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PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET  
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

6. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property, plant and equipment, net consist of the following:

At December 31, 

At December 31, 

    

2021

    

2022

$

$

Buildings

 

720,367

764,577

Leasehold improvements

 

32,812

30,896

Machinery

 

1,441,546

1,470,957

Furniture, fixtures and equipment

 

84,694

58,928

Motor vehicles

 

9,775

11,527

Freehold land

31,691

39,285

 

2,320,885

2,376,170

Accumulated depreciation

 

(1,019,988)

(908,888)

Subtotal

 

1,300,897

1,467,282

Construction in process

 

100,980

359,361

Property, plant and equipment, net

 

1,401,877

1,826,643

Depreciation expense of property, plant and equipment was $197,600, $266,956 and $225,351 for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. Construction in process primarily represents production facilities under construction and the machinery under installation.