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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

☑ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____ to ____
Commission file number: 001-04743

| Standard Motor Products, Inc. |
| (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) |

New York | 11-1362020
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
37-18 Northern Blvd., Long Island City, New York | 11101
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: | (718) 392-0200

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: |

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $2.00 per share | SMP | New York Stock Exchange LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: | None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer ☑ | Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-Accelerated Filer ☐ | Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐ |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the voting common stock based on the closing price on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2022 (the last business day of registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) of $44.99 per share held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $872,058,761. For purposes of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and officers have been deemed to be affiliates, but the registrant disclaims that any of such are affiliates.
As of February 17, 2023, there were 21,588,959 outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $2.00 per share.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The information required by Part III of this Report is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its annual meeting of stockholders to be held on May 18, 2023.

STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC.

INDEX
PART I. | Page No.
Item 1. | Business | 3
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 16
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 26
Item 2. | Properties | 26
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 27
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 27
PART II. |
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 27
Item 6. | (Reserved) | 29
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 43
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 92
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 92
Item 9B. | Other Information | 93
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 93
PART III. |
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 93
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 93
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 93
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 93
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 93
PART IV. |
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 94
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 94
| Signatures | 98

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PART I
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, “Standard Motor Products,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “SMP,” and the “Company” refer to Standard Motor Products, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise. This Report, including the documents incorporated herein by reference, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Forward-looking statements in this Report are indicated by words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “believes,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “projects,” “strategies” and similar expressions. These statements represent our expectations based on current information and assumptions and are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those which are anticipated or projected as a result of certain risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes or loss in business relationships with our major customers and in the timing, size and continuation of our customers’ programs; changes in our supply chain financing arrangements, such as changes in terms, termination of contracts and/or the impact of rising interest rates; the ability of our customers to achieve their projected sales; competitive product and pricing pressures; increases in production or material costs, including procurement costs resulting from higher tariffs, and inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation, that cannot be recouped in product pricing; the performance of the aftermarket, non-aftermarket, industrial equipment and original equipment markets; changes in the product mix and distribution channel mix; economic and market conditions; successful integration of acquired businesses; our ability to achieve benefits from our cost savings initiatives; product liability and environmental matters (including, without limitation, those related to asbestos-related contingent liabilities and remediation costs at certain properties); the effects of widespread public health crises, including the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; the effects of disruptions in the supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine and resultant sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments; climate-related risks, such as physical risks and transition risks; as well as other risks and uncertainties, such as those described under Risk Factors, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk and those detailed herein and from time to time in the filings of the Company with the SEC. Forward-looking statements are made only as of the date hereof, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In addition, historical information should not be considered as an indicator of future performance.

ITEM 1. | BUSINESS

Overview
We are a leading manufacturer and distributor of premium automotive parts used in the maintenance, service and repair of vehicles in the automotive aftermarket industry. Through organic growth and several recent acquisitions, described further below, we have strengthened our capabilities as a supplier of custom-engineered products for on-highway (commercial and light vehicles) and off-highway (construction and agriculture, and all other) applications. We sell our products primarily to automotive aftermarket retailers, warehouse distributors, original equipment manufacturers and original equipment service part operations in the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, Mexico and other Latin American countries.
As of December 31, 2022, we managed our business pursuant to two operating segments, each focusing on a specific line of parts. Our Engine Management segment generates revenue from the sale of automotive engine parts, including ignition, emission control, fuel, electrical and safety related system products, and wire and cable parts. Our Temperature Control segment generates revenue from the sale of automotive temperature control systems parts, including air conditioning compressors and other climate control parts.
Beginning in the first quarter of 2023, our business will be organized into three operating segments – Engineered Solutions, Vehicle Control and Temperature Control.
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Engineered Solutions is a new operating segment created by carving out all non-aftermarket business from our existing Engine Management and Temperature Control operating segments, which will now solely reflect parts sales to aftermarket channels. This will provide clarity regarding the unique dynamics and margin profiles of the markets served by each segment. Our Engineered Solutions segment will supply custom-engineered solutions to vehicle and equipment manufacturers in non-aftermarket end markets, such as-

| • | Commercial and Light vehicles

| • | Construction

| • | Agriculture

| • | Power Sports

| • | Marine

| • | Hydraulics

| • | Lawn & Garden

The Engineered Solutions segment sells into highly fragmented global end markets and is expected to provide a platform for future growth. Our growth strategy is long-term and we do not expect growth to be linear given the nature of customized engineering and the period of time between the awarding of new business and start of production. Some of our growth drivers in this segment include:

| • | Developing new customer relationships

| • | Cross-selling opportunities with existing customers

| • | Introducing new products to both new and existing customers

| • | Increasing content per unit

Segment offerings include product categories from both of our legacy operating segments, and offer a broad array of conventional and future-oriented technologies, including those that are specific to vehicle electrification as well as those that are powertrain-neutral.
Vehicle Control is the new name for our Engine Management operating segment; it will include our core aftermarket business after the carve out of all non-aftermarket business moved to the new Engineered Solutions operating segment. Within the Vehicle Control segment there will be three new major product groups:

| (1) | Ignition, Emissions & Fuel, which will include the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) dependent categories;

| (2) | Wire Sets & Other, which will include spark plug wire sets and other related products, and are product categories we have noted to be in secular decline based upon product life cycle; and

| (3) | Electrical & Safety, which will include powertrain neutral vehicle technologies such as electrical switches/relays, safety related products such as anti-lock brake and vehicle speed sensors, tire pressure monitoring, park assist sensors, and advanced driver assistance components.

Our Temperature Control operating segment remains substantially unchanged, as only a small portion of its business will be moved to Engineered Solutions, and this legacy aftermarket business segment is poised to benefit from the broader adoption of more complex AC systems. Those systems will provide passenger comfort regardless of the vehicles powertrain propulsion, and are being developed to cool batteries and other products used on electric vehicles. Segment offerings will continue to provide thermal products in the aftermarket business under two major product groups:
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| (1) | AC System Components, which includes compressors, connecting lines, heat exchangers, and expansion devices

| (2) | Other Thermal Components, which includes parts that provide engine, transmission, electric drive motor, and battery temperature management

This change will better align our operating segments with our strategic focus on diversification, and provide greater transparency into how we are positioned to capture growth opportunities of the future. The change will also better reflect the impact of our recent acquisitions.
The following table summarizes both our reporting structure during 2022 and our planned 2023 reporting structure:

Operating Segments as of 2022 |  | Planned Operating Segments in 2023
Engine Management: |  | Vehicle Control (Aftermarket):
Ignition, Emissions, Fuel & Safety |  | Ignition, Emissions & Fuel
Wire and Cable |  | Wire Sets and Other
|  | Electrical & Safety
Temperature Control: |  | Temperature Control (Aftermarket):
Compressors |  | AC System Components
Other Climate Control Parts |  | Other Thermal Components
|  | Engineered Solutions (non-Aftermarket):
|  | Commercial Vehicle
|  | Light Vehicle
|  | Construction & Agriculture
|  | All Other

Our Business Strategy
The automotive aftermarket is a mature industry with participants that manufacture, distribute and sell vehicle replacement parts to professional technicians and to individual consumers, who perform “do-it-yourself” repairs on their personal vehicles. While generally a stable industry, the aftermarket tends to be influenced by trends such as the number of vehicles on the road, the average age of vehicles on the road, and the total number of miles driven per year. Weather extremes like unseasonably hot or cool temperatures in the summer can also have an impact on aftermarket product demand.
Other economic factors such as the level of new vehicle sales and production rates, which more recently have been impacted by global supply chain disruptions, can have a more direct impact on the on-highway and off-highway end markets we supply, such as commercial and light vehicles, construction, agricultural, power sports and others. Typically, these economic factors have a more indirect impact on the aftermarket.
While approximately 80% of our business is to the automotive aftermarket, we seek to enhance and diversify our business through the following:

| • | Leveraging our manufacturing and distribution capabilities to secure additional business globally

| • | Supporting the service part operations of vehicle and equipment manufacturers with value-added services and product support for the life of the part

| • | Developing new product lines that complement our existing product offering and that have the potential for high growth

| • | Expanding our product offering in the medium and heavy duty, commercial vehicle, construction and agricultural equipment, power sports, and other end markets

| • | Executing our acquisition strategy

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In 2021, we completed three acquisitions that expanded our business into specialized non-aftermarket end markets that complement our core aftermarket business. In addition to providing access to product technologies suitable to the aftermarket, and manufacturing and engineering capabilities to support our operating strategy to bring more product manufacturing in-house, these acquisitions provide geographic expansion in Europe and Asia.
With over 100 years in business, we believe that our success is attributable to our focus on being a key strategic partner to our customers, and in doing so provide:

| • | Professional grade products and solutions within our areas of expertise.

| • | Comprehensive product coverage for all vehicles on the road through our offering of professional grade engine management and temperature control products.

| • | Supplier and customer focused initiatives designed to improve order fill rate and maintain high levels of product availability

| • | Expanding our product coverage to include a broader product mix in categories such as

| o | Electrification, including electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),

| o | Connectivity and safety related products, such as

| ➢ | anti-lock brake (ABS)

| ➢ | vehicle speed sensors

| ➢ | tire pressure monitoring

| ➢ | park assist sensors

| ➢ | advanced driver assistance components to meet the needs of our customers

In 2022, we introduced approximately 2,400 new products to the aftermarket, of which approximately two-thirds were powertrain neutral. We support our products with superior value-added services provided by our marketing and sales teams that provides our customers with offerings such as data-driven category management, technical support as well as product selection, assortment and application support for all of our products. In addition, we have a team dedicated to providing technical training, in-person and virtually, on diagnosing and repairing vehicles equipped with complex systems.
We are committed to expanding our design, engineering and manufacturing capabilities, and vertically integrating production processes to bring more manufacturing in-house. We engineer, tool and manufacture many of the products we offer for sale and the components used in their assembly. We have found this level of vertical integration, in combination with our manufacturing footprint in low cost regions, provides advantages in terms of the cost, quality and availability of our products.

Examples of vertically integrated processes:
➢ plastic molding operations | ➢ automated electronics assembly
➢ stamping and machining operations | ➢ design and fabrication of processing and test equipment
➢ wire extrusion | ➢ teardown, diagnostics and rebuilding of remanufactured air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors and diesel pumps

We also believe that our technical capabilities have afforded us opportunities to expand our product coverage in our core aftermarket business and in the non-aftermarket end markets we supply for on-highway and off-highway applications, and have better positioned us to satisfy customer demand for both traditional, internal combustion engine (or ICE) applications, and non-ICE (electric or hybrid electric) applications.
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Our manufacturing footprint is geographically diverse with a greater presence in North America and Europe compared to many of our peers. We leverage our footprint to improve our cost position by locating labor-intensive processes within our low-cost plants, and by investing in automation and undertaking continuous improvement initiatives in our domestic facilities.
Our Products & Services
The following describes our business more particularly under our existing operating segments as of December 31, 2022 – Engine Management and Temperature Control. Our periodic reports for the first quarter of 2023 and reporting periods thereafter will focus on our new reporting structure and operating segments as of the first quarter of 2023 – Engineered Solutions, Vehicle Control and Temperature Control.
Engine Management Segment
Our Engine Management Segment manufactures and distributes a full line of critical components for most years, makes and models of vehicles on the road, including new technologies. Key product categories within our engine management portfolio include: (i) ignition, such as electronic ignition control modules, camshaft and crankshaft position sensors, ignition wires and coils; (ii) electrical, such as switches and relays; (iii) emissions, such as exhaust gas recirculation valves, pressure and temperature sensors and variable valve timing (VVT) components; (iv) fuel, such as mass airflow sensors, fuel pressure sensors, electronic throttle bodies and fuel injectors, including diesel injectors and pumps (new and remanufactured); and (v) safety-related systems, such as various sensors including anti-lock brake (ABS), vehicle speed, tire pressure monitoring (TPMS) and park assist sensors.
We continuously look to expand our product offering. Recently, we have done so by adding late-model coverage for existing product categories, and new product categories in response to new and evolving vehicle technologies, including diesel control modules, pumps and components, turbochargers, evaporation emission control system components, exhaust gas temperature sensors, active grill shutters, battery current sensors, and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) components, including blind spot detection sensors, cruise control distance sensors, lane departure sensor cameras and park assist backup cameras. For example, our offering includes more than seventy product categories for one of the first mass-produced hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). As more HEVs enter the aftermarket, we intend to expand our product offering to service this important segment.
Ignition, Emission Control, Fuel & Safety Related System Products. Replacement parts for ignition, emission, fuel and safety related systems accounted for $824.7 million, or 60%, of our consolidated net sales in 2022, $786.5 million, or 61%, of our consolidated net sales in 2021, and $691.7 million, or 61%, of our consolidated net sales in 2020.
As the use and complexity of vehicle systems continue to develop and proliferate, we expect to identify and benefit from new sales opportunities. All new vehicles are factory‑equipped with numerous electronic control modules designed to monitor and control the internal combustion process and the emissions, transmission, safety and comfort systems of the vehicle. Newer automotive systems include Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Collision Avoidance Systems to alert the driver to potential problems, or to avoid collisions by implementing safeguards. Many of these systems use on-board computers to monitor inputs from sensing devices located throughout the vehicle. Our sales of sensors, switches, actuators, valves, solenoids and related parts have increased as automobile manufacturers continue to equip their cars with these more complex engine management systems.
New sales opportunities have also arisen in the United States as a result of government regulations regarding safety and emissions. Legally, automobiles must now comply with emissions standards from the time they were manufactured and, in most states, until the last day they are in use. Emissions laws and fuel economy regulations have had a positive impact on sales of our ignition, emissions control and fuel delivery parts since vehicles failing these laws may require repairs utilizing parts sold by us. Similarly, as government-mandated safety devices, such as anti-lock braking systems and air bags mature, requiring servicing and repair, we anticipate increased sales opportunities for many of our products such as ABS sensors, TPMS sensors and traction control products.
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Wire & Cable Products. Wire and cable parts accounted for $150.6 million, or 11%, of our consolidated net sales in 2022, $151.4 million, or 12%, of our consolidated net sales in 2021, and $144 million, or 13%, of our consolidated net sales in 2020. These products include spark plug wire sets, battery cables, pigtails, sockets and a wide range of electrical wire, terminals, connectors and tools for servicing an automobile’s electrical system.
Temperature Control Segment
Our Temperature Control Segment manufactures and distributes a full line of critical components for the temperature control (air conditioning and heating) systems, engine cooling systems, power window accessories and windshield washer systems of motor vehicles. Key product categories within our temperature control portfolio include: air conditioning compressors (new and remanufactured), air conditioning repair kits, clutch assemblies, blower and radiator fan motors (brushless and brushed), filter dryers, evaporators, accumulators, actuators, hose assemblies, thermal expansion devices, heater valves, heater cores, A/C service tools and chemicals, fan assemblies, fan clutches, oil coolers, window lift motors, window regulators and assemblies, and windshield washer pumps.
We continuously look to improve our cost position through strategic transactions with manufacturers in low cost regions.
In 2014, we formed Foshan GWOYNG SMP Vehicle Climate Control & Cooling Products Co. Ltd., a China-based joint venture that manufactures light vehicle and heavy duty air conditioning accumulators, filter driers, hose assemblies, and switches.
In 2017, we formed Foshan FGD SMP Automotive Compressor Co., Ltd., a China-based joint venture that manufactures light vehicle and heavy duty belt driven air conditioning compressors.
In 2019, we acquired a minority interest ownership position in Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., a China-based manufacturer of electric air conditioning compressors.
We believe these transactions enhance our position as a basic low-cost manufacturer and leading supplier of temperature control products and create opportunity for growth in the China OE market. The joint ventures also provide complementary manufacturing capabilities and opportunities for synergy with our other manufacturing facilities, which we believe results in a more reliable supply of products, supporting our customers’ needs for consistent and reliable service levels.
In 2022, we acquired Kade Trading GmbH, a supplier of temperature control products throughout Europe. We believe this acquisition provides synergies to our other recent acquisitions in 2021 into specialized end markets, and an entry point into the European market for our temperature control products with a strong focus on the continuing electrification of thermal systems.
Compressors. Compressors accounted for $222.5 million, or 16%, of our consolidated net sales in 2022, $206.7 million, or 16%, of our consolidated net sales in 2021, and $163.1 million, or 14%, of our consolidated net sales in 2020. Included in consolidated net sales for the compressor product line is the revenue generated from the sale of kits.
Other Climate Control Parts. Other climate control parts accounted for $159.8 million, or 12%, of our consolidated net sales in 2022, $141.7 million, or 11%, of our consolidated net sales in 2021, and $118.9 million, or 11%, of our consolidated net sales in 2020.
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Our Brands
We believe that our brands are an important component of our value proposition, and serve to distinguish our premium engine management and temperature control products from those of our competitors. We market and distribute our products under our own brands, such as:

Engine Management Products |
Temperature Control Products |

We also distribute our products to customers for resale under private labels and the following co-labels:

Engine Management |  |

We have also developed our product offering and brand strategies to support our customers’ initiatives to market a tiered product assortment designed to satisfy end-user preferences for quality and value. We believe that this alignment makes us an invaluable business partner to our customers.
Our Customers
We sell our products primarily to:

| • | Automotive aftermarket retailers, such as O’Reilly Automotive, Inc. (“O’Reilly”), AutoZone, Inc. (“AutoZone”), and Canadian Tire Corporation, Limited.

| • | Automotive aftermarket distributors, including warehouse distributors and program distribution groups, such as Genuine Parts Co. and National Automotive Parts Association (“NAPA”), Auto Value and All Pro/Bumper to Bumper (Aftermarket Auto Parts Alliance, Inc.), Automotive Distribution Network LLC, The National Pronto Association (“Pronto”), Federated Auto Parts Distributors, Inc. (“Federated”), Pronto and Federated’s affiliate, the Automotive Parts Services Group or The Group, and Icahn Automotive Group LLC (doing business as Pep Boys, Auto Plus, AAMCO and Precision Tune Auto Care).

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| • | Original equipment manufacturers and original equipment service part operations, such as General Motors Co., Ford Motor Co., Woodward, Inc., Deere & Company, Caterpillar Inc., Daimler Truck AG, Case/New Holland, Eberspacher, Mobile Climate Control, Volvo/Mack Truck, and Harley.

Our three largest individual customers accounted for approximately 59% of our consolidated net sales in 2022. During 2022, O’Reilly, AutoZone and NAPA accounted for 27%, 17%, and 15% of our consolidated net sales, respectively. Net sales from each of these customers were reported in both our Engine Management and Temperature Control Segments.
Competition
The automotive aftermarket industry is comprised of a large number of diverse manufacturers varying in product specialization and size. In addition to manufacturing, aftermarket companies must allocate resources towards a dynamic distribution process in order to maintain the flexibility and responsiveness on which their customers depend. Aftermarket manufacturers must be efficient producers of small lot sizes, and must distribute, with rapid turnaround times, products for nearly all domestic and import vehicles on the road today.
We compete primarily on the basis of product quality, product availability, value-added services, product coverage, order turn‑around time, order fill rate, technical support and price. We believe we differentiate ourselves from our competitors primarily through:

| • | a value‑added, knowledgeable sales force;

| • | continuous product development, engineering & technical advancement;

| • | extensive market leading product coverage in conjunction with market leading brands;

| • | knowledgeable category management, including inventory stocking recommendations for our distributors to get the right parts on the shelf for their marketplace;

| • | rigorous product qualification standards to ensure that our parts meet or exceed exacting performance specifications;

| • | sophisticated parts cataloging systems, including catalogs available online through our website and our mobile application;

| • | inventory levels and responsive logistical systems sufficient to meet the critical delivery requirements of customers;

| • | breadth of manufacturing capabilities; and

| • | award-winning marketing programs, sales support and technical training.

