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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
INCOME TAXES |
Schedule of provision for income taxes |
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | 57,922 |  | (30,524) |  | 10,570
United States |  | (74,002) |  | (33,205) |  | 61,377
PRC including Hong Kong |  | 152,588 |  | 173,266 |  | 178,050
Japan |  | 7,981 |  | 28,164 |  | 27,555
United Kingdom |  | (25,781) |  | 403 |  | 29,977
Other |  | (35,457) |  | 5,830 |  | (3,129)
|  | 83,251 |  | 143,934 |  | 304,400
Current tax |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | 610 |  | 346 |  | (1,846)
United States |  | 96,172 |  | (54,482) |  | (14,786)
PRC including Hong Kong |  | 29,181 |  | (7,383) |  | 27,285
Japan |  | 3,381 |  | 31,266 |  | 5,325
United Kingdom |  | (206) |  | — |  | 696
Other |  | (9,263) |  | (8,008) |  | 1,701
|  | 119,875 |  | (38,261) |  | 18,375
Deferred tax |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | 6,366 |  | (6,464) |  | 12,117
United States |  | (74,562) |  | 67,426 |  | 32,696
PRC including Hong Kong |  | (31,731) |  | 23,452 |  | 2,653
Japan |  | 361 |  | (4,499) |  | (3,381)
United Kingdom |  | — |  | (353) |  | 915
Other |  | (2,333) |  | (350) |  | (1,406)
|  | (101,899) |  | 79,212 |  | 43,594
Total income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Canada |  | 6,976 |  | (6,118) |  | 10,271
United States |  | 21,610 |  | 12,944 |  | 17,910
PRC including Hong Kong |  | (2,550) |  | 16,069 |  | 29,938
Japan |  | 3,742 |  | 26,767 |  | 1,944
United Kingdom |  | (206) |  | (353) |  | 1,611
Other |  | (11,596) |  | (8,358) |  | 295
|  | 17,976 |  | 40,951 |  | 61,969
Schedule of movement and balance of the Company's liability for uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties) |
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Beginning balance |  | 9,490 |  | 5,684 |  | 6,181
Addition for tax positions related to the current year |  | 1,376 |  | 1,376 |  | 9,806
Reductions for tax positions from prior years/Statute of limitations expirations |  | (5,436) |  | (1,094) |  | —
Foreign exchange effect |  | 254 |  | 215 |  | (257)
Ending balance |  | 5,684 |  | 6,181 |  | 15,730
Schedule of components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities |
|  | At December 31, |  | At December 31,
|  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Accrued warranty costs |  | 17,945 |  | 9,424
Bad debt allowance |  | 7,288 |  | 7,019
Investment in affiliates under tax equity transactions |  | 24,859 |  | —
Inventory write-down |  | 3,283 |  | 1,723
Future deductible expenses |  | 17,652 |  | 26,973
Depreciation and impairment difference of property, plant and equipment and solar power systems |  | 13,333 |  | 19,647
Accrued liabilities related to countervailing and antidumping duty deposits |  | 59,983 |  | 9,341
Deferred tax assets relating to sales of solar power systems |  | 2,721 |  | 481
Net operating losses carry-forward |  | 52,007 |  | 90,536
Unrealized foreign exchange loss and capital loss |  | 3,888 |  | 9,471
Interest limitation |  | — |  | 13,520
Others |  | 17,912 |  | 13,947
Total deferred tax assets, gross |  | 220,871 |  | 202,082
Valuation allowance |  | (65,399) |  | (76,522)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  | 155,472 |  | 125,560
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | 2,742 |  | 2,697
Depreciation difference of property, plant and equipment |  | 243 |  | 1,212
Deferred profit of projects |  | — |  | 4,108
Insurance recoverable |  | 21,420 |  | 14,838
Others |  | 4,833 |  | 17,316
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 29,238 |  | 40,171
Net deferred tax assets |  | 126,234 |  | 85,389
Analysis as: |  |  |  |
Non-current deferred tax assets |  | 131,796 |  | 121,087
Non-current deferred tax liabilities |  | (5,562) |  | (35,698)
Net deferred tax assets |  | 126,234 |  | 85,389
Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance |
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | $ |  | $ |  | $
Beginning balance |  | 55,959 |  | 71,469 |  | 65,399
Additions (Reversals) |  | 14,486 |  | (5,361) |  | 11,051
Foreign exchange effect |  | 1,024 |  | (709) |  | 72
Ending balance |  | 71,469 |  | 65,399 |  | 76,522
Schedule of reconciliation between the provision for income tax computed by applying Canadian federal and provincial statutory tax rates to income before income taxes and the actual provision and benefit for income taxes |
|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018 |
Combined federal and provincial income tax rate |  | 27 | % | 27 | % | 27 | %
Effect of permanent difference |  | (16) | % | (18) | % | (11) | %
Effect of different tax rate on earnings in other jurisdictions |  | (18) | % | (7) | % | — | %
Effect of tax holiday |  | (4) | % | (2) | % | (1) | %
Unrecognized tax provision |  | 4 | % | — | % | 4 | %
Change in valuation allowance |  | 32 | % | (6) | % | 7 | %
Effect of change in tax rate |  | — | % | 39 | % | (3) | %
Others |  | (3) | % | (5) | % | (3) | %
|  | 22 | % | 28 | % | 20 | %
Schedule of aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday |
|  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2017 |  | 2018
|  | (In Thousands of
|  | US Dollars, except
|  | per share data)
The aggregate amount |  | 3,343 |  | 2,850 |  | 3,089
Per share—basic |  | 0.06 |  | 0.05 |  | 0.05
Per share—diluted |  | 0.06 |  | 0.05 |  | 0.05

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