SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2025

Basis of Accounting and Changes in Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States of America, or GAAP and predominant practices within the banking industry. The Company uses the accrual basis of accounting for financial statement purposes.

Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned and wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant inter-company transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. In particular, estimates and assumptions are used in measuring the fair value of certain financial instruments, determining the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses (“allowance”), evaluating potential other-than-temporary securities impairment, assessing the ability to realize deferred tax assets, and the valuation of share-based payment awards. Estimates and assumptions are based on available information and judgment; therefore actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash include cash, due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in other banks and federal funds sold with original maturities of three months or less. The Company had $0.7 million and $0.7 million in restricted cash as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively and is included in total cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The Company’s restricted cash reflects funds held in other financial institutions to secure business operating rights or contractually obligated minimum account funding requirements.

Securities

Purchases of investments in debt securities are designated as either trading, available for sale or held-to-maturity depending on the intent and ability to hold the securities. The initial designation is made at the time of purchase. Investments are categorized as either traditional investments or Property Assessed Clean Energy ("PACE") assessments.

As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no securities designated as trading.

Securities available for sale are carried at fair value, with any net unrealized appreciation or depreciation in fair value reported net of taxes as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Debt securities held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost provided management does not have the intent to sell these securities and does not anticipate that it will be necessary to sell these securities before the full recovery of principal and interest, which may be at maturity.

Premiums (discounts) on debt securities are amortized (accreted) to income using the level yield method to the contractual maturity date adjusted for actual prepayment experience.

Realized gains and losses on sale of securities are determined using the specific identification method and are reported in non-interest income.

Derivatives

The Company’s derivative instruments are carried at fair value in the Company’s financial statements as part of Other assets for derivatives with positive fair values and Other liabilities for derivatives with negative fair values. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument is dependent upon whether or not it qualifies and has been designated as a hedge for accounting purposes, and further, by the type of hedging relationship.

At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivative as one of three types based on the Company’s intentions and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment (“fair value hedge”), (2) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (“cash flow hedge”), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation. For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item, are recognized in current earnings as fair values change. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. For cash flow hedges, changes in the fair value of derivatives that are not highly effective in hedging the changes in fair value or expected cash flows of the hedged item are recognized immediately in current earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported currently in earnings, as non-interest income. When hedge accounting is discontinued on a fair value hedge that no longer qualifies as an effective hedge, the derivative continues to be reported at fair value in the statement of condition, but the carrying amount of the hedged item is no longer adjusted for future changes in fair value. The adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item that existed at the date hedge accounting is discontinued is amortized over the remaining life of the hedged item into earnings.

Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in non-interest income. Cash flows on hedges are classified in the cash flow statement the same as the cash flows of the items being hedged.

The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk-management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the statement of condition or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as non-interest income. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value in the aggregate. Loans originated for sale are recorded at cost and loans transferred to loans held for sale are transferred at fair value. The Company may transfer loans held for investment to loans held for sale in connection with pooled note sale transactions and are transferred at their estimated fair value. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to current earnings. Gains or losses resulting from sales of loans held for sale, net of unamortized deferred fees and costs, are recognized at the time of sale and are included in non-interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Loans and Loan Interest Income Recognition

Loans are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of charge-offs, deferred origination costs and fees and purchase premiums and discounts. Loan origination and commitment fees and certain direct and indirect costs incurred in connection with loan originations are deferred and amortized to income over the life of the related loans as an adjustment to yield. Premiums or discounts on purchased portfolios are amortized or accreted to income using the level yield method.

Interest on loans is generally recognized on the accrual basis. Interest is not accrued on loans that are more than 90 days delinquent on payments, and any interest that was accrued but unpaid on such loans is reversed from interest income at that time, or when deemed to be uncollectible. Interest subsequently received on such loans is recorded as interest income or alternatively as a reduction in the amortized cost of the loan if there is significant doubt as to the collectability of the unpaid principal balance. Loans are returned to accrual status when principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans are considered modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty if the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the time of the modification and the modification is in the form of: (i) principal forgiveness; (ii) an interest rate reduction; (iii) other-than-insignificant payment delay; (iv) a term extension, or (v) any combination of the aforementioned. If a modification results in an effective interest rate less than the market rate for comparable loans with similar collection risks, a change in present value of cash flows of at least 10%, or is more than minor based on the specific facts and circumstances, the modification is accounted for as a new receivable. Absent these conditions, the modification is accounted for as a continuation of the existing receivable.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available for Sale Securities: Any available for sale security in an unrealized loss position is assessed for Management's intent to sell, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses, as accrued interest receivable is reversed for securities placed on nonaccrual status. Securities issued by U.S. government entities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, and are highly rated by major ratings agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. For debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from expected credit losses or other factors in making this assessment. Management considers the extent in which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows is expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-to-maturity Securities: Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity securities on a collective basis by security type. The Company’s methodology to measure the allowance for credit losses incorporates both quantitative and qualitative information to assess lifetime expected credit losses. The calculation is based on projected annual default rates, loss severities, and prepayment rates. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the securities, adjusted for forecasted prepayments when appropriate.

Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of expected credit losses, as accrued interest receivable is reversed for securities placed on nonaccrual status. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the following methodology:

Non-GSE residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities held by the Company are secured by pools of commercial or residential certificates.

Asset-backed securities ("ABS") held by the Company are secured by pools of consumer products such as student loans, consumer loans, and consumer residential solar loans.

Property assessed clean energy ("PACE assessments") held by the Company are secured low loan-to-value long-term funding for energy efficient and renewable energy projects for residential or commercial projects.

Other securities held by the Company include corporate securities, municipal securities and small investments community reinvestment act investments secured by loans.

GSE and U.S. Treasury securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, and are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses, therefore the Company does not estimate or recognize an allowance for credit losses on these securities.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans:

Methods and Assumptions Underlying the Estimate

The allowance for credit losses is established and maintained through a provision for credit losses based on expected losses inherent in our loan portfolio. Management evaluates the adequacy of the allowance on a quarterly basis, and additions to the allowance are charged to expense and subsequent changes (favorable and unfavorable) in expected credit losses are recognized immediately in net income as a credit loss expense or a reversal of credit loss expense. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed, and expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Determining the appropriateness of the allowance is complex and requires judgment by management about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

During 2025, the Company enhanced its allowance for credit loss ("ACL") calculation, which included a change in ACL software vendors. These enhancements are intended to better align the estimation process with the nature and risk profile of the Company's loan portfolio, while enhancing operational efficiency and consistency in application. These enhancements did not have a material impact to the Company's financial statements. See Note 5 for additional information related to the change.

For segments other than the consumer solar loan segment, we calculate the quantitative portion of the allowance for credit losses using the discounted cash flow methodology ("DCF") whereby the amortized cost basis of the loan is compared to the net present value of expected cash flows to be collected. For segments with reserves calculated under the DCF model, a peer group by segment is used to develop periodic default rates, and statistical regression is utilized to relate historical macro-economic variables to historical credit loss experience of that peer group of banks. The DCF model includes a four-quarter reasonable and supportable economic forecast period followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion to historical loss rates. In addition, the model incorporates assumptions for curtailment rates and recovery lag periods in its calculation of quantitative allowance.

For the consumer solar loan segment, the weighted average remaining maturity ("WARM") methodology calculates expected credit losses based on historical loss rates and forecasts those losses over the weighted average remaining maturity of the portfolio. The core assumption of the WARM methodology is based on use of internal loss data applied to a straight-line balance reduction, which aligns with the nature of repayment of these loans as well as the Company’s strategy of portfolio runoff.

Adjustments to the quantitative results for both DCF and WARM models are made using qualitative factors. These factors include: (1) borrowers' financial condition; (2) borrowers' ability to pay; (3) nature and volume of financial assets; (4) value of the underlying collateral; (5) lending policies and procedures; (6) quality of the loan review system; (7) the experience, ability, and depth of staff; (8) regulatory and legal environment; (9) changes in market conditions; and (10) changes in economic conditions. Factors are weighted based on level of impact and assigned a risk rating that determine the amount of required qualitative reserves. The level of impact and risk ratings are evaluated each quarter.

For loans that do not share risk characteristics, the Company evaluates these loans on an individual basis based on various factors. Factors that may be considered are borrowers delinquency trends and nonaccrual status, probability of foreclosure or note sale, changes in the borrowers' circumstances or cash collections, borrowers' industry, or other facts and circumstances of the loan or collateral. The expected credit loss is measured based on net realizable value, that is, the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the amortized cost basis of the loan. For collateral dependent loans, expected credit loss is measured as the difference between the amortized cost basis of the loan and the fair value of the collateral, less estimated costs to sell.