We offer a variety of strategic customer discounts, allowances and incentives to increase customer purchases of our products. For example, we offer cash discounts for paying invoices in accordance with the specified discounted terms of the invoice. We also offer rebates and discounts to customers as advertising and sales force allowances, and allowances for warranty and overstock returns are also provided. These discounts, allowances and incentives are a common practice throughout the automotive aftermarket industry, and we intend to continue to offer them in response to competitive pressures and to strategically support the growth of all our products.
We are one of the leading independent manufacturers and distributors serving North America and other geographic areas in our core businesses of Engine Management and Temperature Control. In the Engine Management Segment, we compete with: ACDelco, Aptiv Plc, Denso Corporation, Continental AG, Hitachi, Ltd., Motorcraft, Robert Bosch GmbH, Visteon Corporation, NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd., Dorman Products, Inc. and several privately-owned companies primarily importing products from Asia. In the Temperature Control Segment, we compete with: ACDelco, MAHLE GmbH, Denso Corporation, Motorcraft, Sanden International (U.S.A.), Inc., Continental AG, Dorman Products, Inc., and several privately-owned companies.
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Our business operates in highly competitive markets, and we face substantial competition in all markets that we serve. In addition, in the aftermarket, we face competition from automobile manufacturers who supply many of the replacement parts sold by us, although these manufacturers generally supply parts only for cars they sell through OE dealerships.
Sales and Distribution
In the traditional aftermarket channel, we sell our products to warehouse distributors and retailers. Our customers buy directly from us and sell directly to jobber stores, professional technicians and to “do-it-yourselfers” who perform automotive repairs on their personal vehicles. In recent years, warehouse distributors have consolidated with other distributors, and an increasing number of distributors own their jobber stores or sell down channel to professional technicians. Retailers are also consolidating with other retailers and have begun to increase their efforts to sell to professional technicians adding additional competition in the “do-it-for-me,” or the professional technician segment of our industry. As automotive parts and systems become more complex, “do-it-yourselfers” are less likely to service their own vehicles and may become more reliant on professional technicians.
In the heavy duty aftermarket, we sell our products to recognized distributors who buy directly from us and sell directly to fleet operators and repair facilities for use in the repair and maintenance of medium to heavy duty vehicles. We also sell our products to the service parts divisions of heavy duty OEMs for distribution into the independent heavy duty aftermarket.
In the original equipment market we sell our products to manufacturers of automotive, heavy duty truck, construction, agriculture, alternative energy, lawn/garden and powersports/marine vehicles and equipment, as well as their tier suppliers and system integrators. We also sell and support the service part divisions of each of our customers.
We sell our products primarily in the United States, with additional sales in Canada, Europe, Asia, Mexico and other Latin American countries. Our sales are substantially denominated in U.S. dollars. For information on revenues and long-lived assets by geographic area, see Note 21 “Industry Segment and Geographic Data” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.
Our customers have come to depend on our sales personnel as a reliable source for technical information and to assist with sales to their customers (e.g., jobber stores and professional technicians). In this manner, we direct a significant portion of our sales efforts to our customers’ customers to generate demand for our products, and we believe that the structure of our sales force facilitates these efforts by enabling us to implement our sales and marketing programs uniformly throughout the distribution channel.
Another way we generate demand for our products is through our training program, which offers training seminars to professional automotive technicians. Our training program is accredited by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) Training Managers Council. Our seminars are taught by ASE certified instructors in real time either in-person or by webinars online and feature more than 30 different topics. We also offer on-demand training webinars online on more than 150 different topics. Through our training program, we typically teach approximately 60,000 technicians annually how to diagnose and repair vehicles equipped with complex systems related to our products, and we have approximately 16,000 technicians who are registered to participate in such sessions through our online platform.
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Seasonality
Historically, our operating results have fluctuated by quarter, with the greatest sales occurring in the second and third quarters of the year and revenues generally being recognized at the time of shipment. It is in these quarters that demand for our products is typically the highest, specifically in the Temperature Control Segment of our business. In addition to this seasonality, the demand for our Temperature Control products during the second and third quarters of the year may vary significantly with the summer weather and customer inventories, as evidenced by the strong customer demand in 2022 fueled by the record heat across the country in 2022 and the replenishment of customer inventory levels after very warm summer conditions in 2021. While the COVID-19 pandemic caused large shifts in sales demand between quarters in 2020, our business returned to a more normalized pattern of seasonality and variability in demand of our Temperature Control products in 2022 and 2021. As such, our working capital typically peaks near the end of the second quarter, as the inventory build-up of air conditioning products was converted to sales, and payments on the receivables associated with such sales were yet to be received. During this period, our working capital requirements were funded by borrowing from our revolving credit facility in our Credit Agreement.
Working Capital and Inventory Management
We seek continuous improvements in our inventory management system, which are designed to reduce inventory requirements and enhance our ability to compete on the basis of product availability, product coverage, order turn‑around time and order fill rate. We have a pack‑to‑order distribution system, which permits us to retain slow moving items in a bulk storage state until a related order is received. This system reduces the volume of a given part in inventory. We also expanded our inventory management system to improve inventory deployment, enhance our collaboration with customers on forecasts and inventory assortments, and further integrate our supply chain with both our customers and suppliers.
We face inventory management issues as a result of overstock returns. We permit our customers to return new, undamaged products within customer-specific limits (which are generally limited to a specified percentage of their annual purchases from us) in the event that they have overstocked their inventories. In addition, the seasonality of our Temperature Control Segment requires that we increase our inventory during the winter season in preparation of the summer selling season. We accrue for overstock returns as a percentage of sales after giving consideration to recent returns history.
Our profitability and working capital requirements are seasonal due to our sales mix of Temperature Control products. Our working capital requirements typically peak near the end of the second quarter, as the inventory build‑up of air conditioning products is converted to sales and payments on the receivables associated with such sales have yet to be received. These increased working capital requirements are funded by borrowings from our revolving credit facility in our Credit Agreement. In 2022, we strategically increased inventory levels to help offset potential supply chain risks associated with extended lead times and delays transporting our product.
Suppliers
We source materials through a global network of suppliers to ensure a consistent, high quality and low cost supply of materials and key components for our product lines. As a result of the breadth of our product offering, we are not dependent on any single raw material.
The principal raw materials purchased by us consist of brass, electronic components, fabricated copper (primarily in the form of magnet and insulated cable), steel magnets, laminations, tubes and shafts, stamped steel parts, copper wire, stainless steel coils and rods, aluminum coils, fittings, rods, cast aluminum parts, lead, steel roller bearings, rubber molding compound, thermo‑set and thermo plastic molding powders, and chemicals. Additionally, we use components and cores (used parts) in our remanufacturing processes for air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors, and diesel pumps.
In the case of cores for air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors, and diesel pumps, we obtain them either from exchanges with customers who return cores subsequent to purchasing remanufactured parts or through direct purchases from a network of core brokers. In addition, we acquire certain materials by purchasing products that are resold into the market, particularly by OEM sources and other domestic and foreign suppliers.
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We believe there is an adequate supply of primary raw materials and cores; however, disruptions in the global economy have impeded global supply chains, resulting in longer lead times and delays in procuring component parts and raw materials, and inflationary cost increases in certain raw materials, labor and transportation. In response to the global supply chain volatility and inflationary cost increases, we have taken, and continue to take, several actions to mitigate the impact by working closely with our suppliers and customers to minimize any potential adverse impacts on our business, including initiating cost savings initiatives and the pass through of higher costs to our customers, which began in the fourth quarter of 2021. We believe that we have also benefited from our geographically diversified manufacturing footprint and our strategy to bring more product manufacturing in-house, especially with respect to product availability and fill rates.
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Human Capital
We support and seek continuous improvement in the pursuit of environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) practices that embody our culture and what we believe it means to be a good corporate citizen.
Our Culture
Our Company was founded in 1919 on the values of integrity, common decency and respect for others. These values are embodied in our Code of Ethics, which has been adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company to serve as a statement of principles to guide our decision-making and reinforce our commitment to these values in all aspects of our business. These values also serve as the foundation for our continued focus on many important environmental, social and governance issues, such as environmental stewardship and our efforts to identify and implement practices that reduce our environmental impact while achieving our business goals; our attention to diversity, equity and inclusion, employee development, retention, and health and safety; and our community engagement initiatives, to name a few.
Environmental Stewardship
We have made significant strides with respect to our ESG initiatives, building awareness of the environmental impact of our operations, and challenging ourselves to reduce our impact by reducing our usage of energy and water, reducing our generation of waste, increasing our recycling efforts and reducing our Scope 1 and Scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions (“GHG”).
As a leading manufacturer and distributor of premium parts used in the maintenance, service and repair of vehicles, we are proud of the role our parts play in replacing failed components that are necessary for vehicles to operate safely and efficiently, and in extending the service life of vehicles on the road. We believe our product offering also contributes to a greener car parc through several key product categories that are critical components in automotive systems designed to improve fuel economy and reduce harmful emissions, such as fuel injectors, exhaust gas recirculation valves, sensors and tubes, and evaporative emission control system components. We also bring to market alternative energy products, which utilize cleaner burning fuels or are designed for electric or hybrid electric vehicles.
Our remanufacturing processes divert certain types of used automotive products from traditional waste streams and reprocess them for their original purpose. We remanufacture key product categories within our offering, such as air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors and diesel pumps, resulting in the production of premium automotive products within these categories through processes that we believe save energy and reduce waste.
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Human Capital
We believe that our commitment to our employees is critical to our continued success, and has led to high employee satisfaction and low employee turnover. To facilitate talent attraction and retention, we strive to have a diverse, inclusive and safe workplace, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by strong compensation, benefits and health and wellness programs, and by programs that build connections between our employees and their communities. Our employees share our corporate values of integrity, common decency and respect of others, values which have been established since our company was founded.
As of December 31, 2022, we employed approximately 4,900 people, with 2,000 people in the United States and 2,900 people in Mexico, Canada, Poland, the U.K., Germany, Hungary, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Of the 4,900 people employed, approximately 2,500 people are production employees. We operate primarily in non‑union facilities and have binding labor agreements with employees at other unionized facilities. We have approximately 75 production employees in Edwardsville, Kansas who are covered by a contract with The International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America (“UAW”) that expires in August 2026. We also have approximately 1,400 employees in Mexico who are covered under union agreements negotiated at various intervals. For clarification, the employee numbers described above exclude the employees of our joint venture operations.
Although the COVID-19 pandemic has led to some challenges in finding adequate labor, generally we believe that our facilities are in labor markets with ready access to adequate numbers of skilled and unskilled workers, and we believe our relations with our union and non‑union employees are good.
Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging. We believe that a diverse workforce is critical to our success, and we continue to focus on the hiring, retention and advancement of women and underrepresented populations. Our recent efforts have been focused in three areas: inspiring innovation through an inclusive and diverse culture; expanding our efforts to recruit and hire world-class diverse talent; and identifying strategic partners to accelerate our inclusion and diversity programs. Over the last 5 years, approximately 50+% of our hires and promotions have been women or racially diverse individuals. To further our commitment to diversity, in 2021, we established a Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Belonging steering committee to develop key structures within our organization to promote equality, inclusion and awareness among our employees.
Health, Safety and Wellness. The success of our business is fundamentally connected to the well-being of our people. Accordingly, we are committed to the health, safety and wellness of our employees. We provide our employees and their families with access to a variety of innovative, flexible and convenient health and wellness programs, including benefits that provide protection and security so they can have peace of mind concerning events that may require time away from work, or that impact their financial well-being; that support their physical and mental health by providing tools and resources to help them improve or maintain their health status and encourage engagement in healthy behaviors; and that offer choice where possible so they can customize their benefits to meet their needs and the needs of their families.
Compensation and Benefits. We provide competitive compensation and benefits programs that meet the needs of our employees. In addition to wages and salaries, these programs include annual cash bonuses, stock awards, a 401(k) Plan, healthcare and insurance benefits, health savings and flexible spending accounts, paid time off, family leave, family care resources, and employee assistance programs.
Talent Development. We invest significant resources to develop the talent of our high potential employees. We deliver numerous training opportunities, provide rotational assignment opportunities, offer continuous learning and development, and implement methodologies to manage performance, provide feedback and develop talent opportunities for talent.
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Our talent development programs are designed to provide employees with the resources they need to help achieve their career goals, build management skills and lead their organizations. We provide a series of employee workshops and mentoring programs that support professional growth and development. Our annual review process encourages manager and employee conversations throughout the year to enhance growth and development.
Social Engagement and Community Service
We believe that building connections between our employees, their families and our communities creates a more meaningful, fulfilling and enjoyable workplace. Through our SMP Cares® initiative, we sponsor corporate giving and volunteering programs to encourage our employees to connect with our local communities and engage in the local causes that they are passionate about.
Our volunteering efforts include organizing blood drives with the American Red Cross, and fundraising for the March of Dimes, United Way, and many others. In 2022, we collaborated with our employees to donate over $135,000 to local community organizations, schools, shelters, Ukraine, Project Hope, AACF, Habitat for Humanity, Love Independence, local parks, and Toys for Tots. We are a lifetime trustee of the University of the Aftermarket Foundation (“UAF”), and we donate $10,000 annually to fund scholarships to support the next generation of technicians and automotive professionals, which we believe is an important way to sustain and give back to our industry. We are also proud to sponsor annual scholarship contests for future automotive technicians, including our Women in Auto Care scholarship that aims to empower women entering the automotive industry. Since our first scholarship contest in 2015, we have awarded $275,000 in scholarships. We have continued to expand our scholarship program, and in 2022, we awarded four students each with a $5,000 scholarship to Women in AutoCare and to Blue Streak Better Then, Better Now Scholarship. We continue to encourage participation in these initiatives as we believe they are essential in the support of our core values.
Governance
Our commitment to ESG is spearheaded by our Board of Directors. Specifically, our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee established an ESG steering committee among our executive officers including our Chief Executive Officer & President, Chief Legal Officer & Secretary, Chief Human Resources Officer, and Senior Vice President of North American Operations. This ESG steering committee is tasked with developing specific strategies to ensure that our operations adhere to our corporate governance values and advance our ESG objectives. The multidisciplinary approach of our steering committee allows it to leverage our expertise in operations, engineering, supply chain, human capital management, finance, legal and other fields to push our ESG initiatives ahead from all angles.
Continued Commitment
With each year, we intend to further our commitment to ESG initiatives, improving our environmental stewardship, finding ways to give back to our communities, and enhancing the diversity and inclusion of our workforce while offering opportunities for development. Information on our ESG initiatives can be found in our most current sustainability report and on our corporate website at ir.smpcorp.com under “Environmental & Social Responsibility” and at smpcares.smpcorp.com. Information in our sustainability report and on our corporate websites regarding our ESG initiatives are referenced for general information only and are not incorporated by reference in this Report.
Available Information
We are a New York corporation founded in 1919. Our principal executive offices are located at 37‑18 Northern Boulevard, Long Island City, New York 11101, and our main telephone number at that location is (718) 392‑0200. Our Internet address is www.smpcorp.com. We provide a link to reports that we have filed with the SEC. However, for those persons that make a request in writing or by e-mail (financial@smpcorp.com), we will provide free of charge our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These reports and other information are also available, free of charge, at www.sec.gov.
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ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the risks described below. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or other factors not perceived by us to present significant risks to our business at this time also may impair our business and results of operations. If any of the stated risks actually occur, they could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.
Risks Related to Our Operations
We depend on a limited number of key customers, and the loss of any such customer, or a significant reduction in purchases by such customer, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our three largest individual customers accounted for approximately 59% of our consolidated net sales in 2022. During 2022, O’Reilly, AutoZone and NAPA accounted for 27%, 17% and 15% of our consolidated net sales, respectively. The loss of one or more of these customers or, a significant reduction in purchases of our products from any one of them could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any consolidation among our key customers may further increase our customer concentration risk.
We do not typically enter into long-term agreements with any of our customers. Instead, we enter into a number of purchase order commitments with our customers, based on their current or projected needs. We have in the past, and may in the future, lose customers or lose a particular product line of a customer due to the highly competitive conditions in the automotive aftermarket industry, including pricing pressures, consolidation of customers, customer initiatives to buy direct from foreign suppliers and/or to pursue a private brand strategy, or other business considerations. A decision by any significant customer, whether motivated by competitive conditions, financial difficulties or otherwise, to materially decrease the amount of products purchased from us, to change their manner of doing business with us, or to stop doing business with us, including a decision to source products directly from a low cost region such as Asia, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Because our sales are concentrated, and the market in which we operate is very competitive, we are under ongoing pressure from our customers to offer lower prices, extend payment terms, increase marketing allowances and other terms more favorable to these customers. These customer demands have put continued pressure on our operating margins and profitability, resulted in periodic contract renegotiation to provide more favorable prices and terms to these customers, and significantly increased our working capital needs.
Our industry is highly competitive, and our success depends on our ability to compete with suppliers of automotive products, some of which may have substantially greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do.
The automotive industry is highly competitive, and our success depends on our ability to compete with domestic and international suppliers of automotive products. In the Engine Management Segment, we compete with: ACDelco, Aptiv Plc, Denso Corporation, Continental AG, Hitachi, Ltd., Motorcraft, Robert Bosch GmbH, Visteon Corporation, NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd., Dorman Products, Inc. and several privately-owned companies primarily importing products from Asia. In the Temperature Control Segment, we compete with: ACDelco, MAHLE GmbH, Denso Corporation, Motorcraft, Sanden International (U.S.A.), Inc., Continental AG, Dorman Products, Inc., and several privately-owned companies. In addition, automobile manufacturers supply many of the replacement parts we sell. Some of our competitors may have larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. These factors may allow our competitors to:
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| • | respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements by devoting greater resources than we can to the development, promotion and sale of automotive products and services;

| • | engage in more extensive research and development;

| • | sell products at a lower price than we do;

| • | undertake more extensive marketing campaigns; and

| • | make more attractive offers to existing and potential customers and strategic partners.

We cannot assure you that our competitors will not develop products or services that are equal or superior to our products or that achieve greater market acceptance than our products or that in the future other companies involved in the automotive industry will not expand their operations into product lines produced and sold by us. We also cannot assure you that additional entrants will not enter the automotive industry or that companies in the industry will not consolidate. Any such competitive pressures could cause us to lose market share or could result in significant price decreases and could have a material adverse effect upon our business, financial condition and results of operations.
There is substantial price competition in our industry, and our success and profitability will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive cost and price structure.
There is substantial price competition in our industry, and our success and profitability will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive cost and price structure. This is the result of a number of industry trends, including the impact of offshore suppliers in the marketplace (particularly in China) which do not have the same infrastructure costs as we do, the consolidated purchasing power of large customers, and actions taken by some of our competitors in an effort to ‘‘win over’’ new business. We have in the past reduced prices to remain competitive and may have to do so again in the future. Price reductions have impacted our sales and profit margins and may do so in the future. Our future profitability will depend in part upon our ability to respond to changes in product and distribution channel mix, to continue to improve our manufacturing efficiencies, to generate cost reductions, including reductions in the cost of components purchased from outside suppliers, to maintain a cost structure that will enable us to offer competitive prices, and to pass through higher distribution, raw materials and labor costs to our customers. Our inability to maintain a competitive cost structure could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business is seasonal and is subject to substantial quarterly fluctuations, which impact our quarterly performance and working capital requirements.
Historically, our operating results have fluctuated by quarter, with the greatest sales occurring in the second and third quarters of the year and revenues generally being recognized at the time of shipment. It is in these quarters that demand for our products is typically the highest, specifically in the Temperature Control Segment of our business.
In addition to this seasonality, the demand for our Temperature Control products during the second and third quarters of the year may vary significantly with the summer weather and customer inventories, as evidenced by the strong customer demand in 2022 fueled by the record heat across the country in 2022 and the replenishment of customer inventory levels after very warm summer conditions in 2021. While the COVID-19 pandemic caused large shifts in sales demand between quarters in 2020, our business has returned to a more normalized pattern of seasonality and variability in demand of our Temperature Control products in 2022 and 2021. As such, our working capital typically peaks near the end of the second quarter, as the inventory build‑up of air conditioning products was converted to sales, and payments on the receivables associated with such sales were yet to be received. During this period, our working capital requirements were funded by borrowing from our revolving credit facility in our Credit Agreement.
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Climate-related physical risks, such as changes to weather patterns and conditions may also impact the pattern of seasonality and variability in demand for our Temperature Control products discussed above, which may impact our quarterly performance and working capital requirements.
We may incur material losses and significant costs as a result of warranty-related returns by our customers in excess of anticipated amounts.
Our products are required to meet rigorous standards imposed by our customers and our industry. Many of our products carry a warranty ranging from a 90-day limited warranty to a lifetime limited warranty, which generally covers defects in materials or workmanship, failure to meet industry published specifications and/or the result of installation error. In the event that there are material deficiencies or defects in the design and manufacture of our products and/or installation error, the affected products may be subject to warranty returns and/or product recalls. Although we maintain a comprehensive quality control program, we cannot give any assurance that our products will not suffer from defects or other deficiencies or that we will not experience material warranty returns or product recalls in the future.
We accrue for warranty returns as a percentage of sales, after giving consideration to recent historical returns. While we believe that we make reasonable estimates for warranty returns in accordance with our revenue recognition policies, actual returns may differ from our estimates. We have in the past incurred, and may in the future incur, material losses and significant costs as a result of our customers returning products to us for warranty-related issues in excess of anticipated amounts. Deficiencies or defects in our products in the future may result in warranty returns and product recalls in excess of anticipated amounts and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our profitability may be materially adversely affected as a result of overstock inventory related returns by our customers in excess of anticipated amounts.
We permit overstock returns of inventory that may be either new or non-defective or non-obsolete but that we believe we can re-sell. Customers are generally limited to returning overstocked inventory according to a specified percentage of their annual purchases from us. In addition, a customer’s annual allowance cannot be carried forward to the upcoming year.
We accrue for overstock returns as a percentage of sales, after giving consideration to recent historical returns. While we believe that we make reasonable estimates for overstock returns in accordance with our revenue recognition policies, actual returns may differ from our estimates. To the extent that overstocked returns are materially in excess of our projections, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.
We may be materially adversely affected by asbestos claims arising from products sold by our former brake business, as well as by other product liability claims.
In 1986, we acquired a brake business, which we subsequently sold in March 1998. When we originally acquired this brake business, we assumed future liabilities relating to any alleged exposure to asbestos-containing products manufactured by the seller of the acquired brake business. In accordance with the related purchase agreement, we agreed to assume the liabilities for all new claims filed after September 2001. Our ultimate exposure will depend upon the number of claims filed against us on or after September 2001, and the amounts paid for settlements, awards of asbestos-related damages, and defense of such claims. We do not have insurance coverage for the indemnity and defense costs associated with the claims we face.
At December 31, 2022, 1,530 cases were outstanding for which we may be responsible for any related liabilities. Since inception in September 2001 through December 31, 2022, the amounts paid for settled claims and awards of asbestos-related damages, including interest, were approximately $64.6 million. A substantial increase in the number of new claims, or increased settlement payments, or awards of asbestos-related damages, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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In accordance with our policy to perform an annual actuarial evaluation in the third quarter of each year, an actuarial study was performed as of August 31, 2022. Based upon the results of the August 31, 2022 actuarial study, and all other available information to us, we increased our asbestos liability to the low end of the range, and recorded an incremental pre-tax provision of $18.5 million in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations. The results of the August 31, 2022 study included an estimate of our undiscounted liability for settlement payments and awards of asbestos-related damages, excluding legal costs, ranging from $68.8 million to $111.6 million for the period through 2065. Future legal costs, which are expensed as incurred and reported in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations, are estimated, according to the August 31, 2022 study, to range from $53.2 million to $105.7 million for the period through 2065.
Given the uncertainties associated with projecting asbestos-related matters into the future and other factors outside our control, we cannot give any assurance that significant increases in the number of claims filed against us will not occur, that awards of asbestos-related damages or settlement awards will not exceed the amount we have in reserve, or that additional provisions will not be required. Management will continue to monitor the circumstances surrounding these potential liabilities in determining whether additional reserves and provisions may be necessary. We plan on performing an annual actuarial analysis during the third quarter of each year for the foreseeable future, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary.
In addition to asbestos-related claims, our product sales entail the risk of involvement in other product liability actions. We maintain product liability insurance coverage, but we cannot give any assurance that current or future policy limits will be sufficient to cover all possible liabilities. Further, we can give no assurance that adequate product liability insurance will continue to be available to us in the future or that such insurance may be maintained at a reasonable cost to us. In the event of a successful product liability claim against us, a lack or insufficiency of insurance coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We may not be able to achieve the benefits that we expect from our cost savings initiatives.
We expect to realize the continued benefit of discretionary cost reduction measures, along with the continued cost savings anticipated from several ongoing and/or recently completed restructuring and integration initiatives. Due to factors outside our control, such as the adoption or modification of domestic and foreign laws, regulations or policies, we may not be able to achieve the level of benefits that we expect to realize in these initiatives, or we may not be able to realize these benefits within the time frames we currently expect. Our ability to achieve any anticipated cost savings could be affected by a number of factors such as changes in the amount, timing and character of charges related to such initiatives, or a substantial delay in the completion of such initiatives. Failure to achieve the benefits of our cost saving initiatives could have a material adverse effect on us. Our cost savings is also predicated upon maintaining our sales levels.
Severe weather, natural disasters and other disruptions could adversely impact our operations at our manufacturing and distribution facilities.
Severe weather conditions and natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes and floods, could damage our properties and effect our operations, particularly our major manufacturing and distribution operations at foreign facilities in Canada, China, Mexico, Poland, Germany and Hungary and at our domestic facilities in Florida, Indiana, Kansas, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. Moreover, global climate change may cause these natural disasters to occur more frequently and/or with more intense effects, which could prevent us from, or cause delays in our ability to, manufacture and deliver products to our customers, and/or cause us to incur additional costs.
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In addition, our business and operations could be materially adversely affected in the event of other serious disruptions at these facilities due to fire, electrical blackouts, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attack or similar events. Any of these occurrences could impair our ability to adequately manufacture or supply our customers due to all or a significant portion of our equipment or inventory being damaged. If our existing manufacturing or distribution facilities become incapable of producing and supplying products for any reason, we may not be able to satisfy our customers’ requirements and we may lose revenue and incur significant costs and expenses that may not be recoverable through our business interruption insurance.
Disruptions in the supply of raw materials, manufactured components, or equipment could materially and adversely affect our operations and cause us to incur significant cost increases.
We source various types of raw materials, finished goods, equipment, and component parts from suppliers as part of a global supply chain, and we may be materially and adversely affected by the failure of those suppliers to perform as expected. Although we have had an adequate supply of purchased supplier raw materials, finished goods, equipment and component parts, disruptions in the global economy have impeded global supply chains, resulting in longer lead times and delays in procuring component parts and raw materials, and inflationary cost increases in certain raw materials, labor and transportation. In response to the global supply chain volatility and inflationary cost increases, we have taken, and continue to take, several actions to mitigate the impact by working closely with our suppliers and customers to minimize any potential adverse impacts on our business, including initiating cost savings initiatives and the pass through of higher costs to our customers, which began in the fourth quarter of 2021. We expect these inflationary trends to continue for some time, and while we believe that we will be able to somewhat offset the impact, there can be no assurances that unforeseen future events in the global supply chain affecting the availability of materials and components, and/or increasing commodity pricing, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, supplier non-performance may consist of delivery delays or failures caused by production issues or delivery of non-conforming products. Our suppliers’ ability to supply products to us is also subject to a number of risks, including the availability and cost of raw materials, the destruction of their facilities, work stoppages, cyber attacks on their information technology systems or other limitations on their business operations, which could be caused by any number of factors, such as labor disruptions, financial distress, severe weather conditions and natural disasters, social unrest, economic and political instability, and public health crises, including the occurrence of a contagious disease or illness, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, war, terrorism or other catastrophic events. In addition, our failure to promptly pay, or order sufficient quantities of inventory from our suppliers may increase the cost of products we purchase or may lead to suppliers refusing to sell products to us at all. Our efforts to protect against and to minimize these risks may not always be effective.
Our operations could be adversely affected by interruptions or breaches in the security of our computer and information technology systems.
We rely on information technology systems throughout our organization to conduct day-to-day business operations, including the management of our supply chain and our purchasing, receiving and distribution functions. We also routinely use our information technology systems to send, receive, store, access and use sensitive data relating to our Company and its employees, customers, suppliers, and business partners, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, and other sensitive materials. Additionally, we rely on our information technology systems to enable many of our employees to work remotely as a result of new policies and practices enacted by us.
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Our information technology systems have been subject to cyber threats, including attempts to hack into our network and computer viruses. Such hacking attempts and computer viruses have not significantly impacted or interrupted our business operations. While we implement security measures designed to prevent and mitigate the risk of cyber attacks, our information technology systems, and the systems of our customers, suppliers and business partners, may continue to be vulnerable to computer viruses, attacks by hackers, or unauthorized access caused by employee error or malfeasance. The exploitation of any such vulnerability could unexpectedly compromise our information security, or the security of our customers, suppliers and other business partners. Furthermore, because the techniques used to carry out cyber attacks change frequently and in many instances are not recognized until after they are used against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these changes or implement adequate preventative measures. If our information technology systems, or the systems of our customers, suppliers or business partners, are subject to cyber attacks, such as those involving significant or extensive system interruptions, sabotage, computer viruses or unauthorized access, we could experience disruptions to our business operations and incur substantial remediation costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The transition risks associated with global climate change may cause us to incur significant costs.
In addition to the physical risks described above, global climate change has brought about certain risks associated with the anticipated transition to a lower-carbon economy, such as regulatory changes affecting vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency requirements, technological changes in vehicle architectures, changes in consumer demand, carbon taxes, greenhouse gas emissions tracking, and regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from certain sources. Any regulatory changes aimed to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions may require us to incur increased operating costs, such as to purchase and operate emissions control systems or other such technologies to comply with applicable regulations or reporting requirements. These regulations, as well as shifts in consumer demand due to public awareness and concern of climate change, could affect the timing and scope of their proliferation and may also adversely impact our sales of products designed for the internal combustion engines. As we monitor the rapid developments in this area, we may be required to adjust our business strategy to address the various transition risks posed by climate change.
Failure to maintain the value of our brands could have an adverse effect on our reputation, cause us to incur significant costs and negatively impact our business.
Our brands are an important component of our value proposition, and serve to distinguish our premium engine management and temperature control products from those of our competitors. We believe that our success depends, in part, on maintaining and enhancing the value of our brands and executing our brand strategies, which are designed to drive end-user demand for our products and make us a valued business partner to our customers through the support of their marketing initiatives. A decline in the reputation of our brands as a result of events, such as deficiencies or defects in the design or manufacture of our products, or from legal proceedings, product recalls or warranty claims resulting from such deficiencies or defects, may harm our reputation as a manufacturer and distributor of premium automotive parts, reduce demand for our products and adversely affect our business.
Our revenue and results of operations may suffer upon the bankruptcy, insolvency or other credit failure of a significant customer.
Most of our customers buy products from us on credit. We extend credit to customers and offer extended payment terms based upon competitive conditions in the marketplace and our assessment and analysis of creditworthiness. General economic conditions, competition and other factors may adversely affect the solvency or creditworthiness of our customers. Inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation and a general worsening of economic conditions has put financial pressure on many of our customers and may threaten certain customers’ ability to maintain liquidity sufficient to repay their obligations to us as they become due. The bankruptcy, insolvency or other credit failure of any customer that has a substantial amount owed to us could have a material adverse effect on our operating revenue and results of operations. In January 2023, one of our customers filed a petition for bankruptcy. In connection with the bankruptcy filing, we recorded a $7 million charge in 2022 to reduce our outstanding accounts receivable balance from the customer to our estimated recovery amount.
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Risks Related to Liquidity
We are exposed to risks related to our receivables supply chain financing arrangements.
We are party to several supply chain financing arrangements, in which we may sell certain of our customers’ trade accounts receivable without recourse to such customers’ financial institutions. To the extent that these arrangements are terminated, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity could be adversely affected by extended payment terms, delays or failures in collecting trade accounts receivables.
The utility of the supply chain financing arrangements also depends upon a benchmark reference rate for the purpose of determining the discount rate on the sale of the underlying trade accounts receivable. If the benchmark reference rate increases significantly, we may be negatively impacted as we may not be able to pass these added costs on to our customers, which could have a material and adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Depending upon the level of sales of receivables pursuant these agreements, a hypothetical, instantaneous and unfavorable change of 100 basis points in the reference rate may have an approximate $8.1 million negative impact on our earnings or cash flows.
A significant increase in our indebtedness, or in interest rates, could negatively affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
We have a Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders, which we refer to throughout this Report as our Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement provides for a $500 million credit facility comprised of a $100 million term loan facility (the “term loan”) and a $400 million multi-currency revolving credit facility available in U.S. Dollars, Euros, Sterling, Swiss Francs, Canadian Dollars and other currencies as agreed to by the administrative agent and the lenders (the “revolving facility”). As of December 31, 2022, our total outstanding indebtedness was $239.6 million, including outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement of $239.5 million, consisting of current borrowings of $55 million and long-term borrowings of $184.5 million.
Borrowings under our Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s election, at a rate per annum equal to Term SOFR plus 0.10% plus an applicable margin, or an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin, where the alternate base rate is the greater of the prime rate, the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and one-month Term SOFR plus 0.10% plus 1.00%. The applicable margin for the term benchmark borrowings ranges from 1.0% to 2.0%, and the applicable margin for alternate base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 1.0%, in each case, based on the total net leverage ratio of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries.
The significant increase in our indebtedness could:

| • | increase our borrowing costs;

| • | limit our ability to obtain additional financing or borrow additional funds;

| • | require that a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations be used to pay principal and interest in our indebtedness, instead of funding working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, stock repurchases, or other general corporate purposes;

| • | limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and

| • | increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions.

In addition, the Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by its material domestic subsidiaries (each, a “Guarantor”), and secured by a first priority perfected security interest in substantially all of the existing and future personal property of the Company and each Guarantor, subject to certain exceptions. The collateral security described above also secures certain banking services obligations and interest rate swaps and currency or other hedging obligations of the Company owing to any of the then existing lenders or any affiliates thereof. Concurrently with the Company’s entry into the Credit Agreement, the Company also entered into a seven year interest rate swap agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Co-Syndication Agent and lender under the Credit Agreement, on $100 million of borrowings under the Credit Agreement. The interest rate swap agreement matures in May 2029.
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The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the creation of liens, mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions, sales of assets, dividends and other payments in respect of equity interests, acquisitions, investments, loans and guarantees, subject, in each case, to customary exceptions, thresholds and baskets. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default. If we were default on any of these covenants, or on any of our
indebtedness, if interest rates were to significantly increase, or the financial institution that is a party to our interest rate swap agreement were to default, or if we are unable to obtain necessary liquidity, our business could be adversely affected.
We may not be able to generate the significant amount of cash needed to satisfy our obligations or maintain sufficient liquidity through borrowing capacities.
Our ability either to make payments on or to refinance our indebtedness, or to fund planned capital expenditures and research and development efforts, will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. Our ability to generate cash is in part subject to:

| • | general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control;

| • | the ability of our customers to pay timely the amounts we have billed; and

| • | our ability to sell receivables under supply chain financing arrangements.

