2022 Notes, or approximately $207.63 per share of common stock. The 2017 Hedge transactions will expire upon the maturity of the Notes.
On May 31, 2017, the Company sold to the counterparties, warrants (the “2017 Warrants”) to acquire 1.4 million shares of the Company's common stock at an initial strike price of $266.39 per share, which represents a premium of 70% over the last reported sale price of the common stock of $156.70 on May 24, 2017. On May 31, 2017, the Company received aggregate proceeds of approximately $43.4 million from the sale of the 2017 Warrants. If the market price per share of the common stock, as measured under the terms of the 2017 Warrants, exceeds the strike price of the 2017 Warrants, the 2017 Warrants could have a dilutive effect, unless the Company elects, subject to certain conditions, to settle the 2017 Warrants in cash.
The 2017 Hedge and 2017 Warrants transactions are indexed to, and potentially settled in, the Company's common stock and the net cost of $18.1 million was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity.
To the extent of the repurchases of the 2022 Notes noted above, the Company entered into agreements with the counterparties for the 2017 Hedge and 2017 Warrants transactions to terminate a portion of these call spread transactions effective July 24, 2020 in notional amounts corresponding to the principal amount of the 2022 Notes repurchased. Subsequent
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to such termination, the outstanding portion of the 2017 Hedge covers 0.8 million shares of the Company's common stock and 2017 Warrants to acquire 0.8 million shares of the Company's common stock remain outstanding. The Company received $109.9 million and paid $94.3 million as a result of terminating such portions of the 2017 Hedge and 2017 Warrants, respectively. The net $15.6 million has been recorded as an increase to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated statement of shareholders’ equity.
Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility
On December 10, 2019, the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, LendingTree, LLC, entered into an amended and restated $500.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the "Amended Revolving Credit Facility") which amended and restated the Company's previous $350.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “2017 Revolving Credit Facility”). The Amended Revolving Credit Facility matures on December 10, 2024. Borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility can be used to finance working capital needs, capital expenditures and general corporate purposes, including to finance permitted acquisitions. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had $75.0 million in borrowings outstanding under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility at the LIBO rate option with a weighted average interest rate of 3.01%, consisting of a $50.0 million 31-day borrowing and a $25.0 million 31-day borrowing.
Up to $10.0 million of the Amended Revolving Credit Facility will be available for short-term loans, referred to as swingline loans. Under certain conditions, the Company will be permitted to add one or more term loans and/or increase revolving commitments under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility by an additional amount equal to the greater of $185.0 million or 100% of Consolidated EBITDA as defined, or a greater amount provided that a total consolidated senior secured debt to EBITDA ratio does not exceed 2.50 to 1.00. Additionally, up to $10.0 million of the Amended Revolving Credit Facility will be available for the issuance of letters of credit. At each of December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding one letter of credit issued in the amount of $0.2 million.
The Company’s borrowings under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at annual rates that, at the Company’s option, will be either:
•a base rate generally defined as the sum of (i) the greater of (a) the prime rate of Truist Bank, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.5% and (c) the LIBO rate (defined below) on a daily basis applicable for an interest period of one month plus 1.0% and (ii) an applicable percentage of 0.25% to 1.0% based on a total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio; or
•a LIBO rate generally defined as the sum of (i) the rate for Eurodollar deposits in the applicable currency and (ii) an applicable percentage of 1.25% to 2.0% based on a total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio.
All swingline loans bear interest at the base rate defined above. Interest on the Company’s borrowings are payable quarterly in arrears for base rate loans and on the last day of each interest rate period (but not less often than three months) for LIBO rate loans.
The Amended Revolving Credit Facility contains a restrictive financial covenant, which initially limits the total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio to 4.5, with step downs to 4.0 over time, except that this may increase by 0.5 for the four fiscal quarters following a material acquisition. In addition, the Amended Revolving Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants in addition to events of default for a transaction of this type that, among other things, restrict additional indebtedness, liens, mergers or certain fundamental changes, asset dispositions, dividends, stock repurchases and other restricted payments, transactions with affiliates, sale-leaseback transactions, hedging transactions, loans and investments and other matters customarily restricted in such agreements.
On July 21, 2020, the Company executed a temporary amendment to its Amended Revolving Credit Facility to provide for certain covenant relief, primarily to facilitate the issuance of the 2025 Notes, the repurchase of a portion of the 2022 Notes, and to pay down existing borrowings under the credit facility.
The amendment amends the existing credit agreement to, among other things: (i) temporarily replace the total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio covenant with a consolidated liquidity covenant requiring the Company to maintain unrestricted cash and cash equivalents in the United States plus amounts available and permitted to be drawn under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility to be no less than $200.0 million; (ii) impose additional limitations on certain restricted payments during such temporary period; and (iii) increase the applicable margins to (x) 2.25% for loans based on the LIBO rate and (y) 1.25% for loans based on the base rate, subject to a 0.75% floor, and unused commitment fees to 0.50% under the Amended Revolving
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Credit Facility during the temporary period. These amendments shall apply from the effective date through the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2021, unless terminated in advance by the Company.
The Company was in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2020.
The Amended Revolving Credit Facility requires LendingTree, LLC to pledge as collateral, subject to certain customary exclusions, substantially all of its assets, including 100% of its equity in all of its domestic subsidiaries and 66% of the voting equity, and 100% of the non-voting equity, in all of its material foreign subsidiaries (of which there are currently none). The obligations under this facility are unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by LendingTree, Inc. and material domestic subsidiaries of LendingTree, LLC, which guaranties are secured by a pledge as collateral, subject to certain customary exclusions, of 100% of each such guarantor's assets, including 100% of each such guarantor’s equity in all of its domestic subsidiaries and 66% of the voting equity, and 100% of the non-voting equity, in all of its material foreign subsidiaries (of which there are currently none).
Except as noted in the covenant relief discussion above, the Company is required to pay an unused commitment fee quarterly in arrears on the difference between committed amounts and amounts actually borrowed under the Amended Revolving Credit Facility equal to an applicable percentage of 0.25% to 0.45% per annum based on a total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio. The Company is required to pay a letter of credit participation fee and a letter of credit fronting fee quarterly in arrears. The letter of credit participation fee is based upon the aggregate face amount of outstanding letters of credit at an applicable percentage of 1.25% to 2.0% based on a total consolidated debt to EBITDA ratio. The letter of credit fronting fee is 0.125% per annum on the face amount of each letter of credit.
The Company recognized $0.3 million in additional interest expense in the fourth quarter of 2019 due to the write-off of certain unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the original revolving credit facility and previous amendments to the credit agreement. In addition to the remaining unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the original revolving credit facility and the Revolving Credit Facility, debt issuance costs of $2.8 million related to the Amended Revolving Credit Facility entered into on December 10, 2019 are being amortized to interest expense over the life of the Amended Revolving Credit Facility. Debt issuance costs of $1.1 million related to the July 21, 2020 temporary amendment are being amortized to interest expense through June 30, 2021, unless the temporary amendment is terminated in advance by the Company. Unamortized debt issuance costs are included in prepaid and other current assets and other non-current assets in the Company's consolidated balance sheet.
During 2020, the Company recorded interest expense related to the revolving credit facility of $4.3 million which consisted of $1.3 million associated with borrowings bearing interest at the LIBO rate, $1.7 million in unused commitment fees, and $1.3 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs. During 2019, the Company recorded interest expense related to the revolving credit facility of $6.1 million which consisted of $4.9 million associated with borrowings bearing interest at the LIBO rate, $0.6 million in unused commitment fees, and $0.6 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs. During 2018, the Company recorded interest expense related to the revolving credit facility of $2.0 million which consisted of $0.8 million associated with borrowings bearing interest at the base rate and the LIBO rate, $0.8 million in unused commitment fees, and $0.4 million associated with the amortization of the debt issuance costs.
NOTE 16—COMMITMENTS
Bonds
The Company has funding commitments that could potentially require performance in the event of demands by third parties or contingent events, as follows (in thousands):

