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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
INCOME TAXES |
Schedule of provision for income taxes |
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $ |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  |  | 248,666 |  |  | 79,631 |  |  | 57,922 |
United States |  |  | 12,009 |  |  | (14,183 | ) |  | (74,002 | )
PRC |  |  | 50,746 |  |  | 134,330 |  |  | 133,847 |
Others |  |  | 9,897 |  |  | 23,050 |  |  | (34,516 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
|  |  | 321,318 |  |  | 222,828 |  |  | 83,251 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  |  | 17,721 |  |  | 71,002 |  |  | 610 |
United States |  |  | 18,702 |  |  | 40,567 |  |  | 96,172 |
PRC |  |  | 7,559 |  |  | 20,145 |  |  | 29,339 |
Others |  |  | 2,757 |  |  | 6,639 |  |  | (6,246 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
|  |  | 46,739 |  |  | 138,353 |  |  | 119,875 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  |  | 40,895 |  |  | (44,548 | ) |  | 6,366 |
United States |  |  | (14,928 | ) |  | (45,024 | ) |  | (74,562 | )
PRC |  |  | 10,827 |  |  | 7,506 |  |  | (10,880 | )
Others |  |  | (6,102 | ) |  | (6,775 | ) |  | (22,823 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
|  |  | 30,692 |  |  | (88,841 | ) |  | (101,899 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  |  | 58,616 |  |  | 26,454 |  |  | 6,976 |
United States |  |  | 3,774 |  |  | (4,457 | ) |  | 21,610 |
PRC |  |  | 18,386 |  |  | 27,651 |  |  | 18,459 |
Others |  |  | (3,345 | ) |  | (136 | ) |  | (29,069 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
|  |  | 77,431 |  |  | 49,512 |  |  | 17,976 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Schedule of movement and balance of the Company's liability for uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties) |
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $ |
Beginning balance |  |  | 13,001 |  |  | 10,844 |  |  | 9,490 |
Addition for tax positions related to the current year |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 1,376 |
Reductions for tax positions from prior years/Statute of limitations expirations |  |  | (1,368 | ) |  | — |  |  | (5,436 | )
Foreign exchange effect |  |  | (789 | ) |  | (1550 | ) |  | 254 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ending balance |  |  | 10,844 |  |  | 9,490 |  |  | 5,684 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Schedule of components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities |
|  | At December 31, 2015 |  | At December 31, 2016 |
|  | $ |  | $ |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accrued warranty costs |  |  | 25,548 |  |  | 23,228 |
Bad debt allowance |  |  | 8,358 |  |  | 8,058 |
Investment in affiliates under tax equity transactions |  |  | — |  |  | 54,187 |
Inventory write-down |  |  | 4,239 |  |  | 4,564 |
Future deductible expenses |  |  | 13,878 |  |  | 13,321 |
Depreciation and impairment difference of property, plant and equipment and solar power systems |  |  | 34,248 |  |  | 29,668 |
Accrued liabilities related to countervailing and anti-dumping duty deposits |  |  | 55,115 |  |  | 111,021 |
Deferred tax assets relating to sales of solar power systems |  |  | 32,159 |  |  | 996 |
Net operating losses carry-forward |  |  | 70,637 |  |  | 48,678 |
Others |  |  | 8,532 |  |  | 7,728 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total deferred tax assets, gross |  |  | 252,714 |  |  | 301,449 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (55,959 | ) |  | (71,469 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  |  | 196,755 |  |  | 229,980 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  |  | 4,558 |  |  | 3,315 |
Depreciation difference of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 8,327 |  |  | 468 |
Deferred profit of projects |  |  | 40,793 |  |  | — |
Insurance recoverable |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | 16,727 |
Basis difference related to acquisitions |  |  | 18,339 |  |  | — |
Others |  |  | 3,047 |  |  | 2,838 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 90,064 |  |  | 23,348 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 106,691 |  |  | 206,632 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Analysis as: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current deferred tax assets |  |  | 30,013 |  |  | — |
Non-current deferred tax assets |  |  | 97,134 |  |  | 229,980 |
Current deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (1,426 | ) |  | — |
Non-current deferred tax liabilities |  |  | (19,030 | ) |  | (23,348 | )
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 106,691 |  |  | 206,632 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance |
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $ |
Beginning balance |  |  | 57,190 |  |  | 52,985 |  |  | 55,959 |
Additions (Reversals) |  |  | (4,411 | ) |  | (944 | ) |  | 14,486 |
Addition from acquisition of Recurrent |  |  | — |  |  | 4,949 |  |  | — |
Foreign exchange effect |  |  | 206 |  |  | (1,031 | ) |  | 1,024 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ending balance |  |  | 52,985 |  |  | 55,959 |  |  | 71,469 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Schedule of reconciliation between the provision for income tax computed by applying Canadian federal and provincial statutory tax rates to income before income taxes and the actual provision and benefit for income taxes |
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
Combined federal and provincial income tax rate |  |  | 27 | % |  | 27 | % |  | 27 | %
Effect of permanent difference |  |  | — |  |  | 1 | % |  | (16 | )%
Effect of different tax rate on earnings in other jurisdictions |  |  | (2 | )% |  | (3 | )% |  | (18 | )%
Effect of tax holiday |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | )%
Unrecognized tax provision |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 | %
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | (1 | )% |  | — |  |  | 32 | %
Effect of tax credit |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7 | )%
Effect of true-up |  |  | — |  |  | (1 | )% |  | 4 | %
Foreign exchange effect |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )% |  | — |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
|  |  | 24 | % |  | 22 | % |  | 22 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Schedule of aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday |
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2014 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |
|  | (In Thousands of US Dollars, except per share data) |
The aggregate amount |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,343 |
Per share—basic |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.06 |
Per share—diluted |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.06 |

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