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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number: 001-31567
CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Hawaii |  | 99-0212597
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

220 South King Street, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
(808) 544-0500
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, No Par Value |  | CPF |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares outstanding of registrant's common stock, no par value, on April 14, 2023 was 27,005,545 shares.

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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Form 10-Q
Table of Contents

| Page
Part I. | Financial Information | 3
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Consolidated Balance Sheets - March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Income - Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity - Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - Three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 9
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 10
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 50
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 70
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 70
Part II. | Other Information | 71
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 71
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 71
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 71
Item 6. | Exhibits | 72
Signatures |  | 73

2

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Forward-Looking Statements and Factors that Could Affect Future Results
Certain statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q that are not statements of historical fact constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "Act"), notwithstanding that such statements are not specifically identified. In addition, certain statements may be contained in our future filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), in press releases and in oral and written statements made by us or with our approval that are not statements of historical fact and constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Act. Examples of forward-looking statements include but are not limited to: (i) projections of revenues, expenses, income or loss, earnings or loss per share, capital expenditures, the payment or nonpayment of dividends, capital position, credit losses, and net interest margin or other financial items; (ii) statements of plans, objectives and expectations of Central Pacific Financial Corp. or its management or Board of Directors, including those relating to business plans, use of capital resources, products or services and regulatory developments and regulatory actions; (iii) statements of future economic performance including anticipated performance results from our Banking-as-a-Service ("BaaS") initiative; and (iv) any statements of the assumptions underlying or relating to any of the foregoing. Words such as "believes," "plans," "anticipates," "expects," "intends," "forecasts," "hopes," "targeting," "continue," "remain," "will," "should," "estimates," "may" and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying such statements.
While we believe that our forward-looking statements and the assumptions underlying them are reasonably based, such statements and assumptions are by their nature subject to risks and uncertainties, and thus could later prove to be inaccurate or incorrect. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from those statements or projections for a variety of reasons. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from those discussed in the forward-looking statements include but are not limited to:
•the effects of inflation and rising interest rates;
•the adverse effects of recent bank failures and the potential impact of such developments on customer confidence, deposit behavior, liquidity and regulatory responses thereto;
•the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic virus (and ongoing pandemic variants) on local, national and international economies, including, but not limited to, the adverse impact on tourism and construction in the State of Hawaii, our borrowers, customers, third-party contractors, vendors and employees;
•supply chain disruptions;
•the increase in inventory or adverse conditions in the real estate market and deterioration in the construction industry;
•adverse changes in the financial performance and/or condition of our borrowers and, as a result, increased loan delinquency rates, deterioration in asset quality, and losses in our loan portfolio;
•our ability to successfully implement and achieve the objectives of our BaaS initiatives, including adoption of the initiatives by customers and risks faced by any of our bank collaborations including reputational and regulatory risk;
•the impact of local, national, and international economies and events (including natural disasters such as wildfires, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, tsunamis, storms, earthquakes and pandemic viruses and diseases, including COVID-19) on the Company's business and operations and on tourism, the military, and other major industries operating within the Hawaii market and any other markets in which the Company does business;
•deterioration or malaise in domestic economic conditions, including any destabilization in the financial industry and deterioration of the real estate market, as well as the impact of declining levels of consumer and business confidence in the state of the economy in general and in financial institutions in particular;
•changes in estimates of future reserve requirements based upon the periodic review thereof under relevant regulatory and accounting requirements;
•the impact of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), changes in capital standards, other regulatory reform and federal and state legislation, including but not limited to regulations promulgated by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB"), government-sponsored enterprise reform, and any related rules and regulations which affect our business operations and competitiveness;
•the costs and effects of legal and regulatory developments, including legal proceedings or regulatory or other governmental inquiries and proceedings and the resolution thereof, the results of regulatory examinations or reviews
3