The foregoing factors could result in reduced cash flow, which could have a material adverse effect on us. When cash generated by earnings is not sufficient for the Company’s liquidity needs, the Company seeks external financing. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities on terms that are beneficial to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically or the economy generally. During periods of disruptions in the credit and capital markets, potential sources of external financing could be reduced, and borrowing costs could increase. A significant downgrade in the company’s credit ratings could increase its borrowing costs and limit access to capital.
Based on our current level of operations, we believe our cash flow from operations, available cash and available borrowings under our Credit Agreement will be adequate to meet our future liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months. Significant assumptions underlie this belief, including, among other things, that we will be able to mitigate the future impact, if any, of disruptions in the supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine and the resultant sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments that may lead to a further increase in inventories to support our customers, and significant inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation, and that there will be no material adverse developments in our business, liquidity or capital requirements. If we are unable to fund our operations through earnings or external financing, we will be forced to adopt an alternative strategy that may include actions such as:

| • | deferring, reducing or eliminating future cash dividends;

| • | reducing or delaying capital expenditures or restructuring activities;

| • | reducing or delaying research and development efforts;

| • | selling assets;

| • | deferring or refraining from pursuing certain strategic initiatives and acquisitions;

| • | refinancing our indebtedness; and

| • | seeking additional funding.

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We cannot assure you that, if material adverse developments in our business, liquidity or capital requirements should occur, our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us under our Credit Agreement in amounts sufficient to enable us to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness, or to fund our other liquidity needs. In addition, if we default on any of our indebtedness, or breach any financial covenant in our Credit Agreement, our business could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to External Factors
We conduct our manufacturing and distribution operations on a worldwide basis and are subject to risks associated with doing business outside the United States.
We have manufacturing and distribution facilities in many countries, including Canada, Mexico, Poland, Germany and Hungary, as well as a joint-venture in China. Increasing our manufacturing footprint in low cost regions is an important element of our strategy. There are a number of risks associated with doing business internationally, including: (a) exposure to local economic and political conditions; (b) social unrest such as risks of terrorism or other hostilities; (c) currency exchange rate fluctuations and currency controls; (d) the effect of potential changes in U.S. trade policy and international trade agreements; and (e) the potential for shortages of trained labor.
In particular, historically there has been social unrest in Hong Kong and Mexico and any recurrence, or increased violence in or around our facilities in such countries could be disruptive to our business operations at such facilities, or present risks to our employees who may be directly affected by the violence and may result in a decision by them to relocate from the area, or make it difficult for us to recruit or retain talented employees at such facilities.
Furthermore, changes in U.S. trade policy, particularly as it relates to China, have resulted in the assessment of increased tariffs on goods that we import into the United States, and have caused uncertainty about the future of free trade generally. We benefit from free trade agreements, such as the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). The repeal or modification of the USMCA or further increases to tariffs on goods imported into the United States could increase our costs to source materials, component parts and finished goods from other countries. The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on us is unpredictable and may vary from country to country. Any such occurrences could be harmful to our business and our financial results.
We may incur liabilities under government regulations and environmental laws, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Domestic and foreign political developments and government laws and regulations directly affect automotive consumer products in the United States and abroad. In the United States, these laws and regulations include standards relating to vehicle safety, fuel economy and emissions, among others. Furthermore, increased public awareness and concern regarding climate change may result in new laws and regulations designed to reduce or mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions or otherwise effect the transition to a lower-carbon economy. The modification of existing laws, regulations or policies, or the adoption of new laws, regulations or policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our operations and properties are subject to a wide variety of increasingly complex and stringent federal, state, local and international laws and regulations, including those governing the use, storage, handling, generation, treatment, emission, release, discharge and disposal of materials, substances and wastes, the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater and the health and safety of employees. Such environmental laws, including but not limited to those under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation & Liability Act, may impose joint and several liability and may apply to conditions at properties presently or formerly owned or operated by an entity or its predecessors, as well as to conditions at properties at which wastes or other contamination attributable to an entity or its predecessors have been sent or otherwise come to be located.
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The nature of our operations exposes us to the risk of claims with respect to such matters, and we can give no assurance that violations of such laws have not occurred or will not occur or that material costs or liabilities will not be incurred in connection with such claims. We are currently monitoring our environmental remediation efforts at one of our facilities and our reserve balance related to the environmental clean-up at this facility is $1.5 million at December 31, 2022. The environmental testing and any remediation costs at such facility may be covered by several insurance policies, although we can give no assurance that our insurance will cover any environmental remediation claims. We also maintain insurance to cover our existing U.S. and Canadian facilities. We can give no assurance that the future cost of compliance with existing environmental laws and the liability for known environmental claims pursuant to such environmental laws will not give rise to additional significant expenditures or liabilities that would be material to us. In addition, future events, such as new information, changes in existing environmental laws or their interpretation, and more vigorous enforcement policies of federal, state or local regulatory agencies, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our future performance may be materially adversely affected by changes in technologies and improvements in the quality of new vehicle parts.
If we do not respond appropriately to changes in automotive technologies, such as the adoption of new technologies and systems to make traditional, ICE vehicles more efficient, or the adoption of electric or hybrid electric vehicle architectures, we could experience less demand for our products thereby causing a decline in our results of operations or deterioration in our business and financial condition, and we may have a material adverse effect on our long-term performance.
In addition, the size of the automobile replacement parts market depends, in part, upon the growth in number of vehicles on the road, increase in average vehicle age, change in total miles driven per year, new or modified environmental and vehicle safety regulations, including fuel economy and emissions reduction standards, increase in pricing of new cars and new car quality and related warranties. The automobile replacement parts market has been negatively impacted by the fact that the quality of more recent automotive vehicles and their component parts (and related warranties) has improved, thereby lengthening the repair cycle. Generally, if parts last longer, there will be less demand for our products and the average useful life of automobile parts has been steadily increasing in recent years due to innovations in products and technology. In addition, the introduction by original equipment manufacturers of increased warranty and maintenance initiatives has the potential to decrease the demand for our products. When proper maintenance and repair procedures are followed, newer air conditioning (A/C) systems in particular are less prone to leak resulting in fewer A/C system repairs. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected by the effects of widespread public health crises, including the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, that are beyond our control.
The global outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic created significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption in many countries in which we operate, including the United States, Mexico, Canada, Poland, Germany, Hungary and China. We believe customer demand for our products and customer preferences regarding product mix and distribution channels were also impacted as a result of the pandemic, and significant uncertainty exists with respect to the general economic conditions as we emerge from the pandemic, including rising inflation, disruptions in the supply chain and a possible national or global recession. If customer demand were to decrease in future periods, or if customer preferences regarding product mix and distribution channels were to change, we may be required to adjust and reduce production volumes and implement cost reduction and cash preservation initiatives, including potential reductions in capital expenditures and employee furloughs, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
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In certain countries in which we operate, national, state and local governments implemented a variety of measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Many of these restrictions have been eased, however, there can be no guarantee that they will not be implemented in the future. Any restrictions or limitations on our ability to perform such operations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health crises could have a material adverse effect on the business, operations and financial condition of our customers, suppliers and other supply chain partners as a result of the governmental measures described above, disruptions to their business and operations for reasons similar to those described above, and their ability to manage and mitigate the adverse effects of these and other risks unique to their business and operations that may arise as a result of the pandemic.

ITEM 1B. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. | PROPERTIES

We maintain our executive offices in Long Island City, New York. The table below describes our principal facilities as of December 31, 2022.

Location |  | State or Country |  | Principal Business Activity |  | Approx. Square Feet |  | Owned or Expiration Date of Lease¹
|  |  |  | Engine Management |  |  |  |
Ft. Lauderdale |  | FL |  | Distribution |  | 23,300 |  | Owned
Ft. Lauderdale |  | FL |  | Distribution |  | 30,000 |  | Owned
Mishawaka |  | IN |  | Manufacturing |  | 153,100 |  | Owned
Edwardsville |  | KS |  | Distribution |  | 363,500 |  | Owned
Independence |  | KS |  | Manufacturing |  | 337,400 |  | Owned
Long Island City |  | NY |  | Administration |  | 75,800 |  | 2033
Greenville |  | SC |  | Manufacturing |  | 184,500 |  | Owned
Disputanta |  | VA |  | Distribution |  | 411,000 |  | Owned
Sheboygan Falls |  | WI |  | Manufacturing |  | 22,000 |  | 2025
Milwaukee |  | WI |  | Manufacturing |  | 84,000 |  | 2028
Wuxi |  | China |  | Manufacturing |  | 27,600 |  | 2023
Kirchheim-Teck |  | Germany |  | Distribution |  | 27,500 |  | 2031
Pécel |  | Hungary |  | Manufacturing |  | 33,500 |  | 2031
Reynosa |  | Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | 175,000 |  | 2025
Reynosa |  | Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | 153,000 |  | 2023
Tijuana |  | Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | 37,500 |  | 2023
Tijuana |  | Mexico |  | Distribution |  | 13,800 |  | 2023
Bialystok |  | Poland |  | Manufacturing |  | 142,400 |  | 2027
|  |  |  | Temperature Control |  |  |  |
McAllen |  | TX |  | Distribution |  | 120,300 |  | 2027
Lewisville |  | TX |  | Administration and Distribution |  | 415,000 |  | 2024
St. Thomas |  | Canada |  | Manufacturing |  | 42,500 |  | Owned
Reynosa |  | Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | 82,000 |  | 2026
Reynosa |  | Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | 117,500 |  | 2026
Reynosa |  | Mexico |  | Manufacturing |  | 111,800 |  | 2024
|  |  |  | Other |  |  |  |
Mississauga |  | Canada |  | Administration and Distribution |  | 82,400 |  | 2028
Irving |  | TX |  | Training Center |  | 13,400 |  | 2027

¹It is our intention to extend the leases that are set to expire in 2023.
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ITEM 3. | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information set forth in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Report under the captions “Asbestos” and “Other Litigation” appearing in Note 23, “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.

ITEM 4. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
PART II

ITEM 5. | MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock trades publicly on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the trading symbol “SMP.” The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE on February 17, 2023 was $41.17 per share. As of February 17, 2023, there were 518 holders of record of our common stock.
Dividends are declared and paid on the common stock at the discretion of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) and depend on our profitability, financial condition, capital needs, future prospects, and other factors deemed relevant by our Board. Our Credit Agreement permits dividends and distributions by us provided specific conditions are met. For information related to our revolving credit facility, see Note 11, “Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.
There have been no unregistered offerings of our common stock during the fourth quarter of 2022.
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Stock Performance Graph
The following graph compares the five year cumulative total return on the Company’s Common Stock to the total returns on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index and the S&P 1500 Auto Parts & Equipment Index, which is a combination of automotive parts and equipment companies within the S&P 400, the S&P 500 and the S&P 600. The graph shows the change in value of a $100 investment in the Company’s Common Stock and each of the above indices on December 31, 2017 and the reinvestment of all dividends. The comparisons in this table are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of possible future performance of the Company’s Common Stock or the referenced indices.

|  | SMP |  |  | S&P 500 |  |  | S&P 1500 Auto Parts & Equipment Index |
2017 |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | 100 |
2018 |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 69 |
2019 |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 92 |
2020 |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | 113 |
2021 |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 192 |  |  |  | 138 |
2022 |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 157 |  |  |  | 93 |

* Source: S&P Capital IQ
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ITEM 6. | (RESERVED)

ITEM 7. | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview of Financial Performance
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. This discussion summarizes the significant factors affecting our results of operations and the financial condition of our business during each of the fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022.

|  | December 31, |
(In thousands, except per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net sales |  | $ | 1,371,815 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |  |  | $ | 1,128,588 |
Gross profit |  |  | 382,539 |  |  |  | 376,931 |  |  |  | 336,655 |
Gross profit % |  |  | 27.9 | % |  |  | 29 | % |  |  | 29.8 | %
Operating income |  |  | 104,135 |  |  |  | 128,999 |  |  |  | 108,895 |
Operating income % |  |  | 7.6 | % |  |  | 9.9 | % |  |  | 9.6 | %
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | 98,332 |  |  |  | 130,465 |  |  |  | 107,379 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 25,206 |  |  |  | 31,044 |  |  |  | 26,962 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  |  | 73,126 |  |  |  | 99,421 |  |  |  | 80,417 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income taxes |  |  | (17,691 | ) |  |  | (8,467 | ) |  |  | (23,024 | )
Net earnings |  |  | 55,435 |  |  |  | 90,954 |  |  |  | 57,393 |
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | — |
Net earnings attributable to SMP |  |  | 55,351 |  |  |  | 90,886 |  |  |  | 57,393 |
Per share data attributable to SMP – Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 3.30 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |  |  | $ | 3.52 |
Discontinued operations |  |  | (0.80 | ) |  |  | (0.37 | ) |  |  | (1.01 | )
Net earnings per common share |  | $ | 2.50 |  |  | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 2.51 |

Consolidated net sales for 2022 were $1,371.8 million, an increase of $73 million, or 5.6% compared to net sales of $1,298.8 million in 2021, and an increase of $170.2 million, or 15.1%, compared to net sales of $1,128.6 million in 2020. Consolidated net sales increased in both our Engine Management and Temperature Control Segments.
The increase in net sales in 2022 reflects the favorable impact of multiple factors including:

| • | the price increases in both our segments, which were implemented to pass through inflationary increases in raw materials, distribution and labor costs,

| • | incremental net sales in our Engine Management Segment from our soot sensor, Trombetta and Stabil acquisitions, and

| • | continued strong customer demand in both our segments, and in particular in our Temperature Control Segment where the elevated customer demand we saw in 2021 held firm in 2022 fueled by record heat across the country and the replenishment of customer inventory levels after very warm summer conditions in 2021.

Gross margins as a percentage of net sales in 2022 was 27.9% as compared to 29% in 2021 and 29.8% in 2020. Although the gross margin percentage decreased in 2022, gross margin dollars increased in 2022 to $382.5 million compared to $376.9 million in 2021 and $336.7 in 2020. The gross margin decrease as a percentage of sales in 2022 reflects the impact of lower fixed cost absorption due to lower and more normalized production, inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation, which were somewhat offset by increased pricing, the higher mix of non-aftermarket parts sales from recent acquisitions, which have a different profile than our aftermarket business with lower gross margins but comparable operating margin, and higher freight and related expenses resulting from higher inventory levels. While we anticipate continued margin pressure resulting from inflationary cost increases, we believe that our annual cost initiatives and our ability to pass through higher prices to our customers, will help to mitigate the impact of the inflationary increases on our margins.
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Operating margin as a percentage of net sales in 2022 was 7.6% as compared to 9.9% in 2021 and 9.6% in 2020. Included in our operating margin were selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) of $276.6 million, or 20.2% of net sales in 2022, $247.5 million, or 19.1% of net sales in 2021, and $224.7 million, or 19.9% of net sales in 2020. The higher SG&A expenses in 2022 is principally due to the impact of (1) higher interest rate related costs of $20.6 million incurred in our supply chain financing arrangements, (2) the impact of the $7 million charge recorded in 2022 to reduce our outstanding accounts receivable balance from one of our customers that filed a petition for bankruptcy in January 2023 to our estimated recovery amount, (3) incremental expenses of $7.2 million from our soot sensor, Trombetta and Stabil acquisitions, including amortization of intangible assets acquired, and (4) inflationary cost increases resulting in higher distribution and freight costs. SG&A expenses in 2022 were favorably impacted by the higher mix of non-aftermarket parts sales from recent acquisitions, which have a different profile than our aftermarket business with lower SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales.
Overall, our core automotive aftermarket business demand remains strong, and we continue to make major strides into new complementary markets with upside potential.
New $500 Million Credit Facility
In June 2022, we entered into a new Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $500 million credit facility comprised of a $100 million term loan facility (the “term loan”) and a $400 million multi-currency revolving credit facility (the “revolving facility”). Concurrently with our entry into the Credit Agreement, we also entered into a seven year interest rate swap agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Co-Syndication Agent and lender under the Credit Agreement on $100 million of borrowings under the Credit Agreement to manage exposure to interest rate changes. The interest rate swap agreement matures in May 2029.
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement were used to repay all outstanding borrowings under the existing 2015 Credit Agreement, and pay certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Credit Agreement, with future borrowings used for other general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries. The term loan amortizes in quarterly installments of 1.25% in each of the first four years, and quarterly installments of 2.5% in the fifth year of the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement matures on June 1, 2027. The Company may request up to two one-year extensions of the maturity date.
Impact of Russia’s Invasion of the Ukraine
Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine, and the resultant sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments, have created risks, uncertainties and disruptions impacting business continuity, liquidity and asset values not only in the Ukraine and Russia, but in markets worldwide. Significant price increases have occurred in gas and energy markets, as well as in other commodities. Although we have no facilities or business operations in either the Ukraine or Russia, have historically had only minor sales to customers in Russia, which we have subsequently discontinued, and have not experienced additional significant disruptions in the supply chain, the inherent risks and uncertainties surrounding the invasion are being closely monitored. We have manufacturing and distribution facilities in Bialystok, Poland and Pecel, Hungary. Our facility in Bialystok, Poland does not use natural gas in its production process, or for heating, and, as such, is not impacted by Russia’s decision to halt the export of all natural gas to Poland and Bulgaria. While we have not been impacted by the war to date, there can be no assurances that any escalation of the invasion will not have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Impact of Global Supply Chain Disruption and Inflation
Disruptions in the global economy have impeded global supply chains, resulted in longer lead times and delays in procuring component parts and raw materials, and resulted in inflationary cost increases in certain raw materials, labor and transportation. In response to the global supply chain volatility and inflationary cost increases, we have taken, and continue to take, several actions to mitigate the impact by working closely with our suppliers and customers to minimize any potential adverse impacts on our business, including implementing cost savings initiatives and the pass through of higher costs to our customers in the form of price increases, and increasing inventory levels to minimize the obvious disruptions from out-of-stock raw materials and components to ensure higher fill rates with our customers. We believe that we have also benefited from our geographically diversified manufacturing footprint and our strategy to bring more product manufacturing in-house, especially with respect to product availability and fill rates. We expect these inflationary trends to continue for some time, and while we believe that we will be able to somewhat offset the impact, there can be no assurances that unforeseen future events in the global supply chain affecting the availability of materials and components, and/or increasing commodity pricing, will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Environmental, Social, & Governance (“ESG”)
Our Company was founded in 1919 on the values of integrity, common decency and respect for others. These values continue to this day and are embodied in our Code of Ethics, which has been adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company to serve as a statement of principles to guide our decision-making and reinforce our commitment to these values in all aspects of our business. These values also serve as the foundation for our increased focus on many important environmental, social and governance issues, such as environmental stewardship and our efforts to identify and implement practices that reduce our environmental impact while achieving our business goals; our attention to diversity, equity and inclusion, employee development, retention, and health and safety; and our community engagement initiatives, to name a few.
We have made significant strides with respect to our ESG initiatives, building awareness of the environmental impact of our operations, and challenging ourselves to reduce our impact by reducing our usage of energy and water, reducing our generation of waste, increasing our recycling efforts and reducing our greenhouse gas emissions (“GHG”), with the ambition of achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. With each year, we intend to further our commitment to improving our environmental stewardship and finding ways to give back to our communities. Additional information on our ESG initiatives can be found under the heading, “Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Human Capital,” in Part I, Item 1 of this Report, and on our corporate website at ir.smpcorp.com under “Environmental & Social Responsibility” and at smpcares.smpcorp.com. Information on our corporate websites regarding our ESG initiatives are referenced for general information only and are not incorporated by reference in this Report.
Comparison of Results of Operations For Fiscal Years 2022 and 2021
Sales. Consolidated net sales for 2022 were $1,371.8 million, an increase of $73 million, or 5.6%, compared to $1,298.8 million in the same period of 2021, with the majority of our net sales to customers located in the United States. Consolidated net sales increased in both our Engine Management and Temperature Control Segments.
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The following table summarizes consolidated net sales by segment and by major product group within each segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Engine Management: |  |  |  |  |  |
Ignition, Emission Control, Fuel & Safety Related System Products |  | $ | 824,677 |  |  | $ | 786,514 |
Wire and Cable |  |  | 150,566 |  |  |  | 151,422 |
Total Engine Management |  |  | 975,243 |  |  |  | 937,936 |
Temperature Control: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compressors |  |  | 222,532 |  |  |  | 206,697 |
Other Climate Control Parts |  |  | 159,753 |  |  |  | 141,726 |
Total Temperature Control |  |  | 382,285 |  |  |  | 348,423 |
All Other |  |  | 14,287 |  |  |  | 12,457 |
Total |  | $ | 1,371,815 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |

Engine Management’s net sales increased $37.3 million, or 4%, to $975.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net sales in ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related system products for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $824.7 million, an increase of $38.2 million, or 4.9%, compared to $786.5 million in the same period of 2021. Net sales in the wire and cable product group for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $150.6 million, an decrease of $0.8 million, or 0.5%, compared to $151.4 million in the same period of 2021. Engine Management’s increase in net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, reflects the impact of the positive contribution of incremental sales from our soot sensor, Trombetta and Stabil acquisitions, strong customer demand, and price increases implemented in 2022, which were implemented to pass through inflationary increases in raw materials, distribution and labor costs.
Incremental net sales from our soot sensor, Trombetta and Stabil acquisitions of $44.6 million were included in the net sales of the ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related system product group for the year ended December 31, 2022. Compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, excluding the incremental net sales from the acquisitions, net sales in the ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related product group decreased $6.4 million, or 0.8%, and Engine Management net sales decreased $7.3 million, or 0.8%.
Temperature Control’s net sales increased $33.9 million, or 9.7%, to $382.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Net sales in the compressors product group for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $222.5 million, an increase of $15.8 million, or 7.6%, compared to $206.7 million in the same period of 2021. Net sales in the other climate control parts group for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $159.8 million, an increase of $18.1 million, or 12.7%, compared to $141.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Temperature Control’s increase in net sales for the year ended December 31, 2022, when compared to the same period in 2021, reflects the impact of continued strong customer demand, with the elevated demand we saw in 2021 holding firm, fueled by record heat across the country in 2022 and the replenishment of customer inventory levels after very warm summer conditions in 2021, and the impact of price increases, which were implemented to pass through inflationary increases in raw materials, distribution and labor costs. Demand for our Temperature Control products may vary significantly with summer weather conditions and customer inventory levels.
Gross Margins. Gross margins, as a percentage of consolidated net sales, decreased to 27.9% for 2022, compared to 29% for 2021. The following table summarizes gross margins by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (in thousands):
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Year Ended December 31, |  | Engine Management |  |  | Temperature Control |  |  | Other |  |  | Total |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales (a) |  | $ | 975,243 |  |  | $ | 382,285 |  |  | $ | 14,287 |  |  | $ | 1,371,815 |
Gross margins |  |  | 262,954 |  |  |  | 102,640 |  |  |  | 16,945 |  |  |  | 382,539 |
Gross margin percentage |  |  | 27 | % |  |  | 26.8 | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | 27.9 | %
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net sales (a) |  | $ | 937,936 |  |  | $ | 348,423 |  |  | $ | 12,457 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |
Gross margins |  |  | 266,961 |  |  |  | 95,138 |  |  |  | 14,832 |  |  |  | 376,931 |
Gross margin percentage |  |  | 28.5 | % |  |  | 27.3 | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | 29 | %

| (a) | Segment net sales include intersegment sales in our Engine Management and Temperature Control segments.

