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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of components of the income tax provision (benefit) | The components of the income tax benefit are as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Current income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | (10,705) |  |  | $ | 201 |
State | 262 |  |  | 372 |  |  | (125) |
Current income tax expense (benefit) | 390 |  |  | (10,333) |  |  | 76 |
Deferred income tax provision (benefit): |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 9,912 |  |  | (7,495) |  |  | (10,857) |
State | 996 |  |  | (2,133) |  |  | 2,302 |
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) | 10,908 |  |  | (9,628) |  |  | (8,555) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 11,298 |  |  | $ | (19,961) |  |  | $ | (8,479) |
Schedule of reconciliation of total income tax provision (benefit) to amounts computed by applying statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | A reconciliation of the income tax benefit to the amounts computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes is shown as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Federal statutory income tax | $ | 17,731 |  |  | $ | (8,931) |  |  | $ | 6,506 |
State income taxes, net | 1,269 |  |  | (3,551) |  |  | (1,832) |
Excess tax deductions on non-cash compensation | (9,401) |  |  | (2,033) |  |  | (13,971) |
Impact of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act | — |  |  | (6,104) |  |  | — |
Research and experimentation tax credit | (3,207) |  |  | (3,800) |  |  | (5,794) |
Impact of certain state legislation, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,932 |
Nondeductible executive compensation | 3,058 |  |  | 1,778 |  |  | 988 |
Increase (decrease) in valuation allowance | 595 |  |  | 2,100 |  |  | 954 |
Uncertain tax positions | 435 |  |  | 458 |  |  | 922 |
Nondeductible meals & entertainment | 239 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 428 |
Other, net | 579 |  |  | 23 |  |  | (612) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 11,298 |  |  | $ | (19,961) |  |  | $ | (8,479) |
Schedule of components of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities | The tax effects of cumulative temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Provision for accrued expenses | $ | 5,405 |  |  | $ | 4,907 |
Leasing | 27,419 |  |  | 24,864 |
Net operating loss carryforwards (a) | 66,977 |  |  | 56,190 |
Non-cash compensation expense | 26,756 |  |  | 20,746 |
Intangible assets | 15,222 |  |  | 12,684 |
Interest limitation | 8,036 |  |  | 4,059 |
Contingent liabilities | — |  |  | 4,507 |
Tax credits | 15,848 |  |  | 13,656 |
Other | 1,079 |  |  | 3,605 |
Total gross deferred tax assets | 166,742 |  |  | 145,218 |
Less: valuation allowance (b) | (6,039) |  |  | (5,802) |
Total deferred tax assets, net of the valuation allowance | 160,703 |  |  | 139,416 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Leasing | (24,590) |  |  | (21,632) |
Property and equipment | (8,156) |  |  | (5,015) |
Equity investment | (25,608) |  |  | — |
Other | (444) |  |  | (653) |
Total gross deferred tax liabilities | (58,798) |  |  | (27,300) |
Net deferred taxes | $ | 101,905 |  |  | $ | 112,116 |
(a)At December 31, 2021, the Company had pre-tax consolidated federal net operating losses ("NOLs") of $220.1 million. The federal NOLs no longer expire under the new TCJA. The Company's NOLs will be available to offset taxable income subject to the Internal Revenue Code Section 382 annual limitation. In addition, the Company has state NOLs of approximately $542.7 million at December 31, 2021 that will expire at various times between 2022 and 2041. (b)The valuation allowance is related to items for which it is "more likely than not" that the tax benefit will not be realized. Deferred income taxes are presented in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):
| December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Deferred income tax assets | $ | 87,581 |  |  | $ | 96,224 |
Non-current assets of discontinued operations | 16,589 |  |  | 15,892 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | (2,265) |  |  | — |
Net deferred taxes | $ | 101,905 |  |  | $ | 112,116 |
Schedule of the deferred tax valuation allowance reconciliation | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the deferred tax valuation allowance is as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Balance, beginning of the period | $ | 5,802 |  |  | $ | 4,102 |  |  | $ | 2,229 |
Charges to earnings | 237 |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 1,873 |
Balance, end of the period | $ | 6,039 |  |  | $ | 5,802 |  |  | $ | 4,102 |
Schedule of reconciliation of beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties | A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Balance, beginning of the period | $ | 2,613 |  |  | $ | 1,996 |
Additions based on tax positions of the current period | 435 |  |  | 570 |
Additions (subtractions) based on tax positions of the prior period | (134) |  |  | 47 |
Balance, end of the period | $ | 2,914 |  |  | $ | 2,613 |

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