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Restructuring and integration expense
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]  
Restructuring and integration expense
Restructuring and integration expense consists of costs related to the consolidation and migration of certain applications and processes, including our financial and sales management systems. It also includes costs related to the integration of acquired businesses into our systems and processes. These costs consist primarily of information technology consulting, project management services and internal labor, as well as other costs associated with our initiatives, such as training, travel, relocation and costs associated with facility closures. In addition, we recorded employee severance costs related to these initiatives, as well as our ongoing cost reduction initiatives across functional areas. We are currently pursuing several initiatives designed to support our growth strategy and to increase our efficiency. Restructuring and integration expense is not allocated to our reportable business segments.

Restructuring and integration expense is reflected on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income as follows:

 Quarter Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(in thousands)2022202120222021
Total cost of revenue$131 $1,559 $216 $3,073 
Operating expenses15,188 12,335 46,614 38,012 
Restructuring and integration expense$15,319 $13,894 $46,830 $41,085 
Restructuring and integration expense for each period was comprised of the following:
 Quarter Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
(in thousands)2022202120222021
External consulting fees$7,670 $6,432 $24,670 $19,355 
Internal labor1,877 1,756 6,177 6,276 
Employee severance benefits3,826 1,293 8,232 3,167 
Other1,946 4,413 7,751 12,287 
Restructuring and integration expense$15,319 $13,894 $46,830 $41,085 

Our restructuring and integration accruals are included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and represent expected cash payments required to satisfy the remaining severance obligations to those employees already terminated and those expected to be terminated under our various initiatives. The majority of the employee reductions and the related severance payments are expected to be completed by mid-2023.

Changes in our restructuring and integration accruals were as follows:
(in thousands)Employee severance benefits
Balance, December 31, 2021
$5,672 
Charges8,928 
Reversals(696)
Payments(7,502)
Balance, September 30, 2022
$6,402 

The charges and reversals presented in the rollforward of our restructuring and integration accruals do not include items charged directly to expense as incurred, as those items are not reflected in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.