Economic parameters are developed using available information relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses, with qualitative adjustments made to loan segments for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting

standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels and terms, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values or other relevant factors.

The principal business of the Company is lending in commercial and industrial loans, multifamily mortgage loans, commercial real estate loans, residential real estate mortgage loans, consumer solar, and consumer and other loans. The Company considers its primary lending area to be the states of New York and California, and Washington, D.C. A substantial portion of the Company’s loans are secured by real estate in these areas. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of the loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in market and economic conditions in this region.

The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses using the methods described above.

Commercial and Industrial Loans - Loans in this classification are made to businesses and include term loans, lines of credit, and senior secured loans to corporations. Generally, these loans are secured by assets of the business and repayment is expected from the cash flows of the business. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer and/or business spending, will have an effect on the credit quality in this loan class.

Multifamily Mortgage Loans - Loans in this classification include income producing residential investment properties of five or more families. Loans are made to established owners with a proven and demonstrable record of strong performance. Repayment is derived generally from the rental income generated from the property and may be supplemented by the owners’ personal cash flow. Credit risk arises with an increase in vacancy rates, property mismanagement and the predominance of non-recourse loans that are customary in the industry.

Commercial Real Estate Loans - Loans in this classification include income producing investment properties and owner-occupied real estate used for business purposes. The underlying properties are located largely in the Company’s primary market area. The cash flows of the income producing investment properties are adversely impacted by a downturn in the economy as evidenced by increased vacancy rates, which in turn, will have an effect on credit quality. In the case of owner-occupied real estate used for business purposes, a weakened economy and resultant decreased consumer and/or business spending will have an adverse effect on credit quality.

Construction and Land Development Loans - Loans in this classification primarily include land loans to local individuals, contractors and developers for developing the land for sale or for the purpose of making improvements thereon. Repayment is derived primarily from sale of the lots/units including any pre-sold units. Credit risk is affected by market conditions, time to sell at an adequate price and cost overruns. To a lesser extent, this class includes commercial development projects that the Company finances, which in most cases are interest only during construction, and then convert to permanent financing. Construction delays, cost overruns, market conditions and the availability of permanent financing, to the extent such permanent financing is not being provided by the Bank, all affect the credit risk in this loan class.

Residential Real Estate Loans - Loans in this classification are generally secured by owner-occupied one-to-four family residential real estate and repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. Loans in this class are secured by both first liens and second liens. The overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, can have an effect on the credit quality in this loan class.

Consumer Solar Loans - Loans in this classification are secured by Uniform Commercial Code filings. This portfolio is comprised of residential solar loans. Repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower and, if applicable, sale of the collateral securing the loan. Therefore, the overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this loan class.

Consumer and Other Loans - Loans in this classification are unsecured. This portfolio is comprised of student loans and other consumer products. Repayment is dependent on the credit quality of the individual borrower. Therefore, the overall health of the economy, including unemployment rates and housing prices, will have an effect on the credit quality in this loan class.

Loans that are determined to have unique risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis by Management. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation. Factors that may be considered are borrower delinquency trends and nonaccrual status, probability of foreclosure or note sale, changes in the borrower’s circumstances or cash collections, borrower’s industry, or other facts and circumstances of the loan or collateral.

Individually Evaluated Loans with an ACL: For collateral-dependent loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral, less the estimated costs to sell, and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. The fair value of real estate collateral is determined based on recent appraised values. The fair value of non-real estate collateral, may be determined based on an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, aging reports, or by reference to market activity, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation and management’s expertise and knowledge of the borrower and its business. For non-collateral dependent loans, ACL is measured based on the difference between the present value of expected cash flows and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Loan Credit Exposures: The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company for its security and loan portfolios. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded in other liabilities on the consolidated statements of financial condition, and adjusted through the credit loss expense which is recorded in the provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life, which is the same as the expected loss factor as determined based on the corresponding portfolio segment.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) properties acquired through, or in lieu of, foreclosure are recorded initially at fair value less costs to sell. Any write-down of the recorded investment in the related loan is charged to the allowance prior to transfer. OREO assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. If fair value declines subsequent to foreclosure, a valuation allowance is recorded through non-interest income. Costs relating to the development and improvement of other real estate owned are capitalized. Costs relating to holding other real estate owned, including real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance, are charged to expense as incurred.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill resulting from business combinations is generally determined as the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate the carrying amount of the asset may be impaired. The Company elected June 30 as the annual date for impairment testing. Other intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Core deposit intangible assets are amortized on an accelerated method over their estimated useful lives of ten years.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation of furniture, fixtures, and equipment is computed by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Furniture and fixtures are generally depreciated over ten years. Equipment, computer hardware and computer software are normally depreciated over three to seven years. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed by the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives

or the terms of the leases, whichever is shorter. Fully depreciated assets with no determinable salvage value are disposed. Repairs and maintenance are charged to expense as incurred.

Leases

The Company determines whether a contract is or contains a lease at inception. For leases with terms greater than twelve months under which the Company is lessee, right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities are recorded at the commencement date. Lease liabilities are initially recorded based on the present value of future lease payments over the lease term. ROU assets are initially recorded at the amount of the associated lease liabilities plus prepaid lease payments and initial direct costs, less any lease incentives received. The cost of short term leases is recognized on a straight line basis over the lease term. The lease term includes options to extend if the exercise of those options is reasonably certain and includes termination options if there is reasonable certainty the options will not be exercised. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) as the discount rate to the remaining lease payments to derive a present value calculation for initial measurement of lease liabilities. The IBR reflects the interest rate the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the lease payments. Leases are classified as financing or operating leases at commencement. All of the Company's leases are classified as operating leases as of December 31, 2025. Operating lease cost is recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Income on a straight line basis over the lease terms. Variable lease costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those costs is incurred.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company invests in bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”). BOLI involves the purchase of life insurance policies by the Company on a select group of employees. The Company is the owner and beneficiary of the policies. The insurance and earnings thereon is used to offset a portion of future employee benefit costs. BOLI is carried at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Earnings from BOLI, as well as changes in cash surrender value, are recognized as non-interest income.

Advertising Costs

The Company expenses advertising and promotion costs as incurred.

Income Taxes

There are two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense (benefit) approximates cash to be paid (refunded) for income taxes for the applicable period. Deferred income tax expense (benefit) results from differences between assets and liabilities measured for financial reporting and for income-tax return purposes.

The Company records as a deferred tax asset on its Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition an amount equal to the tax credit and tax loss carry-forwards and tax deductions (tax benefits) that we believe will be available to us to offset or reduce the amounts of our income taxes in future periods. Under applicable federal and state income tax laws and regulations, such tax benefits will expire if not used within specified periods of time. Accordingly, the ability to fully utilize our deferred tax asset may depend on the amount of taxable income that we generate during those time periods. At least once each year, or more frequently, if warranted, we make estimates of future taxable income that we believe we are likely to generate during those future periods. If we conclude, on the basis of those estimates and the amount of the tax benefits available to us, that it is more likely than not that we will be able to fully utilize those tax benefits prior to their expiration, we recognize the deferred tax asset in full on our Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition. If, however, we conclude on the basis of those estimates and the amount of the tax benefits available to us that it has become more likely than not that we will be unable to utilize those tax benefits in full prior to their expiration, then we would establish (or increase any existing) a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred tax asset on our Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition to the amount which we believe we are more likely than not to be able to utilize. Such a reduction is implemented by recognizing a non-cash charge that would have the effect of increasing the provision, or reducing any benefit, for income taxes that we would otherwise have recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The determination of whether and the extent to which we will be able to utilize our deferred tax asset involves management judgments and assumptions that are subject to period-to-period changes as a result of changes in tax laws, changes in the market, or economic conditions that could affect our operating results or variances between our actual operating results and our projected operating results, as well as other factors.

When measuring the amount of current taxes to be paid (or refunded) management considers the merit of various tax treatments in the context of statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. Management also considers results of recent tax audits and historical experience. While management considers the amount of income taxes payable (or receivable) to be appropriate based on information currently available, future additions or reductions to such amounts may be necessary due to unanticipated events or changes in circumstances. Management has not taken, and does not expect to take, any position in a tax return which it deems to be uncertain.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

For solar equity tax investments entered into prior to 2025, the deferral method of accounting is used for investments that generate investment tax credits as these investments are not compliant with ASU 2023-02. Under this method, the investment tax credits are recognized as a reduction of the related asset. Contributions made by the Company are recognized as an increase of the related asset, and distributions are recognized as a reduction. Income and loss generated by the investment is recognized as a corresponding increase or reduction in the related asset.