| Commitments Due By Period
| Total |  | Less Than 1 year |  | 1-3 years |  | 3-5 years |  | More Than 5 years
Surety bonds (a) | $ | 5,077 |  |  | $ | 4,952 |  |  | $ | 125 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

(a) State laws and regulations generally require businesses which engage in mortgage brokering activity to maintain a mortgage broker or similar license. Mortgage brokering activity is generally defined to include, among other things, receiving valuable consideration for offering assistance to a buyer in obtaining a residential mortgage or soliciting financial and mortgage information from the public and providing that information to an originator of residential mortgage loans. All states require that the Company maintain surety bonds for potential claims.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Other Commitments
The Company has certain other commitments through 2025, where the aggregate commitments for these contracts range from $0.2 million to $5.2 million each year throughout the remaining life of the contract.
NOTE 17—CONTINGENCIES
Overview
LendingTree is involved in legal proceedings on an ongoing basis. In assessing the materiality of a legal proceeding, the Company evaluates, among other factors, the amount of monetary damages claimed, as well as the potential impact of non-monetary remedies sought by plaintiffs (e.g., injunctive relief) that may require it to change its business practices in a manner that could have a material and adverse impact on the Company's business. With respect to the matters disclosed in this Note 17, unless otherwise indicated, the Company is unable to estimate the possible loss or range of losses that could potentially result from the application of such non-monetary remedies.
As of December 31, 2020, the Company had litigation settlement accruals of $0.1 million and $0.5 million in continuing operations and discontinued operations, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had litigation settlement accruals of $0.2 million and $31.0 million in continuing operations and discontinued operations, respectively. The litigation settlement accruals relate to litigation matters that were either settled or a firm offer for settlement was extended, thereby establishing an accrual amount that is both probable and reasonably estimable. See Note 21—Discontinued Operations for additional information.
NOTE 18—FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Other than the convertible notes and warrants, as well as the equity interest in Stash, the carrying amounts of the Company's financial instruments are equal to fair value at December 31, 2020. See Note 15—Debt for additional information on the convertible notes and warrants, and see Note 8—Equity Investment for additional information on the equity interest in Stash.
Contingent consideration payments related to acquisitions are measured at fair value each reporting period using Level 3 unobservable inputs. The changes in the fair value of the Company's Level 3 liabilities during the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 are as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Contingent consideration, beginning of period | $ | 33,464 |  |  | $ | 38,837 |  |  | $ | 57,349 |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total net losses included in earnings (realized and unrealized) | 5,327 |  |  | 28,402 |  |  | 10,788 |
Purchases, sales and settlements: |  |  |  |  |
Additions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,700 |
Payments | (30,542) |  |  | (33,775) |  |  | (49,000) |
Contingent consideration, end of period | $ | 8,249 |  |  | $ | 33,464 |  |  | $ | 38,837 |

