The following tables represent, by loan portfolio segment, a summary of changes in the ACL on loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
	Commercial		Real Estate		Mortgage Warehouse		Consumer		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	32,640	$	3,167	$	—	$	16,847	$	52,654
Credit loss expense (recovery)	1,857		114		—		28		1,999
Charge-offs	(144)		(425)		—		(879)		(1,448)
Recoveries	60		373		—		761		1,194
Balance, end of period	$	34,413	$	3,229	$	—	$	16,757	$	54,399


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Commercial		Real Estate		Mortgage Warehouse		Consumer		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	30,514	$	2,655	$	659	$	16,559	$	50,387
Credit loss expense (recovery)	1,484		(71)		77		925		2,415
Charge-offs	(111)		(1)		—		(741)		(853)
Recoveries	54		5		—		207		266
Balance, end of period	$	31,941	$	2,588	$	736	$	16,950	$	52,215


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
	Commercial		Real Estate		Mortgage Warehouse		Consumer		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	30,953	$	2,715	$	—	$	18,312	$	51,980
Provision for credit losses on loans	3,497		519		—		(474)		3,542
Charge-offs	(152)		(427)		—		(2,332)		(2,911)
Recoveries	115		422		—		1,251		1,788
Balance, end of period	$	34,413	$	3,229	$	—	$	16,757	$	54,399


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2024
	Commercial		Real Estate		Mortgage Warehouse		Consumer		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	29,736	$	2,503	$	481	$	17,309	$	50,029
Provision for credit losses on loans	2,090		76		255		663		3,084
Charge-offs	3		(2)		—		(1,564)		(1,563)
Recoveries	112		11		—		542		665
Balance, end of period	$	31,941	$	2,588	$	736	$	16,950	$	52,215

The accrued interest receivable on our loan receivables is excluded from the allowance for credit loss estimate and is included in interest receivable on our consolidated balance sheets. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the accrued interest on our loan portfolio was $26.3 million and $25.6 million, respectively.

The Company utilized the Cumulative Loss Rate method in determining expected future credit losses. The loss rate method measures the amount of loan charge–offs, net of recoveries, (“loan losses”) recognized over the life of a closed pool and compares those loan losses to the outstanding loan balance of that pool as of a specific point in time (“pool date”).

To estimate a CECL loss rate for the pool, management first identifies the loan losses recognized between the pool date and the reporting date for the pool and determines which loan losses were related to loans outstanding at the pool date. The loss rate method then divides the loan losses recognized on loans outstanding as of the pool date by the outstanding loan balance as of the pool date.

The Company’s expected loss estimate is anchored in historical credit loss experience, with an emphasis on all available portfolio data. The Company’s historical look–back period includes January 2009 through the current period, on a monthly basis. When historical credit loss experience is not sufficient for a specific portfolio, the Company may supplement its own portfolio data with external models or data. The Company supplemented data for 2009 and 2010 with the use of adjusted Uniform Bank Performance Report peer group data.

Qualitative reserves reflect management’s overall estimate of the extent to which current expected credit losses on collectively evaluated loans will differ from historical loss experience. The analysis takes into consideration other analytics performed within the organization, such as enterprise and concentration management, along with other credit–related analytics as deemed appropriate. Management attempts to quantify qualitative reserves whenever possible.

The Company’s CECL estimate applies to a forecast that incorporates macroeconomic trends and other environmental factors. Management utilized Moody's economic forecast scenarios including both National and Regional econometrics, as well as management judgment, as the basis for the forecast period. The historical loss rate was utilized as the base rate, and qualitative adjustments were utilized to reflect the forecast and other relevant factors.

The Company segments the loan portfolio into pools based on the following risk characteristics: financial asset type, loan purpose, collateral type, loan characteristics, credit characteristics, outstanding loan balances, contractual terms and prepayment assumptions, industry of the borrower and concentrations, and historical or expected credit loss patterns.

The following tables represent, by loan portfolio segment, a summary of changes in the activity in the liability for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit (please see note 14):


	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2025							45382	June 30, 2024
		Balance, beginning of period		Credit loss expense (reversal)		Ending balance			Balance, beginning of period		Credit loss expense (reversal)		Ending balance
Commercial		$	1,132	$	411	$	1,543		$	—	$	—	$	—
Real Estate		72		27		99			46		(5)		41
Mortgage Warehouse		—		—		—			—		—		—
Consumer		796		(127)		669			704		(40)		664
Total		$	2,000	$	311	$	2,311		$	750	$	(45)	$	705


	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2025						June 30, 2024
	Balance, beginning of period		Credit loss expense (reversal)		Ending balance		Balance, beginning of period		Credit loss expense (reversal)		Ending balance
Commercial	$	1,385	158		1,543		$	—	—		—
Real Estate	61		38		99		64		(23)		41
Mortgage Warehouse	—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer	703		(34)		669		551		113		664
Total	$	2,149	$	162	$	2,311	$	615	$	90	$	705