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and the effect of, and our ability to comply with, any regulations or regulatory orders or actions we are or may become subject to;
•ability to successfully implement our initiatives to lower our efficiency ratio;
•the effects of and changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws, including the interest rate policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the "FRB" or the "Federal Reserve");
•securities market and monetary fluctuations, including the replacement of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") Index and the impact on our loans and debt which are tied to that index and uncertainties regarding potential alternative reference rates, including the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR");
•negative trends in our market capitalization and adverse changes in the price of the Company's common stock;
•political instability;
•acts of war or terrorism;
•pandemic virus and disease, including COVID-19;
•changes in consumer spending, borrowings and savings habits;
•failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
•cybersecurity and data privacy breaches and the consequence therefrom;
•the ability to address deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures;
•technological changes and developments;
•changes in the competitive environment among financial holding companies and other financial service providers;
•the effect of changes in accounting policies and practices, as may be adopted by the regulatory agencies, as well as the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB"), the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") and other accounting standard setters and the cost and resources required to implement such changes;
•our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
•changes in our personnel, organization, compensation and benefit plans;
•and our success at managing the risks involved in the foregoing items.
For further information with respect to factors that could cause actual results to materially differ from the expectations or projections stated in the forward-looking statements, please see the Company's publicly available Securities and Exchange Commission filings, including the Company's Form 10-K for the last fiscal year and in particular, the discussion of "Risk Factors" set forth therein and herein. We urge investors to consider all of these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this document. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statement is made, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events except as required by law.
4

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Item 1. Financial Statements
CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 108,535 |  |  | $ | 97,150 |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks | 90,247 |  |  | 14,894 |
Investment securities: |  |  |
Available-for-sale debt securities, at fair value | 687,188 |  |  | 671,794 |
Held-to-maturity debt securities, at amortized cost; fair value of: $599,300 at March 31, 2023 and $596,780 at December 31, 2022 | 658,596 |  |  | 664,883 |
Total investment securities | 1,345,784 |  |  | 1,336,677 |
Loans held for sale | — |  |  | 1,105 |
Loans | 5,557,397 |  |  | 5,555,466 |
Allowance for credit losses | (63,099) |  |  | (63,738) |
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses | 5,494,298 |  |  | 5,491,728 |
Premises and equipment, net | 93,761 |  |  | 91,634 |
Accrued interest receivable | 20,473 |  |  | 20,345 |
Investment in unconsolidated entities | 45,953 |  |  | 46,641 |
Mortgage servicing rights | 8,943 |  |  | 9,074 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 168,244 |  |  | 167,967 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 11,960 |  |  | 9,146 |
Right-of-use lease asset | 34,237 |  |  | 34,985 |
Other assets | 98,812 |  |  | 111,417 |
Total assets | $ | 7,521,247 |  |  | $ | 7,432,763 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | $ | 2,028,087 |  |  | $ | 2,092,823 |
Interest-bearing demand | 1,386,913 |  |  | 1,453,167 |
Savings and money market | 2,184,675 |  |  | 2,199,028 |
Time | 1,147,293 |  |  | 991,205 |
Total deposits | 6,746,968 |  |  | 6,736,223 |
FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings | 25,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
Long-term debt (net of debt issuance costs of $627 at March 31, 2023 and $688 at December 31, 2022) | 155,920 |  |  | 105,859 |
Lease liability | 35,076 |  |  | 35,889 |
Other liabilities | 87,357 |  |  | 96,921 |
Total liabilities | 7,050,321 |  |  | 6,979,892 |
Contingent liabilities and other commitments (see Notes 8, 16 and 17) |  |  |
Equity |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, authorized 1,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: none at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value, authorized 185,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding: 27,005,545 at March 31, 2023 and 27,025,070 at December 31, 2022 | 405,866 |  |  | 408,071 |
Additional paid-in capital | 101,188 |  |  | 101,346 |
Retained earnings | 96,600 |  |  | 87,438 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (132,728) |  |  | (143,984) |
Total shareholders' equity | 470,926 |  |  | 452,871 |
Total equity | 470,926 |  |  | 452,871 |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 7,521,247 |  |  | $ | 7,432,763 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
5