The contingent consideration liability at December 31, 2020 consisted of the estimated fair value of the remaining earnout payment for the QuoteWizard acquisition. The contingent consideration liability at December 31, 2019 and 2018 consisted of the estimated fair value of the earnout payments of the DepositAccounts, SnapCap, Ovation, and QuoteWizard acquisitions.
The Company will make an earnout payment ranging from zero to $23.4 million based on the achievement of certain defined performance targets for QuoteWizard. See Note 9—Business Acquisitions for additional information.
The significant unobservable inputs used to calculate the fair value of the contingent consideration for QuoteWizard are the operating results growth rate and the discount rate. Actual results will differ from the projected results and could have a significant impact on the estimated fair value of the contingent consideration. Additionally, as the liability is stated at present value, the passage of time alone will increase the estimated fair value of the liability each reporting period. Any changes in fair value will be recorded in operating income in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
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The following table provides quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements.

| Fair Value at December 31, 2020 | Valuation Technique | Unobservable Input | Range (Weighted Average)(a)
| (in thousands) |  |  |
Contingent consideration | $ | 8,249 |  | Option pricing model | Operating results growth rate | 4.8 | %
|  |  | Discount rate | 6.8 | %

(a) Discount rates are weighted by the relative undiscounted value of expected earnout payments. Other unobservable inputs are weighted by the relative maximum potential earnout payments.
NOTE 19—RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
A then-member of the Company's board of directors served as a director to a marketing partner of the Company through 2018. During 2018, the Company recognized $0.7 million of expenses for this marketing partner through the normal course of business.
In 2017, the Company's Board of Directors approved a $10.0 million contribution to fund the newly formed LendingTree Foundation. In each of 2020 and 2019, the Company paid $3.3 million of the $10.0 million contribution, and expects to pay the final installment in 2021. Officers of the Company serve as officers of the LendingTree Foundation.
NOTE 20—BENEFIT PLANS
The Company operates a retirement savings plan for its employees in the United States that is qualified under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Employees are eligible to enroll in the plan upon date of hire. Participating employees may contribute up to 50% of their pre-tax earnings, but not more than statutory limits ($19,500 for 2020, $19,000 for 2019, and $18,500 for 2018). The company match contribution is fifty cents for each dollar a participant contributes to the plan, with a maximum contribution of 6% of a participant's eligible earnings. Matching contributions are invested in the same manner as each participant's voluntary contributions in the investment options provided under the plan. LendingTree stock is not included in the available investment options or the plan assets. Funds contributed to the plan vest according to the participant's years of service, with one year of service vesting at 33%, two years of service vesting at 66%, and three years or more of service vesting at 100%. Matching contributions were approximately $2.4 million, $2.0 million and $1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
NOTE 21—DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
The LendingTree Loans Business is presented as discontinued operations in the accompanying financial statements. The LendingTree Loans Business originated various consumer mortgage loans through HLC. On June 6, 2012, the Company sold substantially all of the operating assets of HLC, including the LendingTree Loans Business, for $55.9 million in cash to a wholly-owned subsidiary of Discover Financial Services ("Discover"). Discover generally did not assume liabilities of HLC that arose before the closing date, except for certain liabilities directly related to assets Discover acquired. A portion of the purchase price received was deposited in escrow in accordance with the purchase agreement with Discover for certain loan loss obligations that remained with HLC following the sale. During 2018, the remaining funds in escrow were released to HLC in accordance with the terms of the purchase agreement with Discover.
Upon closing of the sale of substantially all of the operating assets of HLC on June 6, 2012, HLC ceased to originate consumer loans. Certain liability for losses on previously sold loans remains with HLC.
Litigation settlements and contingencies and legal fees associated with ongoing related bankruptcy and legal proceedings against the Company are included in discontinued operations in the accompanying financial statements.
Home Loan Center, Inc. Bankruptcy Filing
On June 21, 2019, the U.S. District Court of Minnesota entered judgment in ResCap Liquidating Trust v. Home Loan Center, Inc., against HLC for $68.5 million, see Litigation Related to Discontinued Operations below. The judgment against HLC exceeded the assets of HLC, which were $11.2 million at July 21, 2019, including cash of $5.9 million. On July 19, 2019, HLC appealed the judgment to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
On July 21, 2019, at the direction of the sole independent director of HLC, HLC voluntarily filed a petition under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in the Northern District of California in San Jose, California (the “Bankruptcy Court”) in order to preserve assets for the benefit of all creditors of HLC. On September 16, 2019, the Bankruptcy Court converted the bankruptcy to Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code and appointed a Trustee to liquidate HLC's assets.
As a result of the voluntary petition, LendingTree, LLC was, as of the initial July 21, 2019 bankruptcy petition filing date, no longer deemed to have a controlling interest in HLC under applicable accounting standards. As a result, HLC and its consolidated subsidiary were deconsolidated from the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of July 21, 2019. The effect of such deconsolidation was the elimination of the consolidated assets and liabilities of HLC (and its consolidated subsidiary) from the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Upon deconsolidation, in 2019 the Company recognized a loss of $5.5 million which includes a net gain of $4.5 million related to the removal of HLC's (and its consolidated subsidiary's) assets and liabilities and the recognition of a liability of $10.0 million related to LendingTree, LLC's ownership in HLC. No consideration was received by the Company as a result of the deconsolidation. The derecognition of HLC’s cash of $5.9 million removed from the consolidated balance sheet on the deconsolidation date of July 21, 2019 is included within cash flows from operating activities attributable to discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of cash flows.
