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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of presentation— The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Principles of consolidation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of all subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and the accounts of variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Under the voting interest model, controlling financial interest is generally defined as a majority ownership of voting rights. A VIE is an entity in which either (i) the equity investors as a group, if any, lack the power through voting or similar rights to direct the activities of such entity that most significantly impact such entity’s economic performance or (ii) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support. The Company identifies the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both of the following characteristics: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity. The Company consolidates its investment in a VIE when it determines that it is its primary beneficiary. The Company may change its original assessment of a VIE upon subsequent events such as the modification of contractual arrangements, or changes in influence and control over any entity, that affect the characteristics of the entity’s equity investments at risk and the disposition of all or a portion of an interest held by the primary beneficiary. The Company performs this analysis on an ongoing basis.

Use of estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Management evaluates its estimates on an ongoing basis and makes revisions to these estimates and related disclosures as experience develops or new information becomes known. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentration of risk—As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s inventories and the Company’s unconsolidated entities’ inventories are all located in California. The Company is subject to risks incidental to the ownership and development of commercial and residential real estate. These include, among others, the risks normally associated with changes in the general economic climate in the communities in which the Company operates, trends in the real estate industry, availability of land for development, changes in tax laws, interest rate levels, availability of financing, and potential liability under environmental and other laws.

The Company’s credit risk relates primarily to cash deposits, cash equivalents, contract assets and other miscellaneous financial assets. Cash deposit accounts at each institution are in excess of amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company’s risk management policies define parameters of acceptable market risk and strive to limit exposure to credit risk.

Noncontrolling interests—The Company presents noncontrolling interests and classifies such interests within capital but separate from the Company’s Class A and Class B members’ capital when the criteria for permanent equity classification has been met. Net income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests on the consolidated statement of operations represents the portion of

earnings attributable to the economic interest in the Company’s subsidiaries held by the noncontrolling interests. The Company allocates income (loss) to noncontrolling interests based on the substantive profit sharing provisions of the applicable subsidiary operating agreements.

Revenue recognition—Under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts With Customers, revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services are transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods and services promised in its contract with its customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a good or service (or a series of services) that is distinct. Identified performance obligations are assessed by considering implicit and explicitly stated promises.

Land sales and Land sales—related party—Revenues from land sales are recognized when the Company satisfies the performance obligation at a point in time when the control of the land passes to its customers. The transfer of control typically occurs when title passes at the close of escrow and the customer is able to direct the use of, control and obtain substantially all of the benefits from the land. The transaction price typically contains fixed and variable components in which the fixed consideration represents the stated purchase price for the land and the gross proceeds received at the time of closing. Some of the Company’s residential homesite sale agreements contain a profit participation provision, a variable form of consideration, whereby the Company receives from homebuilders a portion of profit after the builder has received an agreed-upon margin. If the project profitability falls short of the participation threshold, no additional revenue is received. In most contracts, at the time of the land sale, the estimate of profit participation, if any, is constrained, as there are significant factors outside of the Company’s control that will impact whether participation thresholds will be met. In addition, some residential homesite sale agreements contain a provision requiring the homebuilder to pay a marketing fee per residence sold, as a percentage of the home sale price. Such marketing fees are estimated as a variable form of consideration and the amount the Company expects to be entitled to receive from the homebuilder is recognized as revenue at the time of land sale. Since payment for variable consideration is received in future periods, but the Company has completed its performance obligation, a contract asset is recorded for contingent variable consideration, if any, included in the transaction price. At the end of each reporting period, variable consideration is reassessed to ensure changes in circumstances or constraints are appropriately reflected in the estimated transaction price. Changes in estimates of variable components of transaction prices could result in cumulative catch-up adjustments to revenue in subsequent periods. In some cases, the Company may be obligated to perform post-closing development obligations on the sold land and as a result may defer a portion of the transaction price.

