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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
INCOME TAXES |
Schedule of provision for income taxes | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Income (loss) before income taxes | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | 10,570 |  | (61,880) |  | (31,896)
United States | ​ | 61,377 | ​ | 8,319 | ​ | (113,262)
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 178,050 | ​ | 204,632 | ​ | 189,398
Japan | ​ | 27,555 | ​ | 29,335 | ​ | 50,642
Other |  | 26,848 |  | 28,215 |  | 50,381
​ |  | 304,400 |  | 208,621 |  | 145,263
Current tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | (1,846) |  | (3,420) |  | 36,226
United States | ​ | (14,786) | ​ | (4,803) | ​ | (71,421)
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 27,285 | ​ | 44,622 | ​ | 30,276
Japan | ​ | 5,325 | ​ | 13,229 | ​ | 18,941
Other |  | 2,397 |  | 7,057 |  | 8,233
​ |  | 18,375 |  | 56,685 |  | 22,255
Deferred tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | 12,117 |  | (6,558) |  | (10,792)
United States | ​ | 32,696 | ​ | (2,412) | ​ | 23,173
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 2,653 | ​ | (5,333) | ​ | (17,998)
Japan | ​ | (3,381) | ​ | (2,953) | ​ | (10,571)
Other |  | (491) |  | 2,637 |  | (8,050)
​ |  | 43,594 |  | (14,619) |  | (24,238)
Total income tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | 10,271 |  | (9,978) |  | 25,434
United States | ​ | 17,910 | ​ | (7,215) | ​ | (48,248)
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 29,938 | ​ | 39,289 | ​ | 12,278
Japan | ​ | 1,944 | ​ | 10,276 | ​ | 8,370
Other |  | 1,906 |  | 9,694 |  | 183
​ |  | 61,969 |  | 42,066 |  | (1,983)
Schedule of movement and balance of the Company's liability for uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Beginning balance |  | 6,181 |  | 15,730 |  | 10,557
Addition for tax positions related to the current year |  | 9,806 |  | 11 |  | —
Reductions for tax positions from prior years/Statute of limitations expirations |  | — |  | (5,720) |  | (1,011)
Foreign exchange effect | ​ | (257) | ​ | 536 | ​ | 82
Ending balance |  | 15,730 |  | 10,557 |  | 9,628
Schedule of components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31, |  | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2020
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued warranty costs |  | 8,326 |  | 8,699
Bad debt allowance |  | 10,324 |  | 3,218
Inventory write-down |  | 1,128 |  | 3,121
Future deductible expenses | ​ | 20,731 | ​ | 24,454
Depreciation and impairment difference of property, plant and equipment and solar power systems |  | 23,380 |  | 30,138
Accrued liabilities related to antidumping, countervailing and other duty costs and true-up charges |  | 496 |  | 406
Government subsidies | ​ | 8,927 | ​ | 16,461
Net operating losses carry-forward |  | 112,710 |  | 85,850
Unrealized foreign exchange loss and capital loss | ​ | 7,064 | ​ | 1,221
Interest limitation | ​ | 2,767 | ​ | 1,956
Others |  | 26,415 |  | 30,958
Total deferred tax assets, gross |  | 222,268 |  | 206,482
Valuation allowance |  | (70,627) |  | (50,118)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  | 151,641 |  | 156,364
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivative assets |  | 217 |  | 996
Depreciation difference of property, plant and equipment |  | 18,789 |  | 17,027
Insurance recoverable | ​ | 15,771 | ​ | 785
Unrealized foreign exchange gain |  | 10,984 | ​ | 10,746
Others |  | 8,380 |  | 5,234
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 54,141 |  | 34,788
Net deferred tax assets | ​ | 97,500 | ​ | 121,576
Analysis as: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax assets | ​ | 153,963 | ​ | 170,656
Deferred tax liabilities |  | (56,463) |  | (49,080)
Net deferred tax assets |  | 97,500 |  | 121,576
Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Beginning balance |  | 65,399 |  | 76,522 |  | 70,627
Additions (reversals) |  | 11,051 |  | (6,156) |  | (21,585)
Foreign exchange effect |  | 72 |  | 261 |  | 1,076
Ending balance |  | 76,522 |  | 70,627 |  | 50,118
Schedule of reconciliation between the provision for income tax computed by applying Canadian federal and provincial statutory tax rates to income before income taxes and the actual provision and benefit for income taxes | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |
Combined federal and provincial income tax rate |  | 27 | % | 27 | % | 27 | %
Effect of permanent difference | ​ | (11) | % | (1) | % | 4 | %
Effect of different tax rate on earnings in other jurisdictions | ​ | — | % | 3 | % | (6) | %
Effect of tax holiday | ​ | (1) | % | (4) | % | (1) | %
Unrecognized tax provision | ​ | 4 | % | (3) | % | (13) | %
Change in valuation allowance | ​ | 7 | % | (3) | % | (14) | %
Effect of change in tax rate | ​ | (3) | % | (1) | % | 2 | %
Others | ​ | (3) | % | 2 | % | — | %
​ | ​ | 20 | % | 20 | % | (1) | %
Schedule of aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020
​ | ​ | (In Thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share data)
The aggregate amount |  | 3,089 |  | 7,956 |  | 1,287
Per share — basic |  | 0.05 |  | 0.13 |  | 0.02
Per share — diluted |  | 0.05 |  | 0.13 |  | 0.02

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