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SEGMENT INFORMATION | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
SEGMENT INFORMATION |
SEGMENT INFORMATION | 21. SEGMENT INFORMATION The Company uses the management approach to determine operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance. The Company’s CODM has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, since he reviews consolidated and segment results when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Company. The Company has been operating in two principal businesses since 2016: module and system solutions (“MSS”) and Energy. The MSS business comprises primarily the design, development, manufacture and sale of solar modules, other solar power products and solar system kits . The MSS business also provides engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) and operating and maintenance (O&M) services. The Energy business comprises primarily the development and sale of solar projects, operating solar power projects and the sale of electricity. The module sales from the Company's MSS business to its Energy business are on terms and conditions similar to sales to third parties. The Company’s CODM reviews net revenue and gross profit and does not review balance sheet information by segment. The following table summarizes the Company's revenues, gross profit and income from operations generated from each segment:
|  | Years Ended December 31, 2018
|  | MSS |  | Energy |  | Elimination |  | Total
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Net revenues |  | 2,413,889 |  | 1,575,594 |  | (244,971) |  | 3,744,512
Cost of revenues |  | 1,923,131 |  | 1,302,779 |  | (256,480) |  | 2,969,430
Gross profit |  | 490,758 |  | 272,815 |  | 11,509 |  | 775,082
Income from operations |  | 141,609 |  | 211,539 |  | 11,509 |  | 364,657
|  | Years Ended December 31, 2017
|  | MSS |  | Energy |  | Elimination |  | Total
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Net revenues |  | 2,850,859 |  | 677,470 |  | (137,936) |  | 3,390,393
Cost of revenues |  | 2,390,686 |  | 473,453 |  | (111,344) |  | 2,752,795
Gross profit |  | 460,173 |  | 204,017 |  | (26,592) |  | 637,598
Income from operations |  | 136,419 |  | 159,518 |  | (26,592) |  | 269,345
|  | Years Ended December 31, 2016
|  | MSS |  | Energy |  | Elimination |  | Total
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Net revenues |  | 2,825,270 |  | 106,432 |  | (78,624) |  | 2,853,078
Cost of revenues |  | 2,429,207 |  | 66,955 |  | (60,272) |  | 2,435,890
Gross profit |  | 396,063 |  | 39,477 |  | (18,352) |  | 417,188
Income from operations |  | 115,579 |  | (4,063) |  | (18,352) |  | 93,164
Income from operations is an estimated based on the Company's management accounts as some services are shared by two segments. The following table summarizes the Company’s net revenues generated from different geographic locations. The information presented below is based on the location of customers’ headquarters:
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Europe and other regions: |  |  |  |  |  |
—Germany |  | 132,185 |  | 94,066 |  | 95,514
—Netherlands |  | 36,732 |  | 51,357 |  | 83,475
—United Kingdom |  | 73,274 |  | 48,295 |  | 101,479
—Australia |  | 33,634 |  | 48,069 |  | 232,409
—South Africa |  | 22,398 |  | 21,916 |  | 53,739
—Spain |  | 22,516 |  | 13,471 |  | 58,811
— Czech |  | 1,653 |  | 10,822 |  | 17,411
—Others |  | 88,773 |  | 68,144 |  | 55,730
|  | 411,165 |  | 356,140 |  | 698,568
The Americas: |  |  |  |  |  |
—United States |  | 863,500 |  | 628,815 |  | 999,144
—Brazil |  | 33,002 |  | 388,554 |  | 339,964
—Canada |  | 193,790 |  | 52,194 |  | 68,385
—Others |  | 13,217 |  | 38,599 |  | 67,164
|  | 1,103,509 |  | 1,108,162 |  | 1,474,657
Asia: |  |  |  |  |  |
—PRC |  | 585,296 |  | 874,559 |  | 620,520
—Japan |  | 373,396 |  | 476,946 |  | 483,041
—India |  | 292,234 |  | 336,468 |  | 145,873
—Singapore |  | 7,615 |  | 97,483 |  | 8,427
—U.A.E |  | 5,391 |  | 91,991 |  | 104,467
—Israel |  | 464 |  | 302 |  | 73,879
—Korea |  | 29,212 |  | 25,244 |  | 46,697
—Others |  | 44,796 |  | 23,098 |  | 88,383
|  | 1,338,404 |  | 1,926,091 |  | 1,571,287
Total net revenues |  | 2,853,078 |  | 3,390,393 |  | 3,744,512
The following table summarizes the Company’s long‑lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, non-current project assets, solar power systems, prepaid land use rights and intangible assets at December 31, 2017 and 2018 by geographic region, based on the physical location of the assets:
|  | At December 31, |  | At December 31,
|  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $
PRC |  | 675,291 |  | 824,618
Japan |  | 99,673 |  | 233,155
Australia |  | — |  | 61,960
United States |  | 71,761 |  | 50,052
Canada |  | 8,827 |  | 9,739
Others |  | 193,452 |  | 193,179
Total long-lived assets |  | 1,049,004 |  | 1,372,703
The following table summarizes the Company’s revenues generated from each product or service:
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $
MSS: |  |  |  |  |  |
Solar modules and other solar power products |  | 2,573,685 |  | 2,551,509 |  | 1,930,701
Solar system kits |  | 86,794 |  | 84,598 |  | 93,253
EPC services |  | — |  | — |  | 62,408
O&M services |  | 4,128 |  | 6,938 |  | 10,767
Others ( materials) |  | 82,039 |  | 69,878 |  | 71,789
Energy: |  |  |  |  |  |
Solar power projects |  | 22,665 |  | 632,256 |  | 1,542,906
Electricity |  | 68,789 |  | 29,236 |  | 8,735
Others (EPC and development services) |  | 14,978 |  | 15,978 |  | 23,953
Total net revenues |  | 2,853,078 |  | 3,390,393 |  | 3,744,512

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- Definition The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 280 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2134510 + Details
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