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Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation | The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of the Company have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries where it has controlling financial interests, and any variable interest entities for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates | The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) reserves, provision for commission slide and cancellations, reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses and LAE, the fair values of investments, stock-based awards, warrant liabilities, contingent consideration liabilities, acquired intangible assets and goodwill, deferred tax assets, and uncertain tax positions. The Company evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis. These estimates are informed by experience and other assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates.
Business Combinations | The Company accounts for acquisitions of entities or asset groups that qualify as businesses using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Purchase consideration is allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the estimated fair values as of the acquisition date, which are measured in accordance with the principles outlined in ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement. The determination of fair value requires management to make estimates about discount rates, future expected cash flows, market conditions and other future events that are highly subjective in nature. The excess of the total purchase consideration over the fair value of the identified net assets acquired is recognized as goodwill. The results of the acquired businesses are included in the results of operations beginning from the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the allocation of purchase consideration and to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed to the extent that additional information becomes available. After this period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash | Cash consists of cash on deposit. The Company considers all highly liquid securities readily convertible to cash, that mature within three months or less from the original date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company’s restricted cash relates to cash restricted to support issued letter of credits and collateral to insurers. The Company’s restricted cash also includes fiduciary assets.
Fiduciary Assets and Liabilities | In its capacity as an insurance agent and broker, the Company collects premiums from insureds and, after deducting its commission, remits the premiums to the respective insurers. The Company also processes claims on behalf of insurers and collects claims from insurers on behalf of insureds. Premiums collected from insureds but not yet remitted to insurance companies and claims collected from insurance companies but not yet remitted to insureds are fiduciary assets. Fiduciary assets are recorded within restricted cash in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Unremitted insurance premiums and claims held in a fiduciary capacity and the obligation to remit these funds is recorded as fiduciary liabilities within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
Investments | The Company has categorized its investment portfolio as available-for-sale and has reported the portfolio at fair value, adjusted for allowance for expected credit losses, with unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported as an amount in other comprehensive loss. Fair values are based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes, if available. If a quoted market price is not available, fair value is estimated using quoted market prices for similar securities. Amortization of premium and accretion of discount are computed using the scientific method (constant yield to worst). Realized gains and losses are determined using specific identification method and included in the determination of income. Net investment income includes interest and dividend income, amortization and accretion of investment premiums and discounts, respectively, realized gains and losses on sales of securities, and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses in the fair value of securities, if any. The Company reviews all securities with unrealized losses on a quarterly basis to assess whether the decline in the securities fair value necessitates the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. Factors considered in the review include the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost, and current market interest rates and whether the unrealized loss is credit-driven or a result of changes in market interest rates. The Company also considers factors specific to the issuer including the general financial condition of the issuer, the issuers industry and future business prospects, any past failure of issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments, and the payment structure of the investment and the issuers ability to make contractual payments on the investment. The Company also considers whether it intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. When assessing whether it intends to sell a fixed-maturity security or if it is likely to be required to sell a fixed-maturity security before recovery of its amortized cost, the Company evaluates facts and circumstances including, but not limited to, decisions to reposition the investment portfolio, potential sales of investments to meet cash flow needs, and potential sales of investments to capitalize on favorable pricing. For fixed-maturity securities where a decline in fair value is below the amortized cost basis and the Company intends to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost, a credit-loss charge is recognized in net income based on the fair value of the security at the time of assessment. For fixed-maturity securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold, the Company compares the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost of the security. The extent to which the estimated present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost of the security represents the credit-related portion of the impairment, which is recognized in net income through an allowance for credit losses. Any remaining decline in fair value represents the noncredit portion of the impairment, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The Company did not identify any available-for-sale securities as of December 31, 2023 which presented a risk of loss due to credit deterioration of the security.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities and non-financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements on a recurring basis. The Company defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, which are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as risks inherent in valuation techniques, transfer restrictions, and credit risk. Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement: •Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are publicly accessible at the measurement date. •Level 2 — Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. •Level 3 — Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimate of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company’s financial instruments include cash equivalents, restricted cash, fixed maturities, short-term investments, accounts receivable, accounts payable, assumed and ceded reinsurance contracts, preferred stock warrants and public and private warrants. Cash equivalents and restricted cash are principally stated at amortized cost, which approximates their fair value. Short-term investments and preferred stock warrants are reported at fair value. The recorded carrying amount of accounts receivable, assumed and ceded reinsurance contracts, and accounts payable approximates their fair value due to their short-term nature.