HLC has indicated that it believes that it has claims against HLC’s sole shareholder, LendingTree, LLC, and certain of its officers and directors, relating to the declaration of a dividend by HLC in January 2016 of $40.0 million. LendingTree, LLC believes the declaration of the dividend was proper, that the amounts paid to LendingTree, LLC following such declaration are not subject to recovery by HLC and that any claims by HLC relating to such dividend declaration are without merit. During the second quarter of 2020, LendingTree, LLC and HLC entered into a settlement agreement in the amount of $36.0 million for the release of any and all claims against the Company defendants by HLC, including the dividend claim. The bankruptcy court held a hearing on July 16, 2020 on the motion to approve the settlement to which no objections were made, and approved the settlement the same day. The $36.0 million settlement payment was made in the third quarter of 2020. HLC’s voluntary petition under the Bankruptcy Code does not represent an event of default under LendingTree, LLC’s Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of December 10, 2019, the Company’s indenture dated May 31, 2017 with respect to the Company’s 0.625% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022, or the Company’s indenture dated July 24, 2020 with respect to the Company’s 0.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2025.
Litigation Related to Discontinued Operations
Residential Funding Company
ResCap Liquidating Trust v. Home Loan Center, Inc., Case No. 14-cv-1716 (U.S. Dist. Ct., Minn.), successor to Residential Funding Company, LLC v Home Loan Center, Inc., No. 13-cv-3451 (U.S. Dist. Ct., Minn.). On or about December 16, 2013, Home Loan Center, Inc. was served in the original captioned matter, which involves claims of Residential Funding Company, LLC ("RFC") for damages for breach of contract and indemnification for certain residential mortgage loans as well as residential mortgage-backed securitizations ("RMBS") containing mortgage loans. RFC asserted that, beginning in 2008, RFC faced massive repurchase demands and lawsuits from purchasers or insurers of the loans and RMBS that RFC had sold. RFC filed for bankruptcy protection in May 2012. Plaintiff alleged that, after RFC filed for Chapter 11 protection, hundreds of proofs of claim were filed, many of which mirrored the litigation filed against RFC prior to its bankruptcy.
In December 2013, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York entered an Order confirming the Second Amended Joint Chapter 11 Plan Proposed by Residential Capital, LLC et al. and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors. Plaintiff then began filing substantially similar complaints against approximately 80 of the loan originators from whom RFC had purchased loans, including HLC, in federal and state courts in Minnesota and New York. In each case, plaintiff claimed that the defendant is liable for a portion of the global settlement in RFC’s bankruptcy.
Plaintiff asserted two claims against HLC: (1) breach of contract based on HLC’s alleged breach of representations and warranties concerning the quality and characteristics of the mortgage loans it sold to RFC; and (2) contractual indemnification for alleged liabilities, losses, and damages incurred by RFC arising out of purported defects in loans that RFC purchased from HLC and sold to third parties. Plaintiff alleged that the “types of defects” contained in the loans it purchased from HLC included “income misrepresentation, employment misrepresentation, appraisal misrepresentations or inaccuracies, undisclosed debt, and missing or inaccurate documents.” Plaintiff sought damages of up to $61.0 million plus attorney's fees and prejudgment interest.
HLC denied the material allegations of the complaint and asserted numerous defenses thereto. The matter went to trial in the fourth quarter of 2018 and the jury returned a verdict of $28.7 million in favor of plaintiff. On June 21, 2019, the U.S.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
District Court in Minnesota entered judgment against HLC for $68.5 million. The judgment is comprised of: (i) $28.7 million in damages awarded by the jury; (ii) $14.1 million in pre-verdict interest; (iii) $23.1 million in attorneys' fees and costs, and (iv) $2.6 million in post-verdict, prejudgment interest.
HLC’s filing under the Bankruptcy Code discussed above in Home Loan Center, Inc. Bankruptcy Filing creates an automatic stay of enforcement of the judgment entered against HLC by the U.S. District Court in Minnesota. On August 27, 2019, plaintiff filed a lawsuit captioned ResCap Liquidating Trust v. LendingTree, LLC, et al., Case No. 19-cv-2360 (U.S. Dist. Ct., Minn.), seeking to hold the Company liable for the judgment against HLC, under assumption of liability, agency and alter ego theories. The Company believes that these claims lack merit. On October 17, 2019, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the liability and agency claims, and oral arguments with respect to such motion were held on January 10, 2020. On March 20, 2020, the court denied the Company's motion to dismiss, or in the alternative, to compel arbitration, and on April 3, 2020, the Company appealed the court's findings with respect to the Company's request to compel arbitration of the first count of the lawsuit. On June 17, 2020, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with ResCap, pursuant to which, the Company agreed to, among other things, pay ResCap $58.5 million, less any amounts ResCap receives in the HLC bankruptcy, in exchange for, among other things, ResCap releasing any and all claims against the Company, and the Company’s directors and officers, including any claims asserted in ResCap v. LendingTree. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, the Company will be responsible for the difference of $58.5 million minus the amount that ResCap receives through the HLC Bankruptcy. In the third and fourth quarters of 2020, the Company made payments of $26.5 million and $6.4 million, respectively, to the ResCap Liquidating Trust. The Company expects to be refunded $8.6 million of these amounts, subsequent to the final distributions in the HLC Bankruptcy. This $8.6 million is recorded within current assets of discontinued operations on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020.
Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc.
Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. v. 1st Advantage Mortgage, LLC et al., Case No. 08-13555 (SCC), Adversary Proceeding No. 16-01342 (SCC) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.). In February 2016, Lehman Brothers Holdings, Inc. (“LBHI”) filed an Adversary Complaint against HLC and approximately 149 other defendants (the "Complaint"). In December 2018, LBHI amended its complaint against HLC. The amended complaint references approximately 370 allegedly defective mortgage loans sold by HLC with purported "Claim Amounts" totaling $40.2 million. LBHI alleges it settled all such claims and is seeking indemnification from HLC for LBHI’s purported losses and liabilities associated with such settlements, plus prejudgment interest, attorneys’ fees, litigation costs and other expenses. The amended complaint does not specify the amount of LBHI’s purported damages. On December 4, 2019, LBHI filed a $44.7 million proof of claim in HLC’s bankruptcy seeking recovery for the claims asserted in the lawsuit. The Company believes that these claims lack merit and understands that HLC intends to defend this action vigorously.
HLC’s filing under the Bankruptcy Code discussed above in Home Loan Center, Inc. Bankruptcy Filing creates an automatic stay of this proceeding. On June 11, 2020, LBHI filed a lawsuit captioned Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. v. LendingTree, LLC, et al., Case No. 20-cv-01351 (U.S. Dist. Ct., Minn.), seeking to hold the Company liable for their allowed bankruptcy claim of $13.3 million, under assumption of liability, agency and alter ego theories. The Company believes that these claims lack merit and intends to defend this action vigorously. In the third quarter of 2020, the Company made a settlement offer to LBHI for $0.5 million, which is included as a liability on the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Financial Information of Discontinued Operations
The components of net loss reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) are as follows (in thousands):

