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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-40994
NerdWallet, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 45-4180440
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

19 S. B Street, Suite 9, San Mateo, California 94401
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
(415) 549-8913
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
55 Hawthorne Street, 10th Floor, San Francisco, California 94105
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, $.0001 par value | NRDS | The Nasdaq Global Market

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Table of Contents
As of June 30, 2025 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $349 million based upon the closing price of such shares on the Nasdaq Global Market on such date.
The registrant had outstanding 35,100,146 shares of Class A common stock and 31,685,652 shares of Class B common stock as of February 23, 2026.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), to be filed within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents

Part I | 3
Item 1. Business | 3
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 10
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 35
Item 1C. Cybersecurity | 36
Item 2. Properties | 37
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 37
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 37
Part II | 38
Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 38
Item 6. [Reserved] | 39
Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 40
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 52
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 54
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 84
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 84
Item 9B. Other Information | 85
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 85
Part III | 85
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 85
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 85
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 85
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 85
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 85
Part IV | 86
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 86
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 88
Signatures | 89

Table of Contents
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve significant risks and uncertainties. Except for statements of historical facts, all statements contained in this Annual Report are forward-looking. These statements often contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will” or “would” or similar terms, including their negatives. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:
•the impact of macroeconomic developments, including inflation, interest rates, credit market conditions and general economic uncertainty, on our business, operating results, financial condition, and stock price;
•our expectations regarding future financial and operational performance, including total revenue, cost of revenue, non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA;
•our ability to grow traffic, engagement, and monetization on our platform;
•expected returns on marketing investments and brand campaigns;
•consumer and SMB demand for products and services offered through our platform;
•our ability to increase user registrations, improve repeat usage rates, and convert users into matches with financial services partners;
•expansion within existing and new verticals, including new products, services, and features that are competitive, compliant with applicable regulations, and responsive to market needs;
•changing geographic operations;
•maintaining and expanding relationships with existing financial services partners and identifying new ones;
•developing scalable technology and data capabilities to provide personalized guidance and enhance user engagement;
•strengthening brand awareness, credibility, and consumer and SMB trust;
•producing high quality, engaging consumer and SMB content and tools;
•adapting to evolving consumer and SMB financial interests and behaviors;
•competing effectively in existing and new markets;
•maintaining the security, reliability, and availability of our platform;
•protecting and enhancing our intellectual property portfolio;
•attracting, developing, and retaining highly skilled and diverse talent;
•complying with evolving laws, regulations, and supervisory expectations applicable to our business;
•the adequacy of our cash, cash equivalents, and investments to meet liquidity needs;
•managing growth, scaling infrastructure, and preserving our corporate culture;
•identifying, executing, and successfully integrating acquisitions;
•entering new financial services markets, and meeting associated regulatory complexities; and
•achieving expected synergies, accretion, and other benefits from completed acquisitions.
These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and should not be relied upon as predictions of future events. They are based on our current expectations, estimates, and projections regarding future events and trends that may affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. These expectations are subject to various risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
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Table of Contents
Our industry is highly competitive and rapidly evolving, and new risks and uncertainties may arise that we cannot predict. As a result, actual results, events, or circumstances may differ materially from those reflected in our forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report speak only as of the date hereof. We undertake no obligation to update any such statements to reflect subsequent events, new information, or unexpected developments, except as required by law. These statements also do not reflect potential impacts from future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments.
Additionally, statements that include “we believe” or similar expressions represent our beliefs and opinions as of the date of this Annual Report. While we believe the information supporting these statements is reasonable, it may be incomplete or subject to change. Investors should not interpret these statements as assurances that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry or review of all relevant information. Given their inherent uncertainty, investors should not place undue reliance on these statements.
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Table of Contents
Part I
Item 1. Business.
Overview
NerdWallet, Inc. (NerdWallet, the Company, we, our, or us) provides consumers and small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs) with trusted guidance across a broad range of finance topics through a digital platform that integrates independent editorial content, comparison tools, data-driven product marketplaces, and access to regulated financial services offered through our subsidiaries. Our mission is to provide clarity for all of life’s financial decisions. Our vision is a world where everyone makes financial decisions with confidence.
Our platform enables users to compare financial products, access educational resources, receive personalized insights, and connect with third-party providers across credit cards, banking, insurance, lending, investing, wealth management, and other financial categories. We generate revenue primarily through referral fees, lead generation, and partner-based monetization, as well as through revenue derived from brokering and advisory services. Our business model is designed to be partner-neutral and to support transparent consumer and SMB choice by offering side-by-side comparisons and insightful information supported by editorial standards.
NerdWallet operates in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. We are a remote-first company with our primary corporate offices located in San Mateo, California and Scottsdale, Arizona, and we maintain hub offices in several major metropolitan areas across the United States. Our global subsidiaries support localized content, compliance oversight, product integrations, and technology development.
The Company’s platform comprises three primary components:
•Editorial and Content Publishing—Consumer and SMB financial education, tools, calculators, guides, and research published under the “NerdWallet” brand across web, mobile, and third-party channels.
•Marketplace and Referral Services—Tools that enable users to compare, pre-qualify for, or connect with third-party providers of credit cards, consumer loans, small business loans, insurance, mortgages, financial services, and related products. These services include those provided through Fundera, NerdWallet Insurance Services, NerdWallet Advisory, and NerdWallet Compare.
•Financial Services—Brokerage and advisory services provided by our insurance agency, loan and mortgage brokerages, and investment advisory subsidiaries.
We serve millions of monthly users who rely on our platform to make informed financial decisions. Our technology, data infrastructure, and partner relationships enable us to deliver personalized experiences, facilitate financial product applications, and help both consumers and SMBs navigate complex financial products.
Our revenue was $836.6 million and $687.6 million for 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of 22%. We generated net income of $48.7 million and $30.4 million for 2025 and 2024, respectively, representing year-over-year growth of 60%.
Our Platform and Ecosystem
Our platform offers consumers and SMBs clear, reliable information about financial products and services, along with tools and guidance to support informed financial decisions. We combine independent editorial content, product data, user-specific insights, and technology-enabled tools to deliver personalized user experiences across desktop and mobile environments. Our ecosystem integrates content, marketplaces, and regulated financial services under a unified architecture that supports discovery, comparison, application, referral, and engagement across multiple financial categories.
Content and Tools
Our editorial team produces independent reviews, product comparisons, articles, guides, calculators, and other resources covering a broad range of personal finance topics. These materials are designed to help users understand financial products, evaluate tradeoffs, and identify solutions that may be appropriate for their circumstances. We maintain editorial standards intended to ensure accuracy, clarity, and impartiality. Our tools include credit score monitoring, spending and asset accumulation insights, pre-qualification workflows, mortgage, loan, and financial calculators, and decision-support questionnaires.
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Marketplace Infrastructure
We operate multiple financial product marketplaces that enable users to compare products or connect with third-party providers and some of the financial service activities that we offer. These marketplaces leverage partner integrations, real-time data, and matching algorithms to facilitate product discovery and application experiences. Our core marketplace categories include:
•Credit cards
•Consumer loans
•Small business financing
•Home lending products and services
•Insurance products and providers
•Banking products and deposit accounts
•Investment and retirement products
•Financial advisor matching
These marketplaces generate revenue primarily through referral fees, partner marketing arrangements, and lead-generation compensation structures.
Financial Services
We support certain financial service activities through wholly-owned and indirectly-owned subsidiaries that provide services under applicable regulatory regimes.
•Next Door Lending, LLC (NDL) provides mortgage brokerage and origination services to consumers. NDL does not service mortgage loans or hold mortgage loans for more than 30 days.
•NerdWallet Advisory LLC is an SEC-registered investment adviser that operates our financial advisor marketplace. It provides matching, referral, and lead-generation services to consumers seeking full-service investment advisers. NerdWallet Advisory does not provide fiduciary investment advisory services, personalized investment advice, investment recommendations, or discretionary or non-discretionary investment management services to consumers.
•NerdWallet Wealth Partners, LLC is an SEC-registered investment adviser that provides fiduciary investment advisory services, including financial planning and discretionary investment management. These services are delivered through dedicated advisory personnel and operate separately from our content and marketplace functions. NerdWallet Wealth Partners is structured to mitigate potential conflicts of interest with its clients and, among other things, does not offer proprietary financial products, sponsor investment funds, or act as a custodian for client assets.
•NerdWallet Insurance Experts, LLC is an insurance agency that provides brokerage services to assist consumers in obtaining and comparing insurance products, including facilitating connections with licensed carriers or agents, data collection through online discovery questionnaires, and limited origination support. NerdWallet Insurance Experts does not bind coverage, administer policies, collect premiums, or adjust claims.
Technology and Data Capabilities
Our platform relies on proprietary technology that supports data ingestion, partner integrations, user segmentation, product ranking, and personalized insights. We use machine learning and rules-based systems to improve marketplace matching, predict user intent, and optimize performance for both users and partners. Our infrastructure is built to support high-volume traffic, multi-region content delivery, and secure handling of consumer and SMB information.
We invest in data quality, compliance monitoring, partner-performance analytics, and product metadata to maintain accurate comparisons and transparent disclosures.
Partner Ecosystem
We work with a broad range of financial institutions, including banks, lenders, credit card issuers, insurance carriers, broker-dealers, investment advisers, and other providers. Our relationships include integration of application programming interfaces (APIs), data-exchange connections, marketing partnerships, and agreements governing referrals or introductions. We maintain processes to monitor partner practices, regulatory changes, and compliance requirements applicable to referral arrangements and advertising partnerships.
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User Engagement and Distribution Channels
Users interact with our platform through web and mobile properties, email communications, APIs, partner-hosted integrations, and third-party search and social media channels. Our mobile app provides additional tools for tracking finances, credit performance, spending patterns, and progress toward financial goals. We supplement direct channels with performance marketing, organic search, and partnerships that extend the reach of our content and marketplaces.
Products and Services
We offer a broad set of products and services designed to help consumers and SMBs make informed financial decisions and connect with third-party providers of financial products. Our offerings span content publishing, technology-enabled tools, financial product marketplaces, mortgage brokering services, and regulated investment advisory services.
Content, Tools, and Consumer and SMB Education
We publish editorial content, reviews, product comparisons, research articles, financial guides, calculators, and decision-support tools that cover a wide range of consumer and SMB finance topics, including credit, lending, insurance, banking, investing, retirement planning, taxes, and household budgeting. This content is produced independently and is intended to help users understand financial products, evaluate potential options, and take appropriate actions. Our tools include credit score monitoring, spending insights, personalized recommendations, application checklists, calculators, and product-matching questionnaires.
Marketplaces and Referral Services
Our platform includes technology-enabled marketplaces that allow users to compare financial products, access pre-qualification tools, or connect with third-party providers. We generate revenue from referral fees, lead-generation arrangements, partner marketing programs, and related compensation models. Our key marketplace categories include:
•Credit Card Marketplace—Offers comparison tools, pre-qualification workflows, and introductions to issuing partners.
•Personal Loan Marketplace—Provides comparison, rate-shopping tools, and introductions to lending partners.
•Small Business Financing Marketplace (Fundera)—Assists SMBs with lender matching, product comparisons, intake support, and introductions to financing partners.
•Banking Marketplace—Enables users to discover deposit products, high-yield savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and other banking solutions.
•Insurance Marketplace (NerdWallet Insurance Services, Inc.)—Provides quote comparison tools and introductions to carriers and licensed insurance professionals.
•Financial Advisor Marketplace (NerdWallet Advisory LLC)—Connects consumers with independent investment advisers through matching, referral, and lead-generation services. NerdWallet Advisory does not provide personalized investment advice or portfolio management services to users.
•Other Consumer and SMB Finance Marketplaces—Includes debt-related education and enrollment support services, student loans, auto loans, and other emerging financial product categories.
These marketplaces provide consumers and SMBs with transparent comparisons and streamlined access to third-party providers while enabling partners to acquire users efficiently.
Mortgage Brokering (Next Door Lending LLC)
We conduct mortgage brokering activities through NDL, a wholly-owned subsidiary licensed under applicable state laws. NDL provides consumer introductions, matching, and application routing to third-party mortgage lenders and supports certain intake and disclosure facilitation activities. NDL does not service mortgage loans or hold mortgage loans for more than 30 days.
Wealth Management (NerdWallet Wealth Partners, LLC)
We provide traditional wealth management services through NerdWallet Wealth Partners, LLC, an SEC-registered investment adviser that offers financial planning, discretionary investment management, and related advisory services.
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Insurance (NerdWallet Insurance Experts, LLC)
We provide insurance agency services where producers assist consumers in obtaining and comparing quotes and connecting with licensed carriers. NerdWallet Insurance Experts, LLC does not bind coverage, administer policies, collect premiums, or adjust claims.
Data, Analytics, and Integration Services
We support certain partners with data-driven insights, API integrations, product metadata, and analytical tools that improve product performance, underwriting decision workflows, customer acquisition efficiency, and user experience. These offerings are incidental to our core marketplace services and are used to support partner integrations and optimize referral quality.
Customer Support and Ancillary Services
We provide customer support, onboarding assistance, and intake-related services in connection with our marketplaces, mortgage brokering operations, insurance quote procurement, and advisor-matching services. These activities include clarifying application processes, collecting required information, or facilitating the routing of consumers and SMBs to third-party providers. We do not underwrite financial products, make credit decisions, service loans, bind insurance coverage, administer insurance policies, collect premiums, or adjust claims.
Employees and Human Capital
NerdWallet is defined by its vision, a world where everyone makes financial decisions with confidence. We attract people who are passionate about bringing our mission to life and inspired by the possibility of making real change—to brighten futures, ask hard questions, usher in solutions and provide our consumers and SMBs with clarity and confidence. As of December 31, 2025, we had over 650 full‑time employees, of which approximately 95% are located throughout the United States and 5% are located internationally. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good and have not experienced any work stoppages.
Belonging
At NerdWallet, we aspire to provide people with the confidence they need to live their best lives—however they identify. For our consumers and SMBs, this means building their financial confidence. For our Nerds, this means fostering an inclusive culture that allows all Nerds to be their authentic selves, grow their skills, contribute, and thrive with the confidence of belonging. Belonging efforts are centered around ensuring we are building a diverse organization across all business aspects and creating an inclusive culture where everyone is engaged and empowered to do their best work. Our key initiatives include:
•Offering learning sessions and resources for Nerds and managers to help build an inclusive workplace.
•We support seven employee-led employee resource groups (ERGs) that provide community, connection, and development opportunities for employees and their allies: NerdOut, NerdFamilies, NerdWomen, Asian Nerds, Black Nerds Network, Viva Nerds, and Women in Data and Engineering. While each ERG centers on a specific community, all groups are open to all Nerds.
•We use a third-party platform to analyze our employee salaries to ensure pay parity.
•In addition, we offer a variety of engagement opportunities to inspire and encourage Nerds to learn,grow and give back to their communities. This year, we held two Nerds Pay It Forward events, freeing up time in support of employee volunteerism on dedicated volunteer days to encourage all NerdWallet employees to give back to their communities. In all, Nerds donated over 850 hours during these events.
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Talent Attraction, Recruitment and Retention
Our remote-first culture allows us to reach, attract and retain more diverse talent across all levels of our organization. Attracting and retaining highly skilled, diverse talent is absolutely critical to our success as a business and to fully realizing NerdWallet’s mission. Once employees are at NerdWallet we invest in their well-being and development offering competitive compensation and benefits, opportunities for career growth, and inclusion and belonging programming.
•Development and Operational Readiness - Aligned with our Relentless Self-Improvement value, we encourage employees to pursue ongoing professional growth. We support this through in-house development opportunities, including job shadowing and asynchronous learning via our learning management system (LMS, Juno), which offers both in-house and external trainings focused on upskilling and career readiness.
We have intentionally moved away from a centralized learning and development model in favor of learning by doing and targeted enablement aligned with business needs. This approach is complemented by flexible, asynchronous training opportunities, with a particular focus on strengthening manager capabilities and supporting the responsible integration of AI into day-to-day operations.
•Compensation - NerdWallet offers market-competitive compensation to attract employees. Our pay-for-performance philosophy aligns employee rewards with individual and company performance. To further align employees with the long-term success of the Company, we grant equity-based compensation to the majority of full-time employees upon hire and through annual performance equity grants.
•Comprehensive Benefits and Perks -To attract, engage and retain employees and support their overall health and well-being, we provide a comprehensive benefits and perks program, which includes medical, dental, vision, life and disability insurance; flexible paid vacation and sick time, flexible work schedules, and a sabbatical program; mental health benefits and a Company shutdown at the end of the calendar year; a Remote-first work environment with wellness and remote-work stipends; parental leave and adoption assistance, country-specific retirement or pension plans, including a matching contribution to U.S. 401(k) plan contributions; an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) ;access to financial wellness guidance from certified financial planners; spot and referral bonus opportunities; and a charitable matching program and volunteer time off.
Competition
We have built a scaled and highly differentiated online platform. We face competition from both online and offline financial guidance providers in the following primary categories:
•Financial advisors, agents, and brokers who provide guidance and expertise as part of their offerings;
•Traditional media such as The New York Times, U.S. News & World Report and other print and broadcast media;
•Friends and family, as many consumers consult friends and family for financial guidance;
•Influencers on social media platforms; and
•Traditional financial and depository institutions, non-bank loan originators and other small and medium-sized mortgage brokers
In addition, we compete with the following for advertising budgets designated for financial products:
•Financial services providers’ own marketing: Financial services providers connect directly through many different channels, digitally (in-app, email, etc.) and offline channels (direct mail, printed media, etc.);
•Online search engines: Financial services providers spend advertising budgets with online search engines, primarily Google AdWords, as many consumers and SMBs turn to Google to answer their finance questions; and
•Online marketplaces including Bankrate, Credit Karma, LendingTree and Zillow.
We believe we compete favorably due to the breadth and depth of our financial guidance, the trust we’ve built with our consumers and SMBs, and our brand, organic traffic, convenience and simplicity.
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Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, trade secret, and other intellectual property laws, as well as contractual protections, to establish and protect our proprietary rights. These protections include trademark and copyright registrations, license and intellectual property assignment agreements, confidentiality procedures, and non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements with employees and contractors. The scope and duration of protection afforded to our intellectual property vary by type of intellectual property and by jurisdiction.
We hold trademark rights in our name, logo, and other brand indicia, including trademark registrations in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, and we maintain registered domain names for websites used in our business. We also rely on unregistered rights and common law protections in the U.S. and other jurisdictions.
We may pursue additional intellectual property protection where we believe it to be appropriate and cost effective. Despite these efforts, our intellectual property rights may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, or misappropriated. For additional information, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Technology, Security and Intellectual Property—Failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.”
Regulation
Our operations are subject to a variety of federal, state, provincial, and international laws and regulations that govern financial services, consumer protection, data privacy, lead generation, advertising, brokering, and investment advisory activities. The regulatory frameworks applicable to us vary by jurisdiction and by the nature of the services offered through our subsidiaries.
Cross-Jurisdictional Compliance
We market and provide our products and services across the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and other jurisdictions. As a result, aspects of our business are subject to a broad range of consumer financial protection, advertising, licensing, data privacy, and communications laws. These include regulatory requirements governing the marketing, brokering, and referral of mortgages and other consumer and SMB financial products; restrictions on the use and disclosure of consumer and SMB credit information; prohibitions on unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices; rules governing communications with consumers and SMBs through telephone, email, mobile applications, and digital channels; and laws regulating the collection, processing, storage, and protection of personal data. These frameworks may impose requirements on our marketing practices, partner relationships, data usage, licensing obligations, and the manner in which we facilitate introductions to financial services providers.
Content and Publishing Activities
NerdWallet, Inc. produces independent editorial content and financial tools intended for general informational purposes. With regard to investment-related content and tools, our activities are conducted under the “publisher’s exemption” from the definition of “investment adviser” under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940. We do not provide personalized investment advice, make individualized recommendations, or tailor content to the investment needs of specific users. Our publishing activities may be subject to federal and state consumer protection and advertising laws, including prohibitions on unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices.
Investment Advisory Activities
We conduct investment advisory activities through two SEC-registered investment advisers:
NerdWallet Advisory LLC—Operates a financial advisor marketplace that provides matching, referral, and lead-generation services to consumers. NerdWallet Advisory does not provide personalized investment advice, financial planning, or portfolio management services. NerdWallet Advisory is subject to the Investment Advisers Act and its rules, including requirements related to advertising, solicitation, disclosures, compliance programs, recordkeeping, and regulatory examinations.
NerdWallet Wealth Partners, LLC—Provides traditional wealth management services, including financial planning, discretionary investment management, and ongoing advisory relationships. NerdWallet Wealth Partners is subject to the full scope of the Investment Advisers Act, including fiduciary duties, compliance program requirements, custody and trading rules (as applicable), advertising and marketing requirements, recordkeeping obligations, and regulatory examinations.
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Mortgage Brokering Activities
Our mortgage brokering activities, conducted through NDL, are subject to extensive federal and state regulation. NDL must comply with consumer financial protection laws governing mortgage advertising, loan origination practices, disclosures, fair lending, and compensation. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has rulemaking and enforcement authority over key federal statutes applicable to mortgage brokers, including those governing mortgage disclosures, fees, and fair lending. NDL must also maintain state mortgage broker licenses and meet related requirements under the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act (SAFE Act) and analogous state statutes. In addition, NDL is subject to regulatory expectations and contractual requirements imposed by wholesale lenders, insurers, credit providers, and government-backed loan programs.
Insurance-Related Activities
Through certain subsidiaries, including NerdWallet Insurance Services, Inc. and NerdWallet Insurance Experts, LLC, we facilitate insurance quote procurement and consumer introductions to licensed insurance providers. These activities are subject to state insurance licensing, producer oversight, advertising standards, and related compliance obligations. We do not bind coverage, adjust claims, administer policies, or collect premiums.
Marketing, Advertising, and Lead-Generation Regulation
Our marketing and referral practices are subject to federal, state, and provincial laws governing advertising, endorsements, disclosures, and financial promotions. These include the Federal Trade Commission Act, state and federal laws prohibiting unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices, Canada’s Competition Act, the UK’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 as amended, and rules applicable to compensated endorsements and lead-generation activities. Our registered investment adviser subsidiaries are subject to the SEC’s marketing and solicitation rules, including requirements governing testimonials, endorsements, third-party ratings, and referral arrangements.
Consumer Protection and Financial Services Regulation
Our marketplaces and referral activities for credit cards, consumer loans and debt solution offerings, small business loans and financing options, banking and investment products, mortgages, insurance, and other consumer financial products are subject to oversight by federal and state regulators, including the CFPB. Our facilitation of referrals, comparisons, and application workflows may implicate licensing, consumer protection, fair lending, and advertising regulations
Data Protection, Privacy, and Cybersecurity
We are subject to U.S., UK, Canadian, and other international data privacy and security laws, including the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), and other state-level comprehensive privacy laws, the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR), and the UK Data Protection Act 2018. These laws govern the collection, use, processing, disclosure, and protection of personal information. We maintain administrative, technical, and physical safeguards designed to protect consumer and SMB data. Regulatory expectations in this area continue to evolve, and future changes may increase compliance obligations and costs. We are monitoring newly enacted and emerging laws and regulations related to artificial intelligence (AI), and based on our current assessment, our existing AI use cases do not fall within the scope of these laws. Nevertheless, we have initiated an AI governance framework to guide the responsible development and use of AI as the regulatory landscape continues to evolve.
International Regulation
Our operations in the United Kingdom and Canada are subject to local consumer protection, financial promotion, licensing, data privacy, advertising, and corporate compliance requirements. Certain marketplace and referral activities may be subject to additional financial services regulations depending on jurisdiction.
Available Information
We maintain an investor relations website at the following address: https://investors.nerdwallet.com. The information on our investor relations website is not incorporated by reference in this report. We make available on or through our investor relations website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Exchange Act. These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports. We make this information available on our investor relations website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at the following address: https://www.sec.gov.
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In addition, we routinely post on our investor relations website news releases, announcements and other statements about our business and results of operations, some of which may contain information that may be deemed material to investors. Therefore, we encourage investors to monitor the https://investors.nerdwallet.com website and review the information we post on that page.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
In addition to risks and uncertainties in the ordinary course of business that are common to all businesses, important factors that are specific to our industry and the company could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. You should carefully consider the risks described below and in our subsequent periodic filings with the SEC. The following risk factors should be read in conjunction with “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes in this Annual Report.
Risk Factors Summary
The following is a summary of the principal risks that could materially adversely affect us and should be read in conjunction with the full disclosure in this “Risk Factors” section:
•We depend on relationships with our financial services partners, and any adverse changes in their financial strength, tightening of their underwriting standards, or adverse changes to their online marketing strategy would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•If consumers or SMBs do not find value in our platform or do not like the consumer or SMB experience on our platform, the number of matches on our platform may decline, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•We are dependent on internet search engines, particularly Google, to direct traffic to our websites and refer new users to our platform. If search engines’ algorithms, methodologies, and/or policies are modified or enforced in ways we do not anticipate, or if our search results page rankings decline for other reasons, traffic to our platform or user growth or engagement could decline, any of which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•Failure to maintain our reputation and brand recognition and attract and engage users in a cost-effective manner would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•Use of social media, influencers, affiliate marketing, email and text messages may adversely impact our brand and reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties.
•We may make decisions based on the best interests of our users in order to build long-term trust that may result in us forgoing short-term gains.
•We rely on third parties to perform certain key functions, and their failure to perform those functions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•We compete in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market with a number of other companies and we face the possibility of new entrants disrupting our market over time.
•Our international expansion subjects us to additional costs and risks which could harm our business, revenue and financial results, and our continued international expansion may be unsuccessful.
•We are actively investing in new product offerings, technologies, and minority investments, with plans to further increase these investments in the future. While these endeavors hold significant potential, they also come with inherent risks, and there is no guarantee that we will realize the anticipated benefits.
•Our financial performance is dependent on our ability to successfully refer users to financial services partners, and these partners are not precluded from offering products and services outside of our platform.
•Macroeconomic developments such as inflationary conditions in the U.S. have caused macroeconomic uncertainty and may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and our vertical diversification strategy.
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•Adverse conditions in the consumer or SMB finance markets, or poor or uncertain macroeconomic conditions, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations if our financial services partners reduce their marketing budgets and decrease spending on our platform.
•Changes in the loans markets could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•Our business is subject to a variety of financial regulations in the U.S., UK, and Canada, many of which are overlapping, ambiguous and still developing, which could subject us to claims or otherwise harm our business.
•Cybersecurity incidents, or real or perceived errors, failures or bugs in our systems and platform could impair our operations, compromise our confidential information or our users’ personal information, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and operating results.
•The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with our Co-founder, CEO and Chairman of our Board of Directors, Tim Chen, which will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.
Risks Related to Our Business
We depend on relationships with our financial services partners for our historical businesses, and any adverse changes in their financial strength, tightening of their underwriting standards or adverse changes to their online marketing strategy would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
A significant portion of our success depends on the financial strength and underwriting standards of credit card issuers, lenders, insurers and other participants on our platform. If our financial services partners experience financial difficulties, they may cease participating on our platform or tighten underwriting standards, which would result in fewer opportunities for us to earn fees from matching consumers and SMBs with them. In times of financial difficulty, financial services providers may also fail to pay fees when due or drop the quality of their services to consumers and SMBs. Our partners could also change their online marketing strategies or implement cost-reduction initiatives that decrease spending through our platform. The occurrence of one or more of these events, alone or in combination, with a significant number of financial services partners could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If consumers or SMBs do not find value in our platform or do not like the consumer or SMB experience on our platform, the number of matches on our platform may decline, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We believe that the growth of our business and revenue depends upon our ability to engage our existing users and to add new users in our current as well as new verticals. If we lose users or user engagement diminishes, our business and financial condition will be negatively impacted. If we fail to remain competitive on customer experience, editorial articles and product offerings, our ability to grow our business may also be adversely affected.
While a key part of our business strategy is to engage users in our existing verticals, we also intend to expand our operations into new verticals, such as our brokerage and advisory businesses. In doing so, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to enter new verticals successfully. Our expansion into new verticals may place us in unfamiliar competitive environments and involve various risks, including competition, government regulation, the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on such investments will not be achieved for several years or at all. There are many factors that could negatively affect our ability to grow our user base and engagement, including if:
•we lose users to new market entrants and/or existing competitors;
•we do not obtain regulatory approvals necessary for expansion into new verticals, geographies or to launch new products, product features or tools;
•we fail to effectively use search engines, social media platforms, digital app stores, content-based online advertising, and other online sources for generating traffic to our platform;
•our platform experiences disruptions or outages;
•we suffer reputational harm to our brand including from negative publicity, whether accurate or inaccurate;
•we fail to offer new and competitive products, to provide effective updates to our existing products or to keep pace with technological improvements in our industry;
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•technical or other problems frustrate the user experience;
•we are unable to address user concerns regarding the content, privacy, and security of our digital platform;
•we are unable to continue to innovate and improve our platform by generating compelling content and tools;
•existing or new financial services providers use incentives to directly cross-sell their products, reducing consumer or SMB benefits of using multiple providers; or
•we are unable to successfully launch new verticals.
Our inability to overcome these challenges could impair our ability to engage users, and could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.
We are dependent on internet search engines, particularly Google, to direct traffic to our websites and refer new users to our platform. If search engines’ algorithms, methodologies, and/or policies are modified or enforced in ways we do not anticipate, or if our search results page rankings decline for other reasons, traffic to our platform or user growth or engagement could decline, any of which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our reliance on internet search engines, particularly Google, for directing traffic to our platform, poses risks. Search engines, like Google, may modify algorithms or policies without prior notice, potentially resulting in significant declines in our organic search ranking and decreased platform traffic. Past changes have caused declines in traffic and user growth, with anticipated fluctuations in the future. The introduction and acceptance of AI-assisted technologies could further impact search engine relevance, causing declines in our ranking and decreased platform traffic, affecting our financial results.
Additionally, Google may take action against websites for behavior deemed to unfairly influence search results, without providing published guidelines. We are also exploring new audience targeting and measurement approaches and focusing on direct consumer or SMB connections through registration ramps to minimize reliance on search engines. Changes in our marketing approach and consumer and SMB relationships are ongoing, with uncertain outcomes on actionable marketing data. Negative effects on targeting consumers and SMBs would impact our ability to match them with financial services partners, posing a threat to our business, revenue, and financial results.
Failure to maintain our reputation and brand recognition and attract and engage users in a cost-effective manner would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In order to attract consumers and SMBs to our platform and the products and services we provide, convert these consumers and SMBs into matches with financial services partners, and generate repeat visits, we must market our platform and maintain consumer and SMB trust. Promoting and maintaining our brand requires the expenditure of money and resources for online and offline marketing and advertising, the continued provision of high-quality products and services that meet user needs, the ability to maintain consumers’ and SMBs’ trust, and the ability to successfully differentiate our brand, products and services from those of our competitors.
Brand recognition is a key differentiating factor between us and our competitors. We believe that building and maintaining the recognition of our brand is important to achieving increased traffic for our platform and demand for the products we provide. Historically, we have spent significant amounts on, and devoted significant resources to, branding, advertising and other marketing initiatives. We continually evaluate and optimize our marketing expenditures and resource commitments to improve efficiency and returns on investment. Changes in the mix, timing, channels, or level of our marketing activities may not be as effective as anticipated in generating consumer or SMB awareness, engagement, or revenue growth. Even when our marketing initiatives are successful, any increased revenue may not offset the expenses we incur. In addition, if our marketing efforts are not effective or are insufficient to maintain or enhance brand awareness and consumer engagement, our brand recognition, competitive position, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
The strength of our brand may be harmed by adverse publicity from many sources. Adverse publicity and the potential corresponding impact on our reputation may be accelerated and amplified by the widespread use of social media platforms. Furthermore, adverse publicity, from legal proceedings against us or our business, including governmental proceedings and consumer class action or other litigation, or the disclosure of information from security breaches or other incidents, could negatively impact our reputation and our brand, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
The failure of our business to maintain or enhance its reputation and brand recognition and attract and retain consumers and SMBs in a cost-effective manner could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Use of social media, influencers, affiliate marketing, email, and text messages may adversely impact our brand and reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties.
We use social media, including Facebook, Instagram and TikTok, as well as affiliate marketing, email, and SMS as part of our multi-channel approach to marketing. Laws and regulations governing the use of these platforms, communication channels, and other digital marketing channels are rapidly evolving. An increase in the use of social media for product promotion and marketing may cause an increase in the burden on us to monitor compliance of such materials and increase the risk that such materials could contain problematic product or marketing claims in violation of applicable regulations. It may also become more difficult for us or our affiliate marketing partners to comply with such laws, and future data privacy and consumer protection laws and regulations or industry standards may alter, restrict or limit our ability to use some or all of the marketing strategies on which we currently rely. The failure by us, our employees, third parties acting at our direction or affiliate marketing partners who engage in advertising on our behalf to abide by applicable laws and regulations in the use of these platforms and communication channels could adversely impact our reputation or subject us to fines or other penalties. In addition, our employees or third parties, including our affiliate marketing partners, may knowingly or inadvertently make use of social media in ways that could lead to violations of marketing regulations issued by the FTC, SEC or CFPB. Any such inappropriate use of social media tools could also cause business interruptions and reputational damage.
We may make decisions based on the best interests of our users in order to build long-term trust that may result in us forgoing short-term gains.
We are committed to building our business by prioritizing the best interests of our users, a value we consider instrumental in establishing user trust and driving platform growth and engagement. We believe that this approach aligns with the long-term interests of both our company and stockholders. Historically and potentially in the future, we may choose to forego certain expansion or short-term revenue opportunities that do not align with the best interests of our platform and users, even if such decisions adversely impact our short-term results.
For instance, our platform avoids the use of impression-based advertising, refrains from generating revenue through certain editorial content topics, and ensures the editorial team maintains independence from our business teams. Reviews and ratings of financial services products remain unbiased, unaffected by product placement on our platform or pricing agreements with financial services partners. Additionally, we may invest in products or features that may not yield immediate financial benefits but are expected to drive consumer and SMB engagement or offer potential long-term advantages.
In addition, we may invest in products, services, features, or businesses that may not yield immediate financial benefits but are expected to drive consumer or SMB engagement or offer potential long-term advantages. However, the focus on building long-term trust and consumer and SMB engagement over short-term revenue opportunities may not always yield the expected long-term benefits, potentially resulting in harm to user traffic, engagement, business, financial condition, and operational results.