Compared to 2021, gross margins at Engine Management decreased 1.5 percentage points from 28.5% to 27%, while gross margins at Temperature Control decreased 0.5 percentage points from 27.3% to 26.8%. The gross margin percentage decrease in Engine Management compared to the prior year reflects the impact of lower fixed cost absorption due to lower and more normalized production, inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation, which were somewhat offset by increased pricing, the higher mix of non-aftermarket parts sales from recent acquisitions, which have a different profile than our aftermarket business with lower gross margins but comparable operating margin, and higher freight and related expenses resulting from higher inventory levels.
The gross margin percentage decrease in Temperature Control compared to the prior year reflects the impact of inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation, and higher freight and related expenses resulting from higher inventory levels, which were somewhat offset by seasonal volume, customer mix and increased pricing. While we anticipate continued margin pressures at both Engine Management and Temperature Control resulting from inflationary cost increases, we believe that our annual cost initiatives, and our ability to pass through higher prices to our customers, will help to offset the impact of the inflationary increases on our margins.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) increased to $276.6 million, or 20.2% of consolidated net sales in 2022, as compared to $247.5 million, or 19.1% of consolidated net sales in 2021. The $29.1 million increase in SG&A expenses as compared to 2021 is principally due to the impact of (1) higher interest related costs of $20.6 million incurred in our supply chain financing arrangements, (2) the impact of the $7 million charge recorded in 2022 to reduce our outstanding accounts receivable balance from one of our customers that filed a petition for bankruptcy in January 2023 to our estimated recovery amount, (3) incremental expenses of $7.2 million from our soot sensor, Trombetta and Stabil acquisitions, including amortization of intangible assets acquired, and (4) inflationary cost increases resulting in higher distribution and freight costs. SG&A expenses in 2022 were favorably impacted by the higher mix of non-aftermarket parts sales from recent acquisitions, which have a different profile than our aftermarket business with lower SG&A expenses as a percentage of sales.
Restructuring and Integration Expenses. Restructuring and integration expenses were $1.9 million in 2022 compared to restructuring and integration expenses of $0.4 million in 2021. Restructuring and integration expenses incurred in 2022 of $1.9 million related to (1) severance costs of approximately $0.9 million in connection with a reduction in our sales force, (2) expenses of approximately $0.6 million consisting of employee severance costs related to our product line relocations from our Independence, Kansas manufacturing facility in our Engine Management Segment and from our St. Thomas, Canada manufacturing facility in our Temperature Control Segment to our manufacturing facilities in Reynosa, Mexico, (3) relocation expenses of approximately $0.1 million in our Engine Management Segment of certain inventory, machinery, and equipment acquired in our 2021 soot sensor acquisition to our facilities in Independence, Kansas and Bialystok, Poland, and (4) the $0.2 million increase in environmental cleanup costs for ongoing monitoring and remediation in connection with the prior closure of our manufacturing operations at our Long Island City, New York location.
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Restructuring and integration expenses incurred in 2021 of $0.4 million related to relocation in our Engine Management Segment of certain inventory, machinery, and equipment acquired in our 2021 soot sensor acquisition to our facilities in Independence, Kansas and Bialystok, Poland. The soot sensor product line relocation has been substantially completed.
Operating Income. Operating income was $104.1 million, or 7.6%, of consolidated net sales in 2022, compared to $129 million, or 9.9%, of consolidated net sales in 2021. The year-over-year decrease in operating income of $24.9 million is the result of higher SG&A expenses driven primarily by the increased interest rate costs incurred in our supply chain financing arrangements, and to a lesser extent by the impact of lower gross margins as a percentage of consolidated net sales and higher restructuring and integration costs offset, in part, by higher consolidated net sales.
Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net. Other non-operating income, net was $4.8 million in 2022, compared to $3.5 million in 2021. The year-over-year increase in other non-operating income, net results primarily from the favorable impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and to a lesser extent the increase in year-over-year equity income from our joint ventures.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $10.6 million in 2022, compared to $2 million in 2021. The year-over-year increase in interest expense reflects the impact of higher average outstanding borrowings in 2022 when compared to 2021, and the impact of higher year-over-year average interest rates on our credit facilities.
Income Tax Provision. The income tax provision for 2022 was $25.2 million at an effective tax rate of 25.6%, compared to $31 million at an effective tax rate of 23.8% in 2021. The higher effective tax rate in 2022 compared to 2021 results primarily from the income tax provision impact related to the exercise of restricted stock.
Loss From Discontinued Operations. Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax, reflects information contained in the actuarial studies performed as of August 31, 2022 and 2021, as well as other information available and considered by us, and legal expenses and other costs associated with our asbestos-related liability. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recorded a net loss of $17.7 million and $8.5 million from discontinued operations, respectively. The loss from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 includes an $18.5 million and $5.3 million pre-tax provision, respectively, to increase our indemnity liability in line with the 2022 and 2021 actuarial studies; and legal expenses and other miscellaneous expenses, before taxes, of $5.4 million and $6.1 million for 2022 and 2021, respectively. As discussed more fully in Note 23 “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report, we are responsible for certain future liabilities relating to alleged exposure to asbestos containing products.
Net Earnings Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest. In May 2021, we acquired the Trombetta business for $111.7 million. As part of the acquisition, we acquired a 70% ownership in a joint venture in Hong Kong, with operations in Shanghai and Wuxi, China (“Trombetta Asia, Ltd.”). Net earnings attributable to the noncontrolling interest of $84,000 and $68,000 during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, represents 30% of the net earnings of Trombetta Asia, Ltd.
Comparison of Results of Operations For Fiscal Years 2021 and 2020
For a detailed discussion on the comparison of fiscal year 2021 to fiscal year 2020, see Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
Restructuring and Integration Programs
For a detailed discussion on the restructuring and integration costs, see Note 3, “Restructuring and Integration Expense,” of the Notes Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Operating Activities. During 2022, cash used in operating activities was $27.5 million compared to cash provided by operating activities of $85.6 million in 2021. The increase in cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from the decrease in net earnings, the smaller year-over-year decrease in accounts receivable, the decrease in accounts payable compared to a year-over-year increase in accounts payable, the larger year-over-year increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and the decrease in sundry payables and accrued expenses compared to a year-over-year increase in sundry payables and accrued expenses offset, in part, by the smaller year-over-year increase in inventories.
Net earnings during 2022 were $55.4 million compared to $91 million in 2021. During 2022 (1) the decrease in accounts receivable was $6.9 million compared to the year-over-year decrease in accounts receivable of $28.5 million in 2021; (2) the increase in inventories was $67.5 million compared to the year-over-year increase in inventories of $107.6 million in 2021; (3) the decrease in accounts payable was $48.6 million compared to the year-over-year increase in accounts payable of $33 million in 2021; (4) the increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets was $5.5 million compared to the year-over-year increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.8 million in 2021; and (5) the decrease in sundry payables and accrued expenses was $29.1 million compared to the year-over-year increase in sundry payables and accrued expenses of $13.4 million in 2021. The increase in inventories during 2022 and 2021 reflects actions taken beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021 to meet ongoing customer demand, the impact of materials inflation, and higher safety stocks of raw materials given the volatility in the supply chain. The decrease in accounts payable in 2022 reflects the timing of payments to vendors for inventory purchases made in the fourth quarter of 2021, as well as the timing of inventory purchases made in 2022, including the impact of a reduction in inventory purchases in the second half of the year; while the decrease in sundry payments in 2022 reflects the impact of lower employee compensation accruals. We continue to actively manage our working capital to maximize our operating cash flow.
Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities was $27.8 million in 2022 compared to $151.2 million in 2021. Investing activities during 2022 consisted of (1) the cash payment of $1.7 million for our acquisition of 100% of the capital stock of Kade Trading GmbH, a German company, (“Kade”) , net of $1 million of cash acquired and the $0.5 million earn-out; (2) the payment of $0.2 million for our 3.55% increase in equity ownership in Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., (“CYJ”), a China-based joint venture that manufactures automotive electric air conditioning compressors; and (3) capital expenditures of $26 million.
Investing activities in 2021 consisted of (1) the payment of $15.4 million, net of $0.9 million of cash acquired, for our acquisition of 100% of the capital stock of Stabil Operative Group GmbH, a German company, (“Stabil”); (2) the payment of $107.1 million, net of $4.6 million of cash acquired, for our acquisition of 100% of the capital stock of Trumpet Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, (“Trombetta”); (3) the payment of $2.9 million for our acquisition of certain assets of the soot sensor product lines from Stoneridge, Inc.; and (4) capital expenditures of $25.9 million.
Financing Activities. Cash provided by financing activities was $55.5 million in 2022 compared to $69 million in 2021. In June 2022, we entered into a new credit agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent. The new credit agreement provides for a $500 million credit facility comprised of a $100 million term loan facility and a $400 million revolving credit facility. Borrowings under the new credit facility were used to repay all outstanding borrowings under the then existing revolving credit facility, and certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the refinancing.
During 2022, we (1) increased our borrowings under our revolving credit facilities by $114.2 million; (2) reduced our borrowings under lease obligations and our Polish overdraft facility by $2.9 million; (3) made cash payments of $2.1 million for debt issuance costs in connection with our refinancing; (4) made cash payments for the repurchase of shares of our common stock of $29.7 million; and (5) paid dividends of $23.4 million. Cash provided by borrowings under our credit facilities were used to fund our operating activities, investing activities, reduce our borrowings under lease obligations and our Polish overdraft facility, pay debt issuance costs in connection with the refinancing, purchase shares of our common stock and pay dividends.
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Cash provided by financing activities was $69 million in 2021. During 2021, we (1) increased our borrowings under our revolving credit facility by $115.3 million; (2) increased our borrowings under lease obligations and our Polish overdraft facility by $3 million; (3) made cash payments for the repurchase of shares of our common stock of $26.8 million; and (4) paid dividends of $22.2 million. Cash provided by operating activities, along with borrowings under our revolving credit agreement, lease obligations and Polish overdraft facility were used to fund our investing activities, purchase shares of our common stock and pay dividends.
Dividends of $23.4 million and $22.2 million were paid in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Quarterly dividends were paid at a rate of $0.27 in 2022 and $0.25 in 2021. In February 2023, our Board of Directors voted to increase our quarterly dividend from $0.27 per share in 2022 to $0.29 per share in 2023.
Comparison of Liquidity and Capital Resources For Fiscal Years 2021 and 2020
For a detailed discussion of our Liquidity and Capital Resources comparison of fiscal year 2021 to fiscal year 2020, see Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
Liquidity
Our primary cash requirements include working capital, capital expenditures, regular quarterly dividends, stock repurchases, principal and interest payments on indebtedness and acquisitions. Our primary sources of funds are ongoing net cash flows from operating activities and availability under our Credit Agreement (as detailed below).
In June 2022, we entered into a new Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $500 million credit facility comprised of a $100 million term loan facility (the “term loan”) and a $400 million multi-currency revolving credit facility available in U.S. Dollars, Euros, Sterling, Swiss Francs, Canadian Dollars and other currencies as agreed to by the administrative agent and the lenders (the “revolving facility”). The Credit Agreement replaces and refinances the existing Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2015, among the Company, SMP Motor Products Ltd. and Trumpet Holdings, Inc., as borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and the other lenders named therein (the “2015 Credit Agreement”).
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement were used to repay all outstanding borrowings under the 2015 Credit Agreement, and pay certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Credit Agreement, with future borrowings used for other general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries. The term loan amortizes in quarterly installments of 1.25% in each of the first four years, and quarterly installments of 2.5% in the fifth year of the Credit Agreement. The revolving facility has a $25 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $25 million sub-limit for the borrowing of swingline loans. The maturity date is June 1, 2027. The Company may request up to two one-year extensions of the maturity date.
The Company may, upon the agreement of one or more of then existing lenders or of additional financial institutions not currently party to the Credit Agreement, increase the revolving facility commitments or obtain incremental term loans by an aggregate amount not to exceed (x) the greater of (i) $168 million or (ii) 100% of consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for the four fiscal quarters ended most recently before such date, plus (y) the amount of any voluntary prepayment of term loans, plus (z) an unlimited amount so long as, immediately after giving effect thereto, the pro forma First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) does not exceed 2.5 to 1.0.
Term loan and revolver facility borrowings in U.S. Dollars bear interest, at the Company’s election, at a rate per annum equal to Term SOFR plus 0.10% plus an applicable margin, or an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin, where the alternate base rate is the greater of the prime rate, the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and one-month Term SOFR plus 0.10% plus 1.00%. Term loan borrowings are being made at one-month Term SOFR. The applicable margin for the term benchmark borrowings ranges from 1.0% to 2.0%, and the applicable margin for alternate base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 1.0%, in each case, based on the total net leverage ratio of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries. The Company may select interest periods of one, three or six months for Term SOFR borrowings. Interest is payable at the end of the selected interest period, but no less frequently than quarterly.
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The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by its material domestic subsidiaries (each, a “Guarantor”), and secured by a first priority perfected security interest in substantially all of the existing and future personal property of the Company and each Guarantor, subject to certain exceptions. The collateral security described above also secures certain banking services obligations and interest rate swaps and currency or other hedging obligations of the Company owing to any of the then existing lenders or any affiliates thereof. Concurrently with the Company’s entry into the Credit Agreement, the Company also entered into a seven year interest rate swap agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Co-Syndication Agent and lender under the Credit Agreement, on $100 million of borrowings under the Credit Agreement. The interest rate swap agreement matures in May 2029.
Outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2022 under the Credit Agreement were $239.5 million, consisting of current borrowings of $55 million and long-term debt of $184.5 million; while outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2021 under the 2015 Credit Agreement were $125.3 million, consisting of current borrowings. Letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Agreement were $2.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $2.6 million under the 2015 Credit Agreement at December 31, 2021. Borrowings at December 31, 2021 under the 2015 Credit Agreement have been classified as current liabilities based upon accounting rules and certain provisions in the agreement.
At December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate under our Credit Agreement was 5.2%, which consisted of $237 million in borrowings at 5.2% under Term SOFR, adjusted for the impact of the interest rate swap agreement on $100 million of borrowings, and an alternative base rate borrowing of $2.5 million at 8%. At December 31, 2021, the weighted average interest rate on our 2015 Credit Agreement was 1.4%, which consisted of $125 million in direct borrowings at 1.4% and alternative base rate loan of $0.3 million at 3.5%. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our average daily alternative base rate loan balance was $5.6 million, compared to a balance of $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the creation of liens, mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions, sales of assets, dividends and other payments in respect of equity interests, acquisitions, investments, loans and guarantees, subject, in each case, to customary exceptions, thresholds and baskets. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default.
In October 2022, our Polish subsidiary, SMP Poland sp. z.o.o., amended its overdraft facility with HSBC Continental Europe (Spolka Akcyjna) Oddzial w Polsce to provide for borrowings under the facility in Euros and U.S. Dollars. Under the amended terms, the overdraft facility provides for borrowings of up to Zloty 30 million (approximately $6.8 million) if borrowings are solely in Zloty, or up to 85% of the Zloty 30 million limit (approximately $5.8 million) if borrowings are in Euros and/or U.S. Dollars. The overdraft facility has an initial maturity date in December 2022, with automatic three-month renewals until June 2027, subject to cancellation by either party, at its sole discretion, at least 30 days prior to the commencement of the three-month renewal period. Borrowings under the amended overdraft facility will bear interest at a rate equal to (1) the one month Warsaw Interbank Offered Rate (“WIBOR”) + 1.5% for borrowings in Polish Zloty, (2) the one month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”) + 1.5% for borrowings in Euros, and (3) the Mid-Point of the Fed Target Range + 1.75% for borrowings in U.S Dollars. Borrowings under the overdraft facility are guaranteed by Standard Motor Products, Inc., the ultimate parent company. At December 31, 2021, borrowings under the overdraft facility were Zloty 12.3 million (approximately $3 million). There were no borrowings outstanding under the overdraft facility at December 31, 2022.
In order to reduce our accounts receivable balances and improve our cash flow, we are party to several supply chain financing arrangements, in which we may sell certain of our customers’ trade accounts receivable to such customers’ financial institutions. We sell our undivided interests in certain of these receivables at our discretion when we determine that the cost of these arrangements is less than the cost of servicing our receivables with existing debt. Under the terms of the agreements, we retain no rights or interest, have no obligations with respect to the sold receivables, and do not service the receivables after the sale. As such, these transactions are being accounted for as a sale.
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Pursuant to these agreements, we sold $813.7 million and $818.8 million of receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Receivables presented at financial institutions and not yet collected as of December 31, 2021 were $1.3 million and remained in our receivable balance as of that date. There were no receivables presented at financial institutions and not yet collected as of December 31, 2022. All receivables sold were reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheet at the time of sale. A charge in the amount of $32 million, $11.5 million and $12.2 million related to the sale of receivables is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
To the extent that these arrangements are terminated, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity could be adversely affected by extended payment terms, delays or failures in collecting trade accounts receivables. The utility of the supply chain financing arrangements also depends upon a benchmark reference rate for the purpose of determining the discount rate applicable to each arrangement. If the benchmark reference rate increases significantly, we may be negatively impacted as we may not be able to pass these added costs on to our customers, which could have a material and adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In January 2023, one of our customers filed a petition for bankruptcy. In connection with the bankruptcy filing, we evaluated our potential risk and exposure as related to our outstanding accounts receivable balance from the customer as of December 31, 2022, and estimated our anticipated recovery. As a result of our evaluation, we recorded a $7 million pre-tax charge during the year ended December 31, 2022 to reduce our accounts receivable balance to our estimated recovery. The $7 million pre-tax charge is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations. We will continue to monitor the circumstances surrounding the bankruptcy in determining whether additional provisions may be necessary.
In March 2020, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $20 million of our common stock under a stock repurchase program. Stock repurchases under this program, during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, were 150,273 and 323,867 shares of our common stock, respectively, at a total cost of $6.5 million and $13.5 million, respectively, thereby completing the 2020 Board of Directors authorization.
In February 2021, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to an additional $20 million of our common stock under a stock repurchase program. Stock repurchases under this program, during the year ended December 31, 2021, were 464,992 shares of our common stock at a total cost of $20 million, thereby completing the 2021 Board of Directors authorization.
In October 2021, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $30 million of our common stock under a stock repurchase program. Stock repurchases under this program, during the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were 692,067 and 7,000 shares of our common stock, respectively, at a total cost of $29.7 million and $0.3 million, respectively, thereby completing the October 2021 Board of Directors authorization.
In July 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to an additional $30 million of our common stock under a new stock repurchase program. Stock will be purchased under the program from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, as market conditions warrant. To date, there have been no repurchases of our common stock under the program.
Material Cash Commitments
Material cash commitments as of December 31, 2022 consist of required cash payments to service our outstanding borrowings of $239.5 million under our Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, the future minimum cash requirements of $60.2 million through 2033 under operating leases, and future cash payments relating to our restructuring and integration activities of $4.9 million. All of our other cash commitments as of December 31, 2022 are not material. For additional information related to our material cash commitments, see Note 3, “Restructuring and Integration Expenses”, Note 7, “Leases,” and Note 11, “Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.
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We anticipate that our cash flow from operations, available cash, and available borrowings under our Credit Agreement will be adequate to meet our future liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months. Significant assumptions underlie this belief, including, among other things, that we will be able to mitigate the future impact, if any, of disruptions in the supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine and resultant sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments, future increases in interest rates, and significant inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor and transportation that we are unable to pass through our customers, macroeconomic uncertainty, and that there will be no material adverse developments in our business, liquidity or capital requirements. If material adverse developments were to occur in any of these areas, there can be no assurance that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us under our Credit Agreement in amounts sufficient to enable us to pay the principal and interest on our indebtedness, or to fund our other liquidity needs. In addition, if we default on any of our indebtedness, or breach any financial covenant in our Credit Agreement, our business could be adversely affected.
For further information regarding the risks in our business, refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Report.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We have identified the two accounting policies and estimates below as critical to our business operations and the understanding of our results of operations. The impact and any associated risks related to these policies and estimates on our business operations is discussed throughout “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” where such policies and estimates affect our reported and expected financial results. For a detailed discussion on the application of these and other accounting policies, see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.
You should be aware that preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. We can give no assurances that actual results will not differ from those estimates. Although we do not believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates, or in the assumptions that we use in calculating the estimates, the uncertain future effects, if any, of the disruptions in the supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine and resultant sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments, future increases in interest rates, inflation, macroeconomic uncertainty, and other unforeseen changes in the industry, or business, could materially impact the estimates, and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Valuation of Long‑Lived and Intangible Assets and Goodwill
At acquisition, we estimate and record the fair value of purchased intangible assets, which primarily consist of customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, patents, developed technology and intellectual property, and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets acquired through business combinations are subject to potential adjustments within the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date. Valuing intangible assets requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. As related to valuing customer relationships, significant estimates and assumptions used include but are not limited to: (1) forecasted revenues attributable to existing customers; (2) forecasted earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) margins; (3) customer attrition rates; and (4) the discount rate. Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill and certain other intangible assets having indefinite lives are not amortized to earnings, but instead are subject to periodic testing for impairment. Intangible assets determined to have definite lives are amortized over their remaining useful lives. We believe that the fair value of acquired identifiable net assets, including intangible assets, are based upon reasonable estimates and assumptions.
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We assess the impairment of long‑lived assets, identifiable intangibles assets and goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. With respect to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets having indefinite lives, we test for impairment on an annual basis or in interim periods if an event occurs or circumstances change that may indicate the fair value is below its carrying amount. Factors we consider important, which could trigger an impairment review, include the following: (a) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (b) significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business; and (c) significant negative industry or economic trends. We review the fair values using the discounted cash flows method and market multiples.
When performing our evaluation of goodwill for impairment, if we conclude qualitatively that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative impairment test would not be required. If we are unable to reach this conclusion, then we would perform a goodwill quantitative impairment test. In performing the quantitative test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount. A charge for impairment is recognized by the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
Identifiable intangible assets having indefinite lives are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis using a methodology similar with that used to evaluate goodwill. Intangible assets having definite lives and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events such as product discontinuance, plant closures, product dispositions or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In reviewing for impairment, we compare the carrying value of such assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. When the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than their carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the difference between the assets fair value and their carrying value.
There are inherent assumptions and estimates used in developing future cash flows requiring our judgment in applying these assumptions and estimates to the analysis of identifiable intangibles and long‑lived asset impairment including projecting revenues, interest rates, tax rates and the cost of capital. Many of the factors used in assessing fair value are outside our control and it is reasonably likely that assumptions and estimates will change in future periods. These changes can result in future impairments. In the event our planning assumptions were modified resulting in impairment to our assets, we would be required to include an expense in our statement of operations, which could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Asbestos Litigation
In evaluating our potential asbestos-related liability, we have considered various factors including, among other things, an actuarial study of the asbestos related liabilities performed by an independent actuarial firm, our settlement amounts and whether there are any co-defendants, the jurisdiction in which lawsuits are filed, and the status and results of such claims. As is our accounting policy, we consider the advice of actuarial consultants with experience in assessing asbestos-related liabilities to estimate our potential claim liability; and perform an actuarial evaluation in the third quarter of each year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary. The methodology used to project asbestos-related liabilities and costs in our actuarial study considered: (1) historical data available from publicly available studies; (2) an analysis of our recent claims history to estimate likely filing rates into the future; (3) an analysis of our currently pending claims; (4) an analysis of our settlements and awards of asbestos-related damages to date; and (5) an analysis of closed claims with pay ratios and lag patterns in order to develop average future settlement values. Based on the information contained in the actuarial study and all other available information considered by us, we have concluded that no amount within the range of settlement payments and awards of asbestos-related damages was more likely than any other and, therefore, in assessing our asbestos liability we compare the low end of the range to our recorded liability to determine if an adjustment is required. Future legal costs are expensed as incurred and reported in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations.
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We plan to perform an annual actuarial evaluation during the third quarter of each year for the foreseeable future and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary. Given the uncertainties associated with projecting such matters into the future and other factors outside our control, we can give no assurance that additional provisions will not be required. We will continue to monitor events and changes in circumstances surrounding these potential liabilities in determining whether to perform additional actuarial evaluations and whether additional provisions may be necessary, which will reported in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations. At the present time, however, we do not believe that any additional provisions would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or consolidated financial position. See Note 23, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report for additional information.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For a detailed discussion on recently issued accounting pronouncements and their impact on our consolidated financial statements, see Note 1, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Report.

ITEM 7A. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to market risk, primarily related to foreign currency exchange and interest rates. These exposures are actively monitored by management. Our exposure to foreign exchange rate risk is due to certain costs, revenues and borrowings being denominated in currencies other than one of our subsidiary’s functional currency. Similarly, we are exposed to market risk as the result of changes in interest rates, which may affect the cost of our financing. It is our policy and practice to use derivative financial instruments only to the extent necessary to manage exposures. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes.
Exchange Rate Risk
We have exchange rate exposure, primarily, with respect to the Canadian Dollar, the Euro, the British Pound, the Polish Zloty, the Hungarian Forint, the Mexican Peso, the Taiwan Dollar, the Chinese Yuan Renminbi and the Hong Kong Dollar. As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our monetary assets and liabilities which are subject to this exposure are immaterial, therefore, the potential immediate loss to us that would result from a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates would not be expected to have a material impact on our earnings or cash flows. This sensitivity analysis assumes an unfavorable 10% fluctuation in the exchange rates affecting the foreign currencies in which monetary assets and liabilities are denominated and does not take into account the incremental effect of such a change on our foreign currency denominated revenues.
Interest Rate Risk
We manage our exposure to interest rate risk through the proportion of fixed rate debt and variable rate debt in our debt portfolio. To reduce our market risk for changes in interest rates on our variable rate borrowings, and to manage a portion of our exposure to changes in interest rates, we occasionally enter into interest rate swap agreements.
In June 2022, we entered into a seven year interest rate swap agreement with a notional amount of $100 million that is to mature in May 2029. The interest rate swap agreement has been designated as a cash flow hedge of interest payments on $100 million of borrowings under our Credit Agreement. Under the terms of the swap agreement, we will receive monthly variable interest payments based on one month Term SOFR and will pay interest based upon a fixed rate of 2.683% per annum, adjusted upward for the credit spread adjustment in the Credit Agreement of 0.10% and the loan margin in the Credit Agreement of 1.50% at December 31, 2022.
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As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $239.5 million of outstanding borrowings under our credit facilities, of which approximately $139.5 million bears interest at variable rates of interest and $100 million bears interest at fixed rates, after consideration of the interest rate swap agreement entered into in June 2022. Additionally, we invest our excess cash in highly liquid short-term investments. Based upon our current level of borrowings under our facilities and our excess cash, the effect of a hypothetical, instantaneous and unfavorable change of 100 basis points in the interest rate may have an approximate $1.2 million annualized negative impact on our earnings or cash flows.
In addition, we are party to several supply chain financing arrangements, in which we may sell certain of our customers’ trade accounts receivable to such customers’ financial institutions. We sell our undivided interests in certain of these receivables at our discretion when we determine that the cost of these arrangements is less than the cost of servicing our receivables with existing debt. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold $813.7 million of receivables. Depending upon the level of sales of receivables pursuant these agreements, the effect of a hypothetical, instantaneous and unfavorable change of 100 basis points in the margin rate may have an approximate $8.1 million negative impact on our earnings or cash flows. The charge related to the sale of receivables is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.
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ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page No.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | 44
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Internal Control Over Financial Reporting | 45
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm—Consolidated Financial Statements | 47
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 49
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 50
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 | 51
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 52
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 | 53
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 54

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL
OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Stockholders of
Standard Motor Products, Inc. and Subsidiaries:
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.
All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Because of these inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation, and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
We assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Based on our assessment using those criteria, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, KPMG LLP, has audited our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022 and has also audited the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. KPMG’s report appears on the following pages of this “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM –
INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Standard Motor Products, Inc. and Subsidiaries:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Standard Motor Products, Inc and Subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule II, Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
New York, New York
February 22, 2023
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM –
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Standard Motor Products, Inc. and Subsidiaries:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Standard Motor Products, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (collectively, the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 22, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
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Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Asbestos liability and litigation
As discussed in Notes 1 and 23 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company is involved in asbestos litigation and has a potential asbestos liability. As of December 31, 2022, the accrued asbestos liability was $68 million. The Company’s asbestos liability represents the low end of the actuarially determined range of the undiscounted liability for settlement payments and awards of asbestos related damages, excluding legal costs and any potential recovery from insurance carriers.
We identified the assessment of the asbestos liability recorded as a critical audit matter. This required subjective auditor judgment, due to the nature of the estimate and assumptions, including the applicability of those assumptions to the current facts and circumstances, as well as judgments about future events and uncertainties. Specialized skills were needed to evaluate the Company’s key assumptions. The key assumptions included future claim filings, closed with pay ratios, closed with pay lag patterns, settlement values, large claims, and ratios of allocated loss adjustment exposure (ALAE) to indemnity. Minor changes to these key assumptions could have had a significant effect on the Company’s assessment of the accrual for the asbestos liability.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the asbestos liability estimation process. This included controls related to the key assumptions and the claims data utilized in the process, and the potential need for an updated actuarial valuation. We evaluated the asbestos related legal cases settled during the year and the number of open cases as of year-end by reading letters received directly from the Company’s external and internal legal counsel. We tested a selection of claims data used in the actuarial model by comparing the selection items to underlying claims documentation. We involved an actuarial professional with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in evaluating (1) the future claim filings assumption by developing an independent expectation and comparing it against the Company’s future claim filing assumption, and (2) the closed with pay ratios, closed with pay lag patterns, settlement values, large claims, and ratios of ALAE to indemnity by comparing them to the Company’s historical experience.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.
New York, New York
February 22, 2023
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |
Net sales |  | $ | 1,371,815 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |  |  | $ | 1,128,588 |
Cost of sales |  |  | 989,276 |  |  |  | 921,885 |  |  |  | 791,933 |
Gross profit |  |  | 382,539 |  |  |  | 376,931 |  |  |  | 336,655 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 276,626 |  |  |  | 247,547 |  |  |  | 224,670 |
Intangible asset impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,600 |
Restructuring and integration expenses |  |  | 1,891 |  |  |  | 392 |  |  |  | 464 |
Other income (expense), net |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (26 | )
Operating income |  |  | 104,135 |  |  |  | 128,999 |  |  |  | 108,895 |
Other non-operating income, net |  |  | 4,814 |  |  |  | 3,494 |  |  |  | 812 |
Interest expense |  |  | 10,617 |  |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 2,328 |
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | 98,332 |  |  |  | 130,465 |  |  |  | 107,379 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 25,206 |  |  |  | 31,044 |  |  |  | 26,962 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  |  | 73,126 |  |  |  | 99,421 |  |  |  | 80,417 |
Loss from discontinued operations, net of income tax benefit of $6,216, $2,975 and $8,089 |  |  | (17,691 | ) |  |  | (8,467 | ) |  |  | (23,024 | )
Net earnings |  |  | 55,435 |  |  |  | 90,954 |  |  |  | 57,393 |
Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interest |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | — |
Net earnings attributable to SMP (a) |  | $ | 55,351 |  |  | $ | 90,886 |  |  | $ | 57,393 |
Net earnings attributable to SMP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 73,042 |  |  | $ | 99,353 |  |  | $ | 80,417 |
Discontinued operations |  |  | (17,691 | ) |  |  | (8,467 | ) |  |  | (23,024 | )
Total |  | $ | 55,351 |  |  | $ | 90,886 |  |  | $ | 57,393 |
Per share data attributable to SMP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings per common share – Basic: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 3.37 |  |  | $ | 4.49 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |
Discontinued operations |  |  | (0.82 | ) |  |  | (0.39 | ) |  |  | (1.02 | )
Net earnings per common share – Basic |  | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 4.10 |  |  | $ | 2.57 |
Net earnings per common share – Diluted: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 3.30 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |  |  | $ | 3.52 |
Discontinued operations |  |  | (0.80 | ) |  |  | (0.37 | ) |  |  | (1.01 | )
Net earnings per common share – Diluted |  | $ | 2.50 |  |  | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 2.51 |
Dividend declared per share |  | $ | 1.08 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
Average number of common shares |  |  | 21,683,719 |  |  |  | 22,147,479 |  |  |  | 22,374,123 |
Average number of common shares and dilutive common shares |  |  | 22,139,981 |  |  |  | 22,616,456 |  |  |  | 22,825,885 |

