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INCOME TAXES (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2021
INCOME TAXES |
Schedule of provision for income taxes | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Income (loss) before income taxes | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | (61,880) |  | (31,896) |  | 5,922
United States | ​ | 8,319 | ​ | (113,262) | ​ | 66,431
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 204,632 | ​ | 189,398 | ​ | (32,716)
Japan | ​ | 29,335 | ​ | 50,642 | ​ | 54,770
Other |  | 28,215 |  | 50,381 |  | 51,313
​ |  | 208,621 |  | 145,263 |  | 145,720
Current tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | (3,420) |  | 36,226 |  | (1,124)
United States | ​ | (4,803) | ​ | (71,421) | ​ | 15,937
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 44,622 | ​ | 30,276 | ​ | 47,356
Japan | ​ | 13,229 | ​ | 18,941 | ​ | 24,047
Other |  | 7,057 |  | 8,233 |  | 16,865
​ |  | 56,685 |  | 22,255 |  | 103,081
Deferred tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | (6,558) |  | (10,792) |  | 685
United States | ​ | (2,412) | ​ | 23,173 | ​ | (1,604)
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | (5,333) | ​ | (17,998) | ​ | (65,017)
Japan | ​ | (2,953) | ​ | (10,571) | ​ | (353)
Other |  | 2,637 |  | (8,050) |  | (948)
​ |  | (14,619) |  | (24,238) |  | (67,237)
Total income tax expense (benefit) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Canada |  | (9,978) |  | 25,434 |  | (439)
United States | ​ | (7,215) | ​ | (48,248) | ​ | 14,333
PRC including Hong Kong and Taiwan | ​ | 39,289 | ​ | 12,278 | ​ | (17,661)
Japan | ​ | 10,276 | ​ | 8,370 | ​ | 23,694
Other |  | 9,694 |  | 183 |  | 15,917
​ |  | 42,066 |  | (1,983) |  | 35,844
Schedule of reconciliation between the provision for income tax computed by applying Canadian federal and provincial statutory tax rates to income before income taxes and the actual provision and benefit for income taxes | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |
Combined federal and provincial income tax rate |  | 27 | % | 27 | % | 27 | %
Effect of permanent difference | ​ | (1) | % | 4 | % | 3 | %
Effect of different tax rate on earnings in other jurisdictions | ​ | 3 | % | (6) | % | 9 | %
Effect of tax holiday | ​ | (4) | % | (1) | % | (3) | %
Effect of true-up | ​ | (3) | % | (13) | % | 4 | %
Unrecognized tax provision | ​ | — | % | — | % | (5) | %
Change in valuation allowance | ​ | (3) | % | (14) | % | (3) | %
Effect of change in tax rate | ​ | (1) | % | 2 | % | (7) | %
Others | ​ | 2 | % | — | % | — | %
​ | ​ | 20 | % | (1) | % | 25 | %
Schedule of aggregate amount and per share effect of the tax holiday | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | (In Thousands of U.S. Dollars, except per share data)
The aggregate amount |  | 7,956 |  | 1,287 |  | 4,466
Per share — basic |  | 0.13 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.07
Per share — diluted |  | 0.13 |  | 0.02 |  | 0.07
Schedule of components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31, |  | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Deferred tax assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued warranty costs |  | 8,699 |  | 14,942
Bad debt allowance |  | 3,218 |  | 12,175
Inventory write-down |  | 3,121 |  | 1,404
Future deductible expenses | ​ | 24,454 | ​ | 24,910
Depreciation and impairment difference of property, plant and equipment and solar power systems |  | 30,138 |  | 24,561
Accrued liabilities related to antidumping, countervailing and other duty costs and true-up charges |  | 406 |  | 39
Government subsidies | ​ | 16,461 | ​ | 39,470
Net operating losses carry-forward |  | 85,850 |  | 110,012
Unrealized foreign exchange loss and capital loss | ​ | 1,221 | ​ | 491
Interest limitation | ​ | 1,956 | ​ | 10,800
Others |  | 30,958 |  | 47,690
Total deferred tax assets, gross |  | 206,482 |  | 286,494
Valuation allowance |  | (50,118) |  | (45,682)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance |  | 156,364 |  | 240,812
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivative assets |  | 996 |  | 2,153
Depreciation difference of property, plant and equipment |  | 17,027 |  | 27,776
Insurance recoverable | ​ | 785 | ​ | 32
Unrealized foreign exchange gain |  | 10,746 | ​ | 3,452
Others |  | 5,234 |  | 19,046
Total deferred tax liabilities |  | 34,788 |  | 52,459
Net deferred tax assets | ​ | 121,576 | ​ | 188,353
Analysis as: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax assets | ​ | 170,656 | ​ | 236,503
Deferred tax liabilities |  | (49,080) |  | (48,150)
Net deferred tax assets |  | 121,576 |  | 188,353
Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Beginning balance |  | 76,522 |  | 70,627 |  | 50,118
Additions (reversals) |  | (6,156) |  | (21,585) |  | (4,671)
Foreign exchange effect |  | 261 |  | 1,076 |  | 235
Ending balance |  | 70,627 |  | 50,118 |  | 45,682
Schedule of movement and balance of the Company's liability for uncertain tax positions (excluding interest and penalties) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | $ | ​ | $ | ​ | $
Beginning balance |  | 15,730 |  | 10,557 |  | 9,628
Addition for tax positions related to the current year |  | 11 |  | — |  | —
Reductions for tax positions from prior years/Statute of limitations expirations |  | (5,720) |  | (1,011) |  | (3,763)
Foreign exchange effect | ​ | 536 | ​ | 82 | ​ | (2)
Ending balance |  | 10,557 |  | 9,628 |  | 5,863

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