We rely on third parties to perform certain key functions, and their failure to perform those functions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We rely on certain third-party computer systems and third-party service providers for a variety of services, including cloud technology providers, third-party data providers, credit bureaus, data transfer networks, and remote and offshore engineering and other services to run our platform and support or carry out certain functions. Any significant disruption to the infrastructure of our third-party service providers and/or any changes in our third-party service providers’ service levels may significantly impact our business operations, including making our platform unavailable to our users. A lengthy interruption in the availability of our platform would result in a loss of matches with our financial partners and our ability to perform services, affecting corresponding revenue, which would impact our operating results and cash flow. In addition, it would negatively impact search engine ranking, user experience and our reputation with our financial partners and providers. Furthermore, in the event that any of our agreements with our third-party service providers are terminated, we may experience significant costs or downtime in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new service providers. Although alternative providers could be found to provide substantially similar services, such transitions could potentially be disruptive and we could incur significant costs in connection therewith.
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We compete in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market with a number of other companies and we face the possibility of new entrants disrupting our market over time.
We currently compete with a number of companies that market financial services online, as well as with more traditional sources of financial information, and with financial institutions offering their products directly, and we expect that competition will intensify. Our online competitors include marketplaces such as Bankrate, Credit Karma, LendingTree, and Zillow, and we also face direct or indirect competition from providers of consumer finance guidance and online search engines. Some of these existing competitors may have more capital or complementary products or services than we do, and they may leverage their greater capital or diversification in a manner that adversely affects our competitive position, including by making strategic acquisitions. In addition, we also face the possibility of new competitors. New competitors may enter the market and may be able to innovate and bring products and services to market faster, or anticipate and meet consumer, SMB, or financial services partner demand before we do. Other newcomers, including major search engines and content aggregators, may be able to leverage their existing products and services or access to data to our disadvantage. We may be forced to expend significant resources to remain competitive with current and potential competitors. If any of our competitors are more successful than we are at attracting and engaging users or financial services partners, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our expansion into mortgage brokering presents additional risks.
Our acquisition of NDL in October 2024 and our expansion into mortgage brokerage services introduce additional risks. We must comply with complex federal and state regulations governing mortgage brokerage operations, including licensing requirements for both the entity and individuals in the states where NDL operates. Maintaining and expanding relationships with wholesale lenders and credit facility providers is critical to NDL’s ability to offer competitive loan products. Successfully integrating NDL’s operations, technology, and personnel into NerdWallet’s broader platform while ensuring compliance with laws such as the GLBA and RESPA presents execution challenges. Our limited experience operating a mortgage brokerage business increases the importance of attracting and retaining licensed mortgage professionals while ensuring adherence to SAFE Act licensing requirements and evolving industry regulations. The CFPB and federal agencies such as the FHA and the VA continue to expand enforcement actions in mortgage origination, requiring robust compliance and risk management practices. Additionally, operating a direct mortgage brokerage alongside our existing mortgage marketplace comparison platform creates potential conflicts of interest that must be carefully managed to maintain transparency and trust with consumers and lending partners. Mortgage brokerage operations are highly sensitive to interest rate fluctuations, housing market conditions, and changes in wholesale lender policies, all of which could impact loan approvals, funding availability, and revenue generation. Given the competitive and highly regulated nature of the industry, our success will depend on effective execution, compliance, and maintaining consumer trust while navigating evolving market conditions. If we fail to effectively manage these risks or comply with applicable regulatory requirements, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Risks related to our investment advisory businesses.
Our business has expanded to provide investment management services, including direct management of client assets, subjecting us to extensive regulation under both the federal laws, such as the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and the laws, rules, and regulations of the jurisdictions where we conduct business. Our ability to conduct business in the jurisdictions in which we will operate depends on our compliance with the laws, rules, and regulations promulgated by the federal regulatory bodies and the regulatory authorities in each of the states and other jurisdictions in which we do business. Periodic SEC and state examinations could result in fines, restrictions, or reputational damage if our policies, disclosures, or marketing fall short. Key risks include:
•Regulatory scrutiny. Our ability to comply with all applicable laws, rules, regulations, and interpretations is largely dependent on our establishment and maintenance of compliance, audit, and reporting systems and procedures, which is dependent on our ability to attract and retain qualified compliance, audit, supervisory, and risk management personnel.
•Fiduciary liability. Failures in know-your-customer processes, portfolio management, or conflict management could trigger client losses, lawsuits, fee rescission, or enforcement actions.
•Third-party dependence. We rely on custodians, clearing brokers, and tech vendors. Service disruptions, cyber incidents, or vendor failures could impair client service and expose us to liability.
•Operational resilience. Managing assets at scale requires robust trading, risk, reporting, and cybersecurity systems; deficiencies could disrupt service and invite sanctions.
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•Evolving rules. New custody, marketing, or best-interest standards could raise compliance costs or limit growth. Our educational tools and digital engagement may also be deemed investment advice, increasing exposure.
We cannot assure you that our systems and procedures will be effective in complying with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations, and interpretations. Because these advisory activities involve custodial control and fiduciary obligations, any adverse event could materially affect our reputation, revenues, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our international operations subject us to additional costs and risks which could harm our business, revenue and financial results, and any future international expansion may be unsuccessful.
While the majority of our business continues to be generated in the U.S., we also operate in international markets, including the UK and Canada. We have gained experience operating outside the U.S.; however, our international operations remain a relatively smaller portion of our business and continue to require ongoing investment, management focus, and operational adaptation. We may also explore or pursue additional international opportunities in the future, and there is no guarantee that such efforts will be successful or cost-effective. Our existing international operations, and any future expansion, are subject to numerous difficulties and risks, including:
•challenges inherent to efficiently recruiting and retaining talented and capable employees in foreign countries and maintaining our company culture and employee programs across all of our offices, including those resulting from cultural differences and geographic dispersion;
•required compliance with existing and changing foreign regulatory requirements and laws that are or may be applicable to our business in the future, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data privacy requirements; labor and employment regulations; anti-competition regulations; regulatory laws and requirements for licenses and authorizations; and the UK Bribery Act of 2010 and other anti-corruption laws;
•required compliance with U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other U.S. federal laws and regulations established by the office of Foreign Asset Control and other governmental entities;
•difficulties identifying, obtaining, and maintaining the government approvals, authorizations, or licensures required to conduct our business in foreign markets;
•financial and operational risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, and the impact of local and regional financial crises on demand and payment for our products;
•challenges obtaining intellectual property protection, enforcing our intellectual property rights, and defending against third-party intellectual property infringement claims abroad;
•increased competition, including from local companies that may benefit from local laws, regulations, or business practices;
•exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and related foreign exchange controls; and
•potentially adverse tax consequences, including multiple and possibly overlapping tax regimes, complexities of foreign value-added tax systems, and changes in applicable tax rates.
Our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks requires significant management attention and financial resources. Moreover, certain international markets in which we operate may experience economic or political uncertainty, which can increase the difficulty of operating in those markets. If we are unable to successfully manage any of these risks, our existing international operations — and any international expansion we may pursue — could be negatively impacted, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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We are, and intend to continue, developing new products and services, and our failure to accurately predict their demand or growth could have an adverse effect on our business.
We are, and intend in the future to continue, investing significant resources in developing new tools, features, services, products and other offerings, including offerings of mortgage, other lending and financial products. Risks from our innovative initiatives include those associated with potential defects in the design and development of the technologies used to automate processes, misapplication of technologies, the reliance on data that may prove inadequate, and failure to meet client expectations, among others. As a result of these risks, we could experience increased claims, reputational damage, or other adverse effects, which could be material. Additionally, we can provide no assurance that we will be able to develop, commercially market and achieve acceptance of our new products and services. In addition, our investment of resources to develop new products and services may either be insufficient or result in expenses that are excessive in light of revenue actually originated from these new products and services.
The profile of potential clients using our new products and services may not be as attractive as the profile of the clients that we currently serve, which may lead to higher levels of delinquencies or defaults than we have historically experienced. Failure to accurately predict demand or growth with respect to our new products and services could have an adverse impact on our business, and there is always risk that these new products and services will be unprofitable, will increase our costs or will decrease our operating margins or take longer than anticipated to achieve target margins. Further, our development efforts with respect to these initiatives could distract management from current operations and could divert capital and other resources from our existing business. If we do not realize the expected benefits of our investments and development of new products and services, our business may be harmed.
Our financial performance is dependent on our ability to successfully refer users to and market financial services partners, and these partners are not precluded from offering products and services outside of our platform.
Our ability to earn revenue is dependent on referring users of our site to our financial services partners and our users seeking to transact with such partners. However, having obtained the information they were looking for in our editorial articles, tools and other product offerings, users may leave our platform and transact directly with a financial services partner or with another party. When users transact directly with financial services partners or another party, we are not able to earn revenue on these users’ transactions, limiting our ability to realize a return on our investments in product features and editorial articles which could harm our business, revenue and financial results.
Because we do not have exclusive relationships with our financial services partners, users may obtain financial products without having to use our platform. Our financial services partners may offer and market their products to prospective customers online directly through their own marketing campaigns or via other methods of distribution, including through our competitors. If a significant number of users seek financial products and services directly from our financial services partners or from our online competitors, as opposed to through our platform, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
If we are unable to maintain the quality of our products, expand our product offerings or continue technological innovation and improvements, our prospects for future growth may be harmed.
We believe our success depends on users finding our product offerings to be of value to them. Our ability to attract and engage users depends, in part, on our ability to successfully expand our product offerings and editorial articles. For example, we initially built our content and began matching consumers and SMBs with financial services providers in the credit card market, we later expanded into loan products and have continued to add other verticals since then. To penetrate new verticals, we will need to develop a deep understanding of those new markets and the associated business challenges faced by participants in them. Developing this level of understanding may require substantial investments of time and resources, and we may not be successful. In addition to the need for substantial resources, government regulation could limit our ability to introduce new product offerings. If we fail to penetrate new verticals successfully, our revenue may grow at a slower rate than we anticipate, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. We must also continue to innovate and improve on our technology and product offerings in order to continue future growth and successfully compete with other companies in our markets, or our brand and future growth could be materially adversely affected.
In addition, the market for financial services products is rapidly evolving, fragmented and highly competitive. Competition in this market has intensified, and we expect this trend to continue as the list of financial services providers grows. There are many established and emerging technology centric financial services providers offering a multitude of products to consumers and SMBs. If we fail to successfully anticipate and identify new trends, products and emerging financial services providers, and provide up-to-date educational content, tools and other relevant resources timely, our ability to engage consumers and SMBs with financial services providers may suffer, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Our current lack of geographic diversity exposes us to risk.
Our operations are geographically limited and primarily dependent upon consumers and SMBs and economic conditions in the U.S. As a result of this geographical concentration, we are more vulnerable to downturns or other conditions that affect the U.S. economy. Any downturn or other adverse conditions in the U.S. economy could harm our business and financial results.
We also operate in the UK and Canadian markets, and if we continue to expand internationally, we will be vulnerable to economic downturns or other conditions that affect the domestic markets in the countries where we expand. However, until our international operations grow significantly, we will continue to be primarily dependent on U.S. consumers and SMBs, and U.S. economic conditions.
We have less experience operating in some of the newer market verticals and service offerings to which we have expanded.
We have expanded into several new verticals and service offerings over the last several years, including mortgage brokering, insurance brokering, and wealth management services. We do not have as much experience operating in these newer areas as we do in our more established verticals. As a result, these newer verticals and services may be subject to greater risks, operational challenges, and uncertainties than our more mature offerings.
The success of our entry into new verticals and services will depend on a number of factors, including:
•Our ability to implement in a cost-effective manner product features and service experiences expected by consumers, SMBs and financial services providers, including in regulated businesses such as mortgage and insurance brokering and investment advisory services;
•Market acceptance of an intermediary in these verticals by consumers, SMBs and financial services providers;
•Offerings by current and future competitors, including those with longer operating histories in these regulated financial services sectors;
•Our ability to innovate and disrupt markets by offering or creating new and compelling products and services for consumers and SMBs;
•Our ability to attract and retain management and other skilled personnel with specialized expertise required for mortgage, insurance, and wealth management operation;
•Our ability to collect amounts owed to us from our financial services partners and customers, including in verticals with longer or more variable revenue cycles; and
•Our ability to timely adjust marketing expenditures in relation to changes in demand for the underlying products and services offered by us or our financial services partners.
If we fail to successfully anticipate, manage, or mitigate the issues associated with expanding into these newer verticals and service offerings, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may suffer.
We rely on the data provided to us by users and third parties to operate and improve our product offerings, and if we are unable to maintain and grow the use of such data, we may be unable to provide users with a platform experience that is relevant and effective, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We analyze first-party data from users, third-party data from financial account aggregators and credit reports to understand our users’ unique financial situations. The large amount of information we use in operating and improving our platform is critical to the experience we provide for our users. If we are unable to maintain, grow and efficiently handle the data provided to us, or if third parties are restricted by laws and regulations from providing us with such data, the value that we provide to consumers and SMBs, and the quality of matches with financial services partners may be limited. In addition, if we do not maintain the quality, accuracy and timeliness of this information, user experience may suffer, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We track certain operational metrics, which are subject to inherent challenges in measurement, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and adversely affect our stock price, business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We track certain operational metrics, which may differ from estimates or similar metrics published by third parties due to differences in sources, methodologies, or the assumptions on which we rely. Our internal systems and tools are subject to a number of limitations, and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we publicly disclose. If the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our metrics for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring how our platform is used. Limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies. If our operational metrics are not accurate representations of our business, or if investors do not perceive these metrics to be accurate, or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, our reputation may be significantly harmed, our stock price could decline, we may be subject to stockholder litigation, and our business, financial results and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Industry and the Consumer Finance Economy
Macroeconomic developments such as inflationary conditions in the U.S. have caused macroeconomic uncertainty and may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and our vertical diversification strategy.
We began our business with our credit card vertical and have since grown our business to include additional verticals: mortgages, insurance, SMB products, consumer loans and debt solutions, banking, and investing. We believe that our vertical diversification strategy has allowed us to navigate different kinds of macroeconomic conditions; in the recent past underperformance in one vertical has been offset by overperformance in another. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 when our credit card vertical was under pressure, other verticals such as the investing vertical and mortgage vertical were strong. Similarly in 2022, as interest rates began to increase and the mortgage and investing verticals were impacted, the credit card and SMB product verticals were strong. We cannot, however, guarantee that this offsetting between our verticals will continue or that our business model will be able to withstand the various macroeconomic developments we may see in the future. During 2025, we saw that uncertainty with the interest rate environment put pressure on our consumer loans, SMB products, and mortgage verticals. Continued inflationary conditions and slower-than-anticipated interest rate decreases would pose challenges to our business and may impact many of our verticals and may not be offset by performance in other verticals. Further, an unexpected or prolonged economic downturn, or rapidly rising or sustained high unemployment, would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Adverse conditions in the consumer finance markets, or poor or uncertain macroeconomic conditions, could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations if our financial services partners reduce their marketing budgets and decrease spending on our platform.
We earn fees from our financial services partners by matching users with their products. Thus, our business is dependent on the consumer finance markets and the demand for the products offered by our financial services partners. While we have not experienced a prolonged economic downturn since our founding following the Great Recession, we did see impact from the regional bank failures in the spring of 2023 in the form of increased conservatism by our financial services partners that led them to decrease their spending on our platform. We would expect a prolonged market downturn to lead our financial services partners to tighten underwriting standards making it more difficult for users to be matched with their products and to implement cost-reduction initiatives that reduce or eliminate marketing budgets. Both of these actions would lead to decreased monetization on our platform and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes in the loan markets could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The loan market, including student loans, business loans, mortgages and personal loans, is an important part of our business. Fluctuations and constraints in the loan markets in the past have harmed, and may in the future, harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Economic factors such as current interest rates, slow economic growth or recessionary conditions, the pace of home price appreciation or the lack of it, changes in household debt levels, and increased unemployment or stagnant or declining wages can affect the loan markets by impacting the number of loan applications and loan approval rates which can adversely affect our business. Although the U.S. Federal Reserve decreased the benchmark federal funds rate in 2025, we believe that continued conservatism by our financial services partners would negatively impact our loans and SMB product verticals by reducing the supply of credit available, making it more difficult for us to match consumers and SMBs with financial services products.
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Risks Related to Regulation
Our business is subject to a variety of financial regulations in the U.S., Canada, and the UK, many of which are overlapping, ambiguous and still developing, which could subject us to claims or otherwise harm our business.
Aspects of our business are subject to a variety of federal, state and provincial financial and other laws in the U.S., Canada, and UK, including laws, authorizations, and state or provincial licensing requirements relating to matching consumers and SMBs with financial services providers; the marketing of mortgages, credit cards, personal loans, insurance, and other financial products and services; the manner in which we conduct our loan origination and servicing businesses and the fees that we may charge; the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of consumer personal information; investment advisory services; and other laws that are frequently evolving and developing. The scope and interpretation of such laws are often uncertain and may be conflicting or ambiguous. It is difficult to predict how existing laws, some of which were enacted prior to the widespread adoption of the internet and mobile devices, will be applied to our business and the new laws to which we may become subject. In addition, as our business grows into new markets or expands and we collect, use and share more user data internally and with financial services partners, we may become subject to additional laws and regulations. We also anticipate that U.S. federal regulators relevant to our business, such as the FTC and the CFPB, may pursue more enforcement actions. In addition, the government and regulatory authorities in the UK, Canada, and U.S. including the respective federal agencies, state and provincial legislatures and regulators may from time to time enact new laws, regulations or guidance that may harm our business.
If we are not able to comply with applicable financial and other laws or regulations or if we become liable under these laws or regulations, we could be directly harmed, and we may be forced to implement new measures to reduce our exposure to this liability. This may require us to expend substantial resources or to discontinue certain products or features, which would negatively affect our business. In addition, negative publicity resulting from regulatory actions against us or others in our industry could harm our reputation or otherwise impact the growth of our business. Any costs incurred to prevent or mitigate this potential liability could also harm our business, financial condition and operating results.
Failure to obtain proper business licenses or other documentation, or to otherwise comply with local laws and requirements regarding marketing or matching consumers and SMBs with financial services providers, may result in civil or criminal penalties and restrictions on our ability to conduct business in that jurisdiction.
Most states require companies to hold licenses in order to solicit or broker loans secured by residential mortgages, and in many cases require the licensure or registration of individual employees or contractors engaged in aspects of these businesses. States also require licenses to undertake certain insurance brokerage activities and in many cases require the licensure or registration of individual employees or contractors engaged in aspects of these activities. In addition, some states may require licenses to conduct similar activity with respect to commercial loans, credit cards and unsecured personal loans to residents of those states, although the applicability of these requirements to our business varies depending on our products as well as the loan products, terms, and the types of institutions that we partner with. The UK and Canada also have licensure requirements in order to solicit or offer qualitative assessments and comparison of certain financial products, such as loans secured by residential mortgages, consumer loans, credit cards, and insurance.
Compliance with these requirements may render it more difficult for us and our financial services partners to operate or may raise our internal costs or the costs of our financial services partners, which may be passed on to us through less favorable commercial arrangements. While we have endeavored to comply with applicable requirements, the application of these requirements to persons operating online is not always clear and the failure to comply with any such applicable requirements may require us to expend significant capital and resources to investigate and remedy the noncompliance and subject us to litigation, regulatory enforcement action, fines, penalties, and other liability, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, any of the licenses or rights currently held by us or our employees may be revoked prior to, or may not be renewed upon, their expiration. In addition, we or our employees may not be granted new licenses or rights for which they may be required to apply from time to time in the future.
Regulations promulgated by some states or jurisdictions may also impose compliance obligations on directors, executive officers, and any person who acquires a certain percentage (for example, 10% or more) of the equity in a licensed entity, including requiring such persons to periodically file financial and other personal and business information with regulators. If any such person refuses or fails to comply with these requirements, we may be unable to obtain certain licenses and existing licensing arrangements may be jeopardized. The inability to obtain, or the loss of, required licenses could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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We collect, store, use, and otherwise process personal information, including financial information and other sensitive data, which subjects us to governmental regulation and other legal obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our reputation and our business.
We collect, store, use and process personal information and other user data, including financial information, credit report information and other sensitive information for our users. We rely on this data provided to us by users and third parties to offer, improve and innovate our products. If we are unable to maintain and grow such data, we may be unable to provide consumers and SMBs with a platform experience that is relevant, efficient and effective, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
There are numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations regarding data privacy and the collection, storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other user data, the scope of which are changing and subject to differing interpretations. In addition, as we continue to expand internationally, we are subject to foreign data privacy and security laws and regulations. These data privacy laws and regulations are complex, continue to evolve, and on occasion may be inconsistent between jurisdictions leading to uncertainty in interpreting and complying with such laws. We are also subject to the terms of our privacy policies and privacy-related obligations to third parties, and, given the evolving regulatory environment, we expect a heightened level of scrutiny on the data we handle. It is possible that these laws, regulations, and other obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one regulatory body to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices.
Most of the jurisdictions in which we operate have established their own data privacy and security legal frameworks. For example, in the U.S., we are subject to the GLBA which governs non-public personal information of individuals who obtain financial products or services from financial institutions primarily for personal, family or household purposes, as well as the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) which generally governs the collection of credit information and access to credit reports. These laws restrict the collection, use, storage and disposal of information about individuals that we may collect during the provision of our products and impose certain disclosure obligations on us. Failure to comply with these laws can result in regulatory fines or penalties. Certain of our products and/or data that are not otherwise subject to the GLBA or FCRA may be subject to additional laws and regulations. For example, the CCPA created new data privacy rights for California-resident users that were expanded when the CPRA went into effect in 2023. In addition, a growing number of states have passed or are expected to pass their own respective privacy laws. These laws, as well as any associated regulations, create a patchwork that poses challenges for our business and may increase our operating costs and potential liability (particularly in the event of a data breach), delay or impede the development of new products, and have a material adverse effect on our business, including how we use information about individuals, our financial condition and the results of our operations or prospects.
We will also be subject to international laws regarding privacy and the storing, sharing, use, processing, disclosure and protection of personal information and other user data. For example, following our expansion into the UK market, we became subject to the privacy, data security, and data protection requirements of the UK’s data protection regime, consisting primarily of the Data Protection Act 2018 and the Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2019 as amended by the Data Protection, Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2020, or the UK GDPR, and other data protection regulations. Among other stringent requirements, the UK GDPR (like its EU counterpart) restricts transfers of data from the UK to third countries deemed to lack adequate privacy protections (such as the U.S.), unless an appropriate safeguard is implemented.
In the aftermath of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU in January 2020 (an event commonly referred to as Brexit), there was uncertainty with regard to the regulation of data protection in the UK. Since then, the UK underwent efforts to introduce post-Brexit data protection reform in the form of the Data Protection and Digital Information (No. 2) Bill which is intended to supersede the UK’s version of the GDPR. The Data Protection and Digital Information (No. 2) Bill, however, did not complete before Parliament was dissolved on May 24, 2024 and is no longer being progressed. In October 2024, the House of Lords conducted the first reading of a new legislation – the Data (Use and Access) Bill (the Bill), which received Royal Assent in June 2025. Although less extensive than the previous government’s proposed legislation, the new Bill still resulted in a significant number of changes to UK data protection law. As a result, we have faced challenges in addressing and implementing the requirements of the new law in light of uncertainty over its interpretation and application to data transfer, privacy, data protection, and information security in the UK, and will likely continue to incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws and regulations or any of our other legal obligations relating to privacy, data protection, or information security may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims, or public statements against us. Any of the foregoing could result in significant liability or cause our users to lose trust in us, any of which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, operations, financial performance and business. Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations, and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our products and services.
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We are also subject to and actively taking steps to comply with evolving privacy and consumer protection laws on cookies and e-marketing. In the UK, for example, informed consent is required for the placement of certain cookies or similar technologies on a user’s device and for direct electronic marketing and valid consent is tightly defined, including, a prohibition on pre-checked consents and, in the context of cookies, a requirement to obtain separate consents for each type of cookie or similar technology. Strict enforcement of these requirements could lead to substantial costs, require significant systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, increase costs and subject us to additional liabilities. U.S. regulators are also continuing to regulate cookie-related practices under various laws, and the plaintiffs’ bar has targeted these practices through private litigation, including class actions, as well. Regulation of cookies and similar technologies, and any decline of cookies or similar online tracking technologies as a means to identify and potentially target users, may negatively impact our efforts to understand users and match them with products.
Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to users or other third parties, or our privacy-related legal obligations, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other user data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or negative publicity and could cause our users and financial partners to lose trust in us, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business. We may also be subject to remedies that may harm our business, including fines, demands or orders that we modify or cease existing or planned business practices.
Issues related to the development, proliferation and use of AI could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
We currently incorporate AI technology in certain of our products and in our business operations. Our research and development of such technology remains ongoing, and our ability to develop effective and ethical AI technology will be critical to our financial performance and long-term success.
AI, including generative and agentic AI technologies, presents risks, challenges and unintended consequences that could affect our and our customers’ adoption and use of this technology. AI algorithms and machine learning methodologies may be flawed. For example, the use of AI algorithms may raise ethical concerns and legal issues due to perceived or actual unintentional bias in the making of product recommendations. Additionally, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition in the market and from other companies regarding such technologies. Further, while we aim to develop and use AI responsibly and attempt to identify and mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. In addition to AI regulation under general consumer protection and privacy laws, legislation specifically aimed at regulating the development, deployment and use of AI has been enacted in several states and has also been proposed at the federal level. Moreover, recent Executive Orders have further addressed federal regulation and policies related to AI. These laws, proposed laws and Executive Orders may create inconsistent and evolving compliance obligations, which may be costly, challenging and difficult to resolve. AI-related issues, including continued government regulation of AI, deficiencies and/or failures could give rise to legal and/or regulatory action, damage our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our failure to comply with economic and trade sanctions laws and regulations of the United States could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our business must be conducted in compliance with applicable economic and trade sanctions laws and regulations, such as those administered and enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the United Nations Security Council and other relevant sanctions authorities. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may expose us to reputational harm as well as significant penalties, including criminal fines, imprisonment, civil fines, disgorgement of profits, injunctions and debarment from government contracts, as well as other remedial measures. Investigations of alleged violations can be expensive and disruptive. Despite our compliance efforts and activities we cannot assure compliance by our employees or representatives for which we may be held responsible, and any such violation could materially adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Risks Related to Our Human Capital
We depend on our executive team and other key employees to manage the business and the loss of one or more of these employees or an inability to attract and retain highly skilled employees could materially harm our business.
Our success depends largely upon the continued high performance of our executive team and other key employees. We rely on our executive team for leadership in critical areas of our business, including product development, engineering, marketing, security, business development, and general and administrative functions. The loss of one or more of our executives or key employees would have an adverse effect on our business. From time to time, there may be changes in executives due to hiring or departures, which could disrupt our business. We do not have employment agreements with executives or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for us for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment at any time.
We depend on our senior management, including Tim Chen, our Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors, as well as other key personnel. We may not be able to retain the services of any of our senior management or other key personnel, as their employment is at-will and they could leave at any time. If we lose the services of one or more of our senior management and other key personnel, we may not be able to successfully manage our business, meet competitive challenges or achieve our growth objectives. Further, to the extent that our business grows, we will need to attract and retain additional qualified management personnel in a timely manner, and we may not be able to do so. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate, retain and integrate highly skilled personnel in all areas of our organization.
We face stiff competition for qualified personnel and if we fail to attract new personnel or fail to retain and motivate our current personnel, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
To execute our growth plan, we must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially for engineers experienced in designing and developing online and mobile products. We have experienced and we expect to continue to experience difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. To attract and retain top talent, we have had to offer, and we believe we will need to continue to offer competitive compensation and benefits packages. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater operating histories and resources than we have, which may make them more attractive to candidates.
In addition, attrition creates challenges as we must expend significant time and resources to identify, recruit, train and integrate new employees. If we are unable to retain qualified personnel or to effectively manage our hiring needs and successfully integrate new hires, then our efficiency, ability to meet forecasts, employee morale, productivity and retention could suffer, which could adversely affect our business.
We have transitioned to being a remote-first company, which could result in reduced morale and cohesiveness and increased cybersecurity risk, which could negatively affect our business.
In 2019, we transitioned all of our employees to a remote work environment in order to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and comply with local shelter in place policies and subsequently we transitioned to being a remote-first company, allowing for almost all roles to be open to remote employees on an ongoing basis. The transition to being a remote-first company may lead to reduced employee morale or cohesiveness among our employees. In addition, our remote-first employment policy may exacerbate certain risks to our business, including an increased demand for information technology resources, increased risk of phishing and other cybersecurity attacks, increased risk of unauthorized dissemination of sensitive information and increased complexity in coordinating the actions of the organization across various time zones, any of which could adversely affect our business. As a result, our culture, information technology requirements, cybersecurity risk, and business operations could be adversely affected.
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Risks Related to Our Technology, Security and Intellectual Property
Cybersecurity incidents, or real or perceived errors, failures or bugs in our systems and platform could impair our operations, compromise our confidential information or our users’ personal information, damage our reputation and brand, and harm our business and operating results.
Our continued success depends on our systems, applications, and software continuing to operate and to meet the changing needs of our users and financial services partners. We rely on our technology and engineering staff and third-party services providers to successfully implement changes to and maintain our systems and services in an efficient and secure manner. Like all information systems and technology, our platform may contain or develop material errors, failures, vulnerabilities or bugs, particularly when new features or capabilities are released, and may be subject to computer viruses or malicious code, break-ins, phishing impersonation attacks, attempts to overload our servers with denial-of-service or other attacks, ransomware and similar incidents or disruptions from unauthorized use of our computer systems, as well as unintentional incidents causing data leakage, any of which could lead to interruptions, delays or shutdown of our platform.
Operating our business and products involves the collection, storage, use and transmission of large volumes of sensitive, proprietary and confidential information, including financial and personal information, pertaining to our current, prospective and past users, as well as our personnel, contractors, and business partners. The security measures we take to protect this information may be breached as a result of computer malware, viruses, social engineering, ransomware attacks, account takeover attacks, hacking and cyberattacks, including by state-sponsored and other sophisticated organizations. Such incidents have become more prevalent in recent years. Our security measures could also be compromised by our personnel, theft or errors, or be insufficient to prevent exploitation of security vulnerabilities in software or systems on which we rely. Such cybersecurity incidents may in the future result in unauthorized, unlawful or inappropriate use, destruction or disclosure of, access to, or inability to access the sensitive, proprietary and confidential information that we handle. These incidents may remain undetected for extended periods of time allowing malfeasors to use time to their advantage.
Because there are many different cybercrime and hacking techniques and such techniques continue to evolve, we may be unable to anticipate all cybersecurity threats, react in a timely manner or implement adequate preventative or remedial measures. In addition, we may not have adequate insurance to cover these losses or that such insurance will continue to be available on terms acceptable to us. While we have developed systems and processes designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality and security of our and our users’ confidential and personal information under our control, we cannot assure you that any security measures that we or our third-party service providers have implemented will be effective against current or future security threats.
A cybersecurity or other security incident, or the perception that one has occurred, could result in a loss of confidence by both our users and financial services partners and damage our reputation and brand; reduce demand for our products; disrupt normal business operations; require us to expend significant capital and resources to investigate and remedy the incident and prevent recurrence; and subject us to litigation, regulatory enforcement action, fines, penalties, and other liability, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if we take reasonable steps that we believe are adequate to protect us from cybersecurity threats, hacking against our competitors or other companies in our industry could create the perception among our users and financial services partners that our digital platform is not safe to use. Cybersecurity incidents could also damage our IT systems and our ability to make the financial reports and other public disclosures required of public companies. These risks are likely to continue to increase as we continue to grow and process, store and transmit increasingly larger volumes of data.
We rely on third-party service providers to support our platform and information technology systems.
We rely on third-party service providers to provide critical services that help us deliver our products and services and operate our business, including hosting our platform. These providers may support or operate critical business systems for us or store or process the same sensitive, proprietary and confidential information that we handle. We do not have redundant network or rapid disaster recovery capabilities in most cases for the services provided by third-party service providers. These third-party service providers may be susceptible to operational, technological and security vulnerabilities, including cybersecurity breaches or other security incidents that compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the systems they operate for us or the information they process on our behalf. In addition, these providers may rely on subcontractors to provide services to us that face similar risks. Our ability to monitor our third-party service providers’ data security is limited and yet such occurrences could adversely affect our business to the same degree as if we had experienced these occurrences directly. Although we incorporate contractual provisions that require that our providers and their subcontractors protect our data and information, including personal information, any failure or security breaches by or of our third-party service providers or their subcontractors that result in an interruption in service, unauthorized access, misuse, loss or destruction of data or other similar occurrences could interrupt our business, cause us to incur losses, result in loss of reputation and consumer and SMB trust and subject us to
