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INCOME TAXES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2016

INCOME TAXES

Schedule of provision for income taxes

		Years Ended December 31,
		2014			2015			2016
		$			$			$
Income before income taxes
Canada			248,666			79,631			57,922
United States			12,009			(14,183	)		(74,002	)
PRC			50,746			134,330			133,847
Others			9,897			23,050			(34,516	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
			321,318			222,828			83,251
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Current tax
Canada			17,721			71,002			610
United States			18,702			40,567			96,172
PRC			7,559			20,145			29,339
Others			2,757			6,639			(6,246	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
			46,739			138,353			119,875
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deferred tax
Canada			40,895			(44,548	)		6,366
United States			(14,928	)		(45,024	)		(74,562	)
PRC			10,827			7,506			(10,880	)
Others			(6,102	)		(6,775	)		(22,823	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
			30,692			(88,841	)		(101,899	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total income tax expense
Canada			58,616			26,454			6,976
United States			3,774			(4,457	)		21,610
PRC			18,386			27,651			18,459
Others			(3,345	)		(136	)		(29,069	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
			77,431			49,512			17,976
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

Schedule of movement and balance of the Company's liability for uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties)

		Years Ended December 31,
		2014			2015			2016
		$			$			$
Beginning balance			13,001			10,844			9,490
Addition for tax positions related to the current year			—			196			1,376
Reductions for tax positions from prior years/Statute of limitations expirations			(1,368	)		—			(5,436	)
Foreign exchange effect			(789	)		(1550	)		254
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Ending balance			10,844			9,490			5,684
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

Schedule of components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities

		At December 31, 2015			At December 31, 2016
		$			$
Deferred tax assets:
Accrued warranty costs			25,548			23,228
Bad debt allowance			8,358			8,058
Investment in affiliates under tax equity transactions			—			54,187
Inventory write-down			4,239			4,564
Future deductible expenses			13,878			13,321
Depreciation and impairment difference of property, plant and equipment and solar power systems			34,248			29,668
Accrued liabilities related to countervailing and anti-dumping duty deposits			55,115			111,021
Deferred tax assets relating to sales of solar power systems			32,159			996
Net operating losses carry-forward			70,637			48,678
Others			8,532			7,728
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total deferred tax assets, gross			252,714			301,449
Valuation allowance			(55,959	)		(71,469	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance			196,755			229,980
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Deferred tax liabilities:
Derivative assets			4,558			3,315
Depreciation difference of property, plant and equipment			8,327			468
Deferred profit of projects			40,793			—
Insurance recoverable			15,000			16,727
Basis difference related to acquisitions			18,339			—
Others			3,047			2,838
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Total deferred tax liabilities			90,064			23,348
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net deferred tax assets			106,691			206,632
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Analysis as:
Current deferred tax assets			30,013			—
Non-current deferred tax assets			97,134			229,980
Current deferred tax liabilities			(1,426	)		—
Non-current deferred tax liabilities			(19,030	)		(23,348	)
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Net deferred tax assets			106,691			206,632
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance

		Years Ended December 31,
		2014			2015			2016
		$			$			$
Beginning balance			57,190			52,985			55,959
Additions (Reversals)			(4,411	)		(944	)		14,486
Addition from acquisition of Recurrent			—			4,949			—
Foreign exchange effect			206			(1,031	)		1,024
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
Ending balance			52,985			55,959			71,469
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

Schedule of reconciliation between the provision for income tax computed by applying Canadian federal and provincial statutory tax rates to income before income taxes and the actual provision and benefit for income taxes

		Years Ended December 31,
		2014			2015			2016
Combined federal and provincial income tax rate			27	%		27	%		27	%
Effect of permanent difference			—			1	%		(16	)%
Effect of different tax rate on earnings in other jurisdictions			(2	)%		(3	)%		(18	)%
Effect of tax holiday			—			—			(4	)%
Unrecognized tax provision			—			—			4	%
Change in valuation allowance			(1	)%		—			32	%
Effect of tax credit			—			—			(7	)%
Effect of true-up			—			(1	)%		4	%
Foreign exchange effect			—			(2	)%		—
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
			24	%		22	%		22	%
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​
​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​	​

Schedule of aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday

		Years Ended December 31,
		2014			2015			2016
		(In Thousands of US Dollars, except per share data)
The aggregate amount			—			—			3,343
Per share—basic			—			—			0.06
Per share—diluted			—			—			0.06

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the components of net deferred tax asset or liability recognized in an entity's statement of financial position, including the following: the total of all deferred tax liabilities, the total of all deferred tax assets, the total valuation allowance recognized for deferred tax assets.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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Tabular disclosure of the change in unrecognized tax benefits.

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Tabular disclosure of the income tax exemptions and reductions which have been granted by taxing authorities for a specified period, applicable term of the exemptions and reductions, estimated dollar value of tax benefits, and per share benefits.

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Tabular disclosure of valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to net realizable value, including identification of the deferred tax asset more likely than not will not be fully realized and the corresponding amount of the valuation allowance.

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