(a) Throughout this Form 10-K, “SMP” refers to Standard Motor Products, Inc. and subsidiaries.
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Net earnings |  | $ | 55,435 |  |  | $ | 90,954 |  |  | $ | 57,393 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (8,222 | ) |  |  | (2,462 | ) |  |  | 2,929 |
Derivative instruments |  |  | 3,823 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Pension and postretirement plans |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (16 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (4,414 | ) |  |  | (2,478 | ) |  |  | 2,913 |
Total comprehensive income |  |  | 51,021 |  |  |  | 88,476 |  |  |  | 60,306 |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | — |
Comprehensive income attributable to SMP |  | $ | 51,050 |  |  | $ | 88,393 |  |  | $ | 60,306 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (Dollars in thousands, except share data) |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT ASSETS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 21,150 |  |  | $ | 21,755 |
Accounts receivable, less allowances for discounts and expected credit losses of $5,375 and $6,170 in 2022 and 2021, respectively |  |  | 167,638 |  |  |  | 180,604 |
Inventories |  |  | 528,715 |  |  |  | 468,755 |
Unreturned customer inventories |  |  | 19,695 |  |  |  | 22,268 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 25,241 |  |  |  | 17,823 |
Total current assets |  |  | 762,439 |  |  |  | 711,205 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 107,148 |  |  |  | 102,786 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 49,838 |  |  |  | 40,469 |
Goodwill |  |  | 132,087 |  |  |  | 131,652 |
Other intangibles, net |  |  | 100,504 |  |  |  | 106,234 |
Deferred incomes taxes |  |  | 33,658 |  |  |  | 36,126 |
Investments in unconsolidated affiliates |  |  | 41,745 |  |  |  | 44,087 |
Other assets |  |  | 27,510 |  |  |  | 25,402 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,254,929 |  |  | $ | 1,197,961 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CURRENT LIABILITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current portion of revolving credit facility |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 125,298 |
Current portion of term loan and other debt |  |  | 5,031 |  |  |  | 3,117 |
Accounts payable |  |  | 89,247 |  |  |  | 137,167 |
Sundry payables and accrued expenses |  |  | 49,990 |  |  |  | 57,182 |
Accrued customer returns |  |  | 37,169 |  |  |  | 42,412 |
Accrued core liability |  |  | 22,952 |  |  |  | 23,663 |
Accrued rebates |  |  | 37,381 |  |  |  | 42,472 |
Payroll and commissions |  |  | 31,361 |  |  |  | 45,058 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 323,131 |  |  |  | 476,369 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 184,589 |  |  |  | 21 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  |  | 40,709 |  |  |  | 31,206 |
Other accrued liabilities |  |  | 22,157 |  |  |  | 25,040 |
Accrued asbestos liabilities |  |  | 63,305 |  |  |  | 52,698 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 633,891 |  |  |  | 585,334 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common Stock - par value $2.00 per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 30,000,000 shares, issued 23,936,036 shares |  |  | 47,872 |  |  |  | 47,872 |
Capital in excess of par value |  |  | 105,615 |  |  |  | 105,377 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 564,242 |  |  |  | 532,319 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | (12,470 | ) |  |  | (8,169 | )
Treasury stock - at cost (2,350,377 shares and 1,911,792 shares in 2022 and 2021, respectively) |  |  | (95,239 | ) |  |  | (75,819 | )
Total SMP stockholders’ equity |  |  | 610,020 |  |  |  | 601,580 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 11,018 |  |  |  | 11,047 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 621,038 |  |  |  | 612,627 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,254,929 |  |  | $ | 1,197,961 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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Index
STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net earnings |  | $ | 55,435 |  |  | $ | 90,954 |  |  | $ | 57,393 |
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 28,298 |  |  |  | 27,243 |  |  |  | 26,323 |
Amortization of deferred financing cost |  |  | 421 |  |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 228 |
Increase (decrease) to allowance for expected credit losses |  |  | (757 | ) |  |  | 451 |  |  |  | 396 |
Increase (decrease) to inventory reserves |  |  | 6,035 |  |  |  | (585 | ) |  |  | 5,962 |
Customer bankruptcy charge |  |  | 7,002 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Intangible asset impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,600 |
Equity income from joint ventures |  |  | (3,464 | ) |  |  | (3,295 | ) |  |  | (820 | )
Employee Stock Ownership Plan allocation |  |  | 2,296 |  |  |  | 2,513 |  |  |  | 2,301 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 8,178 |  |  |  | 9,479 |  |  |  | 8,101 |
(Increase) in deferred income taxes |  |  | (713 | ) |  |  | (1,801 | ) |  |  | (8,334 | )
Increase in tax valuation allowance |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 864 |
Loss on discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  | 17,691 |  |  |  | 8,467 |  |  |  | 23,024 |
Change in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable |  |  | 6,916 |  |  |  | 28,464 |  |  |  | (71,933 | )
(Increase) decrease in inventories |  |  | (67,495 | ) |  |  | (107,609 | ) |  |  | 17,984 |
(Increase) in prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (5,509 | ) |  |  | (843 | ) |  |  | (370 | )
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable |  |  | (48,604 | ) |  |  | 33,046 |  |  |  | 7,428 |
Increase (decrease) in sundry payables and accrued expenses |  |  | (29,089 | ) |  |  | 13,430 |  |  |  | 40,651 |
Net changes in other assets and liabilities |  |  | (5,242 | ) |  |  | (15,044 | ) |  |  | (13,902 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | (27,533 | ) |  |  | 85,564 |  |  |  | 97,896 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisitions of and investments in businesses |  |  | (1,934 | ) |  |  | (125,419 | ) |  |  | — |
Capital expenditures |  |  | (25,956 | ) |  |  | (25,875 | ) |  |  | (17,820 | )
Other investing activities |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 21 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (27,817 | ) |  |  | (151,249 | ) |  |  | (17,799 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings under term loan |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Repayments of term loan |  |  | (2,500 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net borrowings (repayments) under revolving credit facilities |  |  | 16,702 |  |  |  | 115,298 |  |  |  | (42,460 | )
Net borrowings (repayments) of other debt and capital lease obligations |  |  | (2,895 | ) |  |  | 3,048 |  |  |  | (4,248 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | (29,656 | ) |  |  | (26,862 | ) |  |  | (13,482 | )
Payments of debt issuance costs |  |  | (2,128 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Increase (decrease) in overdraft balances |  |  | (595 | ) |  |  | 247 |  |  |  | (108 | )
Dividends paid |  |  | (23,428 | ) |  |  | (22,179 | ) |  |  | (11,218 | )
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | (540 | ) |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 55,500 |  |  |  | 69,012 |  |  |  | (71,516 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | (755 | ) |  |  | (1,060 | ) |  |  | 535 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (605 | ) |  |  | 2,267 |  |  |  | 9,116 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS at beginning of year |  |  | 21,755 |  |  |  | 19,488 |  |  |  | 10,372 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS at end of year |  | $ | 21,150 |  |  | $ | 21,755 |  |  | $ | 19,488 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 9,892 |  |  | $ | 1,721 |  |  | $ | 2,187 |
Income taxes |  | $ | 25,015 |  |  | $ | 26,323 |  |  | $ | 24,640 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  | Common Stock |  |  | Capital in Excess of Par Value |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Total SMP |  |  | Non- controlling Interest |  |  | Total |
(In thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2019 |  | $ | 47,872 |  |  | $ | 102,742 |  |  | $ | 417,437 |  |  | $ | (8,589 | ) |  | $ | (55,234 | ) |  | $ | 504,228 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 504,228 |
Net earnings |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,393 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,393 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57,393 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,913 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,913 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,913 |
Cash dividends paid ($0.50 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,218 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,218 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (11,218 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13,482 | ) |  |  | (13,482 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (13,482 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,712 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,389 |  |  |  | 8,101 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,101 |
Employee Stock Ownership Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | 630 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,671 |  |  |  | 2,301 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,301 |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2020 |  |  | 47,872 |  |  |  | 105,084 |  |  |  | 463,612 |  |  |  | (5,676 | ) |  |  | (60,656 | ) |  |  | 550,236 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 550,236 |
Noncontrolling interest in business acquired |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,504 |  |  |  | 11,504 |
Net earnings |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,886 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90,886 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 90,954 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,493 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,493 | ) |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (2,478 | )
Cash dividends paid ($1.00 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,179 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,179 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (22,179 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,862 | ) |  |  | (26,862 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,862 | )
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (540 | ) |  |  | (540 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,320 |  |  |  | 9,479 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,479 |
Employee Stock Ownership Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,379 |  |  |  | 2,513 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,513 |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2021 |  |  | 47,872 |  |  |  | 105,377 |  |  |  | 532,319 |  |  |  | (8,169 | ) |  |  | (75,819 | ) |  |  | 601,580 |  |  |  | 11,047 |  |  |  | 612,627 |
Net earnings |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 55,351 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 55,351 |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 55,435 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,301 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,301 | ) |  |  | (113 | ) |  |  | (4,414 | )
Cash dividends paid ($1.08 per share) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23,428 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23,428 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23,428 | )
Purchase of treasury stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,656 | ) |  |  | (29,656 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29,656 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | — |  |  |  | (131 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,309 |  |  |  | 8,178 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,178 |
Employee Stock Ownership Plan |  |  | — |  |  |  | 369 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,927 |  |  |  | 2,296 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,296 |
BALANCE AT DECEMBER 31, 2022 |  | $ | 47,872 |  |  | $ | 105,615 |  |  | $ | 564,242 |  |  | $ | (12,470 | ) |  | $ | (95,239 | ) |  | $ | 610,020 |  |  | $ | 11,018 |  |  | $ | 621,038 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Principles of Consolidation
Standard Motor Products, Inc. and subsidiaries (referred to hereinafter in these notes to the consolidated financial statements as “we,” “us,” “our,” “SMP,” or the “Company”) is a leading manufacturer and distributor of premium replacement parts utilized in the maintenance, repair and service of vehicles in the automotive aftermarket industry with a complementary focus on specialized equipments parts for manufacturers across multiple industries around the world.
The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and all domestic and international companies in which we have more than a 50% equity ownership, except in instances where the minority shareholder maintains substantive participating rights, in which case we follow the equity method of accounting. In instances where we have more than a 50% equity ownership and the minority shareholder does not maintain substantive participating rights, our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the company on a consolidated basis with its net income and equity reported at amounts attributable to both our equity position and that of the noncontrolling interest. Investments in unconsolidated affiliates are accounted for on the equity method, as we do not have a controlling financial interest but have the ability to exercise significant influence. All significant inter-company items have been eliminated.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. We have made a number of estimates and assumptions in the preparation of these consolidated financial statements. We can give no assurances that actual results will not differ from those estimates. Although we do not believe that there is a reasonable likelihood that there will be a material change in the future estimates, or in the assumptions that we use in calculating the estimates, the uncertain future effects, if any, of disruptions in the supply chain caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s invasion of the Ukraine and resultant sanctions imposed by the U.S. and other governments, future increases in interest rates, inflation, macroeconomic uncertainty, and other unforeseen changes in the industry, or business, could materially impact the estimates, and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Some of the more significant estimates include allowances for expected credit losses, cash discounts, valuation of inventory, valuation of long-lived assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, depreciation and amortization of long-lived assets, product liability exposures, asbestos, environmental and litigation matters, valuation of deferred tax assets, share based compensation and sales returns and other allowances.
Reclassification
Certain prior period amounts in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been reclassified to conform to the 2022 presentation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses and Cash Discounts
We do not generally require collateral for our trade accounts receivable. Accounts receivable have been reduced by an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. These allowances are established based on a combination of write-off history, supportable forecasts, aging analysis, and specific account evaluations. When a receivable balance is known to be uncollectible, it is written off against the allowance for expected credit losses. In January 2023, one of our customers filed a petition for bankruptcy. In connection with the bankruptcy filing, we evaluated our potential risk and exposure as related to our outstanding accounts receivable balance from the customer as of December 31, 2022, and estimated our anticipated recovery. As a result of our evaluation, we recorded a $7 million pre-tax charge during the year ended December 31, 2022 to reduce our accounts receivable balance to our estimated recovery. We will continue to monitor the circumstances surrounding the bankruptcy in determining whether additional provisions may be necessary. Cash discounts are provided based on an overall average experience rate applied to qualifying accounts receivable balances.
Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined on the first-in first-out basis. Where appropriate, standard cost systems are utilized for purposes of determining cost; the standards are adjusted as necessary to ensure they approximate actual costs. Estimates of lower of cost and net realizable value of inventory are determined by comparing the actual cost of the product to the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation of the inventory.
We also evaluate inventories on a regular basis to identify inventory on hand that may be obsolete or in excess of current and future projected market demand. For inventory deemed to be obsolete, we provide a reserve on the full value of the inventory. Inventory that is in excess of current and projected use is reduced by an allowance to a level that approximates our estimate of future demand. Future projected demand requires management judgment and is based upon (a) our review of historical trends and (b) our estimate of projected customer specific buying patterns and trends in the industry and markets in which we do business. Using rolling twelve month historical information, we estimate future demand on a continuous basis. The historical volatility of such estimates has been minimal. We maintain provisions for inventory reserves of $42.5 million and $46.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
We utilize cores (used parts) in our remanufacturing processes for air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors, and diesel pumps. The production of air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors, and diesel pumps involves the rebuilding of used cores, which we acquire either in outright purchases from used parts brokers, or from returns pursuant to an exchange program with customers. Under such exchange programs, at the time of sale of air conditioning compressors, diesel injectors, and diesel pumps, we estimate the core expected to be returned from the customer and record the estimated return as unreturned customer inventory.
In addition, many of our customers can return inventory to us based upon customer warranty and overstock arrangements within customer specific limits. At the time products are sold, we accrue a liability for product warranties and overstock returns and record as unreturned customer inventory our estimate of anticipated customer returns. Estimates are based upon historical information on the nature, frequency and probability of the customer return. Unreturned core, warranty and overstock customer inventory is recorded at standard cost. Revision to these estimates is made when necessary, based upon changes in these factors. We regularly study trends of such claims.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Property, Plant and Equipment
Property, plant and equipment are recorded at historical cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method of depreciation over the estimated useful lives as follows:

| Estimated Life
Buildings | 25 to 33-1/2 years
Building improvements | 10 to 25 years
Machinery and equipment | 5 to 12 years
Tools, dies and auxiliary equipment | 3 to 8 years
Furniture and fixtures | 3 to 12 years

Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the term of the lease. Costs related to maintenance and repairs which do not prolong the assets useful lives are expensed as incurred. We assess our property, plant and equipment to be held and used for impairment when indicators are present that the carrying value may not be recoverable.
Leases
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. For operating leases, we include and report operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, sundry payables and accrued expenses, and noncurrent operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet for leases with a term longer than twelve months. Finance leases are reported on our consolidated balance sheets in property, plant and equipment, current portion of other debt, and long-term debt.
Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the total lease payments over the lease term. Our ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying leased asset over the existing lease term, and the corresponding lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease agreement. As most of our leases do not provide for an implicit rate, we use our secured incremental borrowing rate based on the information available when determining the present value of our lease payments. Our lease terms may include options to terminate, or extend, our lease when it is reasonably certain that we will execute the option. Lease agreements may contain lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Valuation of Long-Lived and Intangible Assets and Goodwill
At acquisition, we estimate and record the fair value of purchased intangible assets, which primarily consist of customer relationships, trademarks and trade names, patents, developed technology and intellectual property, and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets acquired through business combinations are subject to potential adjustments within the measurement period, which is up to one year from the acquisition date. Valuing intangible assets requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions. As related to valuing customer relationships, significant estimates and assumptions used include but are not limited to: (1) forecasted revenues attributable to existing customers; (2) forecasted earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”) margins; (3) customer attrition rates; and (4) the discount rate. Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill and certain other intangible assets having indefinite lives are not amortized to earnings, but instead are subject to periodic testing for impairment. Intangible assets determined to have definite lives are amortized over their remaining useful lives. We believe that the fair value of acquired identifiable net assets, including intangible assets, are based upon reasonable estimates and assumptions.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
We assess the impairment of long‑lived assets, identifiable intangibles assets and goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. With respect to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets having indefinite lives, we test for impairment on an annual basis or in interim periods if an event occurs or circumstances change that may indicate the fair value is below its carrying amount. Factors we consider important, which could trigger an impairment review, include the following: (a) significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results; (b) significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business; and (c) significant negative industry or economic trends. We review the fair values using the discounted cash flows method and market multiples.
When performing our evaluation of goodwill for impairment, if we conclude qualitatively that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative impairment test would not be required. If we are unable to reach this conclusion, then we would perform a goodwill quantitative impairment test. In performing the quantitative test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount. A charge for impairment is recognized by the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
Identifiable intangible assets having indefinite lives are reviewed for impairment on an annual basis using a methodology similar with that used to evaluate goodwill. Intangible assets having definite lives and other long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events such as product discontinuance, plant closures, product dispositions or other changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In reviewing intangible assets having definite lives and other long-lived assets for impairment, we compare the carrying value of such assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. When the estimated undiscounted future cash flows are less than their carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the difference between the assets fair value and their carrying value.
There are inherent assumptions and estimates used in developing future cash flows requiring our judgment in applying these assumptions and estimates to the analysis of identifiable intangibles and long‑lived asset impairment including projecting revenues, interest rates, tax rates and the cost of capital. Many of the factors used in assessing fair value are outside our control and it is reasonably likely that assumptions and estimates will change in future periods. These changes can result in future impairments. In the event our planning assumptions were modified resulting in impairment to our assets, we would be required to include an expense in our statement of operations, which could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Foreign Currency Translation
Assets and liabilities of our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates. Income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rates prevailing during the year. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and remains there until the underlying foreign operation is liquidated or substantially disposed of. Foreign currency transaction gains or losses are recorded in the statement of operations under the caption “other non-operating income (expense), net.”
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Revenue Recognition
We derive our revenue primarily from sales of replacement parts for motor vehicles from both our Engine Management and Temperature Control Segments. We recognize revenues when our performance obligation has been satisfied and the control of products has been transferred to a customer which typically occurs upon shipment. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for the transfer of goods or providing services. The amount of consideration we receive and revenue we recognize depends on the marketing incentives, product warranty and overstock returns we offer to our customers. For certain of our sales of remanufactured products, we also charge our customers a deposit for the return of a used core component which we can use in our future remanufacturing activities. Such deposit is not recognized as revenue at the time of the sale but rather carried as a core liability. At the same time, we estimate the core expected to be returned from the customer and record the estimated return as unreturned customer inventory. The liability is extinguished when a core is actually returned to us, or at period end when we estimate and recognize revenue for the core deposits not expected to be returned. We estimate and record provisions for cash discounts, quantity rebates, sales returns and warranties in the period the sale is recorded, based upon our prior experience and current trends. Significant management judgments and estimates must be made and used in estimating sales returns and allowances relating to revenue recognized in any accounting period.
Product Warranty and Overstock Returns
Many of our products carry a warranty ranging from a 90-day limited warranty to a lifetime limited warranty, which generally covers defects in materials or workmanship and failure to meet industry published specifications and/or the result of installation error. In addition to warranty returns, we also permit our customers to return new, undamaged products to us within customer-specific limits (which are generally limited to a specified percentage of their annual purchases from us) in the event that they have overstocked their inventories. At the time products are sold, we accrue a liability for product warranties and overstock returns as a percentage of sales based upon estimates established using historical information on the nature, frequency and average cost of the claim and the probability of the customer return. At the same time, we record an estimate of anticipated customer returns as unreturned customer inventory. Significant judgments and estimates must be made and used in connection with establishing the sales returns and other allowances in any accounting period. Revision to these estimates is made when necessary, based upon changes in these factors. We regularly study trends of such claims.
New Customer Acquisition Costs
New customer acquisition costs refer to arrangements pursuant to which we incur change-over costs to induce a new customer to switch from a competitor’s brand. In addition, change-over costs include the costs related to removing the new customer’s inventory and replacing it with our inventory commonly referred to as a stock lift. New customer acquisition costs are recorded as a reduction to revenue when incurred.
Selling, General and Administration Expenses
Selling, general and administration expenses include shipping costs and advertising, which are expensed as incurred. Shipping and handling charges, as well as freight to customers, are included in distribution expenses as part of selling, general and administration expenses.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Deferred Financing Costs
Deferred financing costs represent costs incurred in conjunction with our debt financing activities. Deferred financing costs related to our revolving credit facility are capitalized and amortized over the life of the related financing arrangement. If the debt is retired early, the related unamortized deferred financing costs are written off in the period the debt is retired and are recorded in the statement of operations under the caption other non-operating income (expense), net.
Accounting for Income Taxes
Income taxes are calculated using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, as measured by the current enacted tax rates.
We maintain valuation allowances when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred asset will not be realized. In determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted, we consider all positive and negative evidence and all sources of taxable income such as prior earnings history, expected future earnings, carryback and carryforward periods and tax strategies to estimate if sufficient future taxable income will be generated to realize the deferred tax asset. The assessment of the adequacy of our valuation allowance is based on our estimates of taxable income by jurisdiction in which we operate and the period over which our deferred tax assets will be recoverable. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or we adjust these estimates in future periods for current trends or expected changes in our estimating assumptions, we may need to modify the level of valuation allowance which could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The valuation allowance of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2022 is intended to provide for the uncertainty regarding the ultimate realization of our U.S. foreign tax credit carryovers and foreign net operating loss carryovers. Based on these considerations, we believe it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefit of the net deferred tax asset of $33.7 million as of December 31, 2022, which is net of the remaining valuation allowance.
Tax benefits are recognized for an uncertain tax position when, in management's judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount that is judged to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. The liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted periodically due to changing circumstances and when new information becomes available. Such adjustments are recognized entirely in the period in which they are identified. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we did not establish a liability for uncertain tax positions.
Environmental Reserves
We are subject to various U.S. Federal and state and local environmental laws and regulations and are involved in certain environmental remediation efforts. We estimate and accrue our liabilities resulting from such matters based upon a variety of factors including the assessments of environmental engineers and consultants who provide estimates of potential liabilities and remediation costs. Such estimates are not discounted to reflect the time value of money due to the uncertainty in estimating the timing of the expenditures, which may extend over several years. Potential recoveries from insurers or other third parties of environmental remediation liabilities are recognized independently from the recorded liability, and any asset related to the recovery will be recognized only when the realization of the claim for recovery is deemed probable.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Asbestos Litigation
In evaluating our potential asbestos-related liability, we have considered various factors including, among other things, an actuarial study of the asbestos related liabilities performed by an independent actuarial firm, our settlement amounts and whether there are any co-defendants, the jurisdiction in which lawsuits are filed, and the status and results of such claims. As is our accounting policy, we consider the advice of actuarial consultants with experience in assessing asbestos-related liabilities to estimate our potential claim liability; and perform an actuarial evaluation in the third quarter of each year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary. The methodology used to project asbestos-related liabilities and costs in our actuarial study considered: (1) historical data available from publicly available studies; (2) an analysis of our recent claims history to estimate likely filing rates into the future; (3) an analysis of our currently pending claims; (4) an analysis of our settlements and awards of asbestos-related damages to date; and (5) an analysis of closed claims with pay ratios and lag patterns in order to develop average future settlement values. Based on the information contained in the actuarial study and all other available information considered by us, we have concluded that no amount within the range of settlement payments and awards of asbestos-related damages was more likely than any other and, therefore, in assessing our asbestos liability we compare the low end of the range to our recorded liability to determine if an adjustment is required. Future legal costs are expensed as incurred and reported in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations.
We plan to perform an annual actuarial evaluation during the third quarter of each year for the foreseeable future and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary. Given the uncertainties associated with projecting such matters into the future and other factors outside our control, we can give no assurance that additional provisions will not be required. We will continue to monitor events and changes in circumstances surrounding these potential liabilities in determining whether to perform additional actuarial evaluations and whether additional provisions may be necessary, which will reported in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations. At the present time, however, we do not believe that any additional provisions would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or consolidated financial position.
Loss Contingencies
We have loss contingencies, for such matters as legal claims and legal proceedings. Establishing loss reserves for these matters requires estimates, judgment of risk exposure and ultimate liability. We record provisions when the liability is considered probable and reasonably estimable. Significant judgment is required for both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether an exposure can be reasonably estimated. We maintain an ongoing monitoring and identification process to assess how the activities are progressing against the accrued estimated costs. As additional information becomes available, we reassess our potential liability related to these matters. Adjustments to the liabilities are recorded in the statement of operations in the period when additional information becomes available. Such revisions of the potential liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash investments, accounts receivable and derivative financial instruments used to reduce our market risk for changes in interest rates on our variable rate borrowings. We place our cash investments with high quality financial institutions and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one institution. Derivative financial instruments used to reduce our market risk for changes in interest rates on our variable rate borrowings are entered into with high quality financial institutions, with their credit worthiness reviewed on a quarterly basis. Although we are directly affected by developments in the vehicle parts industry, management does not believe significant credit risk exists.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
With respect to accounts receivable, such receivables are primarily from warehouse distributors and major retailers in the automotive aftermarket industry located in the U.S. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial conditions. A significant portion of our net sales are concentrated from our three largest individual customers. The loss of one or more of these customers or, a significant reduction in purchases of our products from any one of them, could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In January 2023, one of our customers filed a petition for bankruptcy. In connection with the bankruptcy filing, we evaluated our potential risk and exposure as related to our outstanding accounts receivable balance from the customer as of December 31, 2022, and estimated our anticipated recovery. As a result of our evaluation, we recorded a $7 million pre-tax charge during the year ended December 31, 2022 to reduce our accounts receivable balance to our estimated recovery. The $7 million pre-tax charge is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations. We will continue to monitor the circumstances surrounding the bankruptcy in determining whether additional provisions may be necessary.
For further information on net sales to our three largest customers and our concentration our customer risk, see Note 21, “Industry Segment and Geographic Data.”
Foreign Cash Balances
Substantially all of the cash and cash equivalents, including foreign cash balances, at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were uninsured. Foreign cash balances at December 31, 2022 and 2021 were $18.5 million and $16.6 million, respectively.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We occasionally use derivative financial instruments to reduce our market risk for changes in interest rates on our variable rate borrowings. Derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value in other current and long-term assets, and other current and long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. For derivative financial instruments that have been formally designated as cash flow interest rate hedges (“interest rate swap agreements”), provided that the hedging instrument is highly effective, the entire change in the fair value of the derivative will be deferred and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in the consolidated balance sheets. When the underlying hedged transaction is realized (i.e., when the interest payments on the underlying borrowing are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations), the gain/loss included in AOCI is recorded in earnings and reflected on the same line as the gain/loss on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk (i.e., interest expense). At the inception of each transaction, we formally document the hedge relationship, including the identification of the hedge instrument, the related hedged items, the effectiveness of the hedge, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
Standards that were adopted

Standard |  | Description |  | Date of adoption / Effective date |  | Effects on the financial statements or other significant matters
ASU 2022-06 /ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting |  | These standards are intended to provide optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. The new standards are applicable to contracts that reference LIBOR, or another reference rate, expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. |  | ASU 2020-04 effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022, with sunset date extended to December 31, 2024 by ASU 2022–06. |  | During the year ended December 31, 2022, we entered into a new credit agreement and new supply chain financing arrangements that no longer used LIBOR as the reference rate. In connection with these new agreements, the adoption of the optional guidance provided in the new standards did not materially impact our accounting, consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Standards that are not yet adopted as of December 31, 2022
There are no recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet been adopted as of December 31, 2022 that could have a material impact on our financial statements.
2. Business Acquisitions and Investments
2022 Increase in Equity Investment
Investment in Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
In August 2019, we acquired an approximate 29% minority interest in Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (“CYJ”) for approximately $5.1 million. CYJ is a manufacturer of automotive electric air conditioning compressors and is located in China. We determined, at that time, that due to a lack of a voting majority and other qualitative factors, we do not control the operations of CYJ and accordingly, our investment in CYJ would be accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
In October 2022, we acquired an additional 3.55% equity interest in CYJ for RMB 1.7 million (approximately $242,000), increasing our minority ownership interest in CYJ from an approximate interest of 29% to 33%. The additional acquired ownership interest in CYJ was paid for in cash funded by borrowings under our Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent. We will continue to account for our minority interest in CYJ using the equity method of accounting.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
2022 Business Acquisitions
Acquisition of Capital Stock of Kade Trading GmbH (“Kade”)
In October 2022, we acquired 100% of the capital stock of Kade Trading GmbH (“Kade”) headquartered in Glinde, Germany for Euros 2.7 million (approximately $2.7 million), inclusive of closing balance sheet adjustments, plus a Euros 0.5 million (approximately $0.5 million) earn-out based upon Kade’s performance in 2024 and 2025. Kade is a supplier across Europe of mobile temperature control components to commercial vehicle, passenger car and specialty equipment markets and has been a distributor of CYJ products including electric compressors, hose assemblies and receiver dryers, with annual sales of approximately $6 million. The acquired Kade business, to be reported as part of our Temperature Control segment, was paid for with cash.
The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values (in thousands):

Purchase price |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,176 |
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | $ | 790 |  |  |  |  |
Inventory |  |  | 829 |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets (1) |  |  | 1,003 |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 63 |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 401 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | 2,395 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 766 |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  | (1,977 | ) |  |  |  |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  |  | (328 | ) |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (766 | ) |  |  |  |
Net assets acquired |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,176 |

| (1) | The other current assets balance includes $1 million of cash acquired.