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customer complaints, significant fines, litigation, disputes, claims, and regulatory investigations or other inquiries. Any contractual protections such as a counterparty’s obligation to indemnify us may not be sufficient to protect us if our counterparty doesn’t have adequate resources or if we are unable to enforce such protections. In other cases, our insurance may not cover potential claims of this type adequately or at all, and we may be required to pay monetary damages,which may be significant.
Claims by others that we infringed their proprietary technology or other intellectual property rights could harm our business.
Companies in the internet and technology industries are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, certain companies and rights holders seek to enforce and monetize patents or other intellectual property rights they own, have purchased or have otherwise obtained. As we gain an increasingly high public profile, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Third parties have in the past and may in the future assert claims of infringement of intellectual property rights against us. Although we may have meritorious defenses, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in defending against these allegations or in reaching a business resolution that is satisfactory to us. Our competitors and others may now and in the future have patent portfolios that are used against us. Many potential litigants, including some of our competitors and patent-holding companies, have the ability to dedicate substantial resources to the assertion of their intellectual property rights. Any claim of infringement by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim, could distract our management from our business and could require us to cease use of such intellectual property. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, we risk compromising our confidential information during this type of litigation. We may be required to pay substantial damages, royalties or other fees in connection with a claimant securing a judgment against us, we may be subject to an injunction or other restrictions that prevent us from using or distributing our intellectual property, or from operating under our brand, or we may agree to a settlement that prevents us from distributing our offerings or a portion thereof, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
With respect to any intellectual property rights claim, we may have to seek out a license to continue operations found or alleged to violate such rights, which may not be available on favorable or commercially reasonable terms and may significantly increase our operating expenses. Some licenses may be non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. If a third party does not offer us a license to its intellectual property on reasonable terms, or at all, we may be required to develop alternative, non-infringing technology, which could require significant time (during which we would be unable to continue to offer our affected offerings), effort and expense and may ultimately not be successful. Any of these events could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Failure to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on a combination of federal, state and common law trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection laws, as well as contractual restrictions and business practices. In particular, we must maintain and protect the “NerdWallet” name and related marks and intellectual property and also police copying of our editorial articles. In addition, we typically enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with employees and contractors, and confidentiality agreements with parties with whom we conduct business in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our confidential or proprietary information. However, these contractual arrangements and the other steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not prevent the misappropriation or disclosure of our proprietary information nor deter independent development of similar technologies by others. Failure to protect or maintain our intellectual property could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
While our content, software and other works may be protected under copyright law, we have chosen not to register any copyrights in these works. In order to bring a copyright infringement lawsuit in the United States, the copyright must be registered. Accordingly, the remedies and damages available to us for unauthorized use of our software may be limited.
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We may not be able to continue to obtain licenses to third-party software and intellectual property on reasonable terms or at all, which may disrupt our business and harm our financial results.
We license third-party software and other intellectual property for use in connection with our platform, including for various third party product integrations with our platform. Our third-party licenses typically limit our use of intellectual property to specific uses and include other contractual obligations with which we must comply. These licenses may need to be renegotiated or renewed from time to time, or we may need to obtain new licenses in the future. Third parties may stop adequately supporting or maintaining their offerings or they or their technology may be acquired by our competitors. If we are unable to obtain licenses to these third-party software and intellectual property on reasonable terms or at all, the functionalities available through our platform may be adversely impacted, which could in turn harm our business. Further, if we or our third-party licensors were to breach any material term of a license, such a breach could, among other things, prompt costly litigation, result in the license being invalidated and/or result in fines and other damages. If any of the following were to occur, it could harm our business, financial results and our reputation.
We also cannot be certain that our licensors are not infringing the intellectual property rights of others or that our licensors have sufficient rights to the intellectual property to grant us the applicable licenses. Although we seek to mitigate this risk contractually, we may not be able to sufficiently limit our potential liability. If we are unable to obtain or maintain rights to any of this intellectual property because of intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties against our licensors or against us, our ability to provide functionalities through our platform using such intellectual property could be severely limited and our business could be harmed. Furthermore, regardless of outcome, infringement claims may require us to use significant resources and may divert management’s attention.
We rely on operating system providers and app stores to support our platform, and any disruption, deterioration or change in their services, policies, practices, guidelines and/or terms of service could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The success of our platform depends upon the effective operation of certain mobile operating systems, networks and standards that are run by operating system providers and app stores, or Providers. We do not control these Providers and, as a result, we are subject to risks and uncertainties related to the actions taken, or not taken, by these Providers. We largely utilize Android-based and iOS-based technology for our digital application platform. If any Providers, including either Google (for Android) or Apple (for iOS) stop providing us with access to their platform or infrastructure, fail to provide reliable access, cease operations, modify or introduce new systems, change their terms of service, guidelines or policies, or their interpretation of these, or otherwise terminate services, the delay caused by qualifying and switching to other operating systems could be time consuming and costly and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, Providers may limit the use of personal information and other data for advertising purposes or restrict how users can share information on their platform or across other platforms, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations or otherwise require us to change the way we conduct our business. Any limitation on or discontinuation of our or our users’ access to any Provider’s platform or app store could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or otherwise require us to change the way we conduct our business.
Some of our products and services contain open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, products, and services in a manner that could have a negative effect on our business.
We use open source software in our platform and anticipate continuing to use open source software in the future. Some open source software licenses require those who distribute open source software as part of their own software product to publicly disclose all or part of the source code of such software product or to make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost, and we may be subject to such terms. The terms of certain open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our products or services. Additionally, we could face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we develop using such software, which could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until we can re-engineer such source code to eliminate use of such open source software. This re-engineering process could require us to expend significant additional research and development resources, and we may not be able to complete the re-engineering process successfully. In addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties, assurance of title or controls on the origin or operation of the open source software, which are risks that cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. We cannot be sure that all of our use of open source software is in a manner that is consistent with our current policies and
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procedures, or will not subject us to liability. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, would have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Risks Related to Our Financial Operations and Accounting Matters
Our debt agreements contain certain restrictions that may limit our ability to operate our business.
The terms of our credit agreement, as amended, and the related collateral documents with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (JPM) as administrative agent contain, and any future indebtedness may contain, a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on us, including restrictions on our ability, and the ability of our subsidiaries, to take actions that may be in our best interests, including, among others, disposing of assets, entering into change of control transactions, mergers or acquisitions, incurring additional indebtedness, granting liens on our assets, declaring and paying dividends, repurchasing stock, making investments and agreeing to do any of the foregoing, in each case subject to certain exceptions. Our credit agreement also contains financial covenants which require us to comply with a maximum total net leverage and minimum fixed charge coverage ratios. Our ability to meet those financial covenants can be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not be able to continue to meet those covenants. A breach of any of these covenants or the occurrence of other events (including an event or condition that has had a material adverse effect (as defined in the credit agreement)) specified in the credit agreement and/or the related collateral documents could result in an event of default under the credit agreement. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, JPM and/or our lenders under the credit agreement could elect to declare all amounts outstanding under the credit agreement, if any, to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. If we were unable to repay those amounts, JPM and our lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure such indebtedness, which consists of all of our assets. We have, and certain of our subsidiaries have, pledged substantially all of our respective assets as collateral under the loan documents. If JPM and our lenders accelerate the repayment of borrowings, if any, we may not have sufficient funds to repay our debt.
Our debt agreement may not be sufficient for our capital needs and we may require additional capital to support business growth, which might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and we may require additional funds to continue to do so. Depending on availability of capital under our existing debt facility, profitability and cash flow, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A common stock. Any debt financing we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on satisfactory terms when required, our ability to continue to support our business growth and respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, delayed or abandoned, and our business may be harmed.
We cannot guarantee that our stock repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value.
Although we have a plan authorized for the repurchase of our Class A common stock, we cannot guarantee that the stock repurchase program will be fully consummated or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. As of December 31, 2025, $55.2 million remained available under the Repurchase Program (as defined below), which does not have an expiration date. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, are at management’s discretion and will depend on a variety of factors including the timing of open trading windows, price, corporate and regulatory requirements, and other market conditions. Our Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice, and our Board of Directors may authorize the repurchase of additional securities under the program. Repurchases pursuant to the Repurchase Program could affect the price of our Class A common stock and increase volatility in such securities.
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We may be unable to make acquisitions and investments, successfully integrate acquired companies into our business, or our acquisitions and investments may not meet our expectations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We do not have extensive experience acquiring and integrating other businesses and technologies and there are inherent risks in integrating the acquired personnel, operations and technologies and managing the combined business effectively following the acquisition.
We may in the future acquire or invest in businesses, offerings, technologies, or talent that we believe could complement or expand our existing product offerings, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of future potential acquisitions and investments may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur significant expenses related to identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions and investments, whether or not they are consummated. Furthermore, even if we successfully acquire or invest in additional businesses or technologies, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits or synergies due to a number of factors, including, without limitation:
•unanticipated costs or liabilities associated with the acquisition, including claims related to the acquired company, its product offerings, or technology;
•incurrence of acquisition-related or investment-related expenses, which would be recognized as a current period expense;
•inability to generate sufficient revenue to offset acquisition or investment costs;
•inability to maintain relationships with customers and partners of the acquired business;
•challenges maintaining quality and security standards consistent with our brand;
•inability to identify security vulnerabilities in acquired technology;
•inability to achieve anticipated synergies or unanticipated difficulty with integration into our corporate culture;
•the need to integrate or implement additional controls, procedures, and policies;
•challenges caused by distance and cultural differences;
•harm to our existing business relationships with business partners as a result of the acquisition or investment;
•potential loss of key employees;
•use of resources that are needed in other parts of our business and diversion of management and employee resources;
•unanticipated complexity in accounting requirements;
•use of substantial portions of our available cash or the incurrence of debt to consummate the acquisition; and
•disputes that may arise out of earn-outs, escrows, and other arrangements related to an acquisition of a company.
Acquisitions also increase the risk of unforeseen legal liability, including for potential violations of applicable law or industry rules and regulations, arising from prior or ongoing acts or omissions by the acquired businesses that are not discovered by due diligence during the acquisition process.
We may have to pay cash, incur additional debt, or issue equity to pay for any future acquisitions or investments, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition. The sale of equity to finance any future acquisitions or investments could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of additional indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include additional covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Expenses or liabilities resulting from litigation could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
We have and may become party to various legal proceedings and other claims that arise in the ordinary course of business, or otherwise in the future. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. In addition, any such claims or litigation may be time-consuming and costly, divert management resources, require us to change our platform or have other adverse effects on our business. While we cannot assure the ultimate outcome of any legal proceeding or contingency in which we are or may become involved, we do not believe that any pending legal claim or proceeding arising in the ordinary course will be resolved in a manner that would have a material adverse effect on our business. However, if one or more of these legal matters resulted in an adverse monetary judgment against us, such a judgment could harm our results of operations and financial condition.
We may not continue to grow at historical rates or achieve or maintain profitability in the future.
We may not realize sufficient revenue to achieve or maintain profitability. As we grow our business, we expect our revenue growth rates may slow in future periods due to a number of reasons, which may include slowing demand for our service, increasing competition, a decrease in the growth of our overall markets, and our failure to capitalize on growth opportunities or the maturation of our business. Our growth rate may slow for a number of reasons, including a decline in the number of users, increasing competition, and other risks described in these Risk Factors. We may also encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown factors. We expect to continue to make investments in the development and expansion of our business, which may not result in increased or sufficient revenue or growth, as a result of which we may not be able to achieve or maintain sustained profitability.
We have made significant estimates and judgments in calculating our income tax provision and other tax assets and liabilities. If these estimates or judgments are incorrect, our operating results and financial condition may be materially affected.
We are subject to regular review and audit by both domestic and foreign tax authorities. Any adverse outcome of such a review or audit could have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition. In addition, the determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax assets and liabilities requires significant judgment, and there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain at the present time. Although we believe our estimates and judgments are reasonable, the ultimate tax outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may have a material effect on our operating results and financial condition.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
Utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards, as well as of our other temporary differences, is dependent upon the generation of sufficient future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on our ongoing assessment of all available evidence, both positive and negative, including consideration of our historical profitability and the estimated impact of our operating model on future profitability, we concluded that it was more likely than not that our U.S. deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities would be realized, and we recorded a release of the valuation allowance against these net U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024. Our judgment regarding the likelihood of realization of these deferred tax assets could change in future periods, which could result in a material impact to our income tax provision in the period of change.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock
The dual class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with our Co-Founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors, Tim Chen, which will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters.
Our Class B common stock has ten votes per share and our Class A common stock has one vote per share. Tim Chen, our Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors and his affiliated trusts hold all outstanding shares of Class B common stock, which as of December 31, 2025 constituted approximately 89% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of our Class B common stock collectively will continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval so long as the shares of Class B common stock represent at least 9.1% of all outstanding shares of our Class A and Class B common stock. This concentrated control will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate governance matters, transactions and all matters submitted to a vote of our stockholders, for the foreseeable future.
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Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for tax or estate planning purposes. In addition, Mr. Chen’s and his affiliated trusts’ shares of Class B common stock will automatically convert into Class A common stock, on a one-to-one basis, upon any sale or transfer of the applicable shares (other than transfers to certain permitted entities) or upon his death. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares in the long-term. If, for example, Mr. Chen retains a significant portion of his holdings of Class B common stock for an extended period of time, he could, in the future, continue to control a majority of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock.
Mr. Chen and his affiliated trusts have the ability to control the outcome of all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election, removal, and replacement of directors and any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. If Mr. Chen’s employment with us is terminated, he will continue to have the ability to exercise the same significant voting power and potentially control the outcome of all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval. This concentrated control could delay, defer, or prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets that our other stockholders support. Conversely, this concentrated control could allow Mr. Chen to consummate such a transaction that our other stockholders do not support. In addition, Mr. Chen may make long-term strategic investment decisions and take risks that may not be successful and may seriously harm our business.
As our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Chen also has control over our day-to-day management and the implementation of major strategic investments of our company, subject to authorization and oversight by our Board of Directors. As a board member and officer, Mr. Chen owes a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and must act in good faith in a manner he reasonably believes to be in the best interests of our stockholders. As a stockholder, Mr. Chen and his affiliated trusts are entitled to vote their shares, and shares over which they have voting control, in their own interests, which may not always be aligned with the interests of our stockholders generally.
We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and, as a result, we are exempt from certain corporate governance requirements.
Mr. Chen and his affiliated trusts hold capital stock representing a majority of our outstanding voting power. So long as Mr. Chen and his affiliated trusts maintain holdings of more than 50% of the voting power of our capital stock for the election of directors, we will be a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and Nasdaq corporate governance standards. Under these standards, a listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain Nasdaq corporate governance requirements, including:
•the requirement that a majority of our Board of Directors consist of “independent directors” as defined under Nasdaq Listing Rules;
•the requirement that we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors; and
•the requirement that we have a nominating and corporate governance committee or otherwise have director nominees selected by vote of a majority of the independent directors.
We have availed ourselves of some of these exemptions. As a result, we do not have a nominating and corporate governance committee or an independent nominating function. Our full Board of Directors is directly responsible for nominating members of our board.
Even as a controlled company, we remain subject to the rules of Sarbanes-Oxley as well as the Nasdaq Listing Rules that require us to have an audit committee composed entirely of independent directors, subject to permitted phase-in rules. Our audit committee is comprised of three members, all of whom are independent.
If we are no longer eligible to rely on the “controlled company” exemptions, we will need to comply with all applicable Nasdaq corporate governance requirements, but we will be able to rely on phase-in periods for certain of these requirements in accordance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules. Accordingly, our stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all Nasdaq corporate governance requirements.
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We cannot predict the impact our dual class structure may have on the market price of our Class A common stock.
We cannot predict whether our dual class structure, combined with the concentrated control of our Co-founder, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors, Tim Chen, and his affiliated trusts, will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple class share structures in certain of their indexes. Under such policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indexes, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track such indexes will not be investing in our stock. It is uncertain what effect, if any, these policies will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from the indexes, but it is possible that they may depress such valuations when compared to those of other similar companies that are included. Because of our dual class structure, we will likely be excluded from certain of these indexes, and we cannot assure you that other stock indexes will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment into passive strategies that seek to track certain indexes, exclusion from stock indexes would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.
The price of our stock may be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.
The trading price of our Class A common stock could be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The following factors, in addition to other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section may have a significant impact on the market price of our Class A common stock:
•our operating and financial performance, quarterly or annual earnings relative to similar companies;
•publication of research reports or news stories about us, our competitors or our industry, or positive or negative recommendations or withdrawal of research coverage by securities analysts;
•the public’s reaction to our press releases, our other public announcements and our filings with the SEC;
•announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, business plans or commercial relationships;
•any major change in our Board of Directors or senior management;
•sales of our Class A common stock by us, our directors, executive officers, principal stockholders, or senior management;
•adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or refinance or securities we may issue in the future;
•short sales, hedging and other derivative transactions in our Class A common stock;
•exposure to capital market risks related to changes in interest rates, realized investment losses, credit spreads, equity prices, and foreign exchange rates;
•our creditworthiness, financial condition, performance, and prospects;
•our dividend policy and whether dividends on our Class A common stock have been, and are likely to be, declared and paid from time to time;
•perceptions of the investment opportunity associated with our Class A common stock relative to other investment alternatives;
•regulatory or legal developments;
•changes in general market, economic, and political conditions;
•conditions or trends in our industry, geographies or customers;
•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles; and
•threatened or actual litigation or government investigations.
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In addition, broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance, and factors beyond our control may cause our stock price to decline rapidly and unexpectedly. In addition, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.
Our results of operations may fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may impact our stock price and make it difficult to predict our future performance.
Our revenue and results of operations could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year and may fail to match periodic expectations as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. Our results may vary from period to period as a result of fluctuations in the number of users using our platform to apply for or sign up for financial services products as well as fluctuations in the timing and amount of our expenses. Fluctuations and variability across our industry and the general economy may also affect our revenue. As a result, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and the results of any one period should not be relied on as an indication of future performance. Our results of operations may not meet the expectations of investors or public market analysts who follow us, which may adversely affect our stock price. In addition to other risk factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section, factors that may contribute to the variability of our quarterly and annual results include:
•our ability to attract new users and retain existing users, including in a cost-effective manner;
•our ability to accurately forecast revenue and losses and appropriately plan our expenses;
•the effects of changes in search engine algorithms and prominence of our editorial articles in search results;
•the effects of increased competition on our business;
•our ability to successfully maintain our position in and expand in existing markets as well as successfully enter new markets;
•the impact of, and changes in, governmental or other regulation affecting our business;
•our ability to maintain an adequate rate of growth and effectively manage that growth;
•our ability to keep pace with technological changes in our industry;
•the success of our sales and marketing efforts;
•our ability to protect our existing intellectual property and to create new intellectual property;
•costs associated with defending claims, including accident and coverage claims, intellectual property infringement claims, misclassifications and related judgments or settlements;
•the attraction and retention of qualified employees and key personnel;
•the effectiveness of our internal controls; and
•changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional tax liabilities.
We do not expect to pay any cash dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock, and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination regarding the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. The terms of our credit agreement with JPM and certain other lenders restrict our ability to pay dividends, and we may enter into additional agreements in the future that could also contain restrictions on payments of cash dividends.
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We are an emerging growth company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our Class A common stock less attractive to investors.
We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.
Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. If some investors find our Class A common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile. Commencing on December 31, 2026, we will no longer qualify as an emerging growth company and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to an emerging growth company will no longer apply to us.
We will incur increased costs and management burden as a public company, particularly after we are no longer an emerging growth company, and any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could adversely affect our business and stock price.
As a public company, and particularly after we cease to qualify as an emerging growth company commencing on December 31, 2026, we will be subject to increased legal, accounting, investor relations, compliance, and other expenses. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq impose significant requirements on public companies, including with respect to disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting, and corporate governance practices. In addition, evolving regulatory expectations, stockholder activism, the current political environment, and heightened regulatory scrutiny may result in new or expanded compliance obligations, the timing and scope of which are difficult to predict.
We are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report on the effectiveness of those controls pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. As an accelerated filer and once we are no longer an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will also be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Compliance with these requirements is complex, time consuming, and resource intensive, and may require us to upgrade our information technology systems; implement additional financial and management controls, reporting systems, and procedures; and hire or retain additional accounting and finance personnel. Our management and other personnel will be required to devote substantial time and attention to these compliance initiatives, which could divert resources from operating our business.
If we are unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or unable to conclude that our internal controls are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm identifies a material weakness or is required to issue an adverse opinion, we may not be able to accurately or timely report our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. As a result, investor confidence in our financial reporting could be adversely affected, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, investigations, or sanctions by the SEC, Nasdaq, or other regulatory authorities. In addition, any failure to remediate identified material weaknesses or to maintain effective internal controls could limit our ability to access the capital markets on favorable terms, or at all.
As a public company, we are subject to increased regulatory requirements and scrutiny, which increase our costs and may adversely affect our business.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing standards of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations has increased, and will continue to increase, our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, and has made, and may continue to make, certain activities more time-consuming, costly or difficult. These requirements also place demands on our management, administrative and operational resources, particularly as we transition out of emerging growth company status. For example, the Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports regarding our business and operating results.
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In addition, as a public company we are subject to increased scrutiny from regulators, investors, analysts and the media. The public disclosure of information required in our filings and other public communications increases the visibility of our business and financial condition and may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors, stockholders or other third parties. Any such claims, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources, and harm our reputation. If such claims are successful, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected.
Sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock by our existing stockholders in the public market could cause our stock price to decline.
Substantially all of our shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are eligible for public sale, if they are registered under the Securities Act, or if they qualify for an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, including under Rules 144 or 701. If our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our Class A common stock in the public market, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline.
Certain holders of shares of our Class A common stock are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act as provided under the terms of an investors’ rights agreement between us and such stockholders. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by affiliates, as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Any sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.
We have registered on Form S-8 all shares of common stock that are issuable under our existing equity compensation plans, including our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan, our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (2021 EIP) and our 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (2021 ESPP). Additionally, the number of shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our 2021 EIP automatically increases on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2023, by 5% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors or compensation committee. Furthermore, the number of shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our 2021 ESPP automatically increases on January 1 of each year, beginning on January 1, 2023, by the lesser of 1% of the total number of shares of our capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year and 850,000 shares, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors or compensation committee. Unless our board of directors elects not to increase the number of shares available for future grant each year, our stockholders may experience additional dilution. As a consequence, these shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts currently publish research on our company and if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price may decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions also could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Class A common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our Class A common stock. In addition, because our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors. Among other things, these provisions include the following:
•we have a dual class common stock structure, which provides Mr. Chen and his affiliated trusts with the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if he owns significantly less than a majority of the number of shares of our outstanding Class A and Class B common stock;
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•only our chairperson, our chief executive officer, a holder of more than 21.0 million shares of Class B common stock (subject to adjustment for stock splits, stock dividends, stock combinations and the like), or a majority of our Board of Directors is authorized to call a special meeting of stockholders;
•advance notice procedures apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders;
•our restated certificate of incorporation authorizes undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established, and shares of which may be issued, without stockholder approval; and
•certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, which prohibits a person who owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner. These provisions could discourage potential acquisition proposals and could delay or prevent a change in control transaction. They could also have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our Class A common stock, including transactions that may be in your best interests or in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. These provisions may also prevent changes in our management or limit the price that investors are willing to pay for our stock.
Claims for indemnification by our directors and officers may reduce our available funds to satisfy successful third-party claims against us and may reduce the amount of money available to us.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, in each case, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. Delaware law provides that directors of a corporation will not be personally liable for monetary damages for any breach of fiduciary duties as directors, except liability for:
•any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders;
•any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
•unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions; or
•any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.
Such limitation of liability does not apply to liabilities arising under federal securities laws and does not affect the availability of equitable remedies such as injunctive relief or rescission.
Our amended and restated bylaws provide that we are required to indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law and may indemnify our other employees and agents. Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that, on satisfaction of certain conditions, we will advance expenses incurred by a director or officer in advance of the final disposition of any action or proceeding, and permit us to secure insurance on behalf of any officer, director, employee or other agent for any liability arising out of his or her actions in that capacity regardless of whether we would otherwise be permitted to indemnify him or her under the provisions of Delaware law. We have entered and expect to continue to enter into agreements to indemnify our directors and executive officers. With certain exceptions, these agreements provide for indemnification for related expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by any of these individuals in connection with any action, proceeding or investigation. We believe that these amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.
While we maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, such insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur, which may reduce our available funds to satisfy third-party claims and may adversely impact our cash position.
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Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if and only if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state court located within the State of Delaware or, if and only if all such state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) is the exclusive forum for the following claims or causes of action under Delaware statutory or common law:
•any derivative claim or cause of action brought on our behalf;
•any claim or cause of action for breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders;
•any claim or cause of action against us or any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees, arising out of or pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws;
•any claim or cause of action seeking to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws;
•any action or proceeding as to which the DGCL confers jurisdiction to the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; and
•any claim or cause of action against us or any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine, in all cases to the fullest extent permitted by law and subject to the court having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants.
This provision would not apply to claims or causes of action brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, or the Securities Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such an instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.
These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could seriously harm our business.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
None.
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Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
Risk Management and Strategy
NerdWallet, Inc. recognizes the importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data and that of our users.
Risk Management
We have adopted the National Institute of Standards and Technology - Cybersecurity Framework (NIST-CSF) to guide our risk assessment and management and promote a company-wide cybersecurity risk management culture. Our cybersecurity team works closely with our information technology (IT) department to continuously evaluate and address cybersecurity risks in alignment with our business objectives and operational needs.
Engagement of Third Parties
We enlist third-party cybersecurity assessors and consultants to evaluate and test both our risk management systems and the third-party risk management systems of our business partners. Through these collaborations, we tap into specialized knowledge and insights, helping us gauge the effectiveness of our cybersecurity strategies and processes. The findings from these assessments guide our decision-making and planning processes, influencing how we set priorities and allocate resources.
Overseeing Third-party Risk
Before partnering with third-party providers, we conduct a thorough examination of their cybersecurity program, policies, and practices. This includes a review of their SOC 2 reports and any available penetration tests. Additionally, we actively monitor our primary service providers and regularly obtain security control reports from them. We also employ real-time monitoring to detect any suspicious activity promptly. This approach is implemented to minimize risks associated with data breaches or other security incidents that may arise from third-party sources.
Risks from Cybersecurity Threats
To date, no cybersecurity incident or any risk from cybersecurity threats has materially affected, or has been determined to be reasonably likely to materially affect, us or our operations or financial condition.
Governance
The Board of Directors recognizes the critical importance of managing cybersecurity risks and has implemented robust oversight mechanisms designed to ensure effective governance in this area.
Audit Committee Oversight
The Audit Committee, comprising Board members with diverse experience in risk management, IT, cybersecurity, and finance, is directly responsible for overseeing cybersecurity risks. Our Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) provides comprehensive quarterly presentations to the Audit Committee, covering ongoing cybersecurity initiatives, strategies, and emerging threats. The Committee reports significant matters to the full board, and the CISO also delivers an annual presentation to the Board of Directors.
Management’s Vigilance
A Security Council, led by the CISO with representatives from our engineering, corporate IT, security, legal, human resources, and internal audit teams, diligently reviews and assesses cybersecurity plans, risks, and incidents on a monthly basis. Any substantial risk incident is escalated to the executive team, disclosure committee, and potentially the full Board, if deemed material. Regular communication between the CISO and the Chief Legal Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Executive Officer ensures top management is well-informed about NerdWallet's cybersecurity posture and potential risks.
Risk Management Leadership
The primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring, and managing our cybersecurity risks lies with our highly experienced CISO. With two decades of cybersecurity expertise, including multiple CISO roles, our CISO plays a pivotal role in developing and executing our cybersecurity strategies. His responsibilities include overseeing governance programs, addressing known risks, leading employee security training, and executing the incident response plan in case of a cybersecurity incident.
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Item 2. Properties.
Facilities
We maintain offices in San Mateo, California, New York, New York, Scottsdale, Arizona, and Detroit, Michigan. We lease all of our facilities and do not own any real property. We have a remote-first policy that allows for almost all roles to be remote on an ongoing basis. As a result, most of our employees transitioned or were hired into permanent remote status and are not required to report to an office for work. See discussion of our lease commitments in Note 9–Leases in the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we are involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. We are not presently a party to any litigation the outcome of which, we believe, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition. Defending such proceedings is costly and can impose a significant burden on management and employees. The results of any current or future litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, and regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. See further discussion under “Litigation and Other Legal Matters” in Note 8–Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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Part II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Market Information for Common Stock
Our Class A common stock has been listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “NRDS” since November 4, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our Class A common stock.
Our Class B common stock is neither listed nor publicly traded.
Holders of Our Common Stock
As of February 23, 2026, there were 99 stockholders of record of our Class A common stock. The actual number of stockholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees.
As of February 23, 2026, there were eight stockholders of record of our Class B common stock, all of which are trusts affiliated with Tim Chen, our Chief Executive Officer and the Chairman of the Board of Directors.
Dividend Policy
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination regarding the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on then-existing conditions, including our financial condition, operating results, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. The terms of our credit agreement with JPM and certain other lenders restrict our ability to pay dividends, and we may enter into additional agreements in the future that could also contain restrictions on payments of cash dividends.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities
There were no sales of unregistered equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2025.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table summarizes our share repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2025:

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased 1 (in thousands) |  | Average Price Paid per Share 2 |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs 1 (in thousands) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 1 (in millions)
October 1, 2025 - October 31, 2025 |  | 2,091 |  |  | $ | 11.07 |  |  | 2,091 |  |  | $ | 32.7 |
November 1, 2025 - November 30, 2025 |  | 1,462 |  |  | $ | 13.75 |  |  | 1,462 |  |  | $ | 12.6 |
December 1, 2025 - December 31, 2025 |  | 499 |  |  | $ | 15.56 |  |  | 499 |  |  | $ | 55.2 |
Total |  | 4,052 |  |  |  |  | 4,052 |  |  |

______________
(1) On May 2, 2023, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a plan under which we may repurchase up to $20 million of our Class A common stock and, following our utilization of that share repurchase authorization, we announced on October 26, 2023, September 9, 2024, October 29, 2024, September 13, 2025, December 16, 2025, and February 25, 2026, that our Board of Directors approved additional share repurchase authorizations under which we may repurchase up to an additional $30 million, $50 million, $25 million, $50 million, $50 million, and $100 million, respectively, of our Class A common stock (collectively, the Repurchase Program). Under the Repurchase Program, shares of Class A common stock may be repurchased from time to time in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions. The Repurchase Program does not have fixed expiration dates, does not obligate us to acquire any specific dollar amount or number of shares, and may be amended, suspended or discontinued at any time. The amount and timing of any repurchases are at management’s discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including business, economic and market conditions, regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices and other considerations. Additionally, we may, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to facilitate repurchases.
(2) Average price paid per share includes costs associated with the repurchases.
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Stock Performance Graph
This performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Securities Act or the Securities Exchange Act.
The graph below shows the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock between November 4, 2021 (the date that our Class A common stock commenced trading on the Nasdaq Global Market) through December 31, 2025 in comparison to the Nasdaq Composite Index and the S&P 500 Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested in each of our Class A common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index and the S&P 500 Index at their respective closing prices on November 4, 2021. The graph uses the closing market price on November 4, 2021 of $28.30 per share as the initial value of our Class A common stock. Data for the Nasdaq Composite Index and S&P 500 Index assume reinvestment of dividends. The comparisons shown in the graph are not intended to forecast or be indicative of the future performance of our common stock.
Item 6. [Reserved].
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our current plans, estimates and beliefs, and involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of certain events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including but not limited to those discussed in the sections titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. Except as otherwise noted, all references to 2025 refer to the year ended December 31, 2025, references to 2024 refer to the year ended December 31, 2024, and references to 2023 refer to the year ended December 31, 2023.
A discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below. For a discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Overview
NerdWallet, Inc. (NerdWallet, we, our, or us) provides consumers and small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs) with trusted guidance across a broad range of finance topics through a digital platform that integrates independent editorial content, comparison tools, data-driven product marketplaces, and access to regulated financial services offered through our subsidiaries. Our mission is to provide clarity for all of life’s financial decisions. Our vision is a world where everyone makes financial decisions with confidence.
Our platform enables users to compare financial products, access educational resources, receive personalized insights, and connect with third-party providers across credit cards, banking, insurance, lending, investing, wealth management, and other financial categories. We generate revenue primarily through referral fees, lead generation, and partner-based monetization, as well as through revenue derived from brokering and advisory services.
Our business model is designed to be partner-neutral and to support transparent consumer and SMB choice by offering side-by-side comparisons and unbiased information supported by editorial standards.
Acquisitions
We have made acquisitions and established subsidiaries to expand into new verticals; to enter new markets; and to grow our platform so that our users have better outcomes. Recent acquisitions include:
•Next Door Lending. In October 2024, we acquired Next Door Lending LLC (NDL), a mortgage broker that offers a selection of loan products for home purchase and refinance, including cash-out refinance and debt consolidation, across a range of maturities and interest rates. Through NDL, we offer consumers access to government-sponsored entity-conforming loans, FHA insured loans, VA guaranteed loans and jumbo loans.
•NerdWallet Insurance Experts. In March 2025, we established NerdWallet Insurance Experts, LLC (NWIE), an insurance agency. Through NWIE, we provide property and casualty brokerage services to assist consumers to compare quotes and connect with licensed carriers or agents to obtain insurance policies.
•NerdWallet Wealth Partners. In June 2025, we acquired an SEC-registered investment adviser and created NerdWallet Wealth Partners, LLC, which provides traditional investment advisory services, such as financial planning and discretionary investment management.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We collect, review and analyze operating and financial data of our business to assess our ongoing performance and compare our results to prior period results. In addition to revenue, net income (loss) and other results under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the following sets forth the non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our business.
We use non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA in conjunction with GAAP measures as part of our overall assessment of our performance, including the preparation of our annual operating budget and quarterly forecasts, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, and to communicate with our Board of Directors concerning our financial performance.
Non-GAAP operating income (loss): We define non-GAAP operating income (loss) as income (loss) from operations adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization, and further exclude (1) impairment of right-of-use asset, (2) losses (gains) on disposals of assets, (3) acquisition-related costs, and (4) restructuring charges. We also reduce income from operations, or increase loss from operations, for capitalized internally developed software costs.
Adjusted EBITDA: We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) from continuing operations adjusted to exclude depreciation and amortization, interest income (expense), net, other gains (losses), net, and provision (benefit) for income taxes, and further exclude (1) impairment of right-of-use asset, (2) losses (gains) on disposals of assets, (3) stock-based compensation, (4) acquisition-related costs, and (5) restructuring charges.
The above items are excluded from our non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA measures because these items are non-cash in nature, or because the amounts are not driven by core operating results and renders comparisons with prior periods less meaningful. We deduct capitalized internally developed software costs in our non-GAAP operating income (loss) measure to reflect the cash impact of personnel costs incurred within the time period.
We believe that non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results and in comparing operating results across periods. Moreover, non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA are key measurements used by our management internally to make operating decisions, including those related to analyzing operating expenses, evaluating performance, and performing strategic planning and annual budgeting. However, the use of these non-GAAP measures have certain limitations because they do not reflect all items of income and expense that affect our operations. Non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA have limitations as financial measures, should be considered as supplemental in nature, and are not meant as substitutes for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the following:
•Non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA exclude certain recurring, non-cash charges, such as amortization of software, depreciation of property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, impairment of right-of-use asset, and (losses) gains on disposals of assets. Although these are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA do not reflect all cash requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;
•Non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA exclude certain acquisition-related costs, including acquisition-related retention compensation under compensatory retention agreements with certain key employees, and acquisition-related transaction expenses;
•Non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA exclude restructuring charges primarily consisting of severance payments, stock-based compensation, employee benefits, and related expenses for impacted employees, as well as contract termination costs, associated with our Restructuring Plan;
•Adjusted EBITDA excludes stock-based compensation, including for acquisition-related inducement awards, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, a significant recurring expense in our business and an important part of our compensation strategy; and
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect interest income (expense) and other gains (losses), net, which include unrealized and realized gains and losses on foreign currency exchange, as well as certain nonrecurring gains (losses).
In addition, non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA as we define them may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Because of these limitations, you should consider non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including income (loss) from operations, net income (loss) and our other GAAP results.
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See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Key Components of Our Results of Operations—Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for reconciliations of non-GAAP operating income (loss) to income (loss) from operations, and adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP.
Key Components of Our Results of Operations
Revenue
We generate substantially all of our revenue through fees paid by our financial services partners in the form of either revenue per action, revenue per click, revenue per lead, and revenue per funded loan arrangements. For these revenue arrangements, in which a partner pays only when a consumer or SMB satisfies the criteria set forth within the arrangement, revenue is recognized generally when we match the consumer or SMB with the financial services partner. For some of our arrangements, the transaction price is considered variable and an estimate of the constrained transaction price is recorded when the match occurs. Our revenue generally includes five product categories: Insurance, Credit cards, SMB products, Loans and Emerging verticals. Insurance revenue includes revenue from consumer insurance products, including auto, life and pet insurance. Credit cards revenue includes revenue from consumer credit cards. SMB products revenue includes revenue from loans, credit cards and other financial products and services intended for small and mid-sized businesses. Loans revenue includes revenue from personal loans, mortgages, student loans and auto loans. Emerging verticals revenue includes revenue from other product sources, including banking, investing and international.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue consists primarily of amortization expense associated with capitalized software development costs and developed technology intangible assets related to our acquisitions, credit scoring fees, account linking fees, and third-party service and data costs.
We expect our cost of revenue to decrease in absolute dollars in the next few years, as amortization of capitalized software development costs decline following years of decreasing levels of capitalized software development costs, and to then increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future to the extent that our business continues to grow. We expect our cost of revenue to vary as a percentage of revenue in the next few years, and it may eventually decrease over time as a percentage of revenue as our business grows and recognizes economies of scale. However, this percentage may fluctuate from year to year depending on the timing and extent of our investments in experiences requiring third-party service and data costs.
Research and development
Research and development activities primarily relate to engineering, product management, data enhancement, and improved functionality related to our platform. Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel related costs, including stock-based compensation, technology and facility-related expenses and contractor expense for our engineering, product management, data and other personnel engaged in maintaining and enhancing the functionality of our platform.
We expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future, primarily for increased headcount costs to further develop and innovate our platform. Over time, we expect research and development expenses to decrease as a percentage of revenue as our business grows and recognizes economies of scale. However, this percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and extent of our research and development expenses.
Sales and marketing
Our marketing strategy leverages multiple channels across brand marketing, performance marketing and organic marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist of: performance marketing, primarily costs to drive traffic directly to our platform; brand marketing, primarily advertising costs to increase brand awareness; and organic and other marketing, primarily personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, for content and other marketing and sales teams. We are able to adjust our marketing spend to reflect changes in external factors and consumer and SMB behavior. Performance marketing spend can be adjusted more quickly than brand marketing, which typically involves pre-committing to spend in future periods.
We expect our sales and marketing expenses to continue to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future, primarily to support the growth of our existing business and expansion into new verticals. Over time, we expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase as a percentage of revenue as our business grows and expands. However, this percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and extent of our sales and marketing expenses.
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General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, for certain of our executives as well as our legal, finance, human resources, and other administrative employees; and professional services fees.
We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars for the foreseeable future primarily to support the growth of our business. Additional expenses may include increased personnel-related costs, enhanced systems, processes, and controls as well as increased expenses in the areas of insurance, compliance, investor relations, and professional services. For these reasons, we expect general and administrative expenses to vary as a percentage of revenue in the near term, but eventually to decrease as a percentage of revenue as our business grows and recognizes economies of scale. This percentage may fluctuate from period to period depending on the timing and extent of our general and administrative expenses.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net is comprised of interest income, interest expense, and other gains (losses), net. Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense consists of interest costs related to our revolving credit facility, including amortization of debt issuance costs. Other gains (losses), net for 2024 includes an $8.1 million impairment on an equity investment. Other gains (losses), net is otherwise primarily related to realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and balances.
Income tax provision (benefit)
Our income tax provision (benefit) consists of federal and state income taxes. We have federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs), and California research and development credit carryforwards, certain of which are subject to expiration dates if not utilized. Utilization of our NOLs and tax credit carryforwards, as well as of our other temporary differences, is dependent upon the generation of sufficient future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. In the fourth quarter of 2024, based on our ongoing assessment of all available evidence, both positive and negative, including a significant improvement in our profitability coupled with anticipated future earnings, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our U.S. federal and majority state deferred tax assets in excess of deferred tax liabilities would be realized and released $27.2 million of our valuation allowance against these net U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024. Our judgment regarding the likelihood of realization of these deferred tax assets could change in future periods, which could result in a material impact to our income tax provision in the period of change.
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Comparison of Results of Operations
The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Results of Operations