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Gain from removal of HLC's assets and liabilities | — |  |  | 4,515 |  |  | — |
Other operating expenses | (33,308) |  |  | (35,002) |  |  | (16,228) |
Loss before income taxes | (33,308) |  |  | (30,487) |  |  | (16,228) |
Income tax benefit | 7,619 |  |  | 8,855 |  |  | 3,408 |
Net loss | $ | (25,689) |  |  | $ | (21,632) |  |  | $ | (12,820) |

Losses from discontinued operations included all activity of HLC prior to bankruptcy, including litigation settlements, contingencies and legal fees associated with legal proceedings, as well as a gain upon deconsolidation due to the accounting effect of HLC’s bankruptcy filing on the consolidated financial statements.
The results of discontinued operations also include litigation settlements and contingencies and legal fees associated with ongoing legal proceedings against LendingTree, Inc. or LendingTree, LLC that arose due to the LendingTree Loans Business or the HLC bankruptcy filing.
NOTE 22—SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Company manages its business and reports its financial results through the following three operating and reportable segments: Home, Consumer and Insurance. Characteristics which were relied upon in making the determination of the reportable segments include the nature of the products, the organization's internal structure, and the information that is regularly reviewed by the CODM for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources. The Company changed its reportable segments in the fourth quarter of 2019 and previously reported segment results have been revised to conform to the Company's reportable segments at December 31, 2020.
The Home segment includes the following products: purchase mortgage, refinance mortgage, home equity loans and lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, and real estate. The Consumer segment includes the following products: credit cards, personal loans, small business loans, student loans, auto loans, deposit accounts, and other credit products such as credit repair and debt settlement. The Insurance segment consists of insurance quote products. Revenue from the resale of online advertising space to third parties and revenue from home improvement referrals, and the related variable marketing and advertising expenses, are included within the Other category.
The following tables are a reconciliation of segment profit, which is the Company's primary segment profitability measure, to income before income taxes and discontinued operations. Segment cost of revenue and marketing expense represents the portion of selling and marketing expense attributable to variable costs paid for advertising, direct marketing and related expenses, that are directly attributable to the segments' products. This measure excludes overhead, fixed costs and personnel-related expenses. For the Other category, segment cost of revenue and marketing expense also includes the portion of cost of revenue attributable to costs paid for advertising re-sold to third parties. The Company ceased reselling online advertising space during the first quarter of 2020.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Year Ended December 31, 2020
| Home | Consumer | Insurance | Other |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Revenue | $ | 320,992 |  | $ | 253,198 |  | $ | 333,765 |  | $ | 2,035 |  |  | $ | 909,990 |
Segment cost of revenue and marketing expense | 188,869 |  | 146,308 |  | 202,623 |  | 2,717 |  |  | 540,517 |
Segment profit (loss) | 132,123 |  | 106,890 |  | 131,142 |  | (682) |  |  | 369,473 |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of cost of advertising re-sold to third parties included above) |  |  |  |  |  | 53,408 |
Brand and other marketing expense |  |  |  |  |  | 77,973 |
General and administrative expense |  |  |  |  |  | 129,101 |
Product development |  |  |  |  |  | 43,636 |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  | 14,201 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  |  |  |  | 53,078 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration |  |  |  |  |  | 5,327 |
Severance |  |  |  |  |  | 295 |
Litigation settlements and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  | (943) |
Operating loss |  |  |  |  |  | (6,603) |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | (36,300) |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  | 376 |
Loss before income taxes and discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (42,527) |