Intangible assets acquired of $2.4 million consist of customer relationships that will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 15 years.
Incremental revenues from the acquired Kade business included in our consolidated statement of operations from the acquisition date through December 31, 2022 were $1.3 million.
2021 Business Acquisitions
Acquisition of Capital Stock of Stabil Operative Group GmbH (“Stabil”)
In September 2021, we acquired 100% of the capital stock of Stabil Operative Group GmbH, a German company (“Stabil”), for Euros 13.7 million, or $16.3 million. Stabil is a manufacturer and distributor of a variety of components, including electronic sensors, control units, and clamping devices to the European Original Equipment (“OE”) market, serving both commercial and light vehicle applications. The acquired Stabil business was paid for with cash funded by borrowings under our revolving credit facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, and is headquartered on the outskirts of Stuttgart, Germany with facilities in Germany and Hungary. The acquisition, reported as part of our Engine Management Segment, aligns with our strategy of expansion beyond our core aftermarket business into complementary areas, and gives us exposure to a diversified group of blue chip European commercial and light vehicle OE customers.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values (in thousands):

Purchase price |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,290 |
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | $ | 2,852 |  |  |  |  |
Inventory |  |  | 5,126 |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets (1) |  |  | 1,628 |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 1,810 |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 4,971 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | 5,471 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 4,827 |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  | (4,190 | ) |  |  |  |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  |  | (4,454 | ) |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (1,751 | ) |  |  |  |
Net assets acquired |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16,290 |

| (1) | The other current assets balance includes $0.9 million of cash acquired.

Intangible assets acquired of $5.5 million consist of customer relationships that will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 20 years. Goodwill of $4.8 million was allocated to the Engine Management Segment. The goodwill reflects relationships, business specific knowledge and the replacement cost of an assembled workforce associated with personal reputations. The intangible assets and goodwill are not deductible for tax purposes.
Incremental revenues from the acquired Stabil business included in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $14.9 million.
Acquisition of Capital Stock of Trumpet Holdings, Inc. (“Trombetta”)
In May 2021, we acquired 100% of the capital stock of Trumpet Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation, (more commonly known as “Trombetta”), for $111.7 million. Trombetta is a leading provider of power switching and power management products to Original Equipment (“OE”) customers in various markets. The acquired Trombetta business was paid for in cash funded by borrowings under our revolving credit facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, and has manufacturing facilities in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, Tijuana, Mexico, as well as a 70% ownership in a joint venture in Hong Kong, with operations in Shanghai and Wuxi, China (“Trombetta Asia, Ltd.”). The acquisition, to be reported as part of our Engine Management Segment, aligns with our strategy of expansion into non-aftermarket parts.
The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values, (in thousands):

Purchase price |  |  |  |  | $ | 111,711 |
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Receivables |  | $ | 9,173 |  |  |  |  |
Inventory |  |  | 12,460 |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets (1) |  |  | 5,193 |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 4,939 |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 3,847 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | 54,700 |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 49,250 |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  | (5,072 | ) |  |  |  |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  |  | (3,065 | ) |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (8,210 | ) |  |  |  |
Subtotal |  |  |  |  |  |  | 123,215 |
Fair value of acquired noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,504 | )
Net assets acquired |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 111,711 |

| (1) | The other current assets balance includes $4.6 million of cash acquired.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Intangible assets acquired of $54.7 million consist of customer relationships of $39.4 million that will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 20 years; developed technology of $13.4 million that will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 15 years; and a trade name of $1.9 million that will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 10 years. Goodwill of $49.3 million was allocated to the Engine Management Segment. The goodwill reflects relationships, business specific knowledge and the replacement cost of an assembled workforce associated with personal reputations. The intangible assets and goodwill are not deductible for tax purposes.
Incremental revenues from the acquired Trombetta business included in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $27.4 million.
Acquisition of Particulate Matter Sensor Business of Stoneridge, Inc. (“Soot Sensor”)
In March 2021 and November 2021, we agreed to acquire certain Soot Sensor product lines from Stoneridge, Inc for $2.9 million. The acquired product lines were paid for with cash funded by borrowings under our revolving credit facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The assets acquired include inventory, machinery, and equipment and certain intangible assets.
The product lines acquired are used to manufacture sensors used in the exhaust and emission systems of diesel engines. The product lines acquired were located in Stoneridge’s facilities in Lexington, Ohio and Tallinn, Estonia. We did not acquire these facilities, nor any of Stoneridge’s employees, and have substantially completed the relocation of the acquired inventory, machinery and equipment related to the production lines to our engine management plants in Independence, Kansas and Bialystok, Poland, respectively. The acquisition, reported as part of our Engine Management Segment, aligns with our strategy of expansion into the OE heavy duty market. Customer relationships to be acquired include Volvo, CNHi and Hino.
The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values (in thousands):

Purchase Price |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,924 |
Assets acquired and liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventory |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  |  |  |
Machinery and equipment, net |  |  | 1,137 |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | 755 |  |  |  |  |
Net assets acquired |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,924 |

Intangible assets acquired of approximately $0.8 million consist of customer relationships that will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 10 years.
Incremental revenues from the acquired Soot Sensor business included in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $2.3 million.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
3. Restructuring and Integration Expense
The aggregated liabilities included in “sundry payables and accrued expenses” and “other accrued liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet relating to the restructuring and integration activities as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Workforce Reduction |  |  | Other Exit Costs |  |  | Total |
Exit activity liability at December 31, 2020 |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 179 |
Restructuring and integration costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amounts provided for during 2021 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 392 |  |  |  | 392 |
Cash payments |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | (392 | ) |  |  | (492 | )
Exit activity liability at December 31, 2021 |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79 |
Restructuring and integration costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amounts provided for during 2022 (1) |  |  | 1,521 |  |  |  | 370 |  |  |  | 1,891 |
Cash payments |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (144 | ) |  |  | (160 | )
Reclassification of environmental and other liabilities |  |  | (63 | ) |  |  | (226 | ) |  |  | (289 | )
Exit activity liability at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,521 |

| (1) | Included in restructuring and integration costs in 2022 is a $0.2 million increase in environmental cleanup costs related to ongoing monitoring and remediation in connection with the prior closure of our manufacturing operations at our Long Island City, New York location. The environmental liability has been reclassed to accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2022.

Restructuring Costs
Cost Reduction Initiative
During the fourth quarter of 2022, to further our ongoing efforts to improve operating efficiencies and reduce costs, we announced plans for a reduction in our sales force, and initiated plans to relocate certain product lines from our Independence, Kansas manufacturing facility in our Engine Management segment and from our St. Thomas, Canada manufacturing facility in our Temperature Control segment to our manufacturing facilities in Reynosa, Mexico.
Total restructuring expenses related to the initiative of approximately $1.5 million were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2022 consisting of (1) expenses of approximately $0.9 million related to our sales force reduction, and (2) expenses of approximately $0.6 million consisting of employee severance related to our product line relocations. Total future restructuring costs related to the initiative and expected to be incurred are approximately $3.4 million. We anticipate that the Cost Reduction Initiative will be completed by the end of 2023.
Plant Rationalization Programs
The 2016 Plant Rationalization Program, which included the shutdown and sale of our Grapevine, Texas facility, and the 2017 Orlando Rationalization Program, which included the shutdown of our Orlando, Florida facility, has been completed. Cash payments made of $16,000 and $100,000 during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, consists of severance payments to former employees terminated in connection with these programs. There is no remaining aggregate liability related to these programs as of December 31, 2022.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Integration Costs
Particulate Matter Senso r (“Soot Sensor”) Product Line Relocation
In connection with our acquisitions in March 2021 and November 2021 of certain soot sensor product lines from Stoneridge, Inc., we incurred certain integration expenses in connection with the relocation of certain inventory, machinery, and equipment from Stoneridge’s facilities in Lexington, Ohio and Tallinn, Estonia to our existing facilities in Independence, Kansas and Bialystok, Poland, respectively. Integration expenses recognized and cash payments made of $144,000 and $392,000, during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to these relocation activities in our Engine Management segment.The soot sensor product line relocation has been substantially completed and there is no remaining aggregate liability related to the soot sensor product line relocation as of December 31, 2022.
4. Sale of Receivables
We are party to several supply chain financing arrangements, in which we may sell certain of our customers’ trade accounts receivable to such customers’ financial institutions. We sell our undivided interests in certain of these receivables at our discretion when we determine that the cost of these arrangements is less than the cost of servicing our receivables with existing debt. Under the terms of the agreements, we retain no rights or interest, have no obligations with respect to the sold receivables, and do not service the receivables after the sale. As such, these transactions are being accounted for as a sale.
Pursuant to these agreements, we sold $813.7 million and $818.8 million of receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Receivables presented at financial institutions and not yet collected as of December 31, 2021 were $1.3 million and remained in our accounts receivable balance as of that date. There were no receivables presented at financial institutions and not yet collected as of December 31, 2022. All receivables sold were reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheet at the time of sale. A charge in the amount of $32 million, $11.5 million and $12.2 million related to the sale of receivables is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
To the extent that these arrangements are terminated, our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and liquidity could be adversely affected by extended payment terms, delays or failures in collecting trade accounts receivables. The utility of the supply chain financing arrangements also depends upon a benchmark reference rate for the purpose of determining the discount rate applicable to each arrangement. If the benchmark reference rate increases significantly, we may be negatively impacted as we may not be able to pass these added costs on to our customers, which could have a material and adverse effect upon our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
5. Inventories

|  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Finished goods |  | $ | 324,362 |  |  | $ | 296,739 |
Work-in-process |  |  | 14,099 |  |  |  | 16,010 |
Raw materials |  |  | 190,254 |  |  |  | 156,006 |
Subtotal |  |  | 528,715 |  |  |  | 468,755 |
Unreturned customer inventories |  |  | 19,695 |  |  |  | 22,268 |
Total inventories |  | $ | 548,410 |  |  | $ | 491,023 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
6. Property, Plant and Equipment

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Land, buildings and improvements |  | $ | 42,651 |  |  | $ | 40,882 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 166,149 |  |  |  | 159,967 |
Tools, dies and auxiliary equipment |  |  | 67,017 |  |  |  | 63,944 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 32,084 |  |  |  | 30,688 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 15,083 |  |  |  | 14,081 |
Construction-in-progress |  |  | 23,340 |  |  |  | 21,012 |
Total property, plant and equipment |  |  | 346,324 |  |  |  | 330,574 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | 239,176 |  |  |  | 227,788 |
Total property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 107,148 |  |  | $ | 102,786 |

Depreciation expense was $19 million in 2022, $18.2 million in 2021 and $17.8 million in 2020.
7. Leases
Quantitative Lease Disclosures
We have operating and finance leases for our manufacturing facilities, warehouses, office space, automobiles, and certain equipment. Our leases have remaining lease terms of up to eleven years, some of which may include one or more five-year renewal options. We have not included any of the renewal options in our operating lease payments, as we concluded that it is not reasonably certain that we will exercise any of these renewal options. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Finance leases are not material.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following tables provide quantitative disclosures related to our operating leases and includes all operating leases acquired from the date of the acquisition (in thousands):

Balance Sheet Information |  | December 31, |
Assets |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 49,838 |  |  | $ | 40,469 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sundry payables and accrued expenses |  | $ | 10,763 |  |  | $ | 10,544 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities |  |  | 40,709 |  |  |  | 31,206 |
Total operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 51,472 |  |  | $ | 41,750 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | 7 Years |  |  | 5.3 Years |
Weighted Average Discount Rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 3.7 | % |  |  | 3 | %

|  | Year Ended, December 31, |
Expense and Cash Flow Information |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Lease Expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease expense (a) |  | $ | 11,411 |  |  | $ | 10,051 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash Paid for the amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 11,293 |  |  | $ | 9,985 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases (b) |  | $ | 31,064 |  |  | $ | 20,975 |

| (a) | Excludes expenses of approximately $2.7 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to non-lease components such as maintenance, property taxes, etc., and operating lease expense for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, which is not material.

| (b) | Includes $21.6 million of right-of-use assets related to the lease modification and extension for our executive offices in Long Island City, New York during year ended December 31, 2022, and right-of-use assets obtained in business acquisitions of $0.4 million and $8.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Minimum Lease Payments
At December 31, 2022, we are obligated to make minimum lease payments through 2033, under operating leases, which are as follows (in thousands):

2023 |  | $ | 10,956 |
2024 |  |  | 9,770 |
2025 |  |  | 7,179 |
2026 |  |  | 6,268 |
2027 |  |  | 5,383 |
Thereafter |  |  | 20,633 |
Total lease payments |  | $ | 60,189 |
Less: Interest |  |  | (8,717 | )
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 51,472 |

8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
We assess the impairment of long‑lived and identifiable intangibles assets and goodwill whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. With respect to goodwill, we test for impairment on an annual basis or in interim periods if an event occurs or circumstances change that may indicate the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount. We completed our annual impairment test of goodwill as of December 31, 2022.
When performing our evaluation of goodwill for impairment, if we conclude qualitatively that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative impairment test would not be required. If we are unable to reach this conclusion, then we would perform a goodwill quantitative impairment test. In performing the quantitative test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount. A charge for impairment is recognized by the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In light of the negative year-over-year impact on our company’s performance in the year ended December 31, 2022 of inflationary cost increases in raw materials, labor, transportation and freight costs, and the increase in interest rates, and the recent decline in our stock price, we elected to bypass the qualitative assessment at December 31, 2022 and have decided to perform a quantitative impairment test for goodwill at both the Engine Management and Temperature Control reporting units. The fair values of the Engine Management and Temperature Control reporting units were determined based upon the Income Approach, which estimates the fair value based on future discounted cash flows, and the Market Approach, which estimates the fair value based on market prices of comparable companies. We base our fair value estimates on projected financial information which we believe to be reasonable. We also considered our total market capitalization as of December 31, 2022. Our December 31, 2022 annual goodwill impairment analysis did not result in an impairment charge as it was determined that the fair values of our Engine Management and Temperature Control reporting units were in excess of their carrying amounts. While the fair values exceed the carrying amounts at the present time and we do not believe that impairments are probable, we will need to maintain the ongoing performance of the business at current projected levels in future periods to sustain their carrying values.
Changes in the carrying values of goodwill by operating segment during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Engine Management |  |  | Temperature Control |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  | $ | 102,055 |  |  | $ | 14,270 |  |  | $ | 116,325 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  |  | (38,488 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38,488 | )
|  | $ | 63,567 |  |  | $ | 14,270 |  |  | $ | 77,837 |
Activity in 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of Trombetta |  |  | 49,250 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 49,250 |
Acquisition of Stabil |  |  | 4,827 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,827 |
Foreign currency exchange rate change |  |  | (262 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (262 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 155,870 |  |  |  | 14,270 |  |  |  | 170,140 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  |  | (38,488 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38,488 | )
|  | $ | 117,382 |  |  | $ | 14,270 |  |  | $ | 131,652 |
Activity in 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of Kade |  |  | — |  |  |  | 766 |  |  |  | 766 |
Foreign currency exchange rate change |  |  | (402 | ) |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | (331 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Goodwill |  |  | 155,468 |  |  |  | 15,107 |  |  |  | 170,575 |
Accumulated impairment losses |  |  | (38,488 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (38,488 | )
|  | $ | 116,980 |  |  | $ | 15,107 |  |  | $ | 132,087 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Acquired Intangible Assets
Acquired identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consist of:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Customer relationships |  | $ | 158,717 |  |  | $ | 157,020 |
Patents, developed technology and intellectual property |  |  | 14,123 |  |  |  | 14,123 |
Trademarks and trade names |  |  | 8,880 |  |  |  | 8,880 |
Non-compete agreements |  |  | 3,282 |  |  |  | 3,280 |
Supply agreements |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 800 |
Leaseholds |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 160 |
Total acquired intangible assets |  |  | 185,962 |  |  |  | 184,263 |
Less accumulated amortization (1) |  |  | (86,945 | ) |  |  | (78,932 | )
Net acquired intangible assets |  | $ | 99,017 |  |  | $ | 105,331 |

| (1) | Applies to all intangible assets, except for a related trademark/trade name totaling $2.6 million, which has an indefinite useful life and, as such, is not being amortized.

Total amortization expense for acquired intangible assets was $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. Based on the current estimated useful lives assigned to our intangible assets, amortization expense is estimated to be $8.5 million for 2023, $8.4 million in 2024, $8.4 million in 2025, $8.4 million in 2026 and $62.7 million in the aggregate for the years 2027 through 2041.
For information related to identified intangible assets acquired in the Stabil, Trombetta, Soot Sensor and Kade acquisitions, see Note 2, “Business Acquisitions and Investments,” of the notes to our consolidated financial statements.
Other Intangible Assets
Other intangible assets include computer software. Computer software as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 totaled $18.7 million and $17.4 million, respectively. Total accumulated computer software amortization as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $17.2 million and $16.5 million, respectively. Computer software is amortized over its estimated useful life of 3 to 10 years. Amortization expense for computer software was $0.7 million, $0.3 million and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
9. Investments in Unconsolidated Affiliates

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Foshan GWOYNG SMP Vehicle Climate Control & Cooling Products Co. Ltd. |  | $ | 18,410 |  |  | $ | 20,692 |
Foshan FGD SMP Automotive Compressor Co. Ltd |  |  | 16,747 |  |  |  | 16,676 |
Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. |  |  | 4,098 |  |  |  | 3,990 |
Orange Electronic Co. Ltd |  |  | 2,490 |  |  |  | 2,729 |
Total |  | $ | 41,745 |  |  | $ | 44,087 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Investment in Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.
In August 2019, we acquired an approximate 29% minority interest in Foshan Che Yijia New Energy Technology Co., Ltd. (“CYJ”) for approximately $5.1 million. CYJ is a manufacturer of automotive electric air conditioning compressors and is located in China. Our minority interest in CYJ is accounted for using the equity method of accounting.
In December 2021, Standard Motor Products (Hong Kong), Ltd., (“SMP HK”), a subsidiary of Standard Motor Products, Inc., entered into an unsecured loan agreement with CYJ. Under the terms of the loan agreement, CYJ shall have the right to borrow from SMP HK, as lender, up to an aggregate principal amount of $4 million, with interest calculated on the basis of simple interest of five percent (5%) per annum and a maturity date of November 30, 2023, subject to extension by SMP HK at its sole discretion. At December 31, 2022, outstanding borrowings under the loan agreement were $4 million.
In October 2022, we acquired an additional 3.55% equity interest in CYJ for RMB 1.7 million (approximately $242,000), increasing our minority ownership interest in CYJ from an approximate interest of 29% to 33%. We will continue to account for our minority interest in CYJ using the equity method of accounting. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, purchases we made from CYJ were not material.
Investment in Foshan FGD SMP Automotive Compressor Co. Ltd.
In November 2017, we formed Foshan FGD SMP Automotive Compressor Co., Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture with Foshan Guangdong Automotive Air Conditioning Co., Ltd. (“FGD”), a China-based manufacturer of automotive belt driven air conditioning compressors. We acquired our 50% interest in the joint venture for approximately $12.5 million. We determined that due to a lack of a voting majority, and other qualitative factors, we do not control the operations of the joint venture and accordingly, our investment in the joint venture is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we made purchases from the joint venture of approximately $53.3 million and $32.2 million, respectively.
Investment in Foshan GWOYNG SMP Vehicle Climate Control & Cooling Products Co. Ltd.
In April 2014, we formed Foshan GWOYNG SMP Vehicle Climate Control & Cooling Products Co. Ltd., a 50/50 joint venture with Gwo Yng Enterprise Co., Ltd. (“Gwo Yng”), a China-based manufacturer of automotive air conditioner accumulators, filter driers, hose assemblies and switches. We acquired our 50% interest in the joint venture for $14 million. We determined, at that time, that due to a lack of a voting majority and other qualitative factors, we do not control the operations of the joint venture and accordingly, our investment in the joint venture was accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
In March 2018, we acquired an additional 15% equity interest in the joint venture for approximately $4.2 million, thereby increasing our equity interest in the joint venture to 65%. Although we increased our equity interest in the joint venture to 65%, the minority shareholder maintained participating rights that allowed it to participate in certain significant financial and operating decisions that occur in the ordinary course of business. As a result of the existence of these substantive participating rights of the minority shareholder, we continued to account for our investment in the joint venture under the equity method of accounting. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we made purchases from the joint venture of approximately $16.1 million and $15.9 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Investment in Orange Electronic Co. Ltd.
In January 2013, we acquired a minority interest in Orange Electronic Co., Ltd. (“Orange”) for $6.3 million. Orange is a manufacturer of tire pressure monitoring system sensors and is located in Taiwan. As of December 31, 2022, our minority interest in Orange of 19.4% is accounted for using the equity method of accounting as we have the ability to exercise significant influence. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we made purchases from Orange of approximately $4.1 million and $7.8 million, respectively.
10. Other Assets

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Deferred compensation |  | $ | 20,190 |  |  | $ | 23,623 |
Noncurrent portion of interest rate swap fair value |  |  | 3,091 |  |  |  | — |
Long term receivables |  |  | 1,944 |  |  |  | 971 |
Deferred financing costs, net |  |  | 1,603 |  |  |  | 206 |
Other |  |  | 682 |  |  |  | 602 |
Total other assets, net |  | $ | 27,510 |  |  | $ | 25,402 |

Deferred compensation consists of assets held in a nonqualified defined contribution pension plan as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
11. Credit Facilities and Long-Term Debt
Total debt outstanding is summarized as follows:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Credit facility – term loan due 2027 |  | $ | 97,500 |  |  | $ | — |
Credit facility – revolver due 2027 |  |  | 142,000 |  |  |  | — |
Senior secured facility – revolver due 2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 125,298 |
Other (1) |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | 3,138 |
Total debt |  | $ | 239,620 |  |  | $ | 128,436 |
Current maturities of debt |  | $ | 55,031 |  |  | $ | 128,415 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 184,589 |  |  |  | 21 |
Total debt |  | $ | 239,620 |  |  | $ | 128,436 |

| (1) | Other includes borrowings under our Polish overdraft facility of Zloty 12.3 million (approximately $3 million) as of December 31, 2021. There were no borrowings under the Polish overdraft facility at December 31, 2022.