During the year ended December 31, 2025 the Company invested in a solar tax equity investment that is in compliance with ASU 2023-02 in which the Proportional Amortization Method ("PAM") was applied. Under this method, the investment tax credits and other tax benefits are recognized as a reduction to income tax expense. Contributions and commitments made by the Company are recognized as an increase of the related asset, and distributions of cash are recognized through other income. The amortization of the investment is recognized as a reduction of the related asset and an increase to income tax expense. Refer to the Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional disclosure of income statement impacts.

Post-Retirement Benefit Plans

The Company sponsors several post-retirement benefit plans for current and former employees and certain directors. Contributions to the trustee of a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan are recorded as expense in the period of contribution. Plan obligations and related expenses for other post-retirement plans are calculated using actuarial methodologies. The measurement of such obligations and expenses requires management to make certain assumptions, in particular the discount rate, which is evaluated on an annual basis. Other factors include retirement patterns, mortality and turnover assumptions. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for its post-retirement benefit plans. Additionally the Company offers a deferred compensation plan for certain executives to defer their bonus and earn a company match in the form of deferred stock units which convert to shares.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income includes net income and all other changes in equity during a period, except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Other comprehensive income includes income, expenses, gains and losses that under generally accepted accounting principles are included in comprehensive income but excluded from net income. Other comprehensive income (loss) and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reported net of deferred income taxes. Accumulated other comprehensive income for the Company includes unrealized holding gains or losses on available for sale securities, unaccreted unrealized losses on securities transferred to held-to-maturity, unrealized holding gains on cash flow hedges, and actuarial gains or losses on the Company’s pension plans. FASB ASC 715‑30 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits – Defined Benefit Plans – Pension” requires employers to recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of a defined benefit postretirement plan as an asset or liability in its statement of financial position and to recognize changes in that funded status in the year the changes occur through comprehensive income.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation is recorded in accordance with FASB ASC No. 718, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation” which requires the Company to record compensation cost for stock options and restricted stock granted to employees and directors in return for employee service. The cost is measured at the fair value of the options and restricted stock when granted, and this cost is expensed over the service period, which is normally the vesting period of the options and restricted stock.Forfeitures result in a retirement of the related award and a reversal of the cost previously incurred. The Company grants time-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) that are subject to a time-based vesting schedule, performance-based RSUs ("PRSUs") that are subject to the achievement of the Company's corporate goals, and deferred restricted stock units ("DSUs") that allows

participating executives to defer their annual incentive plan bonus.

Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include investments in certain variable interest entities (“VIEs”). The Company considers a voting rights entity to be a subsidiary and consolidates if the Company has a controlling financial interest in the entity. VIEs are consolidated if the Company has the power to direct the activities of the VIE that significantly impact financial performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE (i.e., the Company is the primary beneficiary).

Investments in VIEs where the Company is not the primary beneficiary of a VIE are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The determination of whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE is reassessed on an ongoing basis. The consolidation status may change as a result of these reassessments.

These investments are included in Equity Investments on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The maximum potential exposure to losses relative to investments in VIEs is generally limited to the sum of the outstanding balance, future funding commitments and any related loans to the entity, both funded and unfunded. Loans to these entities are underwritten in substantially the same manner as other loans and are generally secured.

Resell Agreements

The Company enters into short-term resell agreements backed by residential first-lien mortgage loans. The Company obtains possession of collateral with a market value equal to or in excess of the principal amount loaned under resell agreements. The Company had $48.7 million and $23.7 million in resell agreements as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The resell agreements were entered into at par, and earned $3.7 million, $5.9 million, and $0.7 million in interest income for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Interest income on resell agreements is reported in interest income from securities on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Segment Information

Public companies are required to report certain financial information about significant revenue-producing segments of the business for which such information is available and utilized by the chief operating decision maker. Substantially all of our operations occur through the Bank and involve the delivery of loan and deposit products to customers. Management makes operating decisions and assesses performance based on an ongoing review of its banking operation, which constitutes our only operating segment for financial reporting purposes. We do not consider our trust and investment management business as a separate segment.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock is carried at cost. Shares issued out of treasury are valued based on the weighted average cost.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. The reclassifications had no impact to net income on the Consolidated Statements of Income or the stockholders' equity on the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.