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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 58,269 |  |  | $ | 44,949 |  |  |  |  |
Interest and dividends on investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable interest | 7,336 |  |  | 6,969 |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt interest | 790 |  |  | 816 |  |  |  |  |
Dividends | — |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits in other banks | 277 |  |  | 72 |  |  |  |  |
Dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 136 |  |  | 59 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest income | 66,808 |  |  | 52,886 |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Demand | 363 |  |  | 112 |  |  |  |  |
Savings and money market | 3,386 |  |  | 329 |  |  |  |  |
Time | 6,264 |  |  | 469 |  |  |  |  |
Interest on short-term borrowings | 761 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Interest on long-term debt | 1,838 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  |  |
Total interest expense | 12,612 |  |  | 1,951 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | 54,196 |  |  | 50,935 |  |  |  |  |
Provision (credit) for credit losses | 1,852 |  |  | (3,195) |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income after provision (credit) for credit losses | 52,344 |  |  | 54,130 |  |  |  |  |
Other operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking income | 526 |  |  | 1,172 |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 2,111 |  |  | 1,861 |  |  |  |  |
Other service charges and fees | 4,985 |  |  | 4,488 |  |  |  |  |
Income from fiduciary activities | 1,321 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |  |  |
Income from bank-owned life insurance | 1,291 |  |  | 539 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 775 |  |  | 337 |  |  |  |  |
Total other operating income | 11,009 |  |  | 9,551 |  |  |  |  |
Other operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | 22,023 |  |  | 20,942 |  |  |  |  |
Net occupancy | 4,474 |  |  | 3,774 |  |  |  |  |
Equipment | 946 |  |  | 1,082 |  |  |  |  |
Communication | 778 |  |  | 806 |  |  |  |  |
Legal and professional services | 2,886 |  |  | 2,626 |  |  |  |  |
Computer software | 4,606 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  |  |  |
Advertising | 933 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  |  |  |
Other | 5,461 |  |  | 4,743 |  |  |  |  |
Total other operating expense | 42,107 |  |  | 38,205 |  |  |  |  |
Income before income taxes | 21,246 |  |  | 25,476 |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 5,059 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 16,187 |  |  | $ | 19,438 |  |  |  |  |
Per common share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends declared | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 26,999,138 |  |  | 27,591,390 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 27,122,012 |  |  | 27,874,924 |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 16,187 |  |  | $ | 19,438 |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of available-for-sale investment securities |  | 11,206 |  |  | (79,450) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity |  | 1,225 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of derivatives |  | (1,163) |  |  | (37) |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs |  | (12) |  |  | 100 |  |  |  |  |
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | 11,256 |  |  | (79,387) |  |  |  |  |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 27,443 |  |  | $ | (59,949) |  |  |  |  |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(Unaudited)

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accum. Other Comp. Loss |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  | Total
| (dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 27,025,070 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 408,071 |  |  | $ | 101,346 |  |  | $ | 87,438 |  |  | $ | (143,984) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 452,871 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,187 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,187 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,256 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,256 |
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,025) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,025) |
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs | (101,760) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,205) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,205) |
Share-based compensation | 82,235 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (158) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (158) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 27,005,545 |  |  | — |  |  | 405,866 |  |  | 101,188 |  |  | 96,600 |  |  | (132,728) |  |  | — |  |  | 470,926 |

