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Restructuring and integration expense
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2021
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring and integration expense
Restructuring and integration expense consists of costs related to the consolidation and migration of certain applications and processes, including our financial and sales management systems. It also includes costs related to the integration of acquired businesses into our systems and processes. These costs consist primarily of information technology consulting, project management services and internal labor, as well as other costs associated with our initiatives, such as training, travel and relocation and costs associated with facility closures. In addition, we recorded employee severance costs related to these initiatives, as well as our ongoing cost reduction initiatives across functional areas. We are currently pursuing several initiatives designed to focus on our growth strategy and to increase our efficiency. Restructuring and integration expense is not allocated to our reportable business segments.

Restructuring and integration expense is reflected on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) as follows:
 Quarter Ended
March 31,
(in thousands)20212020
Total cost of revenue$899 $829 
Operating expenses14,313 17,654 
Restructuring and integration expense$15,212 $18,483 
Restructuring and integration expense for each period was comprised of the following:
 Quarter Ended
March 31,
(in thousands)20212020
External consulting fees$7,383 $10,901 
Internal labor2,041 1,853 
Employee severance benefits857 5,083 
Other4,931 646 
Restructuring and integration expense$15,212 $18,483 

Our restructuring and integration accruals are included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and represent expected cash payments required to satisfy the remaining severance obligations to those employees already terminated and those expected to be terminated under our various initiatives. The majority of the employee reductions are expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2021, and we expect most of the related severance payments to be paid by mid-2021, utilizing cash from operations.

Changes in our restructuring and integration accruals were as follows:
(in thousands)Employee severance benefits
Balance, December 31, 2020
$6,798 
Charges1,877 
Reversals(1,020)
Payments(5,701)
Balance, March 31, 2021
$1,954 

The charges and reversals presented in the rollforward of our restructuring and integration accruals do not include items charged directly to expense as incurred, as those items are not reflected in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.