| Year Ended December 31, 2019
| Home | Consumer | Insurance | Other |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Revenue | $ | 277,935 |  | $ | 515,037 |  | $ | 284,792 |  | $ | 28,839 |  |  | $ | 1,106,603 |
Segment cost of revenue and marketing expense | 174,814 |  | 301,852 |  | 170,153 |  | 27,466 |  |  | 674,285 |
Segment profit | 103,121 |  | 213,185 |  | 114,639 |  | 1,373 |  |  | 432,318 |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of cost of advertising re-sold to third parties included above) |  |  |  |  |  | 45,624 |
Brand and other marketing expense |  |  |  |  |  | 83,650 |
General and administrative expense |  |  |  |  |  | 116,847 |
Product development |  |  |  |  |  | 39,953 |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  | 10,998 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  |  |  |  | 55,241 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration |  |  |  |  |  | 28,402 |
Severance |  |  |  |  |  | 1,026 |
Litigation settlements and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  | (151) |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  | 50,728 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | (20,271) |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  | 524 |
Income before income taxes and discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 30,981 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Year Ended December 31, 2018
| Home | Consumer | Insurance | Other |  | Total
| (in thousands)
Revenue | $ | 319,176 |  | $ | 395,615 |  | $ | 31,369 |  | $ | 18,705 |  |  | $ | 764,865 |
Segment cost of revenue and marketing expense | 214,475 |  | 207,891 |  | 20,011 |  | 17,351 |  |  | 459,728 |
Segment profit | 104,701 |  | 187,724 |  | 11,358 |  | 1,354 |  |  | 305,137 |
Cost of revenue (exclusive of cost of advertising re-sold to third parties included above) |  |  |  |  |  | 27,587 |
Brand and other marketing expense |  |  |  |  |  | 49,375 |
General and administrative expense |  |  |  |  |  | 101,219 |
Product development |  |  |  |  |  | 26,958 |
Depreciation |  |  |  |  |  | 7,385 |
Amortization of intangibles |  |  |  |  |  | 23,468 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration |  |  |  |  |  | 10,788 |
Severance |  |  |  |  |  | 2,352 |
Litigation settlements and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  | (186) |
Operating income |  |  |  |  |  | 56,191 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | (12,437) |
Other expense |  |  |  |  |  | (10) |
Income before income taxes and discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 43,744 |

The CODM does not review information on segment assets and as such, no segment asset information is reported herein.
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ITEM 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act"), management, with the participation of our principal executive officer (Chief Executive Officer) and our principal financial officer (Chief Financial Officer), evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this report, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e). Management necessarily applied its judgment in assessing the costs and benefits of such controls and procedures, which by their nature can provide only reasonable assurance regarding management's control objectives. Management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all errors and fraud. A control system, irrespective of how well it is designed and operated, can only provide reasonable assurance and cannot guarantee that it will succeed in its stated objectives.
Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2020, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and our directors; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting described in "Internal Control-Integrated Framework" (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO"). Based on our evaluation under the framework in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework, issued by the COSO, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report appearing under "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" included elsewhere in this annual report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in the Exchange Act, Rules 13a-15(f)) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. Other Information
None.
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PART III
As set forth below, the information required by Part III (Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14) is incorporated herein by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement to be used in connection with its 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (the "2021 Proxy Statement"), in accordance with General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K.
ITEM 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
The information required by Item 10 will be contained in, and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the 2021 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by Item 11 will be contained in, and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the 2021 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The information required by Item 12 will be contained in, and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the 2021 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by Item 13 will be contained in, and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the 2021 Proxy Statement.
ITEM 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by Item 14 will be contained in, and is hereby incorporated by reference to, the 2021 Proxy Statement.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
(a) List of documents filed as part of this report:
(1) Consolidated Financial Statements of LendingTree, Inc.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm: PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
(2) Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules of LendingTree, Inc.
All financial statements and schedules have been omitted since the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto, or is not applicable or required.
(3) Exhibits
The documents set forth below, numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K, are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference to the location indicated below.

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
2.1 |  |  | Separation and Distribution Agreement among IAC/InterActiveCorp, HSN, Inc., Interval Leisure Group, Inc., Ticketmaster and Tree.com, Inc., dated August 20, 2008. |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-152700), filed August 1, 2008
2.2 |  |  | Tax Sharing Agreement among IAC/InterActiveCorp, HSN, Inc., Interval Leisure Group, Inc., Ticketmaster and Tree.com, Inc., dated August 20, 2008. |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed August 25, 2008
2.3 |  |  | Employee Matters Agreement among IAC/InterActiveCorp, HSN, Inc., Interval Leisure Group, Inc., Ticketmaster and Tree.com, Inc., dated August 20, 2008. |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed August 25, 2008
2.4 |  |  | Transition Services Agreement among IAC/InterActiveCorp, HSN, Inc., Interval Leisure Group, Inc., Ticketmaster and Tree.com, Inc., dated August 20, 2008. |  | Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed August 25, 2008
2.5 |  |  | Spinco Assignment and Assumption Agreement among IAC/InterActiveCorp, Tree.com, Inc., Liberty Media Corporation and Liberty USA Holdings, LLC, dated August 20, 2008. |  | Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed August 25, 2008
2.6 |  |  | Asset Purchase Agreement among Home Loan Center, Inc., First Residential Mortgage Network, Inc. dba SurePoint Lending, and the shareholders of First Residential Mortgage Network named therein, dated November 15, 2010. |  | Exhibit 2.1 to Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed November 16, 2010
2.7 |  |  | First Amendment to Asset Purchase Agreement among HLC, SurePoint and the shareholders party thereto, dated March 14, 2011. |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 21, 2011
2.8 |  |  | Second Amendment to Asset Purchase Agreement among HLC, SurePoint and the shareholders party thereto, dated March 15, 2011. |  | Exhibit 2.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 21, 2011