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 836.6 |  |  | $ | 687.6 |  |  | $ | 599.4 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 63.7 |  |  | 63.5 |  |  | 54.0 |
Research and development(1) |  | 66.7 |  |  | 82.5 |  |  | 80.5 |
Sales and marketing(1) |  | 584.7 |  |  | 470.6 |  |  | 401.5 |
General and administrative(1) |  | 56.3 |  |  | 61.6 |  |  | 59.8 |
Total costs and expenses |  | 771.4 |  |  | 678.2 |  |  | 595.8 |
Income from Operations |  | 65.2 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 3.6 |
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 3.2 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 3.6 |
Interest expense |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.8) |
Other gains (losses), net |  | 0.4 |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | (0.1) |
Total other income (expense), net |  | 3.0 |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | 2.7 |
Income before income taxes |  | 68.2 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 6.3 |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  | 19.5 |  |  | (25.4) |  |  | 18.1 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | 48.7 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | (11.8) |

______________
(1)Includes stock-based compensation as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Research and development |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 11.2 |
Sales and marketing |  | 8.6 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 13.8 |
General and administrative |  | 11.5 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 13.8 |
Total |  | $ | 28.6 |  |  | $ | 36.3 |  |  | $ | 38.8 |

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The following table sets forth the components of our consolidated statements of operations as a percentage of revenue:

Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | % |  | 100 | %
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
Research and development |  | 8 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 13 |
Sales and marketing |  | 70 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 67 |
General and administrative |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10 |
Total costs and expenses |  | 92 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 99 |
Income from Operations |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other gains (losses), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total other income (expense), net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Income before income taxes |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  | 2 |  |  | (3) |  |  | 3 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | 6 | % |  | 4 | % |  | (2 | %)

Our income from operations increased $55.8 million, or 590%, for 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was driven by a $149.0 million increase in revenues, partially offset by a $93.2 million increase in costs and operating expenses, primarily due to a $114.1 million increase in sales and marketing expenses partially offset by a $15.8 million decrease in research and development expenses.
Our net income increased $18.3 million, or 60%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by the $55.8 million increase in income from operations, as well as $3.0 million of other income, net in 2025 as compared to other expense, net of $4.4 million in 2024, partially offset by a $19.5 million income tax provision in 2025 as compared to an income tax benefit of $25.4 million in 2024.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2025 and 2024
Revenue

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Insurance |  | $ | 280.8 |  |  | $ | 191.6 |  |  | $ | 89.2 |  |  | 47 | %
Credit cards |  | 133.4 |  |  | 176.4 |  |  | (43.0) |  |  | (24 | %)
SMB products |  | 100.0 |  |  | 109.8 |  |  | (9.8) |  |  | (9 | %)
Loans |  | 133.4 |  |  | 84.5 |  |  | 48.9 |  |  | 58 | %
Emerging verticals |  | 189.0 |  |  | 125.3 |  |  | 63.7 |  |  | 51 | %
Total revenue |  | $ | 836.6 |  |  | $ | 687.6 |  |  | $ | 149.0 |  |  | 22 | %

Revenue increased $149.0 million, or 22%, for 2025 compared to 2024, driven by strong growth in Insurance, Emerging verticals and Loans revenues, partially offset by lower Credit cards and SMB products.
Insurance revenue increased $89.2 million, or 47%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by a strong increase in auto insurance products revenue as carriers expanded budgets.
Credit cards revenue decreased $43.0 million, or 24%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to continued pressures in organic search traffic.
SMB products revenue decreased $9.8 million, or 9%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to continued pressures in organic search traffic, partially offset by an increase in business loan originations.
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Loans revenue increased $48.9 million, or 58%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by an 85% increase in personal loans revenue as well as a 33% increase in mortgage loans revenue reflecting incorporation of our acquisition of NDL in October 2024.
Emerging verticals revenue increased $63.7 million, or 51%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily driven by a 60% increase in banking revenue due to higher demand for banking products.
Costs and Expenses

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 63.7 |  |  | $ | 63.5 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | 0 | %
Research and development |  | 66.7 |  |  | 82.5 |  |  | (15.8) |  |  | (19 | %)
Sales and marketing |  | 584.7 |  |  | 470.6 |  |  | 114.1 |  |  | 24 | %
General and administrative |  | 56.3 |  |  | 61.6 |  |  | (5.3) |  |  | (9 | %)
Total costs and expenses |  | $ | 771.4 |  |  | $ | 678.2 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |  |  | 14 | %

Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue increased $0.2 million for 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to a $2.1 million increase related to third-party service and data charges, substantially offset by a $1.6 million decrease in amortization expense related to capitalized software development costs.
Research and development expense
Research and development expenses decreased $15.8 million, or 19%, for 2025 compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to a $10.1 million decrease in personnel-related costs for our engineering, data, and product management personnel and contractors, as well as a $5.8 million restructuring charge in 2024.
Sales and marketing expense
Components of sales and marketing expense, including as a percentage of total sales and marketing expense, are as follows:

(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Year Ended December 31, |  | $ |  | % |  | $ |  | %
Performance marketing |  | $ | 416.9 |  |  | 71 | % |  | $ | 297.4 |  |  | 63 | %
Brand marketing |  | 65.1 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 68.6 |  |  | 15 | %
Organic and other marketing |  | 102.7 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 104.6 |  |  | 22 | %
Total sales and marketing |  | $ | 584.7 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 470.6 |  |  | 100 | %

We are able to adjust our marketing spend to reflect changes in external factors and consumer and SMB behavior.
Sales and marketing expenses increased $114.1 million, or 24%, for 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was attributable to a $119.5 million increase in performance marketing expenses, partially offset by decreases of $3.5 million in brand marketing expenses and $1.9 million in organic and other marketing expenses primarily due to a $2.0 million restructuring charge in 2024.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expenses decreased $5.3 million, or 9%, for 2025 compared to 2024, primarily attributable to a $5.5 million decrease in personnel-related costs mainly due to stock-based compensation, as well as a $1.2 million restructuring charge in 2024.
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Other income (expense), net

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Interest income |  | $ | 3.2 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | (1.6) |  |  | (33 | %)
Interest expense |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (9 | %)
Other (gains) losses, net |  | 0.4 |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | NM
Total other income (expense), net |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | (4.4) |  |  | $ | 7.4 |  |  | NM

The change in other income (expense), net for 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily attributable to an $8.1 million impairment on an equity investment in 2024, partially offset by lower interest income reflecting lower interest rates and average cash balances.
Income tax provision (benefit)
We had an income tax provision of $19.5 million for 2025, as compared to an income tax benefit of $25.4 million in 2024. Our effective tax rate was 28.6% and (505.5%) for 2025 and 2024, respectively, as compared to the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21%. Our effective tax rate for 2025 is higher than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% primarily due to permanent impacts related to stock-based compensation and state taxes, partially offset by research and development credits. Our effective tax rate for 2024 differs from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the decrease in the valuation allowance maintained against our net U.S. deferred tax assets. In the fourth quarter of 2024, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our net U.S. federal and majority state deferred tax assets are realizable, resulting in a valuation allowance release of $27.2 million.
On July 4, 2025, the United States enacted tax reform legislation through An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Included in this legislation are provisions that allow for the immediate expensing of domestic U.S. research and development expenses, immediate expensing of certain capital expenditures, and other changes to the U.S. taxation of profits derived from foreign operations. We have incorporated the new legislation into our income tax provision, as applicable, and determined that there was no material impact on our tax provision for 2025.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA as we define them may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Because of these limitations, you should consider non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including income (loss) from operations, net income (loss) and our other GAAP results.
We compensate for these limitations by reconciling non-GAAP operating income (loss) to income (loss) from operations, and adjusted EBITDA to net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Income from Operations |  | $ | 65.2 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46.4 |  |  | 48.4 |  |  | 48.2 |
Acquisition-related retention |  | 1.6 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 5.3 |
Acquisition-related expenses |  | 2.3 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.1 |
Impairment of right-of-use asset |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Loss on disposal of assets |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Restructuring |  | 0.5 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | — |
Capitalized internally developed software costs |  | (20.4) |  |  | (24.0) |  |  | (32.4) |
Non-GAAP Operating Income |  | $ | 96.0 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 26.4 |
Operating income margin |  | 8 | % |  | 1 | % |  | 1 | %
Non-GAAP operating income margin 1 |  | 11 | % |  | 7 | % |  | 4 | %
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | 48.7 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | (11.8) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46.4 |  |  | 48.4 |  |  | 48.2 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 28.6 |  |  | 36.3 |  |  | 38.8 |
Acquisition-related retention |  | 1.6 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 5.3 |
Acquisition-related expenses |  | 2.3 |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.1 |
Impairment of right-of-use asset |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |
Loss on disposal of assets |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Restructuring |  | 0.5 |  |  | 9.0 |  |  | — |
Interest income, net |  | (2.6) |  |  | (4.1) |  |  | (2.8) |
Other gains (losses), net |  | (0.4) |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 0.1 |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  | 19.5 |  |  | (25.4) |  |  | 18.1 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 145.0 |  |  | $ | 107.9 |  |  | $ | 97.6 |
Stock-based compensation |  | (28.6) |  |  | (36.3) |  |  | (38.8) |
Capitalized internally developed software costs |  | (20.4) |  |  | (24.0) |  |  | (32.4) |
Non-GAAP Operating Income |  | $ | 96.0 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 26.4 |
Net income (loss) margin |  | 6 | % |  | 4 | % |  | (2 | %)
Adjusted EBITDA margin 2 |  | 17 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 16 | %