Concentration of Credit Risks | Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily comprised of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, fixed maturities available-for-sale, and reinsurance recoverables. Cash deposits may, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. However, its exposure to credit risk in the event of default by the financial institutions is limited to the extent of amounts recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company performs evaluations of the relative credit standing of these financial institutions to limit the amount of credit exposure. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents to date. The Company limits its exposure to credit losses by investing in money market funds, U.S. government securities, or securities with average credit quality of AA- or better. Premium receivables are a mix of receivables due from policyholders, agents, and program administrators. The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet concentration of credit risks such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. The Company enters into quota share and excess of loss contracts which may be susceptible to catastrophe exposure. The ceding of insurance does not legally discharge the Company from its primary liability for the full amount of the policy coverage, and therefore the Company will be required to pay the loss and bear collection risk if the reinsurer fails to meet its obligations under the reinsurance agreement. To minimize exposure to significant losses from reinsurance insolvencies, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers, monitors concentrations of credit risk and, in certain circumstances, holds substantial collateral (in the form of funds withheld and letters of credit) as security under the reinsurance agreements.
Accounts Receivable | Accounts receivable consists of premium receivables and commission receivables and is reported net of an allowance for premium amounts or estimated uncollectible commission. Generally premiums and commissions are collected prior to providing coverage, minimizing the Company’s exposure to credit risk. Premiums and commissions receivable are short-term in nature and due within a year. The Company has established an allowance for uncollectible premiums and commissions related to credit risk, which it reviews on a quarterly basis. In its review, the Company considers length of collection periods, the creditworthiness of the insured, economic environment, specific regulatory developments and other relevant factors. Amounts deemed to be uncollectible are written off against the allowance.
Reinsurance | Reinsurance recoverable, including amounts related to incurred but not reported claims (“IBNR”), represent paid losses and LAE and reserves for unpaid losses and LAE ceded to reinsurers that are subject to reimbursement under reinsurance treaties. To minimize exposure to losses related to a reinsurer’s inability to pay, the financial condition of such reinsurer is evaluated initially upon placement of the reinsurance and periodically thereafter. In addition to considering the financial condition of a reinsurer, the collectability of the reinsurance recoverable is evaluated based upon a number of other factors. Such factors include the amounts outstanding, length of collection periods, disputes, any collateral or letters of credit held and other relevant factors. Historically, the Company has not experienced any credit losses from reinsurance recoverables as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively. The Company evaluates its reinsurance recoverables on a quarterly basis for risk of loss due to credit deterioration, including evaluating historical collection trends, reinsurer credit ratings, and other economic factors that may affect collectability of its reinsurance receivables due to credit deterioration To the extent that an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable is established, amounts deemed to be uncollectible would be written off against the allowance for estimated uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. The Company currently has no material allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverable. Ceded premium written is recorded in accordance with the applicable terms of the reinsurance contracts and ceded premium earned is charged against revenue over the period of the reinsurance contracts. Ceded losses incurred reduce net loss and LAE incurred over the applicable periods of the reinsurance contracts with third-party reinsurers. Loss participation features in the reinsurance agreements are estimated at each reporting period and recorded as an adjustment to loss and LAE. Commission slide features in the reinsurance agreements are estimated at each reporting period and recorded as an adjustment to commission income, net. For ceded reinsurance, risk transfer requirements must be met for reinsurance accounting to apply. If risk transfer requirements are not met, the contract is accounted for as a deposit, resulting in the recognition of cash flows under the contract through a deposit asset or liability and not as revenue or expense. To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance contract must include both insurance risk, consisting of both underwriting and timing risk, and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss for the assuming entity. Similar risk transfer criteria are used to determine whether directly written insurance contracts should be accounted for as insurance or as a deposit. Prepaid reinsurance premiums represents the unearned portion of premiums ceded to reinsurers. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the liability associated with the reinsured business and consistent with the terms of the underlying contract.
Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs, net of Ceding Commissions | Incremental direct costs of acquiring insurance contracts and certain costs related directly to the acquisition process are deferred within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the term of the policies or reinsurance treaties to which they relate. Those costs include commissions, premium taxes, and board and bureau fees. Ceding commissions relating to reinsurance agreements are recorded as a reimbursement for both deferrable and non-deferrable acquisition costs. The portion of the ceding commission that is equal to the pro-rata share of acquisition costs based on quota share percentage is recorded as an offset to the direct deferred acquisition costs. Any portion of the ceding commission that exceeds the deferrable acquisition costs of the business ceded is recorded as a deferred liability and amortized over the same period in which the related premiums are earned. The amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs is included in insurance related expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Premium Deficiency | A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected losses and LAE, unamortized acquisition costs, and policy maintenance costs exceeds the remaining unearned premiums. A premium deficiency would first be recognized by charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense to the extent required to eliminate the deficiency. If the premium deficiency was greater than unamortized acquisition costs, a liability would be accrued for the excess deficiency. The Company considers anticipated investment income when determining if a premium deficiency exists.
Property and Equipment | Property and equipment is stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and is reflected within other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Depreciation of property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of thirty-nine years for buildings, five years for furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and three years for computer equipment. Leasehold improvements are also depreciated using the straight-line method and are amortized over the shorter of the remaining term of the lease or the useful life of the improvement. Expenditures for improvements are capitalized, and expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Upon sale or retirement, the cost and related accumulated depreciation is removed from the related accounts, and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is reflected in other (income) expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Leases | Leases arise from contractual obligations that convey the right to control the use of an identified property, plant or equipment for a stated time period in exchange for consideration. The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains a lease at contract inception. Lease classification is determined at the lease commencement date, on which the leased assets are available for the Company’s use. The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset (“ROU”) and a corresponding lease liability at commencement date for operating leases. ROU assets are presented under other assets, and lease liabilities are presented under accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company did not have any material finance leases in the periods presented. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make payments during the lease term. ROU assets are recognized at the lease commencement date for the lease liability amount, adjusted for initial direct costs incurred and lease incentives received. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement based on the present value of the future lease payments over the lease term. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when the Company believes it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. Since the implicit discount rate for operating leases is not readily determinable, the Company uses an estimate of its incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) on the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. IBR is determined based on information available at lease commencement including interest rates, credit ratings, credit spreads, and lease term. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Accordingly, the Company includes fixed non-lease components with lease payments for the purpose of calculating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities. Non-lease components that are not fixed are expensed as incurred as variable lease payments. The Company does not record leases on the balance sheet that have a term of 12 months or less at the lease commencement date.
Capitalized Internal Use Software | The Company capitalizes the costs to develop its internal use software when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used as intended. Such costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of five years. Costs incurred prior to meeting these criteria, in addition to costs incurred for training and maintenance, are expensed as incurred. The amortization expense is recognized within insurance related expenses in the Company's statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets | The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date on the consolidated balance sheets. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The determination of estimated fair value requires the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as they are incurred. Included in the purchase price of an acquisition may be an estimation of the fair value of liabilities associated with contingent consideration. The fair value of contingent consideration is based upon the present value of the expected future payments to be made to the sellers of an acquired business in accordance with the provisions contained in the respective purchase agreements. Subsequent changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. When the Company determines net assets acquired does not meet the definition of a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction is accounted for as an acquisition of assets and, therefore, no goodwill is recorded.