Adopted Accounting Standards Effective in 2023 / Adopted Accounting Standards Effective in 2024 and 2025

Adopted Accounting Standards Effective in 2023

ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 inclusive of subsequent amendments as of January 1, 2023. ASU No. 2016-13 amends guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held on an amortized cost basis and available-for-sale debt securities, as well as off balance sheet credit exposures. For assets held at amortized cost, ASU No. 2016-13 eliminates the probable incurred recognition threshold in current GAAP and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The amendments in ASU No. 2016-13 replace the incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects the measurement of expected credit losses based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. For available for sale debt securities, credit losses will be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. For the Company, the amendments affected loans, debt securities, off-balance sheet credit exposures, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash.

The Company adopted ASU No. 2016-13 on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the adoption date and, accordingly, the Company recorded a $24.6 million increase to the allowance for credit losses, a $6.8 million increase to deferred tax assets, and a decrease of $17.8 million to retained earnings as of January 1, 2023. The results for prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

The following table illustrates the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13.


	January 1, 2023
	Gross Adjustment		Tax Impact		Net Adjustment to Retained Earnings
Assets:
Allowance for credit losses on held-to-maturity securities	$	668	$	(184)	$	484
Allowance for credit losses on loans	21,229		(5,849)		15,380

Liabilities:
Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures	2,705		(744)		1,961

Total Day 1 Adjustment for Adoption of ASU 2016-13	$	24,602	$	(6,777)	$	17,825

Adopted Accounting Standards Effective in 2024

ASU 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323) - Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method

On March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-02, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method, which is intended to expand the use of the proportional amortization method of accounting, previously allowed only for investments in low-income housing tax credit structures, to equity investments in other tax credit structures that meet certain criteria. The proportional amortization method results in the tax credit investment being amortized in proportion to the allocation of tax credits and other tax benefits in each period, and net presentation within the income tax line item. This expansion to other investments simplifies the accounting for reporting entities and can provide users with a better understanding of these investments. The Company adopted the standard for the year ended December 31, 2024. The adoption did not impact the existing equity investments in tax structures through December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company invested in one investment which was in compliance with ASU 2023-02.

ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

On November 27, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments enhance interim disclosure requirements, clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss, provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and contain other disclosure requirements. The purpose of the amendments is to enable investors to better understand an entity’s overall performance and assess potential future cash flows. A public entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company adopted the standard for the year ended December 31, 2024. The adoption resulted in a disclosure requirement but did not result in a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 20.

Adopted Accounting Standards Effective in 2025

ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in ASU 2023-09 address investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The update will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the standard for the year ended December 31, 2025 and applied a retrospective application to provide for comparative-period disclosures. The updated disclosures are presented in Note 10.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assumptions are developed based on prioritizing information within a fair value hierarchy that gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable data. A description of the disclosure hierarchy and the types of financial instruments recorded at fair value that management believes would generally qualify for each category are as follows:

Level 1 - Valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Accordingly, valuation of these assets and liabilities does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Examples include most U.S. Government securities and exchange-traded equity securities.

Level 2 - Valuations are based on either quoted prices in markets that are not considered to be active or significant inputs to the methodology that are observable, either directly or indirectly. Financial instruments in this level would generally include mortgage-related securities and other debt issued by GSEs, non-GSE mortgage-related securities, corporate debt, certain redeemable fund investments and certain trust preferred securities.

Level 3 - Valuations are based on inputs to the methodology that are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets and liabilities.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Available for sale securities

The Company’s available for sale securities are reported at fair value. Investments in fixed income securities are generally valued based on evaluations provided by an independent pricing service. These evaluations represent an exit price or their opinion as to what a buyer would pay for a security, typically in an institutional round lot position, in a current sale. The pricing service utilizes evaluated pricing techniques that vary by asset class and incorporate available market information and, because many fixed income securities do not trade on a daily basis, applies available information through processes such as benchmark curves, benchmarking of available securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Model processes, such as option adjusted spread models, are used to value securities that have prepayment features. In those limited cases where pricing service evaluations are not available for a fixed income security, such as PACE assessments, management will typically value those instruments using observable market inputs in a discounted cash flow analysis.

Derivatives

Derivatives represent interest rate option contracts and interest rate swaps and estimated fair values are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date.