Management Services—related party—Revenues from management services are recognized as the customer consumes the benefits of the performance obligation satisfied over time. The transaction price pertaining to management services revenue may be comprised of fixed and variable components. The Company’s management agreements may contain incentive compensation fee provisions contingent on the financial performance of a customer. In making estimates of incentive compensation the Company is entitled to receive in exchange for providing management services, significant assumptions and judgments are made in evaluating the factors that may determine the amount of consideration the Company will ultimately receive. Cash flow projections of the project being developed are utilized in making such estimates. These cash flows are significantly affected by estimates and assumptions related to market supply and demand, the local economy, projected pace of sales of homesites, projected pricing over the estimated selling period, the length of the estimated development and selling periods, remaining development, general and administrative costs, the contract period, and other factors. The Company includes in the transaction price an estimate of incentive compensation only to the extent that a significant reversal of revenue is not probable. Incentive compensation revenue from management services is recognized evenly over the contract term, as the performance obligation is satisfied. When changes in estimates and assumptions occur, the estimate of the amount of incentive compensation the Company is entitled to receive and constraints on the estimate may change, resulting in a cumulative catch-up being recorded in the period of the change. A contract asset is recognized when there is a timing difference between recognition of revenue upon satisfaction of performance obligations and revenues becoming billable. In some of its development management agreements, the Company previously received compensation equal to the actual general and administrative costs incurred by the Company as it performed services. In these circumstances, the Company acts as the principal and recognizes management fee revenues on these reimbursements in the same period that these costs are incurred because the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice corresponds directly with the value consumed by the customer for the Company’s performance to date.

Operating properties—Included in operating properties revenues in the consolidated statements of operations are revenues from the Company’s agriculture, energy and other miscellaneous operations. Agriculture crop and energy revenues are recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Agriculture and other leasing revenue is recognized in accordance with applicable lease accounting guidance.

Impairment of assets—Long-lived assets, including inventory and the Company’s intangible asset, are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset group may not be recoverable. Impairment indicators for long-lived inventory assets include, but are not limited to, significant increases in horizontal development costs, significant decreases in the pace and pricing of home sales within the Company’s communities and surrounding areas, political and societal events that may negatively affect the local economy, and changes in development strategies that would result in acceleration of the realization of the value of such assets. If indicators of impairment exist, and the undiscounted cash flows expected

to be generated by a long-lived asset are less than its carrying amount, an impairment charge is recorded to write down the carrying amount of such long-lived asset to its estimated fair value. The Company may estimate the fair value of its long-lived assets using a discounted cash flow model or sales comparison approach of the underlying property or a combination thereof.

The Company’s projected cash flows for each long-lived inventory asset are significantly affected by estimates and assumptions related to market supply and demand, the local economy, projected pace of sales of homesites, pricing and price appreciation over the estimated selling period, the length of the estimated development and selling periods, remaining development costs, and other factors.

In determining these estimates and assumptions, the Company utilizes historical trends from past development projects of the Company in addition to internal and external market studies and trends, which generally include, but are not limited to, statistics on population demographics, unemployment rates and interest rates.

Using all available information, the Company calculates its estimate of projected cash flows for each asset. While many of the estimates are calculated based on historical and projected trends, all estimates are subjective and change as market and economic conditions change. In some instances, there may be various potential outcomes for future cash flows. In these instances, the future cash flow models used to assess recoverability are probability-weighted based on our best estimates as of the date of evaluation.

The determination of fair value also requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate the Company believes a market participant would determine to be commensurate with the inherent risks associated with the asset and related estimated cash flow streams. The discount rate used in determining each asset’s fair value generally depends on the asset’s projected life and development stage.

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not recognize any impairment losses on its long-lived assets.

Share-based payments— Share-based payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the service period in the statement of operations based on measurement date fair values. Forfeitures, if any, are accounted for in the period when they occur.

Cash and cash equivalents—Included in cash and cash equivalents are short-term investments that have original maturity dates of three months or less. The carrying amount approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of these investments.

Restricted cash and certificates of deposit—Restricted cash and certificates of deposit consist of cash, cash equivalents, and certificates of deposit held as collateral on open letters of credit related to development obligations or because of other legal obligations of the Company that require the restriction.

Properties and equipment—Properties and equipment primarily relate to the Company’s agriculture operating properties’ businesses and are recorded at cost. Properties and equipment, other than agriculture land, are depreciated over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. At the time properties and equipment are disposed of, the asset and related accumulated depreciation, if any, are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to earnings. The estimated useful life for land improvements and buildings is 10 to 40 years while the estimated useful life for furniture, fixtures, and equipment is two to 15 years.