Amortization and Impairment | Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The amortization expense is included in technology and development expenses for developed technology and sales and marketing expenses for customer relationships, agency relationships, carrier relationships, and other. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually, or more frequently if necessary. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of the asset to the asset’s carrying value. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment loss is recognized, and the asset is written down to its estimated fair value. There were no material impairment losses recognized on indefinite-lived intangible assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Refer to Note 5 for impairment charges related to goodwill recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets, excluding goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such asset may not be recoverable. Should there be an indication of impairment, the Company tests for recoverability by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset to the carrying amount of the asset or asset group. If the asset or asset group is determined to be impaired, any excess of the carrying value of the asset or asset group over its estimated fair value is recognized as an impairment loss. There were no material impairment losses recognized on long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserve | The reserve for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include estimates for unpaid claims, claims adjustment expenses on reported losses and estimates of losses incurred but not reported (IBNR), net of salvage and subrogation recoveries. The liability is based on the Company’s best estimate of the amounts yet to be paid for all loss and loss adjustment expenses that will be paid on claims that occurred during the period and prior, whether those claims are currently known or unknown. Loss and loss adjustment reserves are the amount of ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense less the paid amounts as of the balance sheet date. Ultimate loss and loss adjustment expense is the sum of the following items: 1.Loss and loss adjustment expense paid through a given evaluation date 2.Case reserves for loss and loss adjustment expense for losses that have been reported but not yet paid as of a given evaluation date 3.IBNR for loss and loss adjustment expense include an estimate for future loss payments on incurred claims not yet reported and for expected development on reported claims Case reserves are established within the claims adjustment process based on all known circumstances of a claim at the time. In addition, IBNR reserves are established by the Company based on reported loss and loss adjustment expenses and estimates of ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses based on generally accepted actuarial reserving techniques that consider quantitative loss experience data and qualitative factors as appropriate. The most significant assumptions used in the determination of the recorded reserve for loss and loss adjustment expenses are historical aggregate claim reporting and payment patterns, which is assumed to be indicative of future loss development and trends. Additionally, claim counts are used for analyses relating to natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and wildfires as losses from these events are inherently more difficult to estimate due to the potential exposure of the catastrophic events. Other assumptions considered include information developed from internal and independent external sources such as premium, rate and cost trends, litigation and regulatory trends, legislative activity, climate change, social and economic patterns. Inherent in the estimates of ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses are expected trends in claims severity and frequency among other factors that could vary significantly as claims are settled. The Company’s loss and loss adjustment expense reserves are continually reviewed, and adjustments, if any, are reflected in current operations in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period in which they become known. The establishment of new loss and loss adjustment expense reserves or the adjustment of previously recorded loss and loss adjustment expense reserves could result in significant positive or negative changes to the Company’s financial condition for any particular period. While the Company believes that it has made a reasonable estimate of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, the ultimate loss experience may not be as reliably predicted as may be the case with other insurance expenses, and it is possible that actual loss and loss adjustment expenses will be higher or lower than the loss and loss adjustment reserve amount recorded by the Company.
Provision for Commission | Provision for commission includes return commission payable to insurers, or commission slide, based on the actual performance of insurance policies placed by the Company against a contractual range of performance targets. The Company’s reserve estimation is based on current and historical performance of the portfolio of insurance policies placed with the insurance carriers. Provision for commission also includes cancellation reserves which represent the Company’s estimate of return commission payable to insureds based on policy cancellations after the effective date. The Company’s estimation for the reserve uses historical policy cancellation. The return commission payable to insurers and cancellation reserves are based on assumptions and estimates, and while management believes the amount recorded is the Company’s best estimate, the ultimate liability may differ from the amount recorded. The methods for making such estimates and for establishing the resulting liability are continually reviewed, and any adjustments are reflected in the period in which they become known.