103

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
2.9 |  |  | Asset Purchase Agreement among Tree.com, Inc., Home Loan Center, Inc., LendingTree, LLC, HLC Escrow, Inc. and Discover Bank, dated May 12, 2011** |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 16, 2011
2.10 |  |  | Asset Purchase Agreement among LendingTree, LLC, RealEstate.com, Inc. and Market Leader, Inc., dated September 15, 2011** |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 21, 2011
2.11 |  |  | Amendment to Asset Purchase Agreement among Home Loan Center, Inc., HLC Escrow, Inc., LendingTree, LLC, Tree.com, Inc., Discover Bank and Discover Financial Services, dated February 7, 2012** |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 8, 2012
2.12 |  |  | Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 16, 2016, by and among LendingTree, LLC, Iron Horse Holdings, LLC, all of the members of Iron Horse Holdings, LLC and Christopher J. Mettler. ** |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 22, 2016
2.13 |  |  | Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated November 2, 2017, by and among General Communication, Inc., Liberty Interactive Corporation, Liberty USA Holdings, LLC, Ventures Holdco, LLC, and LendingTree, Inc. |  | Exhibit 99.7(D) to the Registrant's Current Report on Form SC 13D/A filed November 3, 2017
2.14 |  |  | Unit Purchase Agreement dated as of October 4, 2018 by and among LendingTree, LLC, QuoteWizard.com, LLC, all of the members of QuoteWizard.com, LLC, and Scott Peyree as the Securityholders Representative. ** |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A filed October 12, 2018
2.15 |  |  | Stock Purchase Agreement dated as of December 20, 2018 by and among LendingTree, LLC, Value Holding Inc., all of the shareholders of Value Holding Inc., and Jonathan Wu as the Sellers’ Representative. ** |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 27, 2018
3.1 |  |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of LendingTree, Inc. |  | Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed August 25, 2008
3.2 |  |  | Fourth Amended and Restated By-laws of LendingTree, Inc. |  | Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 15, 2017
4.1 |  |  | Amended and Restated Restricted Share Grant and Shareholders' Agreement, among Forest Merger Corp., LendingTree, Inc., InterActiveCorp and the Grantees named therein, dated July 7, 2003* |  | Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-152700), filed August 1, 2008
4.2 |  |  | Registration Rights Agreement among Tree.com, Inc., Liberty Media Corporation and Liberty USA Holdings, LLC, dated August 20, 2008. |  | Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed August 25, 2008
4.3 |  |  | Indenture for .0625% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 |  | Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2017
4.4 |  |  | Purchase Agreement for .0625% Convertible Senior Notes due 2022 |  | Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2017
4.5 |  |  | Base Issuer Warrant Transaction |  | Exhibit 99.4 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2017
4.6 |  |  | Additional Issuer Warrant Transaction |  | Exhibit 99.5 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2017
4.7 |  |  | Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 |  | Exhibit 4.7 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 27, 2020
4.8 |  |  | Indenture, dated as of July 24, 2020, between LendingTree, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association |  | Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 24, 2020
10.1 |  |  | Employment Agreement between Douglas Lebda and the Company, dated September 20, 2017* |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed October 26, 2017
10.2 |  |  | Employment Agreement between Douglas Lebda, the Company and LendingTree, LLC, dated November 30, 2020* |  | †

104

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
10.3 |  |  | Letter Agreement between Tree.com, Inc. and Carla Shumate, dated December 11, 2012* |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed April 1, 2013
10.4 |  |  | Letter Agreement between LendingTree, Inc. and Carla Shumate, dated March 11, 2015* |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 30, 2015
10.5 |  |  | Letter Agreement between LendingTree, Inc. and Carla Shumate, dated December 31, 2015* |  | Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 1, 2016
10.6 |  |  | Fifth Amended and Restated 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 4.3(A) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-218747), filed June 14, 2017
10.7 |  |  | Form of Notice of Stock Option Award Granted Under the 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (No. 001-34063) filed March 27, 2009
10.8 |  |  | Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award* |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2014
10.9 |  |  | Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Award* |  | Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2014
10.10 |  |  | Form of Notice of Stock Option Award Granted Under the 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.5 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2014
10.11 |  |  | LendingTree, Inc. 2017 Inducement Grant Plan* |  | Exhibit 4.4(A) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-218747), filed June 14, 2017
10.12 |  |  | Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award Granted Under the LendingTree, Inc. 2017 Inducement Plan* |  | Exhibit 4.4(B) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-218747), filed June 14, 2017
10.13 |  |  | Restricted Stock Award Agreement* |  | Exhibit 4.4(C) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-218747), filed June 14, 2017
10.14 |  |  | Notice of [YEAR] Stock Option Award Granted Under the LendingTree, Inc. 2017 Inducement Grant Plan* |  | Exhibit 4.4(D) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-218747), filed June 14, 2017
10.15 |  |  | 2011 Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors* |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 30, 2015
10.16 |  |  | Deferred Compensation Plan for Non-Employee Directors* |  | Exhibit 10.15 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-152700), filed August 1, 2008
10.17 |  |  | Standard Terms and Conditions to Restricted Stock Award Letters of Tree.com BU Holding Company, Inc.* |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 3, 2011
10.18 |  |  | Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award* |  | Exhibit 10.86(b) to the Registrant's Post-Effective Amendment to its Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-152700), filed July 13, 2012
10.19 |  |  | Form of Restricted Stock Award* |  | Exhibit 10.86(c) to the Registrant's Post-Effective Amendment to its Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-152700), filed July 13, 2012
10.20 |  |  | Form of Notice of Stock Option Award Granted Under the Amended and Restated 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.86(d) to the Registrant's Post-Effective Amendment to its Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-152700), filed July 13, 2012
10.21 |  |  | Form of Notice of Stock Option Award Granted Under the Second Amended and Restated 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (No. 001-34063) filed May 12, 2010
10.22 |  |  | Base Convertible Bond Hedge Transaction |  | Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2017
10.23 |  |  | Additional Convertible Bond Hedge Transaction |  | Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 31, 2017
10.24 |  |  | Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of November 21, 2017+ |  | Exhibit 10.38 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 26, 2018
10.25 |  |  | Joinder to Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of October 26, 2018+ |  | Exhibit 10.30 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 28, 2019