Investments in unconsolidated entities—For investments in entities that the Company does not control, but exercises significant influence, the Company uses the equity method of accounting. The Company’s judgment with regard to its level of influence or control of an entity involves consideration of various factors including the form of its ownership interest, its representation in the entity’s governance, its ability to participate in policy-making decisions, and the rights of other investors to participate in the decision-making process to replace the Company as manager or to liquidate the entity. Investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting are recorded at cost and adjusted for the Company’s share in the earnings (losses) of the venture, impairments and cash contributions and distributions. Any difference between the carrying amount of the equity method investment on the Company’s balance sheet and the underlying equity in net assets on the investee’s balance sheet results in a basis difference which is adjusted as the related underlying assets are depreciated, amortized, or sold and the liabilities are settled. The Company’s interests in Heritage Fields LLC (the “Great Park Venture”), Five Point Office Venture Holdings I, LLC (the “Gateway Commercial Venture”) and FP-HS Lot Option Joint Venture - Valencia, LLC (the “Valencia Landbank Venture”) were accounted for using the equity method for all years presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Company eliminates a portion of intra-entity profits resulting from land sales between the Company and its unconsolidated entities until the assets are sold to a third-party. Cumulative distributions from unconsolidated entities are treated as returns on investment to the extent of the Company’s share of cumulative earnings from the investment and included in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows as cash flow from operating activities. Cumulative distributions in excess of the Company’s share of cumulative earnings are treated as returns of investment and included in the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows as cash flows from investing activities.

The Company evaluates its investments in unconsolidated entities for other-than-temporary impairment by reviewing each investment for any indicators of impairment, including the fair value of such investments compared to their carrying amounts. The Company estimates the fair value of its investments by discounting the cash flows from distributions the Company expects to receive

from the venture. Significant input assumptions used in estimating the distributions the Company expects to receive from the venture include revenue appreciation rates and cost inflation rates. The determination of fair value also requires discounting the estimated cash flows at a rate that the Company believes a market participant would determine to be commensurate with the inherent risks associated with the investment and related estimated cash flow streams. The discount rate used in determining each investment’s fair value generally depends on the investment’s projected life and development stage. If the carrying value of the investment is greater than the estimated fair value, management makes an assessment of whether the impairment is “temporary” or “other-than-temporary.” In making this assessment, management considers the following: (1) the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the entity, and (3) the Company’s intent and ability to retain its interest long enough for a recovery in market value. If management concludes that the impairment is “other-than-temporary,” the Company reduces the investment to its estimated fair value. No other-than-temporary impairments were identified during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Inventories—Inventories primarily include land held for development and sale. Inventories are stated at cost, less reimbursements, unless the inventory within a community is determined to be impaired, in which case the impaired inventory would be written down to fair market value. Capitalized direct and indirect inventory costs include land, land in which the Company has the rights to receive in accordance with a disposition and development agreement, horizontal development costs, real estate taxes, and interest related to financing development and construction. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred interest expense, including amortization of debt issuance costs, all of which was capitalized into inventories, of $61.5 million, $53.8 million and $54.2 million, respectively. Horizontal development costs can be further broken down to costs incurred to entitle and permit the land for its intended use; costs incurred for infrastructure projects, such as public schools, utilities, roads, and bridges; and site costs, such as grading and amenities, to bring the land to a saleable state. Certain public infrastructure project costs incurred by the Company are eligible for reimbursement, typically, from the proceeds of Community Facilities District (“CFD”) bond debt, state and federal grants or property tax assessments. Costs that cannot be clearly associated with the acquisition, development, and construction of a real estate project and selling expenses are expensed as incurred. Selling and advertising costs were $3.3 million, $3.6 million and $6.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Capitalized inventory costs that are allocated to individual parcels within a project are allocated to the parcels benefited using relative sales value. Under the relative sales value method, each parcel sold in the project under development is allocated costs incurred and estimates of future inventory costs in proportion to the sales price of the sold parcel relative to the estimated overall sales prices of the project. Since this method requires the Company to estimate future development costs and the expected sales price for future land sales, the profit margin on subsequent parcels sold will be affected by both changes in the estimated total revenues, as well as any changes in the estimated total cost of the project.

Intangible Asset—The Company records intangible asset amortization expense over the contract period based on the pattern in which the Company expects to recognize the economic benefits from the intangible asset.

Receivables—The Company evaluates the carrying value of receivables, which includes receivables from related parties, at each reporting date to determine the need for an allowance for expected credit losses. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there was no material allowance for credit losses.