______________
(1)Represents non-GAAP operating income (loss) as a percentage of revenue.
(2)Represents adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue.
Our non-GAAP operating income increased $48.4 million, or 102%, for 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was driven by a $55.8 million increase in income from operations, partially offset by a $7.4 million decrease in adjustments to reconcile income from operations to non-GAAP operating income, including a $9.0 million restructuring charge in 2024.
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Adjusted EBITDA increased $37.1 million, or 35%, for 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was attributable to increases of $18.3 million in net income and $18.8 million in adjustments to reconcile adjusted EBITDA to net income, primarily including $44.9 million for income taxes partially offset by a $9.0 million restructuring charge and an $8.1 million impairment on an equity investment, both in 2024, as well as a $7.7 million decrease for stock-based compensation.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
Our principal sources of liquidity to meet our business requirements and plans, both in the short-term (i.e., the next twelve months from December 31, 2025) and long-term (i.e., beyond the next twelve months), have historically been cash generated from operations. Our primary liquidity needs are related to the funding of general business requirements, including working capital requirements, research and development, and capital expenditures, as well as other liquidity requirements including, but not limited to, share repurchases and business combinations.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $98.3 million and $66.3 million, respectively.
Known Contractual and Other Obligations
A description of contractual commitments as of December 31, 2025 is included in Note 8–Commitments and Contingencies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
More broadly, we also have purchase obligations under contractual arrangements with vendors and service providers, including for certain web-hosting and cloud computing services and advertising, which do not qualify for recognition on our consolidated balance sheet but which we consider non-cancellable. As of December 31, 2025, amounts to be spent under non-cancellable purchase obligations were $13.5 million over the next twelve months, and approximately $4 million in 2027 and $1 million in 2028.
Trends, Uncertainties and Anticipated Sources of Funds
In order to grow our business, we intend to make significant investments in our business, which may result in increases in our personnel and related expenses. The timing and amount of these investments will vary based on our financial condition, the rate at which we add new personnel and the scale of our development, as well as the macro-economic environment. Many of these investments will occur in advance of our experiencing any direct benefit from them, which could negatively impact our liquidity and cash flows during any particular period and may make it difficult to determine if we are effectively allocating our resources. However, we expect to fund our operations, capital expenditures and other investments principally with cash flows from operations, and to the extent that our liquidity needs exceed our cash from operations, we would look to our cash on hand to satisfy those needs.
Share Repurchase Program: We announced on May 2, 2023 that our Board of Directors authorized a plan under which we may repurchase up to $20 million of our Class A common stock and, following our utilization of that share repurchase authorization, we announced on October 26, 2023, September 9, 2024, October 29, 2024, September 13, 2025, and December 16, 2025 that our Board of Directors approved additional share repurchase authorizations under which we may repurchase up to an additional $30 million, $50 million, $25 million, $50 million, and $50 million, respectively, of our Class A common stock (collectively, the Repurchase Program). Subject to market conditions and other factors, the Repurchase Program is intended to make opportunistic repurchases of our Class A common stock to reduce our outstanding share count. Under the Repurchase Program, shares of Class A common stock may be repurchased from time to time in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions. The Repurchase Program does not have fixed expiration dates, does not obligate us to acquire any specific dollar amount or number of shares, and may be amended, suspended or discontinued at any time. The amount and timing of any repurchases are at management’s discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including business, economic and market conditions, regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices and other considerations. Additionally, we may, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to facilitate repurchases. Shares repurchased under the Repurchase Program are retired. We expect to fund repurchases with existing cash and cash equivalents. During 2025, we repurchased 5.8 million shares of Class A common stock for $70.3 million, including costs associated with the repurchases. Additionally, we paid $0.3 million of excise taxes during 2025 which related to previous share repurchases.
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On February 20, 2026, our Board of Directors approved an increase in the share repurchase authorization under which we may repurchase up to an additional $100.0 million of our Class A common stock under the Repurchase Program. Between January 1, 2026 and February 23, 2026, we repurchased 4.5 million shares of Class A common stock for $50.6 million, including costs associated with the repurchases. The remaining share repurchase authorization under the Repurchase Program is $104.7 million as of February 23, 2026.
Credit Facility: On September 26, 2023, we, including three of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a credit agreement (the Credit Agreement) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders. The Credit Agreement provides for a $125.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the Credit Facility), with the option to increase up to an additional $75.0 million, and is available to be used by us and certain of our domestic subsidiaries for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. On October 1, 2024, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement which, among other things, permits us to acquire an unrestricted subsidiary and/or to invest up to an aggregate of $15 million in unrestricted subsidiaries in any fiscal year, subject to standard provisions and limitations for unrestricted subsidiaries. The Credit Facility matures on September 26, 2028. We had no outstanding balance on our credit facility as of December 31, 2025 or 2024. Our credit facility contains certain financial and non-financial covenants. We were in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2025 and 2024. See Note 7–Debt in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
Warehouse Line of Credit: NDL, a wholly-owned subsidiary, maintains a $15.0 million warehouse line of credit, which may be increased to $18.75 million for up to 90 days subject to certain requirements, to provide NDL short-term funding for mortgage loans originated for sale. Borrowings under the warehouse line of credit bear interest at the greater of the interest rate of the underlying mortgage loans held for sale, subject to a 5.25% minimum rate, and are secured by the underlying promissory notes of the mortgage loans held for sale, as well as NDL’s other assets. The warehouse line of credit matures on February 1, 2027. NDL had $6.9 million and $2.5 million outstanding under the warehouse line of credit with a weighted-average interest rate of 6.27% and 6.77% as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheet. The warehouse line of credit requires NDL to comply with certain minimum tangible net worth, liquidity and insurance requirements. NDL was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See Note 7–Debt in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.
We believe our current cash and cash equivalents and future cash flow from operations, as well as access to our credit facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank and a syndicate of other lenders, subject to customary borrowing conditions, will be sufficient to meet our ongoing working capital, capital expenditure and other liquidity requirements for the next twelve months and beyond.
Our future capital requirements may vary materially from those planned and will depend on certain factors, such as our growth and our operating results. If we require additional capital resources to grow our business or to acquire complementary technologies and businesses in the future, we may seek to sell additional equity or raise funds through debt financing or other sources. We cannot provide assurance that additional financing will be available at all or on terms favorable to us.
Sources and Uses of Capital Resources
The following table summarizes our cash flows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 131.6 |  |  | $ | 71.8 |  |  | $ | 72.1 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (33.3) |  |  | (29.7) |  |  | (29.5) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (66.1) |  |  | (76.5) |  |  | (26.2) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 32.0 |  |  | $ | (34.1) |  |  | $ | 16.5 |

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A discussion and analysis of our changes in cash flows for 2025 compared to 2024 is presented below. For a discussion of our cash flows for 2024 and 2023, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations–Liquidity and Capital Resources” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities increased $59.8 million in 2025 compared to 2024, as increases of $18.3 million in net income and $44.2 million in non-cash charges were partially offset by a $2.7 million increase in net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities. The increase in non-cash charges was primarily due to a $62.1 million increase in deferred taxes, partially offset by decreases of $9.1 million for stock-based compensation and $6.8 million in other losses, net. The increase in net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to increases of $10.2 million for accounts payable, $6.6 million for mortgage loans held for sale, and $2.7 million for accrued expenses and other current liabilities, partially offset by a $17.6 million decrease for accounts receivable.
Investing activities
Net cash used in investing activities increased $3.6 million in 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to $12.8 million of cash paid, net of cash acquired, for acquisitions, partially offset by decreases of $6.1 million in purchases of investments and $3.8 million in capitalized software development costs.
Financing activities
Net cash used in financing activities decreased $10.4 million in 2025, primarily due to decreases of $9.9 million in repurchases of Class A common stock and $6.4 million related to our warehouse line of credit, partially offset by a $5.2 million decrease from exercises of stock options.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting policies as provided within U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
The accounting policies we believe to be most critical to understanding our financial condition and results of operations are discussed below. For a comprehensive list of all significant accounting policies, see Note 1–The Company and its Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Valuation of Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. We have one reporting unit. We test goodwill for impairment annually or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. As a result of the goodwill impairment assessments in 2025, 2024 and 2023, we determined that it was not more likely than not that the fair value of its single reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. As such, goodwill was not impaired during 2025, 2024 or 2023.
We evaluate intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that they may not be recoverable. Recoverability is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated. If the carrying amount of an asset group is not recoverable, an impairment loss is recognized if the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset group. We group assets for purposes of such review at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows of the asset group are largely independent of the cash flows of the other groups of assets and liabilities. Unforeseen events, changes in circumstances and market conditions and material differences in estimates of future cash flows could adversely affect the fair value of our assets and could result in future impairment charges.
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Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowances
As part of fulfilling the requirement to reduce the measurement of deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is needed. In assessing the adequacy of recognized valuation allowances, we consider all available evidence to estimate if sufficient taxable income will be generated in the future to utilize the existing deferred tax assets by jurisdiction. This consideration includes a variety of factors such as historical and projected future taxable income and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.
Based on our past assessment of all available evidence, both positive and negative, including consideration of our historical profitability and the estimated impact of our operating model on future profitability, we had previously maintained a valuation allowance against our net U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, we concluded that it was more likely than not that our net U.S. Federal and majority state deferred tax assets would be realized, with a significant improvement in our profitability, coupled with anticipated future earnings, deemed to provide positive evidence to support sufficient taxable income in future periods, and accordingly we recorded a valuation allowance release of $27.2 million. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance on our California deferred tax assets, which consist primarily of tax credits, as of December 31, 2025. Our judgment regarding the likelihood of realization of these deferred tax assets could change in future periods, which could result in a material impact to our income tax provision in the period of change.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
For information on recent accounting pronouncements, see Note 1–The Company and its Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.
JOBS Act Accounting Election
We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act, until December 31, 2026. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
Significantly all of our revenue is generated in U.S. dollars, with the remainder generated in British pounds sterling and the Canadian dollar. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the jurisdictions in which we conduct our operations, which are primarily in the U.S., UK and Canada. Our results of current and future operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would not have had a material impact on our historical consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023. As the impact of foreign currency exchange rates has not been material to our historical operating results, we have not entered into derivative or hedging transactions, but we may do so in the future if our exposure to foreign currency becomes more significant.
Interest Rate Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash on hand and highly liquid investments in money market instruments and U.S. government securities. We had cash and cash equivalents of $98.3 million and $66.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to fluctuations in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. However, due to the short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we do not believe an immediate 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio.
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We therefore do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be materially affected by a sudden change in market interest rates due to changes in the fair market value of our portfolio. However, changes in market interest rates could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. For additional information, see the sections titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Industry and the Consumer Finance Economy.”
In addition, future borrowings on our line of credit would be subject to changes in interest rate.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.
NerdWallet, Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | 55
Consolidated Financial Statements of NerdWallet, Inc. and its Consolidated Subsidiaries: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 56
Consolidated Statements of Operations | 57
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | 58
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 59
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 60
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 62

All schedules have been omitted as the information is provided in the financial statements or in related notes thereto, or is not required to be filed as the information is not applicable.
54

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of NerdWallet, Inc.:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NerdWallet, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 and the results of its operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
San Jose, California
February 25, 2026
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.
55

NERDWALLET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
Table of Contents

(in millions, except share amounts which are in thousands and per share amounts) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 98.3 |  |  | $ | 66.3 |
Accounts receivable—net |  | 111.0 |  |  | 102.2 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 35.4 |  |  | 28.2 |
Total current assets |  | 244.7 |  |  | 196.7 |
Property, equipment and software—net |  | 31.8 |  |  | 43.0 |
Goodwill |  | 123.5 |  |  | 112.4 |
Intangible assets—net |  | 21.5 |  |  | 33.3 |
Deferred tax asset—noncurrent |  | 29.4 |  |  | 45.6 |
Right-of-use assets |  | 7.1 |  |  | 5.3 |
Other assets |  | 3.1 |  |  | 1.3 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 461.1 |  |  | $ | 437.6 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 5.4 |  |  | $ | 8.9 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 65.5 |  |  | 51.2 |
Total current liabilities |  | 70.9 |  |  | 60.1 |
Other liabilities—noncurrent |  | 15.7 |  |  | 13.3 |
Total liabilities |  | 86.6 |  |  | 73.4 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock—$0.0001 par value per share—5,000 shares authorized; zero shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock—$0.0001 par value per share—296,686 shares authorized; 71,289 and 74,108 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 |  | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 562.5 |  |  | 530.9 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.2) |
Accumulated deficit |  | (188.1) |  |  | (166.5) |
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 374.5 |  |  | 364.2 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  | $ | 461.1 |  |  | $ | 437.6 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
56

NERDWALLET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Table of Contents

(in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 836.6 |  |  | $ | 687.6 |  |  | $ | 599.4 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 63.7 |  |  | 63.5 |  |  | 54.0 |
Research and development |  | 66.7 |  |  | 82.5 |  |  | 80.5 |
Sales and marketing |  | 584.7 |  |  | 470.6 |  |  | 401.5 |
General and administrative |  | 56.3 |  |  | 61.6 |  |  | 59.8 |
Total costs and expenses |  | 771.4 |  |  | 678.2 |  |  | 595.8 |
Income from Operations |  | 65.2 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 3.6 |
Other income (expense), net: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 3.2 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 3.6 |
Interest expense |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.8) |
Other gains (losses), net |  | 0.4 |  |  | (8.5) |  |  | (0.1) |
Total other income (expense), net |  | 3.0 |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | 2.7 |
Income before income taxes |  | 68.2 |  |  | 5.0 |  |  | 6.3 |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  | 19.5 |  |  | (25.4) |  |  | 18.1 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | 48.7 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | (11.8) |
Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | (0.15) |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.15) |
Weighted-average Shares Used in Computing Net Income (Loss) per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 74.3 |  |  | 76.5 |  |  | 76.7 |
Diluted |  | 75.9 |  |  | 78.9 |  |  | 76.7 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
57

NERDWALLET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Table of Contents

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | 48.7 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | (11.8) |
Other Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in foreign currency translation |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.6 |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | $ | 49.0 |  |  | $ | 30.5 |  |  | $ | (11.2) |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
58

NERDWALLET, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Table of Contents

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Stockholders’ Equity
(in millions, except share amounts which are in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | 75,120 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 427.3 |  |  | $ | (0.9) |  |  | $ | (84.7) |  |  | $ | 341.7 |
Issuance of Class A common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 1,584 |  |  | — |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.2 |
Issuance of Class A common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units |  | 2,253 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Class A common stock withheld related to net share settlement of restricted stock units |  | (95) |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.1) |
Issuance of Class A common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 346 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.0 |
Repurchase of Class A common stock |  | (2,268) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (20.0) |  |  | (20.0) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 44.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44.3 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11.8) |  |  | (11.8) |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | 76,940 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 483.7 |  |  | $ | (0.3) |  |  | $ | (116.5) |  |  | $ | 366.9 |
Issuance of Class A common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 968 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.3 |
Issuance of Class A common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units |  | 2,709 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Class A common stock withheld related to net share settlement of restricted stock units |  | (150) |  |  | — |  |  | (2.1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.1) |
Issuance of Class A common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |
Repurchase of Class A common stock |  | (6,486) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (80.4) |  |  | (80.4) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 41.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 41.6 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30.4 |  |  | 30.4 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | 74,108 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 530.9 |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (166.5) |  |  | $ | 364.2 |
Issuance of Class A common stock upon exercise of stock options |  | 159 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Issuance of Class A common stock pursuant to settlement of restricted stock units |  | 2,897 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Class A common stock withheld related to net share settlement of restricted stock units |  | (324) |  |  | — |  |  | (3.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3.5) |
Issuance of Class A common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 283 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.1 |
Repurchase of Class A common stock |  | (5,834) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (70.3) |  |  | (70.3) |
Stock-based compensation |  |  |  |  |  | 31.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31.9 |
Other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48.7 |  |  | 48.7 |
Balance as of December 31, 2025 |  | 71,289 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 562.5 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (188.1) |  |  | $ | 374.5 |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 48.7 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | (11.8) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46.4 |  |  | 48.4 |  |  | 48.2 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 28.6 |  |  | 37.7 |  |  | 38.8 |
Deferred taxes |  | 16.0 |  |  | (46.1) |  |  | (0.5) |
Non-cash lease costs |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 2.8 |
Other losses, net |  | 1.8 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 2.9 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of business combinations: |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (9.4) |  |  | (27.0) |  |  | 10.7 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | (2.5) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (4.4) |
Mortgage loans held for sale |  | (4.5) |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable |  | (3.6) |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | (1.8) |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 9.8 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | (2.4) |
Payment of contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14.0) |
Operating lease liabilities |  | (2.5) |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | (3.1) |
Other liabilities |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 6.7 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 131.6 |  |  | 71.8 |  |  | 72.1 |
Investing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of investments |  | (2.0) |  |  | (8.1) |  |  | — |
Capitalized software development costs |  | (16.9) |  |  | (20.7) |  |  | (28.8) |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (1.3) |  |  | (0.6) |  |  | (0.7) |
Business combinations |  | (13.1) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (33.3) |  |  | (29.7) |  |  | (29.5) |
Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment of contingent consideration |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (16.9) |
Net borrowing (repayment) on warehouse line of credit |  | 4.4 |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from line of credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.5 |
Payments on line of credit |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7.5) |
Payment of debt issuance costs |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.4) |
Proceeds from exercises of stock options |  | 1.1 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  | 10.2 |
Tax payments related to net-share settlements on restricted stock units |  | (3.5) |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (1.1) |
Issuances of Class A common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  | 2.1 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | 3.0 |
Repurchases of Class A common stock |  | (70.2) |  |  | (80.1) |  |  | (20.0) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (66.1) |  |  | (76.5) |  |  | (26.2) |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.1 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 32.0 |  |  | (34.1) |  |  | 16.5 |
Cash and Cash Equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year |  | 66.3 |  |  | 100.4 |  |  | 83.9 |
End of year |  | $ | 98.3 |  |  | $ | 66.3 |  |  | $ | 100.4 |

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(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Supplemental Disclosures of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Capitalized software development costs recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Repurchases of Class A common stock recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax payments |  | $ | 15.1 |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 13.5 |
Cash paid for interest |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosure Related to Operating Leases: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 3.9 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |
Lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets |  | 4.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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1.The Company and its Significant Accounting Policies
Organization—NerdWallet, Inc., a Delaware corporation, was formed on December 29, 2011. NerdWallet, Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) provide trusted guidance about finance through its platform, which connects consumers and small and mid-sized businesses (SMBs) with providers of financial products.
Basis of Consolidation and Presentation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain comparative amounts for prior fiscal years have been reclassified to conform to the financial statement presentation as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025.
Segments—Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is reviewed regularly by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is its Chief Executive Officer, who regularly reviews consolidated net income (loss) as reported on the consolidated statements of operations, along with other financial information presented on a consolidated basis, for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance, including non-GAAP operating income (loss) and adjusted EBITDA which are key performance indicators to assess operational efficiency and profitability. As a result, the Company has concluded that it has one operating segment. The measure of segment assets is presented as total assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Significantly all of the Company’s revenue in 2025, 2024 and 2023 was from customers located in the United States. Significantly all of the Company’s long-lived assets as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were located in the United States.
Components of segment costs and expenses, along with a reconciliation to income (loss) from operations, are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 836.6 |  |  | $ | 687.6 |  |  | $ | 599.4 |
Costs and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
Performance marketing |  | 416.9 |  |  | 297.4 |  |  | 206.5 |
Brand marketing |  | 65.1 |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | 84.4 |
Personnel-related expenses 1 |  | 168.1 |  |  | 178.2 |  |  | 190.0 |
Stock-based compensation 1 |  | 31.9 |  |  | 40.1 |  |  | 44.3 |
Capitalized internally developed software costs |  | (20.4) |  |  | (24.0) |  |  | (32.4) |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 46.4 |  |  | 48.4 |  |  | 48.2 |
Other segment costs and expenses 2 |  | 63.4 |  |  | 69.5 |  |  | 54.8 |
Total costs and expenses |  | 771.4 |  |  | 678.2 |  |  | 595.8 |
Income from Operations |  | $ | 65.2 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | 3.6 |

(1) Gross of capitalized internally developed software costs.
(2) Primarily includes cost of revenue and non-personnel-related operating expenses (each excluding depreciation and amortization), restructuring charges, and acquisition-related retention and expenses.
Other segment items included in consolidated net income (loss) are presented in the consolidated statements of operations, and comprised of other income (expense), net, and income tax provision (benefit).
Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates and assumptions made by management include determination of stock-based compensation, capitalization of software development costs, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, determination of associated useful lives of intangible assets and valuation of deferred tax assets. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and also on assumptions that it believes are reasonable.
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Concentrations of Credit Risk—Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. While the Company deposits cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality financial institutions, including First Citizens Bank & Trust Company (through its Silicon Valley Bank division), HSBC and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., to lessen the Company’s exposure, such cash deposits may exceed federally insured limits at these financial institutions. To mitigate the risk associated with deposits exceeding federally insured limits, the Company manages exposure by utilizing deposit accounts which include sweep features to third-party money market funds, with total money market funds of $67.0 million and $36.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Based on these facts, collectability of bank balances appears to be adequately assured.
The Company had two customers which accounted for 16% and 11% of total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025, and two customers which accounted for 14% and 13% of total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024. The Company had one customer which accounted for 26% of revenue in 2025, two customers which accounted for 22% and 11% of revenue in 2024, and two customers which accounted for 13% and 11% of revenue in 2023. The Company’s customers are considered to be financial services providers (e.g., banks, credit card issuers, lenders, insurers, investment brokers and other entities) that seek to reach and receive leads, matches and referrals to the Company’s substantial audience of consumers and SMBs in exchange for agreed-upon fees.
Foreign Currency Transactions—The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries is the respective local currency. All assets and liabilities accounts of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing throughout the period. Translation adjustments are included as a separate component in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss), and in effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Transaction gains and losses, including intercompany transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity involved, are included in other gains (losses), net in the consolidated statement of operations and were immaterial for all periods presented.
Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include on demand deposits and money market funds with banks that have remaining maturities at the date of purchase of less than 90 days.
Fair Value Measurements—The Company determines fair value based upon the exit price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants, as determined by either the principal market or the most advantageous market. Inputs used in the valuation techniques to derive fair values are classified based on a three-level hierarchy. These levels are:
Level 1—Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to Level 1 inputs.
Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1, including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable or are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means.
Level 3—Unobservable inputs are used when little or no market data is available. The fair value hierarchy gives the lowest priority to Level 3 inputs.
The Company recognizes transfers among Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 classifications as of the actual date of the events or change in circumstances that caused the transfers.
The carrying values of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable—net, and accounts payable and other accrued expenses are deemed to approximate fair value due to their short-term and highly liquid nature. The carrying values of the Company’s mortgage loans held for sale and certificate of deposit are deemed to approximate fair value due to their short-term nature.
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Trade Accounts Receivable—Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount or amounts due from customers via affiliate relationships at the end of each month. Invoiced amounts do not bear interest. The Company generally does not require collateral or other security in support of accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are past due when they are outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms. The Company determines an allowance for credit losses by considering available information, including the length of time accounts receivable are past due, previous loss history, and reasonable and supportable expectations regarding the specific customer’s ability to pay its financial obligations. If the Company becomes aware of changes in circumstances that are indicative of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations, such as in the case of bankruptcy, deterioration in operating results or changes in financial position, estimates of the allowance for credit losses are further adjusted. The allowance for credit losses was $1.7 million and $0.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company does not have any off-balance-sheet credit exposure related to its customers.
Property, Equipment, and Software, Net—Property, equipment, and software are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which are generally three years for computers and equipment, three years for software, and five years for furniture and fixtures. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the term of the related lease. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred. Upon disposition or retirement, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and the resulting gain or loss, if any, is reflected as operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.
Capitalized Software Development Costs—The costs incurred in the preliminary stages of website and software development are expensed as incurred. Once an application has reached the development stage, internal and external costs, if direct and incremental and deemed by management to be significant, are capitalized in property and equipment and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Maintenance, training and enhancement costs, including those costs in the post-implementation stages, are typically expensed as incurred, unless such costs relate to substantial upgrades and enhancements to the website or software that result in added functionality, in which case the costs are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives.
Capitalized development activities placed in service are amortized over the expected useful lives of those releases, currently estimated at one to five years. The estimated useful lives of website and software development activities are reviewed frequently and adjusted as appropriate to reflect upcoming development activities that may include significant upgrades and/or enhancements to the existing functionality.
Amortization expense is included within cost of revenue in the consolidated statement of operations.
Business Combinations—The Company recognizes identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair value. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, its estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company records adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill to the extent that the Company identifies adjustments to the preliminary purchase price allocation. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the consolidated statement of operations. As of December 31, 2025, the Company has not recorded material measurement period adjustments in connection with its business combinations.
Goodwill—The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter, or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company may elect to utilize a qualitative assessment to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value and if so, the quantitative test is performed. Under the qualitative assessment, factors that are considered include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. Under the quantitative test, the Company first compares the carrying value of each reporting unit to its estimated fair value and, if the fair value is determined to be less than the carrying value, an impairment loss would be recognized for the difference.
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Intangible Assets—Intangible assets include acquired intangible assets identified through business combinations, which are carried at the estimated fair value recorded upon acquisition less accumulated amortization, and purchased intangible assets, which are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Amortization costs for developed technology is included in cost of revenue and amortization for customer relationships, trade names and user base are included in sales and marketing within the consolidated statement of operations. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets—The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment, capitalized software development costs, intangible assets and right-of-use (ROU) assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets or asset groups to be held and used is measured first by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset or asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If such assets or asset group are considered to be impaired, an impairment loss would be recognized based on the excess of the carrying amount of the asset above the fair value of the asset or asset group.
Revenue Recognition—The Company generates substantially all its revenue through fees paid by its financial services partners in the form of either revenue per action, revenue per click, revenue per lead and revenue per funded loan arrangements. For these revenue arrangements, in which a partner pays only when a consumer or SMB satisfies the criteria set forth within the arrangement, revenue is recognized generally when the Company matches the consumer or SMB with the financial services partner. For some of the Company’s arrangements, the transaction price is considered variable and an estimate of the transaction price is recorded when the match occurs.
Under revenue recognition guidance, revenue is recognized when performance obligations under the terms of a contract with a financial services partner are satisfied and promised goods and services have transferred to the partner, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Services are generally transferred to the financial services partner at a point in time, and the performance obligation is a series of distinct actions, leads or clicks.
For revenue generated from revenue per action or revenue per funded loan arrangements in which fees are earned from financial services partners for approved actions, such as when credit cards are issued to consumers or SMBs or when loans to consumers or SMBs are funded, the Company’s contractual right to fees is not contemporaneous with the satisfaction of the performance obligation to match the consumer or SMB with the financial services partner. As a result, the transaction price is considered variable and an estimate of the constrained transaction price is recorded as revenue when the match occurs, subject to a constraint. Constrained revenue is recognized to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. The Company records a contract asset, which is included within p repaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet, at the end of each reporting period related to the estimated variable consideration on fees for which the Company has satisfied the related performance obligation but are still pending the financial product approval before the Company has a contractual right to payment. Management applies judgment and considers various factors in estimating the constrained revenue, including the Company’s historical approval rates and historical time between when a consumer or SMB request for a financial product is delivered to a financial services partner, and when the consumer or SMB meets the achievement or attainment requirements of the financial services partner. The time between satisfaction of the Company’s performance obligation and when the Company’s right to consideration becomes unconditional is generally less than 90 days, and this short duration between satisfaction of the performance obligation and approval mitigates estimation uncertainty. The Company records a deferred revenue liability, which is included within accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet, for fees received related to unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of each reporting period, with the performance obligations expected to be satisfied in the following reporting period.
For revenue generated from revenue per lead or revenue per click in which fees are earned from customers when a consumer or SMB clicks on a tagged link to the customer’s website or lead is delivered to the customer, the Company’s contractual right to fees is contemporaneous with the satisfaction of the performance obligation to match the consumer or SMB with the customer. The Company’s services are generally transferred to the customer at a point in time, when the performance obligation is met, based on reliable indicators of completion.
The Company’s payment terms vary by customer and verticals. The term between invoicing and when payment is due is generally 30 days or less.
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Cost of Revenue—Cost of revenue consists primarily of amortization expense associated with capitalized software development costs and developed technology; credit scoring fees and account linking fees; and third-party data center costs.
Research and Development—Research and development expenses primarily consist of personnel related costs, technology and facility-related expenses and contractor expense for our engineering, product management, data and other personnel engaged in maintaining and enhancing the functionality of our platform. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.
Sales and Marketing—Sales and marketing expenses include advertising and promotion costs, costs related to brand campaign fees, marketing, business operations team and editorial personnel and related costs, including stock-based compensation.
Components of sales and marketing expenses are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Performance marketing |  | $ | 416.9 |  |  | $ | 297.4 |  |  | $ | 206.5 |
Brand marketing |  | 65.1 |  |  | 68.6 |  |  | 84.4 |
Organic and other marketing |  | 102.7 |  |  | 104.6 |  |  | 110.6 |
Total sales and marketing |  | $ | 584.7 |  |  | $ | 470.6 |  |  | $ | 401.5 |

