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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
2. | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation The accompanying unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 included herein, have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim information. Certain prior year balances have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications did not affect loss from operations or net loss. Certain information and footnote disclosures typically prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to SEC rules and regulations. The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “Annual Report on Form 10-K”). The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary Trevi Therapeutics Limited. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. All amounts presented are in thousands of dollars, except share and per share amounts, unless noted otherwise. The Company has evaluated events occurring subsequent to June 30, 2021 for potential recognition or disclosure in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and concluded there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include, but are not limited to, the recognition of research and development (“R&D”) expenses, the valuation of stock-based awards and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. In addition, management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern involves the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash inflows and outflows. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates in light of changes in circumstances, facts and experience. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The inputs into the Company’s estimates also considered the economic implications of COVID-19 on the Company’s estimates. Unaudited Interim Financial Information The accompanying interim Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of June 30, 2021 and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity and the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are unaudited. The unaudited interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements and, in the Company’s opinion, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statements of its financial position as of June 30, 2021 and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020. The results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021 or any other interim period or any future year or period. Cash Equivalents The Company classifies short-term, highly liquid investments with an original term of three months or less at the date of purchase as cash equivalents. Fair Value Measurements The Company’s financial instruments have consisted of cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, term loans and term loan derivative liability (Note 6). Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The carrying amount of the term loan approximates its fair value due to its floating market-based interest rate. The term loan derivative liability is recorded at fair value, which is estimated utilizing a probability-weighted cash flow approach (Note 6). Current accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. The valuation techniques included in the guidance are based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions and are classified into the following fair value hierarchy: Level 1—Observable inputs—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. Level 2—Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities—such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data. Level 3—Unobservable inputs—includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require the company to develop relevant assumptions. The following table summarizes the financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the basis for that measurement, by level within the fair value hierarchy (Note 6):
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |
June 30, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds (1) |  | $ | 35,492 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Financial liabilities carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term loan derivative liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 162 |
December 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds(1) |  | $ | 44,095 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Financial liabilities carried at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Term loan derivative liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 196 |
(1) Included in cash and cash equivalents on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The following table represents a roll-forward of the fair value of Level 3 instruments (significant unobservable inputs):
|  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 187 |
Change in fair value of term loan derivative liability |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | 9 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 162 |  |  |  | 196 |
Property, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements Property, equipment and leasehold improvements (consisting of furniture, computer and office equipment and leasehold improvements) are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets (three years for computer equipment, five years for furniture and office equipment and the shorter of the term of the lease or useful life for leasehold improvements). Impairment of Long-Lived Assets ASC 360, Property, Plant and Equipment, addresses the financial accounting and reporting for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. The Company reviews the recorded values of long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be fully recoverable. Foreign Currency Transactions The Company, at times, contracts with vendors and consultants outside of the U.S., resulting in liabilities denominated in foreign currency. The transactions are recorded in U.S. dollars on the transaction dates and any currency fluctuation through the payment date is recorded as currency gains or losses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Deferred Offering Costs The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of an equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the offering. Should the planned equity financing no longer be considered probable of being consummated, the deferred offering costs are expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses. Deferred offering costs relating to the Company’s ATM Sales Agreement were $162 and $284 as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, excluding $508 and $105, respectively, which has been recorded as a reduction to stockholders’ equity in connection with sales under the agreement. Research and Development Expenses All of the Company’s research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the development of Haduvio. These expenses include certain payroll and personnel expenses, including stock-based compensation, consulting costs, contract manufacturing costs and fees paid to clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to conduct certain research and development activities on the Company’s behalf. The Company does not allocate its costs by each indication for which it is developing Haduvio, as a significant amount of the Company’s development activities broadly support all indications. In addition, several of the Company’s departments support the Company’s Haduvio drug candidate development program and the Company does not identify internal costs for each potential indication. The Company expenses both internal and external research and development expenses as they are incurred. Accrued Research and Development Expenses The Company has entered into agreements with CROs, contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) and other companies that provide services in connection with the Company’s research and development activities. The Company’s research and development accruals are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events and contracted costs. The estimated costs of research and development provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to CROs, CMOs and other companies under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses or as non-current deposits, as applicable, and are recognized as expenses as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed. Patent Costs All patent-related costs in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed to general and administrative expense as incurred, as recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain. Stock-Based Compensation The Company accounts for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employees for consultancy services in accordance with ASC 718, Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires the recognition of compensation expense, using a fair value based method, for costs related to all stock-based payments including stock options. The Company’s determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for stock options with time-based and performance-based vesting and is impacted by the price of its common stock as well as changes in assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include expected term that options will remain outstanding, expected common stock price volatility over the term of the option awards, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. The fair value is recognized over the period during which an optionee is required to provide services in exchange for the option award, known as the requisite service period (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. For performance-based vesting, the fair value is also recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based on whether the performance conditions are probable. The Company reassesses the probability of achieving the performance conditions at each reporting date. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Estimating the fair value of equity-settled awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by assumptions regarding a number of variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require analysis and judgment to develop. Expected Term—The expected term assumption represents the weighted average period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company has elected to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of the options, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option. Expected Volatility—For all stock options granted to date, the volatility data was estimated based on a study of publicly traded industry peer companies. For purposes of identifying these peer companies, the Company considered the industry, stage of development, size and financial leverage of potential comparable companies. Expected Dividend—The Black-Scholes valuation model calls for a single expected dividend yield as an input. The Company currently has no history or expectation of paying cash dividends on its common stock. Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the equity-settled award. Prior to the Company’s IPO in May 2019, the estimated fair value of the common stock underlying the Company’s stock options was determined at each grant date by the Company’s board of directors, with input from management. All options to purchase shares of common stock were intended to be exercisable at a price per share not less than the per share fair value of the Company’s common stock underlying those options on the date of grant. In the absence of a public trading market for the Company’s common stock prior to the Company’s IPO in May 2019, on each grant date, the Company developed an estimate of the fair value of its common stock based on the information known to the Company on the date of grant, upon a review of any recent events and their potential impact on the estimated fair value per share of the common stock and in part on input from an independent third-party valuation. As is provided for in Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), the Company generally relied on valuations for up to twelve months unless the Company had experienced a material event that would have affected the estimated fair value of its common stock. The valuations of the Company’s common stock performed prior to the Company’s IPO in May 2019, were determined in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation (the “Practice Aid”). The methodology to determine the fair value of common stock included estimating the fair value of the enterprise using a market approach, which estimates the fair value of the Company by including an estimation of the value of the business based on the guideline public companies under a number of different scenarios. The assumptions used to determine the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock were based on numerous objective and subjective factors, combined with management judgment, including external market conditions affecting the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry and trends within the industry; the Company’s stage of development; the rights, preferences and privileges of the Company’s convertible preferred stock relative to those of the Company’s common stock; the prices at which the Company sold shares of convertible preferred stock; the Company’s financial condition and operating results, including the Company’s levels of available capital resources; the progress of the Company’s research and development efforts; the stage of development and business strategy; the equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; the general U.S. market conditions and the lack of marketability of the Company’s common stock. The Practice Aid identifies various available methods for allocating enterprise value across classes and series of capital stock to determine the estimated fair value of common stock at each valuation date. In accordance with the Practice Aid, the Company considered the following methods:
| • | Option Pricing Method (“OPM”)—The OPM treats common stock and convertible preferred stock as call options on the total equity value of a company, with exercise prices based on the value thresholds at which the allocation among the various holders of a company’s securities changes. Under this method, the common stock has value only if the funds available for distribution to stockholders exceed the value of the liquidation preferences at the time of a liquidity event, such as a strategic sale or merger. The common stock is modeled as a call option on the underlying equity value at a predetermined exercise price. In the model, the exercise price is based on a comparison with the total equity value rather than, as in the case of a regular call option, a comparison with a per share stock price. Thus, common stock is considered to be a call option with a claim on the enterprise at an exercise price equal to the remaining value
|  | immediately after the convertible preferred stock liquidation preference is paid. The OPM uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to price the call options. This model defines the securities’ fair values as functions of the current fair value of a company and uses assumptions, such as the anticipated timing of a potential liquidity event and the estimated volatility of the equity securities.
| • | Probability Weighted Expected Return Method (“PWERM”)—Under the PWERM methodology, the fair value of common stock is estimated based upon an analysis of future values for the company, assuming various outcomes. The common stock value is based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns considering each of the possible outcomes available as well as the rights of each class of stock. The future value of the common stock under each outcome is discounted back to the valuation date at an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate and probability weighted to arrive at an indication of value for the common stock.
| • | Hybrid Method—The hybrid method is a PWERM where the equity value in one of the scenarios is calculated using an OPM. In the hybrid method used by the Company, it considered an IPO as the other potential future liquidity event. The equity value for the IPO scenario was determined using the guideline public company (“GPC”), method under the market approach. The relative probability of the IPO scenario was determined based on an analysis of market conditions at the time and expectations as to the timing and likely prospects of the IPO at each valuation date. In application of the GPC method, the Company considered publicly traded companies in the biopharmaceutical industry that had a similar profile to the Company’s as well as recently completed IPOs as indicators of estimated future value in an IPO. The Company then discounted that future value back to the valuation date at an appropriate discount rate.
In determining the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock prior to Company’s IPO in May 2019, the board of directors considered the fact that the Company’s stockholders could not freely trade the Company’s common stock in the public markets. Accordingly, the Company’s board of directors applied discounts to reflect the lack of marketability of common stock based on the weighted-average expected time to liquidity. The estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock at each grant date reflected a non-marketability discount partially based on the anticipated likelihood and timing of a future liquidity event. Subsequent to the completion of the Company’s IPO in May 2019, the fair value of the Company’s common stock has been determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the date of grant on the primary stock exchange on which the Company’s common stock is traded. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax assets are reduced, as necessary, by a valuation allowance when management determines it is more likely than not that some or all of the tax benefits will not be realized. The Company applies the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that the company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. These Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements reflect expected future tax consequences of such positions presuming the taxing authorities possess full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts. Leases Under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), the Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. If an operating lease has a term greater than one year, the lease is recognized in the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and an operating lease liability at lease commencement. The Company elected the short-term lease practical expedient, therefore, if an operating lease has a term less than one year, the Company will not recognize the lease on its balance sheet. The operating right-of-use asset represents the Company’s right of use to an underlying asset for the term of the lease and the operating liability represents the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are determined and recognized on the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the term of the lease. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate within the lease, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is updated periodically, based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to determine the present value of the lease payments. Basic and Diluted Net Loss per Common Share Basic and diluted net loss per common share outstanding is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. For all periods presented, shares issuable upon exercise of stock options have been excluded from the calculation because their effects would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share are the same for each of the periods presented. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12-Income Taxes (Topic 740), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes. The adoption of the new guidance did not affect the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements There have been no new accounting pronouncements during the six months ended June 30, 2021, which could be expected to materially impact the Company’s unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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