Revenue Recognition | Net Earned Premium Net earned premium represents the earned portion of the Company’s gross written premium for insurance policies written or assumed by the Company and less the earned portion of ceded written premium (any portion of the Company’s gross written premium that is ceded to third-party reinsurers under the Company’s reinsurance agreements). The Company earns written premiums on a pro-rata basis over the term of the policies. Commission Income, net Commission income, net includes: 1.Managing General Agent (“MGA”) Commission: The Company operates as an MGA for multiple insurers. The Company designs and underwrites insurance products on behalf of the insurers culminating in the sale of insurance policies. The Company earns recurring commission and policy fees associated with the policies they sell. The Company has underwriting authority and responsibility for administering claims, (see Claim Processing Fees below) and works with affiliated and unaffiliated carrier platforms who pay the Company a commission in exchange for the opportunity to take that risk on their balance sheets. The Company’s performance obligation associated with these contracts is the placement of the policy, which is met on the effective date. Upon issuance of a new policy, the Company charges policy fees and inspection fees (see Service and Fee Income below), retains its share of commission, and remits the balance to the respective insurers. Subsequent commission adjustments arising from policy changes such as endorsements are recognized in the period when the adjustments occur. Cash received in advance of policy effective dates is recorded on the consolidated balance sheets, representing the Company’s portion of commission and premium due to insurers and reinsurers, and hold this cash in trust for the benefit of the insurers and reinsurers as fiduciary liabilities. The MGA commission is subject to adjustments, higher or lower (commonly referred to as “commission slide”), depending on the underwriting performance of the policies placed by us. The Company is required to return a portion of its MGA commission due to commission slide on the policies placed as an MGA if the underwriting performance varies due to higher Hippo programs’ loss ratio from provisional performance of the Hippo programs’ loss ratio. The Company also returns a portion of its MGA commission if the policies are cancelled before the term of the policy. Accordingly, the Company reserves for commission slide using estimated Hippo programs’ loss ratio performance, or a cancellation reserve as a reduction of revenue for each period presented in its statements of operations and comprehensive loss. 2.Agency Commission: The Company also operates licensed insurance agencies that are engaged solely in the sale of policies, including non-Hippo policies. For these policies, the Company earns a recurring agency commission from the carriers whose policies the Company sells, which is recorded in the commission income, net line in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Similar to the MGA businesses, the performance obligation from the agency contracts is placement of the insurance policies. For both MGA and insurance agency activities, the Company recognizes commission received from insurers for the sale of insurance contracts as revenue at a point in time on the policy effective dates. 3.Ceding Commission: The Company receives commission based on the premium it cedes to third-party reinsurers for the reimbursement for the Company’s acquisition and underwriting services. Excess ceding commission over the cost of acquisition is included in the commission income, net line on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. For the policies that the Company writes on its own carrier as MGA, the Company recognizes this commission as ceding commission on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company earns commission on ceded reinsurance premium in a manner consistent with the recognition of the earned premium on the underlying insurance policies, on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the policies reinsured. The Company records the portion of ceding commission income which represents reimbursement of successful direct acquisition costs related to the underlying policies as an offset to the applicable direct acquisition costs. 4.Carrier Fronting Fees: Through the Company’s Insurance-as-a-Service business the Company earns fronting fees from the MGA programs it supports. The Company earns fronting fees in a manner consistent with the recognition of the earned premium on the underlying insurance policies, on a pro-rata basis over the terms of the policies. This revenue is included in the commission income, net line on its statements of operations and comprehensive loss. 5.Claim Processing Fees: As an MGA the Company receives a fee that is calculated as a percent of the premium, from the insurers in exchange for providing claims adjudication services. The claims adjudication services are provided over the term of the policy and recognized ratably over the same period. This revenue is included in the commission income, net line on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Service and Fee Income Service and fee income mainly represent policy fees and other revenue. The Company directly bills policyholders for policy fees and collects and retains fees per the terms of the contracts between the Company and its insurers. Similar to the commission revenue, the Company estimates a cancellation reserve for policy fees using historical information. The performance obligation associated with these fees is satisfied at a point in time upon completion of the underwriting process, which is the policy effective date. Accordingly, the Company recognizes all fees as revenue on the policy effective date. Net Investment Income Net investment income represents interest earned from fixed maturity securities, short-term investments and other investments, and the gains or losses from the sale of investments. The Company’s cash and invested assets primarily consist of fixed-maturity securities, and may also include cash and cash equivalents, equity securities, and short-term investments. The principal factors that influence net investment income are the size of the Company’s investment portfolio and the yield on that portfolio. As measured by amortized cost (which excludes changes in fair value, such as changes in interest rates), the size of the Company’s investment portfolio is mainly a function of the Company’s invested equity capital along with premium the Company receives from its customers less payments on customer claims. Net investment income also includes an insignificant amount of net realized gains (losses) on investments, which are a function of the difference between the amount received by us on the sale of a security and the security’s amortized cost, as well as any allowances for credit losses recognized in earnings, if any.