Leases—Under ASC Topic 842, Leases, the Company determines at contract inception if an arrangement contains a lease. If the contract contains a lease, the Company determines the classification of such lease. The Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and nonlease components for both lessee and lessor arrangements. For operating leases with an expected term greater than one year in which the Company is the lessee, operating right of use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term.

When the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is derived from assessment of the credit quality of the Company and adjusted to reflect secured borrowing, estimated yield curves and long-term spread adjustments over appropriate tenors. The Company only includes renewal options in the lease term when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise such options.

The Company excludes the recognition of short-term leases on the balance sheet and lease payments for short term leases are recognized as an expense in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Fair value measurements—ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, emphasizes that a fair value measurement should be determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. As a basis for considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions. The following hierarchy classifies the inputs used to determine fair value into three levels:

Level 1—Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets

Level 2—Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or inputs, other than quoted prices, that are observable for the instrument either directly or indirectly

Level 3—Significant inputs to the valuation model are unobservable

In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.

Income taxes—The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which requires an asset and liability approach for measuring deferred taxes based on temporary differences between the financial statements and tax bases of assets and liabilities existing at each balance sheet date using enacted tax rates for the years in which taxes are expected to be paid or recovered.

The Holding Company has elected to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal, state, and local tax purposes and determines the provision or benefit for income taxes on an interim basis using an estimate of its annual effective tax rate and the impact of specific events as they occur.

The Company’s estimate of the Holding Company’s annual effective tax rate is subject to change based on changes in federal and state tax laws and regulations, the Holding Company’s ownership interest in the Operating Company and the Operating Company’s ownership in the San Francisco Venture, and the Company’s assessment of any required deferred tax asset valuation allowance. Cumulative adjustments are made in interim periods in which the Company identifies a change in its estimate of the amount of future tax benefit when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Among other things, the nature, frequency and severity of prior cumulative losses, forecasts of future taxable income, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Company’s utilization experience with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and tax planning alternatives are considered and evaluated when assessing the need for a valuation allowance. Any increase or decrease in a valuation allowance could have a material adverse effect or beneficial effect on the Holding Company’s income tax provision and net income or loss in the period the determination is made. The Holding Company recognizes interest or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Restructuring—Restructuring costs consist of one-time employee-related termination benefits and other postemployment compensation arrangements.

On February 9, 2022, Daniel Hedigan was appointed as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer. Preceding Mr. Hedigan’s appointment, Emile Haddad stepped down from his roles as Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President effective as of September 30, 2021 and transitioned into a senior advisory role pursuant to an advisory agreement with an initial three-year term. Mr. Haddad remains a member of the Company’s Board of Directors serving as Chairman Emeritus. Concurrent with Mr. Hedigan’s appointment, Lynn Jochim transitioned from her position as President and Chief Operating Officer into an advisory role pursuant to a three-year advisory agreement (see Note 9). Upon the appointment of Mr. Hedigan as the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, the Company accrued a related party liability of $15.6 million attributed to advisory agreement payments due to Mr. Haddad and Ms. Jochim. In addition, the Company determined the service condition associated with Mr. Haddad and Ms. Jochim’s unvested restricted share awards had been modified (see Note 16). As a result of this modification, the Company recognized approximately $3.0 million in share-based compensation expense as a restructuring cost during the year ended December 31, 2022.

In addition to the Company’s executive management restructuring activities, the Company incurred and paid $0.9 million in restructuring costs resulting from severance benefits incurred in March 2022.

Miscellaneous other (expense) income—Miscellaneous other (expense) income consisted of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Net periodic pension (cost) benefit	$	(49)	$	(82)	$	245
Other (1)	(5,928)		(694)		—

Total miscellaneous other (expense) income	$	(5,977)	$	(776)	$	245

(1) In January 2024, the Company settled an exchange offer on its $625.0 million 7.875% Senior Notes (see Note 10). For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred $5.9 million and $1.8 million, respectively, in third party costs related to the debt modification, which is included in other in the table above.

Recently adopted and issued accounting pronouncements—In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which primarily requires expanded disclosure of significant segment expenses and other segment

items on an interim and annual basis. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company has adopted this standard for the current year consolidated financial statements and has applied this standard retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements (see Note 15).

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which primarily requires expanded disclosures for income taxes paid and the effective tax rate reconciliation. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted and can be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this update on the Company’s financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which primarily requires disclosure of disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted and can be applied on either a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the effect of this update on the Company’s financial statement disclosures.