Advertising expense includes performance and brand marketing, as well as certain external organic and other marketing costs, and is expensed as incurred. Advertising expense totaled $486.4 million, $370.3 million, and $294.7 million for 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Leases—The Company leases real estate facilities and general office equipment under operating leases expiring at various dates through 2030.
The Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term, which may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain the Company will exercise such options. At inception of the lease, the Company is not reasonably certain that any available lease extensions or renewal terms will be exercised. For this purpose, the Company considered lease term and only payments that are fixed and determinable at the time of commencement. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company used the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. When determining the incremental borrowing rates, the Company considered information including, but not limited to, the lease term, the Company’s credit rating and interest rates of similar debt instruments with comparable credit ratings. The Company’s lease agreements may contain variable costs such as common area maintenance, insurance, real estate taxes or other costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred in the consolidated statement of operations.
Nonlease components that are not fixed are expensed as incurred as variable lease payments. The Company’s lease agreements generally do not contain any residual guarantees or restrictive covenants.
Operating leases are included in other assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and other liabilities—noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets.
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Stock-Based Compensation—The Company has granted stock-based awards, including restricted stock units (RSUs), stock options and purchase rights granted under our employee stock purchase plan (ESPP), to employees, directors and non-employees. The Company measures compensation expense for stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant.
RSUs: The fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the fair value of our Class A common stock on the grant date.
Stock Options: The fair value of stock options on the date of grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model considers several variables and assumptions in estimating the grant date fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include:
•Fair Value of Class A Common Stock—The fair value of the Company’s Class A common stock is determined on the grant date using the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock.
•Expected Term—The expected term represents the period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding, and is estimated based on the simplified method described in Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 14, as amended, as the Company does not have sufficient historical experience for determining the expected term of the awards granted.
•Expected Volatility—Expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which the stock price is expected to fluctuate. Since the Company does not have sufficient trading history of its Class A common stock, the Company estimates the expected volatility by taking the average historical volatility of a group of comparable publicly-traded companies over a period equal to the expected term of the awards.
•Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve on the date of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the expected term of the stock option award.
•Dividend Yield—The Company utilizes a dividend yield of zero, as the Company does not currently issue dividends and does not expect to do so in the future.
ESPP: The fair value of purchase rights granted under the Company’s ESPP is estimated using the component measurement approach with valuations of the components based on the Company’s stock price on the grant date and/or the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model, as appropriate for the applicable components.
The fair value of stock-based awards with only a service condition and that are expected to vest is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock-based awards with performance-conditions is recognized as compensation expense over the requisite service period using the accelerated attribution method based on an assessment of the probability of achieving the requisite performance metrics. The requisite service period of awards is generally the same as the vesting period of the respective awards. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur for equity awards with a service condition.
Income Taxes—The Company accounts for income taxes under an asset and liability approach. Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and amounts recognized for income tax reporting purposes measured by applying currently enacted tax laws. A valuation allowance is provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not to be sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely to be realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.
The Company records uncertain tax positions in accordance with accounting standards on the basis of a two-step process whereby (1) a determination is made as to whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position and (2) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold the Company recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties within its provision for income taxes.
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Net Income (Loss) per Basic and Diluted Share—The Company computes earnings per share (EPS) in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. The two-class method is an earnings allocation method that determines net income (loss) per share for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings or losses. The Company considers early exercised stock options to be participating securities. There were no early exercised stock options in 2025, and the impact of early exercised stock options on basic and diluted EPS was immaterial for 2024 and 2023.
Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the number of diluted shares outstanding. Diluted shares equal the total of the basic shares outstanding and all potentially issuable shares, other than antidilutive shares, if any, weighted for the average days outstanding for the period. The dilutive effect of outstanding awards and convertible securities is reflected in diluted EPS by application of the treasury stock method.
The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the holders of Class A and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. See Note 10–Stockholders’ Equity for further discussion. As the liquidation and dividend rights are identical for Class A and Class B common stock, the undistributed earnings are allocated on a proportional basis and the resulting net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders is the same for Class A and Class B common stock on an individual or combined basis.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)—Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as a change in equity resulting from transactions from non-owner sources. Comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of all components of net income (loss) and all components of other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity. Other comprehensive income (loss) includes adjustments for foreign currency translation.
JOBS Act Accounting Election—The Company qualifies as an “emerging growth company” (EGC) as defined in the JOBS Act until December 31, 2026, and, as such, the Company may elect to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date the Company (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations within its consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to those of other companies that have adopted new or revised accounting standards at an earlier date.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted—In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09), which addresses investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the income tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The guidance in ASU 2023-09 is effective on an annual basis and will be required to be applied for the year ending December 31, 2026 for EGCs under the JOBS Act accounting election. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, but retrospective application is permitted.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (ASU 2024-09), which requires additional disclosure of certain costs and expenses within the notes to the financial statements. The guidance in ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning with the year ending December 31, 2027, and for interim reporting periods beginning in 2028. Early adoption is permitted and the guidance may be applied on a prospective or retrospective basis.
Given the disclosure focus of both ASU 2023-09 and ASU 2024-03, the applications of these new standards will not have an effect on the Company’s financial position and results of operations in its consolidated financial statements.
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In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets (ASU 2025-05), which provides a practical expedient related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606, Revenue From Contracts with Customers. The practical expedient allows an entity to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. The guidance in ASU 2025-05 is effective on an annual and interim basis, and will be required to be applied for the year ending December 31, 2026 for public business entities, with early adoption permitted in an interim or annual reporting period in which financial statements have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis.
In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software (ASU 2025-06), which amends certain aspects of the accounting for and disclosure of software costs, including eliminating consideration of software project development stages and providing enhanced guidance on how to evaluate whether the probable-to-complete recognition threshold has been met. The guidance in ASU 2025-06 is effective on an annual and interim basis, and will be required to be applied for the year ending December 31, 2028 for public business entities, with early adoption permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. The guidance may be applied on a prospective, retrospective, or modified prospective basis.
The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoptions of ASU 2025-05 and ASU 2025-06 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
2.Revenue
The following presents a disaggregation of the Company’s revenue based on product category:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Insurance |  | $ | 280.8 |  |  | $ | 191.6 |  |  | $ | 45.0 |
Credit cards |  | 133.4 |  |  | 176.4 |  |  | 209.7 |
SMB products |  | 100.0 |  |  | 109.8 |  |  | 101.2 |
Loans |  | 133.4 |  |  | 84.5 |  |  | 101.6 |
Emerging verticals |  | 189.0 |  |  | 125.3 |  |  | 141.9 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 836.6 |  |  | $ | 687.6 |  |  | $ | 599.4 |

During 2024, the Company recognized $4.1 million of revenue that was deferred as of December 31, 2023, all of which was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024. There was no deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2025, and revenue recognized during 2025 and 2023 which was deferred as of the prior year end was immaterial.
The contract assets recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the consolidated balance sheet related to estimated variable consideration were $3.5 million and $6.8 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Revenue recognized during the year from performance obligations satisfied, or partially satisfied, in the previous year was immaterial for 2025, 2024 and 2023.
Insurance revenue is primarily generated through revenue per click arrangements. Credit cards revenue is primarily generated through revenue per action arrangements. SMB products revenue is primarily generated through revenue per funded loan, revenue per action and revenue per lead arrangements. Loans revenue is primarily generated through revenue per funded loan and revenue per lead arrangements. Emerging verticals revenue is primarily generated through revenue per click, revenue per action and revenue per lead arrangements.
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3.Fair Value Measurements
Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by level, within the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

(in millions) |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Carrying Value
As of December 31, 2025 |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents—money market funds |  | $ | 67.0 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 67.0 |
Mortgage loans held for sale |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.1 |
Certificate of deposit |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.3 |
|  | $ | 67.0 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 76.4 |

(in millions) |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1) |  | Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Total Carrying Value
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents—money market funds |  | $ | 36.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36.8 |
Mortgage loans held for sale |  | — |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.6 |
Certificate of deposit |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.2 |
|  | $ | 36.8 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41.6 |

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
During 2024, the Company made a strategic investment of $8.1 million in equity securities of a privately-held company over which the Company does not exercise significant influence. These equity securities do not have a readily determinable fair value and are accounted for under the measurement alternative. Under the measurement alternative, the carrying value of the security is measured at cost less any impairment. An equity security without a readily determinable fair value is considered impaired when the fair value of the Company’s interest is less than the carrying value. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company became aware of certain developments and circumstances that indicated that there was a decline in the fair value of this investment. As a result, the Company performed an assessment of the equity investment, including a review of the financial condition, operating results and liquidity prospects of the equity issuer. Based on this assessment, the Company concluded that the equity investment was fully impaired as of December 31, 2024, and recorded an impairment loss of $8.1 million during 2024 which is included in other gains (losses), net on both the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and of cash flows.
4.Significant Consolidated Balance Sheet Components
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Prepaid expenses |  | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 14.6 |
Mortgage loans held for sale |  | 7.1 |  |  | 2.6 |
Income taxes receivable |  | 9.9 |  |  | 0.3 |
Contract assets |  | 3.5 |  |  | 6.8 |
Certificate of deposit |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.2 |
Other current assets |  | 0.4 |  |  | 1.7 |
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | $ | 35.4 |  |  | $ | 28.2 |

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Property, equipment and software, net consisted of the following:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Capitalized software development costs |  | $ | 99.1 |  |  | $ | 124.6 |
Office equipment |  | 3.9 |  |  | 4.2 |
Furniture and fixtures |  | 0.9 |  |  | 1.4 |
Leasehold improvements |  | 1.4 |  |  | 2.3 |
Total property, equipment and software |  | 105.3 |  |  | 132.5 |
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  | (73.5) |  |  | (89.5) |
Total property, equipment and software—net |  | $ | 31.8 |  |  | $ | 43.0 |

The Company capitalized $20.4 million, $24.3 million and $34.0 million of software development costs, and recorded amortization expense of $31.2 million, $32.8 million and $28.9 million, during 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. No losses on disposal related to software development costs were recorded in 2025, 2024 or 2023.
Depreciation and amortization, exclusive of amortization of capitalized software development costs and intangible assets, was $1.6 million, $2.2 million and $2.3 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
During 2025, the Company made a strategic investment of $2.0 million in equity interests of a limited liability company. These equity interests are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. In applying the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost, and subsequently adjusted based on the Company’s proportionate share of the investee’s net income or loss, based on the most recent available financial information from the investee, net of any contributions and distributions received. Equity method investments are periodically reviewed for impairment, and would be considered impaired when the fair value of the Company’s interest is less than the carrying value, with an impairment charge recorded in earnings if such decline in value is determined to be other than temporary. Equity method investments are included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The carrying value of the Company’s equity method investment was $2.0 million as of December 31, 2025, and there were no related changes in carrying amount or impairment during 2025.
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Unbilled accounts payable |  | $ | 46.9 |  |  | $ | 33.7 |
Accrued compensation |  | 6.0 |  |  | 4.8 |
Income taxes payable |  | 0.5 |  |  | 3.1 |
Warehouse line of credit |  | 6.9 |  |  | 2.5 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 1.9 |  |  | 2.3 |
Other accrued expenses |  | 3.3 |  |  | 4.8 |
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 65.5 |  |  | $ | 51.2 |

Other liabilities—noncurrent consisted of the following:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Unrecognized tax benefit liability |  | 9.6 |  |  | 8.8 |
Other noncurrent liabilities |  | — |  |  | 0.4 |
Total other liabilities—noncurrent |  | $ | 15.7 |  |  | $ | 13.3 |

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5.Business Combinations
Business Combinations in 2025—On November 3, 2025, the Company acquired a privately-held financial services company for a purchase consideration of $8.1 million in cash. The fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed totaled $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and the Company recorded $7.7 million of goodwill. Concurrently with the closing of this acquisition, the Company’s Board of Directors granted RSUs with an aggregate grant-date fair value of $5.0 million to the co-founders of the acquired company who were offered employment with the Company. The fair value of these RSUs are excluded from the purchase price of the acquisition and accounted for separately from the business combination. These RSUs are subject to the terms and conditions of the grant agreements covering such RSUs, and will generally vest over three years subject to a one-year cliff and quarterly vesting thereafter, with vesting generally subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. The value of these RSUs are generally recognized as stock-based compensation ratably over the respective vesting terms of the RSUs.
On June 13, 2025, the Company acquired a privately-held SEC-registered investment adviser for a purchase consideration of $5.0 million in cash. The fair value of assets acquired totaled $2.0 million and was comprised of intangible assets for customer relationships with a three-year estimated useful life, and the Company recorded $3.0 million of goodwill.
These acquisitions have been accounted for as business combinations. The goodwill recorded from these acquisitions is primarily attributable to synergies from combining the operations of the Company and the acquirees, as well as the value ascribed to the knowledge and experience of the acquirees’ co-founders and employees, and is tax deductible. The contributions from these acquisitions following their respective closing dates through December 31, 2025 were not material to the Company’s revenue and operating income for 2025. Pro forma results of operations have not been provided to reflect these acquisitions as such results would not have been materially different from the Company’s reported results.
Next Door Lending LLC—On October 1, 2024, the Company acquired all outstanding equity interests of Next Door Lending LLC (NDL), a mortgage brokerage, for a purchase consideration of $1.0 million in cash. The acquisition of NDL is intended to allow the Company to provide mortgage shoppers with more hands-on guidance.
The acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination. The fair value of assets acquired totaled $7.2 million, and was primarily comprised of $0.7 million of cash and cash equivalents, $4.7 million of mortgage loans held for sale, $1.1 million of contract assets, and $0.4 million for an ROU asset. The fair value of liabilities assumed totaled $7.1 million, and was primarily comprised of $2.1 million of accounts payable and accrued expenses, $4.6 million of short-term borrowings under a warehouse line of credit, and $0.4 million of lease liabilities. The Company recorded $0.9 million of goodwill for this business acquisition.
Additionally, under the purchase agreement, certain employees of NDL could earn up to an aggregate of $3.5 million of performance-based cash earnout awards, with the value of such earnout awards to be recognized as compensation expense following the close of the acquisition through 2028, generally subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. The value of these cash earnout awards are excluded from the purchase consideration and accounted for separately from the business combination.
NDL’s contribution following the closing of the acquisition through December 31, 2024 was not material to the Company’s revenue and operating income for 2024. Pro forma results of operations have not been provided to reflect the NDL acquisition as such results would not have been materially different from the Company’s reported results.
6.Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The balance of goodwill, net is as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Balance as of beginning of year |  | $ | 112.4 |  |  | $ | 111.5 |
Acquisitions |  | 10.7 |  |  | 0.9 |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |
Balance as of end of year |  | $ | 123.5 |  |  | $ | 112.4 |

No impairment charges have been recorded for goodwill in 2025, 2024 or 2023.
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Intangible assets with finite lives related to the following:

(dollars in millions) |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Useful Life (in years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
As of December 31, 2025 |  |  |  |
Technology |  | 1.5 |  | $ | 55.5 |  |  | $ | (40.7) |  |  | $ | 14.8 |
User base |  | 1.8 |  | 19.4 |  |  | (14.3) |  |  | 5.1 |
Customer relationships |  | 2.5 |  | 14.2 |  |  | (12.6) |  |  | 1.6 |
Trade names |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 89.5 |  |  | $ | (68.0) |  |  | $ | 21.5 |

(dollars in millions) |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Useful Life (in years) |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Amount
As of December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |
Technology |  | 2.5 |  | $ | 55.5 |  |  | $ | (30.9) |  |  | $ | 24.6 |
User base |  | 2.8 |  | 19.4 |  |  | (11.6) |  |  | 7.8 |
Customer relationships |  | 0.8 |  | 12.2 |  |  | (11.3) |  |  | 0.9 |
Trade names |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 87.5 |  |  | $ | (54.2) |  |  | $ | 33.3 |

Amortization expense related to finite-lived intangible assets was $13.9 million, $13.7 million and $17.3 million in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Estimated future amortization expense as of December 31, 2025 is as follows:

(in millions) |  |
Years Ending December 31, |  | Amortization
2026 |  | $ | 13.3 |
2027 |  | 7.9 |
2028 |  | 0.3 |
Total |  | $ | 21.5 |

No impairment charges have been recorded for intangible assets in 2025, 2024 or 2023.
7.Debt
Credit Facility—NerdWallet, Inc. and three of its wholly-owned subsidiaries maintain a credit agreement, entered into on September 26, 2023 and which over time has been amended (as amended, the Credit Agreement) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association. as Administrative Agent, and a syndicate of lenders. The Credit Agreement provides for a $125.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility (the Credit Facility), with the option to increase up to an additional $75.0 million, and is available to be used by the Company and certain of its domestic subsidiaries for general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. The Credit Agreement includes a letter of credit sub-facility in the aggregate amount of $10.0 million and a swingline sub-facility in the aggregate amount of $10.0 million. The Credit Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets. The Company and each of its material domestic subsidiaries is a guarantor of all of the obligations under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility matures on September 26, 2028.
The Company is charged a commitment fee of between 0.25% and 0.35% of the total facility commitments, depending on the Company’s total net leverage ratio.
Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a floating rate and may be maintained as alternate base rate loans (tied to the prime rate, the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, the overnight bank funding rate plus 0.50%, or the adjusted term secured overnight financing rate (SOFR) for a one-month period plus 1.00%) or as term benchmark loans tied to adjusted term SOFR plus 0.10%, in each case plus a margin of 2.25% to 2.75% depending on the Company’s total net leverage ratio.
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There was no outstanding balance under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2025 or 2024. The available amount to borrow under the Credit Facility was $124.5 million and $123.9 million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which was equal to the available amount under the agreement of $125.0 million net of letters of credit of $0.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
The Credit Agreement requires the Company to comply with maximum total net leverage and minimum fixed charge coverage ratios. In addition, the Credit Agreement contains other standard affirmative and negative covenants such as those which (subject to certain thresholds) limit the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur debt, incur liens, engage in mergers, consolidations, liquidations or acquisitions, enter into new lines of business not related to the Company’s current lines of business, make certain investments, make distributions on or repurchase its equity securities, engage in transactions with affiliates, or enter into certain hedging obligations. Events of default under the Credit Agreement include, among other things, payment defaults, breaches of representations, warranties or covenants, defaults under material indebtedness, certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency, judgment defaults, certain defaults or events relating to employee benefit plans or a change in control of the Company. The events of default would permit the lenders to terminate commitments and accelerate the maturity of borrowings under the Credit Facility if not cured within applicable grace periods. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Warehouse Line of Credit—NDL maintains a $15.0 million warehouse line of credit, which may be increased to $18.75 million for up to 90 days subject to certain requirements, to provide NDL short-term funding for mortgage loans originated for sale. Borrowings under the warehouse line of credit bear interest at the interest rate of the underlying mortgage loans held for sale, subject to a 5.25% minimum rate, and are secured by the underlying promissory notes of the mortgage loans held for sale, as well as NDL’s other assets. The warehouse line of credit matures on February 1, 2027. NDL had $6.9 million and $2.5 million outstanding under the warehouse line of credit with a weighted-average interest rate of 6.27% and 6.77% as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The warehouse line of credit requires NDL to comply with minimum tangible net worth, liquidity and insurance requirements. NDL was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
8.Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments and Other Financial Arrangements—The Company has certain financial commitments and other arrangements including unused letters of credit, commitments under leases, and an outstanding warehouse line of credit. See Note 7–Debt and Note 9–Leases for further discussion.
Litigation and Other Legal Matters—The Company is involved from time to time in litigation, claims, and proceedings. Periodically, the Company evaluates the status of each legal matter and assesses potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any legal proceeding or litigation is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. Significant judgment is required to determine the probability of a loss and whether the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. The outcome of any proceeding is not determinable in advance. As a result, the assessment of a potential liability and the amount of accruals recorded are based only on the information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to the legal proceeding or litigation, and may revise its estimates. Management is not currently aware of any matters that it expects will have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations, or cash flows of the Company. The Company has not accrued any material potential loss as of December 31, 2025 or 2024.
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9.Leases
Components of operating lease costs are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Operating lease cost |  | $ | 3.0 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |
Sublease income |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | — |
Net lease cost |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 2.4 |  |  | $ | 3.4 |

Lease term and discount rate are as follows:

As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) |  | 4.0 |  | 3.6
Weighted-average discount rate |  | 6.1 | % |  | 5.4 | %

In April 2025, the Company commenced an amendment of an operating lease for office space in Arizona, and recorded a $4.0 million ROU asset and $4.0 million of corresponding operating lease liabilities. The amendment expires in 2030. The amendment includes options for extension or early termination of the lease, neither of which options are certain to be exercised by the Company and, accordingly, are excluded from the calculations of ROU assets and lease liabilities recognized.
In December 2023, the Company entered into a sublease agreement for a portion of the Company’s office space in San Francisco. The sublease expired concurrently with the corresponding head lease, but did not relieve the Company of its obligations under the head lease. The Company determined that the sublease arrangement was an operating lease at inception, and recognized sublease income on a straight-line basis over the sublease term as a reduction of rent expense. As a result of the sublease, the Company evaluated the associated head lease ROU asset and sublease-related furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements for impairment, as the change in circumstances indicated that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company estimated the fair value of these assets as of the effective date of the sublease agreement using an income approach based on expected future cash flows from the subleased property. The Company recognized impairment charges of $1.6 million related to the sublease which are included in general and administrative expense on the consolidated statements of operations, including a $1.4 million impairment of ROU asset and $0.2 million of loss on disposal of sublease-related furniture and fixtures and leasehold improvements, in 2023.
ROU assets were $7.1 million and $5.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
The maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025 are as follows:

(in millions) |  |
Years Ending December 31, |  | Amount
2026 |  | $ | 2.4 |
2027 |  | 2.3 |
2028 |  | 2.3 |
2029 |  | 1.5 |
2030 |  | 0.5 |
Total undiscounted cash flows |  | $ | 9.0 |
Less: imputed interest |  | (1.0) |
Present value of lease liabilities |  | $ | 8.0 |
Less: lease liabilities, current |  | (1.9) |
Total lease liabilities, noncurrent |  | $ | 6.1 |