Insurance-Related Expenses | Insurance related expenses primarily consist of amortization of direct acquisition commission costs and premium taxes incurred on the successful acquisition of business written on a direct basis and credit card processing fees not charged to our customers. Insurance related expenses also include employee compensation (including stock-based compensation and benefits) of our underwriting teams, amortization of capitalized internal use software, as well as allocated occupancy costs and related overhead based on headcount. Insurance related expenses are offset by a portion of ceding commission income, which represents reimbursement of successful acquisition costs related to the underlying policies. Additionally, insurance related expenses include the costs of providing bound policies and delivering claims services to our customers. These costs include underwriting technology service costs including software, data services used for performing underwriting, and third-party call center costs in addition to personnel-related costs.
Technology and Development | Technology and development expenses primarily consist of employee compensation (including stock-based compensation and benefits) for the Company’s technology staff, which includes technology development, infrastructure support, actuarial, and third-party services. Technology and development also includes allocated facility costs and related overhead based on headcount.
Sales and Marketing | Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of sales commissions, advertising costs, and marketing expenditures, as well as employee compensation (including stock-based compensation and benefits) for employees engaged in sales, marketing, data analytics, and customer acquisition. The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Sales and marketing also include allocated facility costs and related overhead based on headcount.
General and Administrative | General and administrative expenses primarily consist of employee compensation (including stock-based compensation and benefits) for the Company’s finance, human resources, legal, and general management functions as well as facilities, insurance, and professional services.
Impairment | Impairment and restructuring charges consist of non-cash impairment charges relating to goodwill. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually on October 1 and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is calculated and an impairment loss equal to the excess is recorded. It also consists of severance and other personnel costs associated with exit and disposal activities as well as reductions in workforce.
Restructuring Charges | Impairment and restructuring charges consist of non-cash impairment charges relating to goodwill. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually on October 1 and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that an impairment may exist. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is calculated and an impairment loss equal to the excess is recorded. It also consists of severance and other personnel costs associated with exit and disposal activities as well as reductions in workforce.
Other (Income) Expense | Other (Income) Expense Other (income) expense primarily consists of certain fair value adjustments and other non-operating income expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense | The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based on the estimated fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model or Monte Carlo valuation model for market-based awards. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expenses for the value of its awards granted based on the straight-line method over the requisite service period of each of the awards in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company has elected to record forfeitures as they occur.
Income Taxes | The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between consolidated financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company accounts for application of the U.S. Global Intangible Low Taxed Income rules by recognizing the tax in the period in which it is incurred. The Company determines whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If it is not more likely than not that a position will be sustained, no amount of benefit attributable to the position is recognized. The tax benefit to be recognized of any tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is calculated as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon resolution of the contingency.
Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders of Hippo Holdings Inc. | Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders of Hippo Holdings Inc. is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for common stock and participating securities. Under the two-class method, net loss is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. The Company considers all series of its convertible preferred stock and unvested common stock, which includes early exercised stock options and restricted stock awards, to be participating securities as holders of such securities have non-forfeitable dividend rights in the event of the Company’s declaration of a dividend for shares of common stock. Under the two-class method, the net loss attributable to common stockholders of Hippo Holdings Inc. is not allocated to the convertible preferred stock and unvested common stock as these securities do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. Distributed and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities are subtracted from net loss in determining net loss attributable to common stockholders. Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders. For periods in which the Company reports net losses, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders because potentially dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.
Emerging Growth Company | The Company currently qualifies as an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Accordingly, the Company is provided the option to adopt new or revised accounting guidance either (1) within the same periods as those otherwise applicable to non-emerging growth companies or (2) within the same time periods as private companies. The Company has elected to adopt new or revised accounting guidance within the same time period as private companies, unless management determines that it is preferable to take advantage of early adoption provisions offered within the applicable guidance. The Company’s utilization of these transition periods may make it difficult to compare the Company’s financial statements to those of non-emerging growth companies and other emerging growth companies that have opted out of the transition periods afforded under the JOBS Act.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU includes requirements that an entity disclose the title of the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and on an interim and annual basis, significant segment expenses and the composition of other segment items for each segment's reported profit. The standard also permits disclosure of additional measures of segment profit. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within annual period beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its disclosures.. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. This ASU is effective for public companies with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its disclosures.

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