Term Loan and Revolving Credit Facilities
In March 2022, the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, SMP Motor Products Ltd. and Trumpet Holdings, Inc., entered into an amendment to our existing Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2015, as amended (the “2015 Credit Agreement”), with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, and a syndicate of lenders for our senior secured revolving credit facility. The amendment provided for the drawdown of an additional $50 million from the agreement’s accordion feature to increase the line of credit under the revolving credit facility from $250 million to $300 million, and updated the benchmark provisions to replace LIBOR with Term SOFR as the reference rate.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In June 2022, the Company entered into a new Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and a syndicate of lenders (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a $500 million credit facility comprised of a $100 million term loan facility (the “term loan”) and a $400 million multi-currency revolving credit facility available in U.S. Dollars, Euros, Sterling, Swiss Francs, Canadian Dollars and other currencies as agreed to by the administrative agent and the lenders (the “revolving facility”). The Credit Agreement replaces and refinances the 2015 Credit Agreement.
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement were used to repay all outstanding borrowings under the 2015 Credit Agreement, and pay certain fees and expenses incurred in connection with the Credit Agreement, with future borrowings used for other general corporate purposes of the Company and its subsidiaries. The term loan amortizes in quarterly installments of 1.25% in each of the first four years, and quarterly installments of 2.5% in the fifth year of the Credit Agreement. The revolving facility has a $25 million sub-limit for the issuance of letters of credit and a $25 million sub-limit for the borrowing of swingline loans. The maturity date is June 1, 2027. The Company may request up to two one-year extensions of the maturity date.
The Company may, upon the agreement of one or more then existing lenders or of additional financial institutions not currently party to the Credit Agreement, increase the revolving facility commitments or obtain incremental term loans by an aggregate amount not to exceed (x) the greater of (i) $168 million or (ii) 100% of consolidated EBITDA (as defined in the Credit Agreement) for the four fiscal quarters ended most recently before such date, plus (y) the amount of any voluntary prepayment of term loans, plus (z) an unlimited amount so long as, immediately after giving effect thereto, the pro forma First Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) does not exceed 2.5 to 1.0.
Term loan and revolver facility borrowings in U.S. Dollars bear interest, at the Company’s election, at a rate per annum equal to Term SOFR plus 0.10% plus an applicable margin, or an alternate base rate plus an applicable margin, where the alternate base rate is the greater of the prime rate, the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and one-month Term SOFR plus 0.10% plus 1.00%. Term loan borrowings are being made at one-month Term SOFR. The applicable margin for the term benchmark borrowings ranges from 1.0% to 2.0%, and the applicable margin for alternate base rate borrowings ranges from 0% to 1.0%, in each case, based on the total net leverage ratio of the Company and its restricted subsidiaries. The Company may select interest periods of one, three or six months for Term SOFR borrowings. Interest is payable at the end of the selected interest period, but no less frequently than quarterly.
The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed by its material domestic subsidiaries (each, a “Guarantor”), and secured by a first priority perfected security interest in substantially all of the existing and future personal property of the Company and each Guarantor, subject to certain exceptions. The collateral security described above also secures certain banking services obligations and interest rate swaps and currency or other hedging obligations of the Company owing to any of the then existing lenders or any affiliates thereof. Concurrently with the Company’s entry into the Credit Agreement, the Company also entered into a seven year interest rate swap agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., Co-Syndication Agent and lender under the Credit Agreement, on $100 million of borrowings under the Credit Agreement. The interest rate swap agreement matures in May 2029.
Outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2022 under the Credit Agreement were $239.5 million, consisting of current borrowings of $55 million and long-term debt of $184.5 million; while outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2021 under the 2015 Credit Agreement were $125.3 million, consisting of current borrowings. Letters of credit outstanding under the Credit Agreement were $2.4 million at December 31, 2022, and $2.6 million under the 2015 Credit Agreement at December 31, 2021. Borrowings at December 31, 2021 under the 2015 Credit Agreement have been classified as current liabilities based upon accounting rules and certain provisions in the agreement.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
At December 31, 2022, the weighted average interest rate under our Credit Agreement was 5.2%, which consisted of $237 million in borrowings at 5.2% under Term SOFR, adjusted for the impact of the interest rate swap agreement on $100 million of borrowings, and an alternative base rate borrowing of $2.5 million at 8%. At December 31, 2021, the weighted average interest rate on our 2015 Credit Agreement was 1.4%, which consisted of $125 million in direct borrowings at 1.4% and alternative base rate loan of $0.3 million at 3.5%. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our average daily alternative base rate loan balance was $5.6 million, compared to a balance of $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.
The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting, among other things, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, the creation of liens, mergers, consolidations, liquidations and dissolutions, sales of assets, dividends and other payments in respect of equity interests, acquisitions, investments, loans and guarantees, subject, in each case, to customary exceptions, thresholds and baskets. The Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default.
Polish Overdraft Facility
I n October 2022, our Polish subsidiary, SMP Poland sp. z.o.o., amended its overdraft facility with HSBC Continental Europe (Spolka Akcyjna) Oddzial w Polsce to provide for borrowings under the facility in Euros and U.S. Dollars. Under the amended terms, the overdraft facility provides for borrowings of up to Zloty 30 million (approximately $6.8 million) if borrowings are solely in Zloty, or up to 85% of the Zloty 30 million limit (approximately $5.8 million) if borrowings are in Euros and/or U.S. Dollars. The overdraft facility has an initial maturity date in December 2022, with automatic three-month renewals until June 2027, subject to cancellation by either party, at its sole discretion, at least 30 days prior to the commencement of the three-month renewal period. Borrowings under the amended overdraft facility will bear interest at a rate equal to (1) the one month Warsaw Interbank Offered Rate (“WIBOR”) + 1.5% for borrowings in Polish Zloty, (2) the one month Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”) + 1.5% for borrowings in Euros, and (3) the Mid-Point of the Fed Target Range + 1.75% for borrowings in U.S Dollars. Borrowings under the overdraft facility are guaranteed by Standard Motor Products, Inc., the ultimate parent company. At December 31, 2021 borrowings under the overdraft facility were Zloty 12.3 million (approximately $3 million). There were no borrowings outstanding under the overdraft facility at December 31, 2022.
Maturities of Debt
As of December 31, 2022, maturities of debt through 2027, assuming no prepayments, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Revolving Credit Facility |  |  | Term Loan Facility |  |  | Polish Overdraft Facility and Other Debt |  |  | Total |
2023 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | 5,120 |
2024 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000 |
2025 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000 |
2026 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,500 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,500 |
2027 |  |  | 142,000 |  |  |  | 75,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 217,000 |
Total |  | $ | 142,000 |  |  | $ | 97,500 |  |  | $ | 120 |  |  | $ | 239,620 |
Less: current maturities |  |  | (50,000 | ) |  |  | (5,000 | ) |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | (55,031 | )
Long-term debt |  | $ | 92,000 |  |  | $ | 92,500 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 184,589 |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Deferred Financing Costs
We have deferred financing costs of approximately $2.1 million and $0.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Deferred financing costs are related to our term loan and revolving credit facilities. In connection with the amendment to the 2015 Credit Agreement entered into in March 2022 and the Credit Agreement entered into in June 2022 with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent, we incurred and capitalized approximately $0.2 million, and $1.9 million, respectively, of deferred financing costs related to bank, legal, and other professional fees which are being amortized, along with certain preexisting deferred financing costs, through June 2027, the term of the Credit Agreement. In addition, upon entering into the Credit Agreement, we wrote-off $40,000 of unamortized deferred financing costs associated with the 2015 Credit Agreement. Unamortized deferred financing costs written-off in June 2022 were recorded in other non-operating income (expense), net in our consolidated statement of operations.
Deferred financing costs as of December 31, 2022, assuming no prepayments, are being amortized as follows:

(In thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  |  | 491 |
2024 |  |  | 478 |
2025 |  |  | 469 |
2026 |  |  | 464 |
2027 |  |  | 191 |
Total amortization |  | $ | 2,093 |

12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income by Component (in thousands)

|  | Foreign Currency Translation |  |  | Unrecognized Postretirement Benefit Costs (Credit) |  |  | Unrealized derivative gains (losses) |  |  | Total |
Balance at December 31, 2020 attributable to SMP |  | $ | (5,744 | ) |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,676 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | (2,477 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,477 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (16 | )
Other comprehensive income, net |  |  | (2,477 | ) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,493 | )
Balance at December 31, 2021 attributable to SMP |  | $ | (8,221 | ) |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,169 | )
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | (8,109 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,797 | (1) |  |  | (4,312 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 11 |
Other comprehensive income, net |  |  | (8,109 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | 3,823 |  |  |  | (4,301 | )
Balance at December 31, 2022 attributable to SMP |  | $ | (16,330 | ) |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 3,823 |  |  | $ | (12,470 | )

| (1) | Consists of the unrecognized gain relating to the change in fair value of the cash flow interest rate hedge of $5.2 million ($3.8 million, net of tax), net of cash settlements payments of $42,000 ($31,000, net of tax) in the year ended December 31, 2022.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
Details About Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Derivative cash flow hedge: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrecognized gain (loss) (1) |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |
Postretirement Benefit Plans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrecognized gain (loss) (2) |  |  | (25 | ) |  |  | (27 | )
Total before income tax |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (27 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (11 | )
Total reclassifications attributable to SMP |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | (16 | )

| (1) | Unrecognized accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to the cash flow interest rate hedge is reclassified to earnings and reported as part of interest expense in our consolidated statements of operations when the interest payments on the underlying borrowings are recognized.

| (2) | Unrecognized accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) related to our post retirement plans is reclassified to earnings and included in the computation of net periodic postretirement benefit costs, which are included in other non-operating income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations (see Note 15, “Employee Benefits,” for additional information).

13. Stockholders’ Equity
We have authority to issue 500,000 shares of preferred stock, $20 par value, and our Board of Directors is vested with the authority to establish and designate any series of preferred, to fix the number of shares therein and the variations in relative rights as between each series. In December 1995, our Board of Directors established a new series of preferred shares designated as Series A Participating Preferred Stock. The number of shares constituting the Series A Preferred Stock is 30,000. The Series A Preferred Stock is designed to participate in dividends, ranks senior to our common stock as to dividends and liquidation rights and has voting rights. Each share of the Series A Preferred Stock shall entitle the holder to one thousand votes on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Company. No such shares were outstanding at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
In March 2020, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to $20 million of our common stock under a stock repurchase program. Stock repurchases under this program, during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, were 150,273 and 323,867 shares of our common stock, respectively, at a total cost of $6.5 million and $13.5 million, respectively, thereby completing the 2020 Board of Directors authorization.
In February 2021, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to an additional $20 million of our common stock under a stock repurchase program. Stock repurchases under this program, during the year ended December 31, 2021, were 464,992 shares of our common stock at a total cost of $20 million, thereby completing the February 2021 Board of Directors authorization.
In October 2021, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to an additional $30 million of our common stock under a stock repurchase program. Stock repurchases under this program, during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 were 7,000 and 692,067 shares of our common stock, respectively, at a total cost of $0.3 million and $29.7 million, respectively, thereby completing the October 2021 Board of Directors authorization.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In July 2022, our Board of Directors authorized the purchase of up to an additional $30 million of our common stock under a new stock repurchase program. Stock will be purchased under the program from time to time, in the open market or through private transactions, as market conditions warrant. To date, there have been no repurchases of our common stock under the program.
14. Stock-Based Compensation Plans
Our stock-based compensation program is a broad-based program designed to attract and retain employees while also aligning employees’ interests with the interests of our shareholders. In addition, members of our Board of Directors participate in our stock-based compensation program in connection with their service on our board.
In May 2021, our Board of Directors and Shareholders approved an amendment and restatement to the 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). Under the Plan, which terminates in May 2026, we are authorized to issue, among other things, shares of restricted and performance-based stock to eligible employees and restricted stock to directors of up to 2,050,000 shares; and shares of restricted and performance-based stock to nonemployee directors of up to 350,000 shares. Shares issued under the Plan that are cancelled, forfeited or expire by their terms are eligible to be granted again under the Plan. The 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan is the only remaining plan available to provide stock-based incentive compensation to our employees, directors and other eligible persons. Awards previously granted under the 2006 Omnibus Incentive Plan remain outstanding, while shares not yet granted under the plan are not available for future issuance.
We account for our stock-based compensation plans in accordance with the provisions of FASB ASC 718, Stock Compensation, which requires that a company measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. The service period is the period of time that the grantee must provide services to us before the stock-based compensation is fully vested. The grant-date fair value of the award is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods in our consolidated statements of operations. Forfeitures are estimated at the time of grant based on historical trends in order to estimate the amount of share-based awards that will ultimately vest. We monitor actual forfeitures for any subsequent adjustment to forfeiture rates.
Restricted Stock and Performance Share Grants
We currently grant shares of restricted stock to eligible employees and our independent directors and performance-based stock to eligible employees. We grant eligible employees two types of restricted stock (standard restricted shares and long-term retention restricted shares). Standard restricted shares granted to employees become fully vested no earlier than three years after the date of grant. Long-term retention restricted shares granted to selected executives vest at a 25% rate on or within approximately two months of an executive reaching the ages of 60 and 63, and become fully vested on or within approximately two months of an executive reaching the age of 65. Restricted shares granted to directors become fully vested upon the first anniversary of the date of grant.
Performance-based shares issued to eligible employees are subject to a three-year measuring period and the achievement of performance targets and, depending upon the achievement of such performance targets, they may become vested no earlier than three years after the date of grant. Each period we evaluate the probability of achieving the applicable targets, and we adjust our accrual accordingly. Restricted shares (other than long-term retention restricted shares) and performance shares issued to certain key executives and directors are subject to a one or two year holding period upon the lapse of the vesting period. Forfeitures on stock grants are estimated at 5% for employees and 0% for executives and directors based upon our evaluation of historical and expected future turnover.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Prior to the time a restricted share becomes fully vested or a performance share is issued, the awardees cannot transfer, pledge, hypothecate or encumber such shares. Prior to the time a restricted share is fully vested, the awardees have all other rights of a stockholder, including the right to vote (but do not receive dividends during the vesting period). Prior to the time a performance share is issued, the awardees shall have no rights as a stockholder. All shares and rights are subject to forfeiture if certain employment conditions are not met.
Under the amended and restated 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, 2,050,000 shares are authorized to be issued. At December 31, 2022, under the plan, there were an aggregate of (a) 1,385,337 shares of restricted and performance-based stock grants issued, net of forfeitures, and (b) 664,663 shares of common stock available for future grants. For the year ended December 31, 2022, 246,325 restricted and performance-based shares were granted (179,825 restricted shares and 66,500 performance-based shares).
In determining the grant date fair value, the stock price on the date of grant, as quoted on the New York Stock Exchange, was reduced by the present value of dividends expected to be paid on the shares issued and outstanding during the requisite service period, discounted at a risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury rates at the date of grant with maturity dates approximately equal to the restriction or vesting period at the grant date. In addition, a further discount for the lack of marketability reduced the fair value of grants issued to certain key executives and directors subject to the one or two year post vesting holding period. Assumptions used in calculating the discount for the lack of marketability include an estimate of stock volatility, risk-free interest rate, and a dividend yield.
As related to restricted and performance stock shares, we recorded compensation expense of $7.6 million ($5.7 million, net of tax), $9.1 million ($6.9 million, net of tax) and $7.8 million ($5.8 million, net of tax), for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The unamortized compensation expense related to our restricted and performance-based shares was $14.9 million and $16.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 4.3 years and 0.3 years for employees and directors, respectively, as of December 31, 2022 and over a weighted average period of 4.7 years and 0.4 years for employees and directors, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.
Our restricted and performance-based share activity was as follows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 839,686 |  |  | $ | 34.77 |
Granted |  |  | 211,815 |  |  |  | 38.51 |
Vested |  |  | (227,682 | ) |  |  | 36.10 |
Forfeited |  |  | (16,800 | ) |  |  | 39.39 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 807,019 |  |  | $ | 34.92 |
Granted |  |  | 246,325 |  |  |  | 28.44 |
Vested |  |  | (190,082 | ) |  |  | 41.71 |
Performance Shares Target Adjustment |  |  | 25,317 |  |  |  | 42.21 |
Forfeited |  |  | (7,750 | ) |  |  | 40.73 |
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 880,829 |  |  | $ | 31.79 |

The weighted-average grant date fair value of restricted and performance-based shares outstanding as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $28 million (or $31.79 per share), $28.2 million (or $34.92 per share), and $29.2 million (or $34.77 per share), respectively.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
15. Employee Benefits
Defined Contribution Plans
We maintain various defined contribution plans, which include profit sharing, and provide retirement benefits for substantially all of our employees. Matching obligations, in connection with the plans which are funded in cash and typically contributed to the plans in March of the following year, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | U.S. Defined Contribution |
Year ended December 31, |  |  |
2022 |  | $ | 9,816 |
2021 |  |  | 9,763 |
2020 |  |  | 9,457 |

We maintain a defined contribution Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan for key employees. Under the plan, these employees may elect to defer a portion of their compensation and, in addition, we may at our discretion make contributions to the plan on behalf of the employees. In March 2022 and 2021, contributions of $0.8 million and $0.5 million were made related to calendar year 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we have recorded an obligation of $0.8 million for 2022.
We also have an Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust (“ESOP”) for employees who are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement. In connection therewith, we maintain an employee benefits trust to which we contribute shares of treasury stock. We are authorized to instruct the trustees to distribute such shares toward the satisfaction of our future obligations under the plan. The shares held in trust are not considered outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per share until they are committed to be released. The trustees will vote the shares in accordance with its fiduciary duties. During 2022, we contributed to the trust an additional 48,200 shares from our treasury and released 48,200 shares from the trust leaving 200 shares remaining in the trust as of December 31, 2022. The provision for expense in connection with the ESOP was approximately $2.3 million in 2022, $2.5 million in 2021 and $2.3 million in 2020.
Defined Benefit Pension Plan
We maintain a defined benefit unfunded Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (“SERP”). The SERP, as amended, is a defined benefit plan pursuant to which we will pay supplemental pension benefits to certain key employees upon the attainment of a contractual participant’s payment date based upon the employees’ years of service and compensation. As there are no current participants in the SERP, there was no benefit obligation outstanding related to the plan as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and we recorded no expense related to the plan during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020.
Postretirement Medical Benefits
We provide certain medical and dental care benefits to 13 former U.S. union employees. The postretirement medical and dental benefit obligation for the former union employees as of December 31, 2022, and the net periodic benefit cost for our postretirement benefit plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were not material.
80

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
16. Other Non-Operating Income (Expense), Net
The components of other non-operating income (expense), net are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Interest and dividend income |  | $ | 209 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | 109 |
Equity income from joint ventures |  |  | 3,464 |  |  |  | 3,295 |  |  |  | 820 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange |  |  | 334 |  |  |  | (257 | ) |  |  | (350 | )
Other non-operating income, net |  |  | 807 |  |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | 233 |
Total other non-operating income, net |  | $ | 4,814 |  |  | $ | 3,494 |  |  | $ | 812 |

17. Derivative Financial Instruments
Interest Rate Swap Agreements
We occasionally use derivative financial instruments to reduce our market risk for changes in interest rates on our variable rate borrowings. The principal financial instruments used for cash flow hedging purposes are interest rate swap agreements. The interest rate swaps effectively convert a portion of our variable rate borrowings under our existing facilities to a fixed rate based upon determined notional amount. We do not enter into interest rate swap agreements, or other financial instruments, for trading or speculative purposes.
In June 2022, we entered into a seven year interest rate swap agreement with a notional amount of $100 million that is to mature in May 2029. The interest rate swap agreement has been designated as a cash flow hedge of interest payments on $100 million of borrowings under our Credit Agreement. Under the terms of the swap agreement, we will receive monthly variable interest payments based on one month Term SOFR and will pay interest based upon a fixed rate of 2.683% per annum, adjusted upward for the credit spread adjustment in the Credit Agreement of 0.10% and the loan margin in the Credit Agreement of 1.50% at December 31, 2022.
The fair value of the interest rate swap agreement as of December 31, 2022 was an asset of $5.2 million, which has been deferred and recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of income taxes, in our consolidated balance sheet. When the interest expense on the underlying borrowing is recognized, the deferred gain/loss in accumulated other comprehensive income is recorded in earnings as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. We perform quarterly hedge effectiveness assessments and anticipate that the interest rate swap will be highly effective throughout its term.
18. Fair Value Measurements
We follow a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of “observable inputs” and minimize the use of “unobservable inputs.” The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following is a summary of the estimated fair values, carrying amounts, and classification under the fair value hierarchy of our financial instruments at December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):

|  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
| Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Amount |
Cash and cash equivalents | LEVEL 1 |  | $ | 21,150 |  |  | $ | 21,150 |  |  | $ | 21,755 |  |  | $ | 21,755 |
Deferred compensation | LEVEL 1 |  |  | 20,190 |  |  |  | 20,190 |  |  |  | 23,623 |  |  |  | 23,623 |
Short term borrowings | LEVEL 1 |  |  | 55,031 |  |  |  | 55,031 |  |  |  | 128,415 |  |  |  | 128,415 |
Long-term debt | LEVEL 1 |  |  | 184,589 |  |  |  | 184,589 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 21 |
Cash flow interest rate swap | LEVEL 2 |  |  | 5,174 |  |  |  | 5,174 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short maturity of those investments. The fair value of the underlying assets held by the deferred compensation plan are based on the quoted market prices of the underlying funds which are held by registered investment companies. The carrying value of our variable rate short-term borrowings and long-term debt under our credit facilities approximates fair value as the variable interest rates in the facilities reflect current market rates. The fair value of our cash flow interest rate swap agreement obtained from two independent third parties, is based upon market quotes, and represents the net amount required to terminate the interest rate swap, taking into consideration market rates and counterparty credit risk.
19. Income Taxes
The income tax provision (benefit) consists of the following (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  | $ | 16,182 |  |  | $ | 26,528 |  |  | $ | 30,368 |
Foreign |  |  | 8,669 |  |  |  | 5,851 |  |  |  | 4,064 |
Total current |  |  | 24,851 |  |  |  | 32,379 |  |  |  | 34,432 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  | 1,102 |  |  |  | (1,161 | ) |  |  | (7,418 | )
Foreign |  |  | (747 | ) |  |  | (174 | ) |  |  | (52 | )
Total deferred |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | (1,335 | ) |  |  | (7,470 | )
Total income tax provision |  | $ | 25,206 |  |  | $ | 31,044 |  |  | $ | 26,962 |

Reconciliations between taxes at the U.S. Federal income tax rate and taxes at our effective income tax rate on earnings from continuing operations before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
U.S. Federal income tax rate of 21% |  | $ | 20,650 |  |  | $ | 27,398 |  |  | $ | 22,550 |
Increase (decrease) in tax rate resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax benefit |  |  | 3,118 |  |  |  | 4,579 |  |  |  | 3,781 |
Income tax (benefit) attributable to foreign income |  |  | (53 | ) |  |  | (122 | ) |  |  | 330 |
Other non-deductible items, net |  |  | 423 |  |  |  | (1,277 | ) |  |  | (563 | )
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | 466 |  |  |  | 864 |
Provision for income taxes |  | $ | 25,206 |  |  | $ | 31,044 |  |  | $ | 26,962 |

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following is a summary of the components of the net deferred tax assets and liabilities recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventories |  | $ | 11,604 |  |  | $ | 12,181 |
Allowance for customer returns |  |  | 14,506 |  |  |  | 14,185 |
Postretirement benefits |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 33 |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  |  | 2,965 |  |  |  | 1,450 |
Accrued salaries and benefits |  |  | 12,048 |  |  |  | 15,585 |
Tax credit and NOL carryforwards |  |  | 5,103 |  |  |  | 5,702 |
Accrued asbestos liabilities |  |  | 17,208 |  |  |  | 15,463 |
Other |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | 190 |
|  |  | 63,649 |  |  |  | 64,789 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (3,155 | ) |  |  | (2,087 | )
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 60,494 |  |  |  | 62,702 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets acquired, net of amortization |  |  | 13,292 |  |  |  | 13,450 |
Depreciation |  |  | 8,715 |  |  |  | 7,589 |
Interest rate swap agreement |  |  | 1,299 |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 3,530 |  |  |  | 5,537 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 26,836 |  |  |  | 26,576 |
Net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 33,658 |  |  | $ | 36,126 |

In assessing the realizability of the deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or the entire deferred tax asset will be realized. Ultimately, the realization of the deferred tax asset is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income in those periods in which temporary differences become deductible and/or net operating loss carryforwards can be utilized. We consider the level of historical taxable income, scheduled reversal of temporary differences, carryback and carryforward periods, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income in determining whether a valuation allowance is warranted. We also consider cumulative losses in recent years as well as the impact of one-time events in assessing our pre-tax earnings. Assumptions regarding future taxable income require significant judgment. Our assumptions are consistent with estimates and plans used to manage our business.
The valuation allowance of $3.2 million as of December 31, 2022 is intended to provide for uncertainty regarding the ultimate realization of our U.S. foreign tax credit carryovers and foreign net operating loss carryovers. Based on these considerations, we believe it is more likely than not that we would realize the benefit of the net deferred tax asset of $33.7 million as of December 31, 2022, which is net of the remaining valuation allowance. At December 31, 2022, we have foreign tax credit carryforwards of approximately $3 million that will expire in varying amounts by 2031.
As related to the taxation of our foreign subsidiaries, we aggregate our foreign earnings and profits, and utilize allowable deductions and available foreign tax credits in computing our U.S. tax. Notwithstanding the U.S. taxation of these amounts, we intend to continue to invest most, or all, of these earnings indefinitely outside of the U.S., and do not expect to incur any significant additional taxes related to such amounts.
In accordance with generally accepted accounting practices, we recognize in our financial statements only those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold. We establish tax reserves for uncertain tax positions that do not meet this threshold. During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we did no t establish a liability for uncertain tax positions.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state, local and foreign jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2022, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. Federal tax examinations for years before 2019. We remain subject to examination by state and local tax authorities for tax years 2018 through 2021. Foreign jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from 2 to 6 years. Years still open to examination by foreign tax authorities in major jurisdictions include Canada (2018 onward), Hong Kong (2017 onward), China (2020 onward), Mexico (2018 onward), Poland (2017 onward), Hungary (2016 onward) and Germany (2019 onward). We do not presently anticipate that our unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease over the next 12 months; however, actual developments in this area could differ from those currently expected.
20. Earnings Per Share
We present two calculations of earnings per common share. “Basic” earnings per common share equals net earnings attributable to SMP divided by weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. “Diluted” earnings per common share equals net earnings attributable to SMP divided by the sum of weighted average common shares outstanding during the period plus potentially dilutive common shares. Potentially dilutive common shares that are anti-dilutive are excluded from net earnings per common share.
The following are reconciliations of the net earnings attributable to SMP and the shares used in calculating basic and dilutive net earnings per common share attributable to SMP (in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net Earnings Attributable to SMP - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations |  | $ | 73,042 |  |  | $ | 99,353 |  |  | $ | 80,417 |
Loss from discontinued operations |  |  | (17,691 | ) |  |  | (8,467 | ) |  |  | (23,024 | )
Net earnings attributable to SMP |  | $ | 55,351 |  |  | $ | 90,886 |  |  | $ | 57,393 |
Basic Net Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to SMP - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations per common share |  | $ | 3.37 |  |  | $ | 4.49 |  |  | $ | 3.59 |
Loss from discontinued operations per common share |  |  | (0.82 | ) |  |  | (0.39 | ) |  |  | (1.02 | )
Net earnings per common share attributable to SMP |  | $ | 2.55 |  |  | $ | 4.10 |  |  | $ | 2.57 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 21,684 |  |  |  | 22,147 |  |  |  | 22,374 |
Diluted Net Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to SMP - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings from continuing operations per common share |  | $ | 3.30 |  |  | $ | 4.39 |  |  | $ | 3.52 |
Loss from discontinued operations per common share |  |  | (0.80 | ) |  |  | (0.37 | ) |  |  | (1.01 | )
Net earnings per common share attributable to SMP |  | $ | 2.50 |  |  | $ | 4.02 |  |  | $ | 2.51 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  | 21,684 |  |  |  | 22,147 |  |  |  | 22,374 |
Plus incremental shares from assumed conversions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effect of restricted stock and performance-based stock |  |  | 456 |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 452 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Diluted |  |  | 22,140 |  |  |  | 22,616 |  |  |  | 22,826 |

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The shares listed below were not included in the computation of diluted net earnings per common share attributable to SMP because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented or because they were excluded under the treasury method (in thousands):

|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Restricted and performance shares |  |  | 292 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 268 |

21. Industry Segment and Geographic Data
We have two major reportable operating segments, each of which focuses on a specific line of automotive parts in the automotive aftermarket with a complementary focus on the non-aftermarket, industrial equipment and original equipment service markets. Our Engine Management Segment manufactures and remanufactures ignition and emission parts, ignition wires, battery cables, fuel system parts and sensors for vehicle systems. Our Temperature Control Segment manufactures and remanufactures air conditioning compressors, air conditioning and heating parts, engine cooling system parts, power window accessories and windshield washer system parts.
The accounting policies of each segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies (see Note 1). The following tables contain financial information for each reportable segment (in thousands):

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net sales (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 975,243 |  |  | $ | 937,936 |  |  | $ | 835,685 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 382,285 |  |  |  | 348,423 |  |  |  | 281,954 |
Other |  |  | 14,287 |  |  |  | 12,457 |  |  |  | 10,949 |
Total net sales |  | $ | 1,371,815 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |  |  | $ | 1,128,588 |
Intersegment sales (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 22,845 |  |  | $ | 23,599 |  |  | $ | 15,952 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 9,728 |  |  |  | 9,024 |  |  |  | 6,162 |
Other |  |  | (32,573 | ) |  |  | (32,623 | ) |  |  | (22,114 | )
Total intersegment sales |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Depreciation and Amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 23,289 |  |  | $ | 21,881 |  |  | $ | 20,417 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 3,266 |  |  |  | 3,626 |  |  |  | 4,035 |
Other |  |  | 1,743 |  |  |  | 1,736 |  |  |  | 1,871 |
Total depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 28,298 |  |  | $ | 27,243 |  |  | $ | 26,323 |
Operating income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 91,047 |  |  | $ | 117,367 |  |  | $ | 111,217 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 31,712 |  |  |  | 36,997 |  |  |  | 21,296 |
Other |  |  | (18,624 | ) |  |  | (25,365 | ) |  |  | (23,618 | )
Total operating income |  | $ | 104,135 |  |  | $ | 128,999 |  |  | $ | 108,895 |
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 2,490 |  |  | $ | 2,729 |  |  | $ | 2,428 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 39,255 |  |  |  | 41,358 |  |  |  | 38,079 |
Other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total investment in unconsolidated affiliates |  | $ | 41,745 |  |  | $ | 44,087 |  |  | $ | 40,507 |
Capital expenditures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 19,306 |  |  | $ | 21,922 |  |  | $ | 13,496 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 4,502 |  |  |  | 2,586 |  |  |  | 1,988 |
Other |  |  | 2,148 |  |  |  | 1,367 |  |  |  | 2,336 |
Total capital expenditures |  | $ | 25,956 |  |  | $ | 25,875 |  |  | $ | 17,820 |
Total assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Engine Management |  | $ | 867,433 |  |  | $ | 845,767 |  |  | $ | 618,210 |
Temperature Control |  |  | 283,086 |  |  |  | 257,114 |  |  |  | 230,111 |
Other |  |  | 104,410 |  |  |  | 95,080 |  |  |  | 108,219 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,254,929 |  |  | $ | 1,197,961 |  |  | $ | 956,540 |

| (a) | Segment net sales include intersegment sales in our Engine Management and Temperature Control segments.