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10.Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock—Under the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 5.0 million shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. The Company’s Board of Directors may fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the preferred stock in one or more series and authorize their issuance. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences, sinking fund terms and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of the Company’s common stock. There were no shares of preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2025 or 2024.
Common Stock—Under the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 296.7 million shares of common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share, including 265.0 million shares of Class A common stock and 31.7 million shares of Class B common stock.
Holders of all classes of common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if, declared by the Company’s Board of Directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. The holder of each share of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote, while the holder of each share of Class B common stock is entitled to 10 votes.
Shares of Class B common stock are convertible, at any time at the option of the holder, into an equal number of shares of Class A common stock and automatically convertible upon Transfer, which is defined as any sale, assignment, transfer, conveyance, hypothecation or other transfer or disposition of such share or any legal or beneficial interest in such share, whether or not for value and whether voluntary or involuntary or by operation of law.
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were 39.6 million and 42.4 million shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. Shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding were 31.7 million as of both December 31, 2025 and 2024.
Share Repurchase Program—The Company announced on May 2, 2023 that its Board of Directors authorized a plan under which the Company may repurchase up to $20 million of its Class A common stock and, following the Company’s utilization of that share repurchase authorization, the Company announced on October 26, 2023, September 9, 2024, October 29, 2024, September 13, 2025, and December 16, 2025 that its Board of Directors approved additional share repurchase authorizations under which the Company may repurchase up to an additional $30 million, $50 million, $25 million, $50 million, and $50 million, respectively, of its Class A common stock (collectively, the Repurchase Program). Subject to market conditions and other factors, the Repurchase Program is intended to make opportunistic repurchases of the Company’s Class A common stock to reduce the Company’s outstanding share count. Under the Repurchase Program, shares of Class A common stock may be repurchased from time to time in the open market through privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, in accordance with applicable securities laws and other restrictions. The Repurchase Program does not have fixed expiration dates, does not obligate the Company to repurchase any specific dollar amount or number of shares, and may be amended, suspended or discontinued at any time. The amount and timing of any repurchases are at management’s discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including business, economic and market conditions, regulatory requirements, prevailing stock prices and other considerations. Additionally, the Company may, from time to time, enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to facilitate repurchases. Shares repurchased under the Repurchase Program are retired. The Company repurchased 5.8 million shares of Class A common stock for $70.3 million, including costs associated with the repurchases, during 2025, and 6.5 million shares of Class A common stock for $80.4 million during 2024. Additionally, the Company paid $0.3 million of excise taxes during 2025 which related to previous share repurchases. The remaining share repurchase authorization under the Repurchase Program is $55.2 million as of December 31, 2025. See Note 15–Subsequent Events for further discussion.
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Common Shares Reserved for Future Issuance
The Company had reserved the following shares of Class A common stock for future issuance:

(in thousands) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Shares outstanding from stock options and RSUs |  | 9,856 |  | 7,904
Shares available for future equity award grants |  | 12,444 |  | 13,642
Shares available for future ESPP offerings |  | 1,707 |  | 1,249
Total shares reserved |  | 24,007 |  | 22,795

Equity Incentive Plans—In October 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the adoption of the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2021 Plan) and the termination of the predecessor 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2012 Plan). The termination of the 2012 Plan had no impact on the terms of outstanding awards under the 2012 plan.The 2021 Plan had an initial authorization to grant share-based awards for up to 4.1 million shares of Class A common stock, with an amendment approved by stockholders in May 2022 to increase the aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance thereunder by 8.0 million shares. The number of shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year, ending on and including January 1, 2031, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of the Company’s capital stock outstanding on December 31 of the prior calendar year, unless the Company’s Board of Directors determines prior to the date of increase that there will be a lesser increase, or no increase.
Additionally, concurrent with the closing of the acquisition of On the Barrelhead, Inc. (OTB) on July 11, 2022, the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors granted RSUs under the NerdWallet, Inc. 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the Inducement Plan) to employees of OTB who were offered employment with the Company.
The 2021 Plan and the predecessor 2012 Plan, both as amended, along with the Inducement Plan (collectively, the Plans) provide for the grant of incentive and non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs and restricted stock awards to employees, non-employee directors and consultants of the Company, with such awards subject to vest according to an award-specific schedule as approved by the Board of Directors. Options to purchase Class A common stock granted under the Plans continue to vest until the last day of employment and generally will vest 25% in the first year and monthly thereafter (for a total vesting period of 4 years), and expire 10 years from the date of grant. RSUs granted under the Plans are subject to service-based vesting conditions, which are generally satisfied over 4 years or an award-specific schedule.
The exercise price of incentive stock options granted under the Plans must be at least equal to 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock at the date of grant, as determined by the Board of Directors. The exercise price must not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company’s Class A common stock at the date of grant for incentive stock options granted to an employee that owns greater than 10% of the Company stock.
Stock Options—A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for its Plans is as follows:

|  | Outstanding Stock Options (in thousands) |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2024 1 |  | 3,283 |  |  | $12.40 |  |  | 6.2 |  | $7.1 |
Granted 2 |  | 2,324 |  |  | $10.55 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (159) |  |  | $7.22 |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/forfeited 2 |  | (662) |  |  | $13.11 |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2025 1 |  | 4,786 |  |  | $11.58 |  |  | 7.2 |  | $13.4 |
Vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2025 |  | 2,555 |  |  | $12.50 |  |  | 5.5 |  | $6.3 |

______________
(1)Includes 0.2 million of stock options with both service-based and performance-based conditions.
(2)Includes less than 0.1 million of stock options with both service-based and performance-based conditions.
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The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during 2025 and 2024 was $6.14 and $9.08 per share, respectively. There were no options granted during 2023. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was $0.8 million, $8.0 million and $14.5 million during 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
During 2024, the Company granted 0.2 million of target award stock options with both service-based and performance-based conditions to certain employees of the Company. Recipients of these performance-based stock options were eligible to earn between 0% and 200% of their target awards based upon the achievement of (i) a revenue-related growth metric and (ii) a non-GAAP operating income-related metric, both in fiscal year 2024, subject to certification in early 2025 of the attainment of the performance levels. These performance-based stock options are also subject to service-based vesting over a period of 3 years.
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted under the Plans was $11.9 million as of December 31, 2025, with the cost expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.2 years.
The per-share fair value of each stock option was determined on the date of grant using the following weighted-average assumptions:

Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Expected volatility |  | 58.0 | % |  | 58.1 | %
Expected term (in years) |  | 6.0 |  | 5.9
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.1 | % |  | 4.2 | %

Restricted Stock Units—A summary of the Company’s outstanding nonvested RSUs for its Plans is as follows:

|  | Number of Units (in thousands) |  | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested as of December 31, 2024 1 |  | 4,621 |  |  | $ | 12.57 |
Granted 1 |  | 4,355 |  |  | $ | 9.94 |
Vested 1 |  | (2,897) |  |  | $ | 11.28 |
Forfeited |  | (1,009) |  |  | $ | 12.09 |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2025 1 |  | 5,070 |  |  | $ | 11.13 |

______________
(1)Includes less than 0.1 million of RSUs with both service-based and performance-based conditions.
During 2024, the Company granted 0.1 million of target award RSUs with both service-based and performance-based conditions to certain employees of the Company. Recipients of these performance-based RSUs were eligible to earn between 0% and 200% of their target awards based upon the achievement of (i) a revenue-related growth metric and (ii) a non-GAAP operating income-related metric, both in fiscal year 2024, subject to certification in early 2025 of the attainment of the performance levels. These performance-based RSUs are also subject to service-based vesting over a period of three years. The total fair value of shares that vested under RSUs was $32.3 million and $37.0 million during 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs was $51.8 million as of December 31, 2025, with these costs expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.8 years.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan—The Company sponsors an ESPP which allows eligible employees to buy shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a 15% discount of the stock’s market value on defined dates. The ESPP included an initial authorization for the issuance of 0.8 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock under purchase rights granted to eligible employees, with automatic increases in the number of shares reserved for issuance on January 1 of each calendar year, beginning in 2023 and through 2031, subject to terms of the ESPP. There were 0.3 million and 0.1 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock purchased under the ESPP during 2025 and 2024, respectively. Prior to capitalizing amounts related to software development costs, the Company recognized stock-based compensation related to the ESPP of $1.0 million and $0.7 million during 2025 and 2024, respectively. Unrecognized compensation cost related to the ESPP was $0.3 million as of December 31, 2025, with these costs expected to be recognized over a period of 0.3 years through the end of the respective purchase period. The impact of forfeitures under the ESPP are recognized as forfeitures occur.
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The fair value of purchase rights granted under the ESPP were determined on the date of grant using the following weighted-average assumptions:

Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Expected volatility |  | 62.8 | % |  | 54.3 | %
Expected term (in years) |  | 0.5 |  | 0.5
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.0 | % |  | 4.7 | %

Stock-Based Compensation—The Company recognized stock-based compensation under the Plans and ESPP as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Research and development |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | 10.1 |  |  | $ | 11.2 |
Sales and marketing |  | 8.6 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 13.8 |
General and administrative |  | 11.5 |  |  | 16.2 |  |  | 13.8 |
Total |  | $ | 28.6 |  |  | $ | 36.3 |  |  | $ | 38.8 |

In addition, stock-based compensation of $3.3 million, $3.8 million and $5.5 million was capitalized related to software development costs in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
The Company recognized tax benefits for stock-based compensation arrangements of $7.1 million and $10.9 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively.
11.Income Taxes
Income before the provision for (benefit from) income taxes consisted of the following:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Domestic |  | $ | 69.8 |  |  | $ | 7.7 |  |  | $ | 9.7 |
Foreign |  | (1.6) |  |  | (2.7) |  |  | (3.4) |
Total |  | $ | 68.2 |  |  | $ | 5.0 |  |  | $ | 6.3 |

The components of the provision for (benefit from) income taxes are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 17.8 |  |  | $ | 13.8 |
State |  | 2.9 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 4.8 |
Total |  | 3.5 |  |  | 20.7 |  |  | 18.6 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal |  | 15.2 |  |  | (39.5) |  |  | — |
State |  | 1.1 |  |  | (6.1) |  |  | — |
Foreign |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.5) |
Total |  | 16.0 |  |  | (46.1) |  |  | (0.5) |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes |  | $ | 19.5 |  |  | $ | (25.4) |  |  | $ | 18.1 |

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The reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Tax at federal statutory rate |  | $ | 14.3 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |  |  | $ | 1.3 |
Permanent items |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.6) |
Foreign rate differential |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.3 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 2.3 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 1.2 |
Tax credits |  | (2.1) |  |  | (4.7) |  |  | (8.0) |
Change in U.S. valuation allowance |  | (0.2) |  |  | (26.3) |  |  | 20.0 |
Tax contingency and interest |  | 1.1 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.9 |
State taxes |  | 4.8 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 2.2 |
Other |  | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.2) |
Tax at effective tax rate |  | $ | 19.5 |  |  | $ | (25.4) |  |  | $ | 18.1 |

On July 4, 2025, the United States enacted tax reform legislation through An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act. Included in this legislation are provisions that allow for the immediate expensing of domestic U.S. research and development expenses, immediate expensing of certain capital expenditures, and other changes to the U.S. taxation of profits derived from foreign operations. The Company has incorporated the new legislation into its income tax provision, as applicable, and determined that there was no material impact on the Company’s tax provision for 2025.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
As of December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |
Accruals and reserves |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | 1.6 |
Tax credits |  | 12.7 |  |  | 12.1 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 3.4 |  |  | 3.9 |
Capitalized research and development expenses |  | 30.4 |  |  | 55.5 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  | 5.5 |  |  | 3.2 |
Lease liabilities |  | 2.0 |  |  | 1.6 |
Other |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total gross deferred tax assets |  | 56.4 |  |  | 78.3 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other |  | (0.5) |  |  | (0.4) |
ROU assets |  | (1.8) |  |  | (1.3) |
Basis difference for fixed assets and intangibles |  | (10.3) |  |  | (17.1) |
Total gross deferred tax liabilities |  | (12.6) |  |  | (18.8) |
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets |  | (14.4) |  |  | (14.1) |
Net deferred tax asset |  | $ | 29.4 |  |  | $ | 45.4 |

Net deferred tax assets are recorded as a noncurrent asset, and net deferred tax liabilities are recorded in other liabilities—noncurrent, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.
The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets increased $0.3 million in 2025, decreased $26.0 million in 2024, and increased $20.8 million in 2023, with changes in the valuation allowance recognized as an income tax provision (benefit) in the consolidated statements of operations.
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As of December 31, 2025, the Company has federal net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) of $8.5 million, substantially all of which can be carried forward indefinitely, state NOLs of $15.5 million, the majority of which, if not utilized, will begin to expire on various dates beginning in 2034, and foreign NOLs of $10.0 million which can be carried forward indefinitely.
As of December 31, 2025, the Company has $0.8 million of federal research and development credit carryforwards, which can be carried forward to 2046, and $20.4 million of California research and development credit carryforwards which can be carried forward indefinitely.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Utilization of the Company’s federal and state NOLs and tax credit carryforwards, as well as of other temporary differences, is dependent upon the generation of sufficient taxable income in future periods. In the Company’s ongoing assessment of all available evidence, both positive and negative, the Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, the Company’s future operating model and the expected impacts on future profitability, and prudent and feasible tax-planning strategies. The Company had previously maintained a valuation allowance against these net U.S. deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the Company will be able to fully realize its net U.S. Federal and majority state deferred tax assets, with a significant improvement in the Company’s profitability, coupled with anticipated future earnings, deemed to provide positive evidence to support sufficient taxable income in future periods, and accordingly recorded a valuation allowance release of $27.2 million. The Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance on its California deferred tax assets, which consist primarily of tax credits, as of December 31, 2025. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets was $14.4 million and $14.1 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company’s judgment regarding the likelihood of realization of these deferred tax assets could change in future periods, which could result in a material impact to the Company’s income tax provision in the period of change.
A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding accrued interest and penalties, are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Balance as of beginning of year |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | 11.9 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |
Increases related to prior year tax positions |  | — |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |
Decreases related to prior year tax positions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.1) |
Expiration of statute of limitations |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.4) |
Current year increases |  | 0.6 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 3.0 |
Balance as of end of year |  | $ | 14.2 |  |  | $ | 13.6 |  |  | $ | 11.9 |

Interest and penalties were $1.1 million for 2025, $0.5 million for 2024, and not material for 2023. As of December 31, 2025, unrecognized tax benefits of $9.8 million, including accrued interest and penalties, would affect the Company’s provision for income taxes if recognized. The Company does not anticipate that its total unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change due to settlement of examination or the expiration of statute of limitations during the next 12 months.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal and various state jurisdictions. The Company’s tax years for 2015 and forward are subject to examination by U.S. and various state tax authorities due to certain acquired attribute carryforwards.
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12.Net Income (Loss) Per Basic and Diluted Share
The Company computes EPS in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. The following table provides a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted per share computations for net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders:

(in millions, except per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders–basic and diluted |  | $ | 48.7 |  |  | $ | 30.4 |  |  | $ | (11.8) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares of common stock–basic |  | 74.3 |  |  | 76.5 |  |  | 76.7 |
Effect of dilutive RSUs, stock options and ESPP shares |  | 1.6 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |
Weighted-average shares of common stock–diluted |  | 75.9 |  |  | 78.9 |  |  | 76.7 |
Net income (loss) per share attributable to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.66 |  |  | $ | 0.40 |  |  | $ | (0.15) |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.64 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | (0.15) |

The following common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

(in millions) |  |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024 | 2023
Shares subject to outstanding stock options and RSUs |  | 4.8 |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 8.9 |
ESPP |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.3 |

13.Employee Benefit Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) savings plan (the Savings Plan). All employees are eligible to participate in the Savings Plan after meeting certain eligibility requirements. Participants may elect to have a portion of their salary deferred and contributed to the Savings Plan up to the limit allowed by the applicable income tax regulations. The Company’s policy is to match employee contributions up to certain overall limits. The Company made matching contributions of $3.7 million, $4.2 million and $4.8 million during 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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14.Restructuring Plan
On July 30, 2024, the Company committed to a restructuring plan, effective August 1, 2024, intended to reduce the Company’s operating expenses and better position the Company to execute its long-term strategic initiatives (the Restructuring Plan). The Restructuring Plan was substantially completed during 2024, and reduced the size of the Company’s workforce by approximately 15% of its full-time employees, as compared to its headcount as of December 31, 2023. The Company incurred a pre-tax restructuring charge of $9.0 million in 2024 in connection with the Restructuring Plan, which primarily consisted of severance payments, stock-based compensation, employee benefits, and related expenses for impacted employees, as well as contract termination costs, and is presented in the consolidated statement of operations as $5.8 million of research and development expenses, $2.0 million of sales and marketing expenses and $1.2 million of general and administrative expenses. The Company incurred pre-tax restructuring charges of $0.5 million in 2025 as it completed the Restructuring Plan.
The changes in the restructuring reserve, which is included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet, are as follows:

(in millions) |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Balance as of beginning of year |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | — |
Charge |  | 0.5 |  |  | 9.0 |
Cash payments |  | (1.1) |  |  | (6.9) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | (1.5) |
Balance as of end of year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.6 |

15.Subsequent Events
Acquisition of College Finance Company, LLC—On February 20, 2026, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement with inspHIRE IO Corp., d/b/a Candidly (the Seller), pursuant to which the Company agreed to acquire 100% of the outstanding membership interests of College Finance Company, LLC.
The aggregate purchase price consisted of $18.8 million in cash, subject to customary adjustments for cash and cash equivalents, indebtedness, transaction expenses and working capital. Out of the purchase price, a cash amount of $1.5 million was placed into escrow to secure potential post-closing indemnification rights.
Additionally, under the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, RSU awards with an aggregate grant-date fair value of approximately $3.3 million were granted to certain continuing key employees of College Finance Company, LLC with the value of such RSU awards to be recognized as compensation expense following the close of the acquisition through 2029, generally subject to the employees’ continued employment with the Company. The value of these RSU awards is excluded from the purchase consideration and accounted for separately from the business combination.
Given the recent timing of the closing of this acquisition, the Company is in the process of evaluating the purchase price allocation for this acquisition.
Repurchase Program—On February 20, 2026, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an increase in the share repurchase authorization under which the Company may repurchase up to an additional $100.0 million of its Class A common stock under the Repurchase Program. Between January 1, 2026 and February 23, 2026, the Company repurchased 4.5 million shares of Class A common stock for $50.6 million, including costs associated with the repurchases. The remaining share repurchase authorization under the Repurchase Program is $104.7 million as of February 23, 2026.
******
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The management of the Company, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, our management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
The management of the Company, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, the management of the Company concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2025.
This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting from the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm due to the Company’s status as an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
The management of the Company, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, believes that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and are effective at the reasonable assurance level. However, management does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures or the Company’s internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
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Item 9B. Other Information.
Securities Trading Plans of Directors or Executive Officers
During the three months ended December 31, 2025, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1 of the Exchange Act) adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined under Item 408 of Regulation S-K).
Departure of Chief Business Officer
On February 23, 2026, Samuel Yount, Chief Business Officer of the Company, provided notice of his intention to depart the Company, effective April 3, 2026, to pursue other opportunities.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
Part III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.
Item 11. Executive Compensation.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
The information required by this item about aggregate fees billed to us by our principal accountant, Deloitte & Touche LLP (PCAOB ID No. 34) is incorporated by reference to the Proxy Statement for our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed with the SEC no later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.
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Part IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
(a) Exhibits.

Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Location
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated June 23, 2022, by and among NerdWallet, Inc., On the Barrelhead, Inc., Bighorn Merger Sub Corp., Bighorn Merger Sub 2, LLC, NerdWallet Compare, Inc. and Fortis Advisors LLC, as the stockholder representative. |  | Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 24, 2022
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. |  | Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 10, 2021
3.2 |  | Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant. |  | Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed July 31, 2024
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant. |  | Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 10, 2021
4.1 |  | Description of Securities of the Registrant. |  | Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 24, 2022
10.1 |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of September 26, 2023 among NerdWallet, Inc., the subsidiary guarantors from time to time party thereto, JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent, and the Lenders party thereto, as amended by that First Amendment to Credit Agreement, dated November 1, 2023. |  | Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 20, 2024
10.2 |  | Sublease Agreement between Yelp Inc. and the Registrant, dated April 27, 2021. |  | Exhibit 10.17 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.3+ |  | 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.6 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.4+ |  | Forms of Stock Option Agreement, Notice of Stock Option Grant, and Exercise Notice under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.5+ |  | Forms of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.6+ |  | 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. |  | Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-265197) filed May 25, 2022
10.7+ |  | Forms of Notice of Stock Option Grant, Stock Option Agreement, and Exercise Notice under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.10 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 26, 2021
10.8+ |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Award Agreement under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.11 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 26, 2021
10.9+ |  | Form of PSU Agreement with Change of Control under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-40994) filed March 17, 2023
10.10+ |  | 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 99.1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-266087) filed July 11, 2022

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Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Location
10.11+ |  | Form of RSU Inducement Award Agreement for OTB Founders under the 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 99.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-266087) filed July 11, 2022
10.12+ |  | Form of RSU Inducement Award Agreement for Other Employees under the 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 99.3 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (No. 333-266087) filed July 11, 2022
10.13+ |  | 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.12 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 26, 2021
10.14+ |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement entered into by and between the Registrant and each director and executive officer. |  | Exhibit 10.13 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.15+ |  | Amended and Restated Change of Control and Severance Policy. |  | Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (001-40994) filed March 17, 2023
10.16+ |  | Offer Letter, by and between Tim Chen and the Registrant, dated June 25, 2021. |  | Exhibit 10.21 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.17+ |  | Offer Letter, by and between Lauren StClair and the Registrant, dated November 23, 2020. |  | Exhibit 10.17 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (No. 333-260134) filed October 8, 2021
10.18+ |  | Offer Letter, by and between Jun Hyung Lee and the Registrant, dated January 21, 2025. |  | Filed herewith
10.19+ |  | Form of Performance Stock Option Agreement under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan. |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 25, 2024
10.20 |  | Limited Consent and Second Amendment to Credit Agreement dated October 1, 2024, by and among NerdWallet, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent. |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed October 29, 2024
10.21 |  | Form of 2025 Executive Bonus Program under the 2021 Equity Incentive Program. |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 6, 2025
10.22 |  | Limited Consent, Waiver and Third Amendment to Credit Agreement dated June 13, 2025, by and among NerdWallet, Inc. and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent. |  | Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 7, 2025
19.1 |  | Insider Trading Policy. |  | Exhibit 19.1 to the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on February 19, 2025
21.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant. |  | Exhibit 21.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 24, 2022
23.1 |  | Consent of Deloitte & Touche LLP, independent registered public accounting firm. |  | Filed herewith
31.1 |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | Filed herewith
31.2 |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | Filed herewith
32.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | *
32.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |  | *

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Exhibit Number |  | Description of Exhibit |  | Location
97.1 + |  | Compensation Recovery Policy of the Registrant. |  | Exhibit 97.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 20, 2024
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document.(the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  | **
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. |  | **
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. |  | **
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. |  | **
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. |  | **
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. |  | **
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101). |  | **

_____________
+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.
* The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Annual Report on Form 10-K are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
** Furnished herewith. Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files on Exhibit 101 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.
(b) Financial Statement Schedules.
All financial statement schedules are omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report on Form 10-K to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on February 25, 2026.

| NERDWALLET, INC.
| By: | /s/ Tim Chen
|  | Tim Chen
|  | Chief Executive Officer
| By: | /s/ Jun Hyung Lee
|  | Jun Hyung Lee
|  | Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Tim Chen |  | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer) |  | February 25, 2026
Tim Chen |  |  |
/s/ Jun Hyung Lee |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) |  | February 25, 2026
Jun Hyung Lee |  |  |
/s/ Nicholas Tatum |  | Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer) |  | February 25, 2026
Nicholas Tatum |  |  |
/s/ Jennifer Ceran |  | Director |  | February 25, 2026
Jennifer Ceran |  |  |
/s/ Lynne Laube |  | Director |  | February 25, 2026
Lynne Laube |  |  |
/s/ Anthony Ling |  | Director |  | February 25, 2026
Anthony Ling |  |  |
/s/ Kenneth McBride |  | Director |  | February 25, 2026
Kenneth McBride |  |  |

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