105

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
10.26 |  |  | Agreement of Purchase and Sale, by and among LendingTree, LLC and an affiliate of Greenstreet Real Estate Partners, L.P., dated October 17, 2016 |  | Exhibit 10.31 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 28, 2017
10.27 |  |  | First Amendment to Purchase and Sale, by and among LendingTree, LLC and an affiliate of Greenstreet Real Estate Partners, L.P., dated November 28, 2016 |  | Exhibit 10.32 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 28, 2017
10.28 |  |  | Employment Agreement dated December 21, 2017, among John David Moriarty, LendingTree, Inc., and LendingTree, LLC.* |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 27, 2018
10.29 |  |  | Employment Agreement, dated January 2, 2018, among Neil Salvage, LendingTree, Inc., and LendingTree, LLC* |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 27, 2018
10.30 |  |  | Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2019 |  | Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 13, 2019
10.31 |  |  | Sixth Amended and Restated LendingTree, Inc. 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 4.3(A) to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-233035), filed August 6, 2019
10.32 |  |  | Form of Notice of Stock Option Award Granted Under the LendingTree, Inc. 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2020
10.33 |  |  | Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award Granted Under the LendingTree, Inc. 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2020
10.34 |  |  | Form of Notice of Stock Option Award Granted to Non- Employee Directors Under the LendingTree, Inc. 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.3 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2020
10.35 |  |  | Form of Notice of Restricted Stock Unit Award Granted to Non-Employee Directors Under the LendingTree, Inc. 2008 Stock and Annual Incentive Plan* |  | Exhibit 10.4 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 4, 2020
10.36 |  |  | First Amendment to and Waiver under Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of July 21, 2020, by and among the LendingTree, LLC, LendingTree, Inc., the lenders from time to time party thereto and Truist Bank |  | Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 24, 2020
10.37 |  |  | Form of Base Convertible Note Hedge Confirmation |  | Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 24, 2020
10.38 |  |  | Form of Additional Convertible Note Hedge Confirmation |  | Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 24, 2020
10.39 |  |  | Form of Base Warrant Confirmation |  | Exhibit 99.4 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 24, 2020
10.40 |  |  | Form of Additional Warrant Confirmation |  | Exhibit 99.5 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 24, 2020
10.41 |  |  | LendingTree Executive Severance Pay Plan* |  | †
21.1 |  |  | Subsidiaries of LendingTree, Inc. |  | †
23.1 |  |  | Consent of independent registered public accounting firm. |  | †
24.1 |  |  | Power of Attorney (included on signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K) |  | †
31.1 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | †
31.2 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | †

106

Exhibit Number |  | Description |  | Location
32.1 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | ††
32.2 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  | ††
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  | †††
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  | †††
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document — The instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. |  | †††
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  | †††
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  | †††
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  | †††
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document contained in Exhibit 101) |  | †††

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
† Filed herewith.
†† Furnished herewith. This certification is being furnished solely to accompany this report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350, and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.
††† Furnished herewith. Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.
* Management contract or compensation plan or arrangement.
** Certain schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of all omitted schedules to the SEC upon its request.
+ Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment and this exhibit has been submitted separately to the SEC.
ITEM 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 26, 2021

| LendingTree, Inc.
| By: | /s/ DOUGLAS R. LEBDA
|  | Douglas R. Lebda
|  | Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

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KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints each of J.D. Moriarty and Lisa Young as his or her true and lawful attorney and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, and to file the same with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney and agent may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ DOUGLAS R. LEBDA |  | Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer) |  | February 26, 2021
Douglas R. Lebda |  |  |
/s/ J.D. MORIARTY |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | February 26, 2021
J.D. Moriarty |  |  |
/s/ CARLA SHUMATE |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  | February 26, 2021
Carla Shumate |  |  |
/s/ GABRIEL DALPORTO |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
Gabriel Dalporto |  |  |
/s/ THOMAS DAVIDSON |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
Thomas Davidson |  |  |
/s/ ROBIN HENDERSON |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
Robin Henderson |  |  |
/s/ STEVEN OZONIAN |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
Steven Ozonian |  |  |
/s/ SARAS SARASVATHY |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
Saras Sarasvathy |  |  |
/s/ G. KENNEDY THOMPSON |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
G. Kennedy Thompson |  |  |
/s/ JENNIFER WITZ |  | Director |  | February 26, 2021
Jennifer Witz |  |  |

109