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Other consists of the elimination of intersegment sales from our Engine Management and Temperature Control segments, as well as items pertaining to our Canadian business unit that does not meet the criteria of a reportable operating segment and our corporate headquarters function.
Reconciliation of segment operating income to net earnings:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Operating income |  | $ | 104,135 |  |  | $ | 128,999 |  |  | $ | 108,895 |
Other non-operating income, net |  |  | 4,814 |  |  |  | 3,494 |  |  |  | 812 |
Interest expense |  |  | 10,617 |  |  |  | 2,028 |  |  |  | 2,328 |
Earnings from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | 98,332 |  |  |  | 130,465 |  |  |  | 107,379 |
Provision for income taxes |  |  | 25,206 |  |  |  | 31,044 |  |  |  | 26,962 |
Earnings from continuing operations |  |  | 73,126 |  |  |  | 99,421 |  |  |  | 80,417 |
Discontinued operations, net of tax |  |  | (17,691 | ) |  |  | (8,467 | ) |  |  | (23,024 | )
Net earnings |  | $ | 55,435 |  |  | $ | 90,954 |  |  | $ | 57,393 |

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Long-lived assets (a): |  | (In thousands) |
United States |  | $ | 326,199 |  |  | $ | 315,983 |  |  | $ | 241,053 |
Asia |  |  | 76,766 |  |  |  | 80,175 |  |  |  | 40,621 |
Europe |  |  | 38,351 |  |  |  | 37,892 |  |  |  | 16,504 |
Mexico |  |  | 10,355 |  |  |  | 12,119 |  |  |  | 10,586 |
Canada |  |  | 7,161 |  |  |  | 4,461 |  |  |  | 4,470 |
Total long-lived assets |  | $ | 458,832 |  |  | $ | 450,630 |  |  | $ | 313,234 |

| (a) | Long-lived assets are attributed to countries based upon the location of the assets.

Our three largest individual customers accounted for approximately 59% of our consolidated net sales in 2022. During 2022, O’Reilly, AutoZone and NAPA accounted for 27%, 17% and 15% of our consolidated net sales, respectively. Net sales from each of the customers were reported in both our Engine Management and Temperature Control Segments. The loss of one or more of these customers or, a significant reduction in purchases of our products from any one of them could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any consolidation among our key customers may further increase our customer concentration risk.
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
For the disaggregation of our net sales from customers by geographic area, major product group and major sales channels for each of our segments, see Note 22, “Net Sales.”
Beginning in the first quarter of 2023, our business will be organized into three operating segments – Engineered Solutions, Vehicle Control and Temperature Control. This change in operating segments will better align our operating segments with our strategic focus on diversification, and provide greater transparency into how we are positioned to capture growth opportunities of the future. The change will also better reflect the impact of our recent acquisitions.
22. Net Sales
Disaggregation of Net Sales
We disaggregate our net sales from customers by geographic area, major product group, and major sales channels for each of our segments, as we believe it best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our net sales are affected by economic factors.
The following tables provide disaggregation of net sales information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, 2022 (a) |  | Engine Management |  |  | Temperature Control |  |  | Other (b) |  |  | Total |
Geographic Area: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 849,858 |  |  | $ | 359,246 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,209,104 |
Canada |  |  | 32,410 |  |  |  | 19,894 |  |  |  | 14,287 |  |  |  | 66,591 |
Europe |  |  | 37,098 |  |  |  | 1,422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,520 |
Mexico |  |  | 30,917 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,317 |
Asia |  |  | 18,830 |  |  |  | 356 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,186 |
Other foreign |  |  | 6,130 |  |  |  | 967 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,097 |
Total |  | $ | 975,243 |  |  | $ | 382,285 |  |  | $ | 14,287 |  |  | $ | 1,371,815 |
Major Product Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related system products |  | $ | 824,677 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,775 |  |  | $ | 835,452 |
Wire and cable |  |  | 150,566 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (223 | ) |  |  | 150,343 |
Compressors |  |  | — |  |  |  | 222,532 |  |  |  | 1,813 |  |  |  | 224,345 |
Other climate control parts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 159,753 |  |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | 161,675 |
Total |  | $ | 975,243 |  |  | $ | 382,285 |  |  | $ | 14,287 |  |  | $ | 1,371,815 |
Major Sales Channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aftermarket |  | $ | 709,128 |  |  | $ | 343,702 |  |  | $ | 14,287 |  |  | $ | 1,067,117 |
OE/OES |  |  | 234,092 |  |  |  | 35,915 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 270,007 |
Export |  |  | 32,023 |  |  |  | 2,668 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 34,691 |
Total |  | $ | 975,243 |  |  | $ | 382,285 |  |  | $ | 14,287 |  |  | $ | 1,371,815 |

87

Index
STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Year Ended December 31, 2021 (a) |  | Engine Management |  |  | Temperature Control |  |  | Other (b) |  |  | Total |
Geographic Area: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 804,398 |  |  | $ | 329,980 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,134,378 |
Canada |  |  | 33,590 |  |  |  | 16,513 |  |  |  | 12,457 |  |  |  | 62,560 |
Europe |  |  | 27,293 |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,683 |
Mexico |  |  | 25,288 |  |  |  | 358 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,646 |
Asia |  |  | 40,668 |  |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,016 |
Other foreign |  |  | 6,699 |  |  |  | 834 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,533 |
Total |  | $ | 937,936 |  |  | $ | 348,423 |  |  | $ | 12,457 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |
Major Product Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related system products |  | $ | 786,514 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,956 |  |  | $ | 795,470 |
Wire and cable |  |  | 151,422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (275 | ) |  |  | 151,147 |
Compressors |  |  | — |  |  |  | 206,697 |  |  |  | 1,434 |  |  |  | 208,131 |
Other climate control parts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 141,726 |  |  |  | 2,342 |  |  |  | 144,068 |
Total |  | $ | 937,936 |  |  | $ | 348,423 |  |  | $ | 12,457 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |
Major Sales Channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aftermarket |  | $ | 702,473 |  |  | $ | 317,804 |  |  | $ | 12,457 |  |  | $ | 1,032,734 |
OE/OES |  |  | 208,760 |  |  |  | 28,545 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 237,305 |
Export |  |  | 26,703 |  |  |  | 2,074 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 28,777 |
Total |  | $ | 937,936 |  |  | $ | 348,423 |  |  | $ | 12,457 |  |  | $ | 1,298,816 |

Year Ended December 31, 2020 (a) |  | Engine Management |  |  | Temperature Control |  |  | Other (b) |  |  | Total |
Geographic Area: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States |  | $ | 738,521 |  |  | $ | 268,680 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,007,201 |
Canada |  |  | 25,842 |  |  |  | 11,679 |  |  |  | 10,949 |  |  |  | 48,470 |
Europe |  |  | 12,255 |  |  |  | 351 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,606 |
Mexico |  |  | 19,336 |  |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,607 |
Asia |  |  | 35,079 |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 35,244 |
Other foreign |  |  | 4,652 |  |  |  | 808 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,460 |
Total |  | $ | 835,685 |  |  | $ | 281,954 |  |  | $ | 10,949 |  |  | $ | 1,128,588 |
Major Product Group: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related system products |  | $ | 691,722 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,172 |  |  | $ | 699,894 |
Wire and cable |  |  | 143,963 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 144,122 |
Compressors |  |  | — |  |  |  | 163,071 |  |  |  | 812 |  |  |  | 163,883 |
Other climate control parts |  |  | — |  |  |  | 118,883 |  |  |  | 1,806 |  |  |  | 120,689 |
Total |  | $ | 835,685 |  |  | $ | 281,954 |  |  | $ | 10,949 |  |  | $ | 1,128,588 |
Major Sales Channel: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Aftermarket |  | $ | 674,744 |  |  | $ | 263,690 |  |  | $ | 10,949 |  |  | $ | 949,383 |
OE/OES |  |  | 142,072 |  |  |  | 17,096 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 159,168 |
Export |  |  | 18,869 |  |  |  | 1,168 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,037 |
Total |  | $ | 835,685 |  |  | $ | 281,954 |  |  | $ | 10,949 |  |  | $ | 1,128,588 |

| (a) | Segment net sales include intersegment sales in our Engine Management and Temperature Control segments.

| (b) | Other consists of the elimination of intersegment sales from our Engine Management and Temperature Control segments as well as sales from our Canadian business unit that does not meet the criteria of a reportable operating segment. Intersegment wire and cable sales for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 exceeded third party sales from our Canadian business unit.

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
Geographic Area
We sell our line of products primarily in the United States, with additional sales in Canada, Mexico, Europe, Asia and Latin America. Sales are attributed to countries based upon the location of the customer. Our sales are substantially denominated in U.S. dollars.
Major Product Group
The Engine Management segment of the Company principally generates revenue from the sale of automotive engine parts in the automotive aftermarket including ignition, emission control, fuel and safety related system products, and wire and cable parts. The Temperature Control segment of the Company principally generates revenue from the sale of automotive temperature control systems parts in the automotive aftermarket including air conditioning compressors and other climate control parts.
Major Sales Channel
In the aftermarket channel, we sell our products to warehouse distributors and retailers. Our customers buy directly from us and sell directly to jobber stores, professional technicians and to “do-it-yourselfers” who perform automotive repairs on their personal vehicles. In the Specialized Original Equipment (“OE”) and Original Equipment Service (“OES”) channel, we sell our products to original equipment manufacturers who redistribute our products within their distribution network, independent dealerships and service dealer technicians. Lastly, in the Export channel, our domestic entities sell to customers outside the United States.
23. Commitments and Contingencies
Total rent expense for the three years ended December 31, 2022 was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Total |  |  | Real Estate |  |  | Other |
2022 (1) |  | $ | 14,135 |  |  | $ | 11,385 |  |  | $ | 2,750 |
2021 (1) |  |  | 12,065 |  |  |  | 9,500 |  |  |  | 2,565 |
2020 |  |  | 11,669 |  |  |  | 8,290 |  |  |  | 3,379 |

| (1) | In cludes expenses of approximately $2.7 million and $2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to non-lease components such as maintenance, property taxes, etc., and operating lease expense for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, which is no t material.

For our operating lease minimal rental payments that we are obligated to make, see Note 7, “Leases.”
Warranties
We generally warrant our products against certain manufacturing and other defects. These product warranties are provided for specific periods of time depending on the nature of the product. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have accrued $19.7 million and $17.5 million, respectively, for estimated product warranty claims included in accrued customer returns. The accrued product warranty costs are based primarily on historical experience of actual warranty claims. Warranty expense for each of the years 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $112.5 million, $91.9 million and $87.1 million, respectively.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
The following table provides the changes in our product warranties:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
|  | (In thousands) |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 17,463 |  |  | $ | 17,663 |
Liabilities accrued for current year sales |  |  | 112,477 |  |  |  | 91,908 |
Settlements of warranty claims |  |  | (110,273 | ) |  |  | (92,108 | )
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 19,667 |  |  | $ | 17,463 |

Letters of Credit
At December 31, 2022, we had outstanding letters of credit with certain vendors aggregating approximately $2.4 million. These letters of credit are being maintained as security for reimbursements to insurance companies and as security to the landlord of our administrative offices in Long Island City, New York. The contract amount of the letters of credit is a reasonable estimate of their value as the value for each is fixed over the life of the commitment.
Change of Control Arrangements
We have a change in control arrangement with one key officer. In the event of a change of control (as defined in the agreement), the executive will receive severance payments and certain other benefits as provided in his agreement.
Asbestos
In 1986, we acquired a brake business, which we subsequently sold in March 1998 and which is accounted for as a discontinued operation in the accompanying statement of operations. When we originally acquired this brake business, we assumed future liabilities relating to any alleged exposure to asbestos-containing products manufactured by the seller of the acquired brake business. In accordance with the related purchase agreement, we agreed to assume the liabilities for all new claims filed on or after September 2001. Our ultimate exposure will depend upon the number of claims filed against us on or after September 2001, and the amounts paid for settlements, awards of asbestos-related damages, and defense of such claims. At December 31, 2022, approximately 1,530 cases were outstanding for which we may be responsible for any related liabilities. Since inception in September 2001 through December 31, 2022, the amounts paid for settled claims and awards of asbestos-related damages, including interest, were approximately $64.6 million. We do not have insurance coverage for the indemnity and defense costs associated with the claims we face.
In evaluating our potential asbestos-related liability, we have considered various factors including, among other things, an actuarial study of the asbestos related liabilities performed by an independent actuarial firm, our settlement amounts and whether there are any co-defendants, the jurisdiction in which lawsuits are filed, and the status and results of such claims. As is our accounting policy, we consider the advice of actuarial consultants with experience in assessing asbestos-related liabilities to estimate our potential claim liability; and perform an actuarial evaluation in the third quarter of each year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary. The methodology used to project asbestos-related liabilities and costs in our actuarial study considered: (1) historical data available from publicly available studies; (2) an analysis of our recent claims history to estimate likely filing rates into the future; (3) an analysis of our currently pending claims; (4) an analysis of our settlements and awards of asbestos-related damages to date; and (5) an analysis of closed claims with pay ratios and lag patterns in order to develop average future settlement values. Based on the information contained in the actuarial study and all other available information considered by us, we have concluded that no amount within the range of settlement payments and awards of asbestos-related damages was more likely than any other and, therefore, in assessing our asbestos liability we compare the low end of the range to our recorded liability to determine if an adjustment is required.
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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)
In accordance with our policy to perform an annual actuarial evaluation in the third quarter of each year, an actuarial study was performed as of August 31, 2022. The results of the August 31, 2022 study included an estimate of our undiscounted liability for settlement payments and awards of asbestos-related damages, excluding legal costs, ranging from $68.8 million to $111.6 million for the period through 2065. The change from the prior year study, which was as of August 31, 2021, was a $7.9 million increase for the low end of the range and a $11.4 million increase for the high end of the range. The increase in the estimated undiscounted liability from the prior year study at both the low end and high end of the range reflects our actual experience, our historical data and certain assumptions with respect to events that may occur in the future.
Based upon the results of the August 31, 2022 actuarial study, in September 2022 we increased our asbestos liability to $68.8 million, the low end of the range, and recorded an incremental pre-tax provision of $18.5 million in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations. Future legal costs, which are expensed as incurred and reported in earnings (loss) from discontinued operations in the accompanying statement of operations, are estimated, according to the August 31, 2022 study, to range from $53.2 million to $105.7 million for the period through 2065. Total operating cash outflows related to discontinued operations, which include settlements, awards of asbestos-related damages and legal costs, net of taxes, were $12 million, $8.8 million and $16.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
We plan to perform an annual actuarial evaluation during the third quarter of each year for the foreseeable future and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that additional provisions may be necessary. Given the uncertainties associated with projecting such matters into the future and other factors outside our control, we can give no assurance that additional provisions will not be required. We will continue to monitor events and changes in circumstances surrounding these potential liabilities in determining whether to perform additional actuarial evaluations and whether additional provisions may be necessary. At the present time, however, we do not believe that any additional provisions would be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity or consolidated financial position.
Other Litigation
We are currently involved in various other legal claims and legal proceedings (some of which may involve substantial amounts), including claims related to commercial disputes, product liability, employment, and environmental. Although these legal claims and legal proceedings are subject to inherent uncertainties, based on our understanding and evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances, we believe that the ultimate outcome of these matters will not, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. We may at any time determine that settling any of these matters is in our best interests, which settlement may include substantial payments. Although we cannot currently predict the specific amount of any liability that may ultimately arise with respect to any of these matters, we will record provisions when the liability is considered probable and reasonably estimable. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability and the determination as to whether an exposure can be reasonably estimated. As additional information becomes available, we reassess our potential liability related to these matters. Such revisions of the potential liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
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ITEM 9. | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

(a) | Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this Report. This evaluation also included consideration of our internal controls and procedures for the preparation of our financial statements as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”). Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Report.

(b) | Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as part of this Report we have furnished a report regarding our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The report is under the caption “Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” which report in included herein.

(c) | Attestation Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

KPMG LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, has issued an opinion as to the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The opinion is under the caption “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm−Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” for this attestation report, which is included herein.

(d) | Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.

During the quarter ended December 31, 2022 and subsequent to that date, we have not made changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
We review, document and test our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in the 2013 Internal Control–Integrated Framework. We may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that our systems evolve with our business. These efforts may lead to various changes in our internal control over financial reporting.
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ITEM 9B. | OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not Applicable.
PART III

ITEM 10. | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with our 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2023 Proxy Statement”) set forth under the captions “Proposal No. 1 - Election of Directors,” “Management Information,” and “Corporate Governance.”
The Board of Directors of the Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all employees, officers and directors of the Company. The Company’s Code of Ethics is available at ir.smpcorp.com under “Governance Documents.” The Company intends to satisfy any disclosure requirement under Item 5.05 of Form 8-K regarding an amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of the Company’s Code of Ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, by disclosing such information on the Company’s website, at the address specified above.

ITEM 11. | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information in our 2023 Proxy Statement set forth under captions “Corporate Governance,” “Compensation Discussion & Analysis,” “Executive Compensation and Related Information” and “Report of the Compensation and Management Development Committee.”

ITEM 12. | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information in our 2023 Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Executive Compensation and Related Information” and “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management.”

ITEM 13. | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information in our 2023 Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Executive Compensation and Related Information.

ITEM 14. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm is KMPG LLP, New York, New York (PCAOB ID 185). All other information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the information in our 2023 Proxy Statement set forth under the captions “Audit and Non-Audit Fees.”
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Index
PART IV

ITEM 15. | EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a) | (1) | The Index to Consolidated Financial Statements of the Registrant under Item 8 of this Report is incorporated herein by reference as the list of Financial Statements required as part of this Report.
| (2) | The following financial schedule and related report for the years 2022, 2021 and 2020 is submitted herewith:
|  | Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
|  | All other schedules are omitted because they are not required, not applicable or the information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.
| (3) | Exhibits.
|  | The exhibit list in the Exhibit Index is incorporated by reference as the list of exhibits required as part of this Report.

ITEM 16. | FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.
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Index
STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number |
3.1 | Restated By-Laws, dated as of December 15, 2022 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed as of December 21, 2022).
3.2 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation, filed as of August 1, 1990 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017).
3.3 | Certificate of Amendment of the Certificate of Incorporation, filed as of February 27, 1996 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017).
10.1 | Amended and Restated Employee Stock Ownership Plan and Trust of Standard Motor Products, Inc., dated as of December 21, 2018 (incorporated by reference to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021).
10.2 | 2006 Omnibus Incentive Plan of Standard Motor Products, Inc., as amended (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-174330), filed as of May 19, 2011).
10.3 | Supplemental Compensation Plan, effective as of October 1, 2001 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
10.4 | Severance Compensation Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2001, between Standard Motor Products, Inc. and James Burke (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
10.5 | Amendment to the Standard Motor Products, Inc. Supplemental Compensation Plan, effective as of December 1, 2006 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006).
10.6 | Amendment to Severance Compensation Agreement, dated as of December 15, 2008, between Standard Motor Products, Inc. and James Burke (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009).
10.7 | Amended and Restated Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, dated as of December 31, 2010 (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010).
10.8 | Amendment to Severance Compensation Agreement, dated as of March 8, 2011, between Standard Motor Products, Inc. and James Burke (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2010).
10.9 | Credit Agreement, dated as of October 28, 2015, among Standard Motor Products, Inc., as borrower and the other loan parties thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent and lender, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as sole bookrunner and joint lead arranger, Bank of America, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as co-syndication agents and joint lead arrangers, and the other lenders thereto (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed as of October 30, 2015).

95

Index
STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number |
10.10 | Standard Motor Products, Inc. Amended and Restated 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan and forms of related award agreements (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-256362) filed as of May 21, 2021).
10.11 | First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of December 10, 2018, among Standard Motor Products, Inc. and SMP Motor Products Ltd., as borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent and lender, and the other lenders thereto (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed as of December 13, 2018).
10.12 | Second Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated as of March 4, 2022, among Standard Motor Products, Inc., SMP Motor Products Ltd. and Trumpet Holdings, Inc., as borrowers, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as agent and lender, and the other lenders thereto (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed as of March 10, 2022).
10.13 | Credit Agreement, dated as of June 1, 2022, among Standard Motor Products, Inc., as Borrower, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Bank of America, N.A. and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Co-Syndication Agents, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as Sustainability Structuring Agent, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Sole Bookrunner, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., BofA Securities, Inc. and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as Joint Lead Arrangers, and the lenders named therein (incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed as of June 2, 2022).
21 | List of Subsidiaries of Standard Motor Products, Inc.
23 | Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
24 | Power of Attorney (see signature page to Annual Report on Form 10-K).
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer furnished pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

96

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
EXHIBIT INDEX

101.INS** | Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document).
101.SCH** | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL** | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.LAB** | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE** | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF** | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

** | In accordance with Regulation S-T, the XBRL-related information in Exhibit 101 to the Original Filing shall be deemed to be “furnished” and not “filed.”

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Index
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC.
| (Registrant)
| /s/ Eric P. Sills
| Eric P. Sills
| Chief Executive Officer and President
| /s/ Nathan R. Iles
| Nathan R. Iles
| Chief Financial Officer

New York, New York
February 22, 2023
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Eric P. Sills and Nathan R. Iles, jointly and severally, as his attorneys-in-fact, each with the power of substitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

February 22, 2023 | /s/ Eric P. Sills
| Eric P. Sills
| Chief Executive Officer and President
| (Principal Executive Officer)
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Nathan R. Iles
| Nathan R. Iles
| Chief Financial Officer
| (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
February 22, 2023 | /s/ James J. Burke
| James J. Burke
| Chief Operating Officer
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Lawrence I. Sills
| Lawrence I. Sills, Director
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Alejandro C. Capparelli
| Alejandro C. Capparelli, Director

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Index

February 22, 2023 | /s/ Pamela Forbes Lieberman
| Pamela Forbes Lieberman, Director
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Patrick S. McClymont
| Patrick S. McClymont, Director
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Joseph W. McDonnell
| Joseph W. McDonnell, Director
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Alisa C. Norris
| Alisa C. Norris, Director
February 22, 2023 | /s/ Pamela S. Puryear, Ph.D.
| Pamela S. Puryear, Director
February 22, 2023 | /s/ William H. Turner
| William H. Turner, Director

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STANDARD MOTOR PRODUCTS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Schedule II ‑ Valuation and Qualifying Accounts
Years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

|  |  |  |  | Additions |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Description |  | Balance at beginning of year |  |  | Charged to costs and expenses |  |  | Other |  |  | Deductions |  |  | Balance at end of year |
Year ended December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  | $ | 4,815,000 |  |  | $ | 6,242,000 | (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,928,000 |  |  | $ | 4,129,000 |
Allowance for discounts |  |  | 1,355,000 |  |  |  | 13,456,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,565,000 |  |  |  | 1,246,000 |
|  | $ | 6,170,000 |  |  | $ | 19,698,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 20,493,000 |  |  | $ | 5,375,000 |
Allowance for sales returns |  | $ | 42,412,000 |  |  | $ | 152,985,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 158,228,000 |  |  | $ | 37,169,000 |
Year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  | $ | 4,406,000 |  |  | $ | 450,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41,000 |  |  | $ | 4,815,000 |
Allowance for discounts |  |  | 1,416,000 |  |  |  | 13,827,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,888,000 |  |  |  | 1,355,000 |
|  | $ | 5,822,000 |  |  | $ | 14,277,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,929,000 |  |  | $ | 6,170,000 |
Allowance for sales returns |  | $ | 40,982,000 |  |  | $ | 129,964,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 128,534,000 |  |  | $ | 42,412,000 |
Year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  | $ | 4,244,000 |  |  | $ | 392,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 230,000 |  |  | $ | 4,406,000 |
Allowance for discounts |  |  | 968,000 |  |  |  | 11,488,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,040,000 |  |  |  | 1,416,000 |
|  | $ | 5,212,000 |  |  | $ | 11,880,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,270,000 |  |  | $ | 5,822,000 |
Allowance for sales returns |  | $ | 35,240,000 |  |  | $ | 135,448,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,706,000 |  |  | $ | 40,982,000 |

| (1) | Includes a $7 million charge relating to one of our customers that filed a petition for bankruptcy in January 2023.

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