| Common Shares Outstanding |  | Preferred Stock |  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Accum. Other Comp. Loss |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  | Total
| (dollars in thousands, except per share data)
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 27,714,071 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 426,091 |  |  | $ | 98,073 |  |  | $ | 42,015 |  |  | $ | (7,960) |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 558,267 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,438 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19,438 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (79,387) |  |  | — |  |  | (79,387) |
Cash dividends declared ($0.26 per share) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,201) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,201) |
Common stock sold by directors' deferred compensation plan (40,670 shares, net) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,114 |
Common stock repurchased and retired and other related costs | (234,981) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,731) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,731) |
Share-based compensation | 105,839 |  |  | — |  |  | 679 |  |  | 197 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 876 |
Non-controlling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | 27,584,929 |  |  | — |  |  | 421,153 |  |  | 98,270 |  |  | 54,252 |  |  | (87,347) |  |  | 50 |  |  | 486,378 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net income | $ | 16,187 |  |  | $ | 19,438 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Provision (credit) for credit losses | 1,852 |  |  | (3,195) |
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment | 1,628 |  |  | 1,640 |
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Cash flows from operating leases | (1,390) |  |  | (1,506) |
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights | 189 |  |  | 534 |
Net amortization and accretion of premium/discounts on investment securities | 803 |  |  | 1,401 |
Share-based compensation (benefit) expense | (158) |  |  | 197 |
Net gain on sales of residential mortgage loans | (128) |  |  | (769) |
Proceeds from sales of loans held for sale | 5,999 |  |  | 31,372 |
Originations of loans held for sale | (4,766) |  |  | (31,749) |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | (28) |  |  | (90) |
Distributions from unconsolidated entities | 31 |  |  | 66 |
Net (increase) decrease in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance | (1,304) |  |  | 1,741 |
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) | 8,388 |  |  | (26,297) |
Net tax (benefit) expense from share-based compensation | (7) |  |  | 73 |
Net change in other assets and liabilities | (9,030) |  |  | 16,553 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 18,268 |  |  | 9,410 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities of and calls on available-for-sale investment securities | 14,170 |  |  | 59,471 |
Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale | (14,913) |  |  | (66,610) |
Proceeds from maturities of and calls on held-to-maturity investment securities | 7,759 |  |  | — |
Loan payments, net | 15,085 |  |  | 6,377 |
Purchases of loan portfolios | (19,507) |  |  | (79,713) |
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance death benefits | 1,027 |  |  | — |
Net purchases of premises, equipment and land | (3,822) |  |  | (858) |
Investments in unconsolidated entities | (30) |  |  | (495) |
Net purchases of FHLB stock | (2,814) |  |  | (979) |
Net cash used in investing activities | (3,045) |  |  | (82,807) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in deposits | 10,745 |  |  | (40,127) |
Net increase in FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings | 20,000 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from long-term debt | 50,000 |  |  | — |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | (7,025) |  |  | (7,201) |
Repurchases of common stock and other related costs | (2,205) |  |  | (6,731) |
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock and stock option exercises | — |  |  | 679 |
Net cash provided (used in) by financing activities | 71,515 |  |  | (53,380) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 86,738 |  |  | (126,777) |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 112,044 |  |  | 328,907 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 198,782 |  |  | $ | 202,130 |

CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 9,664 |  |  | $ | 1,266 |
Income taxes | — |  |  | 3,283 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash information: |  |  |
Net change in common stock held by directors’ deferred compensation plan | — |  |  | (1,114) |
Net transfer of investment securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity at fair value | — |  |  | 329,503 |
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity at fair value | 1,668 |  |  | — |
Other intangible assets and services provided in exchange for Swell common stock | — |  |  | 1,500 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Central Pacific Financial Corp. and Subsidiaries (herein referred to as the "Company," "we," "us," or "our") have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations.
These interim condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and notes thereto filed on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been made and include all normal recurring adjustments. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the year.
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
In January 2020, we acquired a 50% ownership interest in a mortgage loan origination and brokerage company, Oahu HomeLoans, LLC. The bank concluded that the entity met the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") and that the Bank was the primary beneficiary of the VIE. As a result, the investment met the consolidation requirements under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, "Consolidation." Accordingly, the investment has been consolidated into our financial statements. In March 2022, Oahu HomeLoans, LLC was terminated.
The Company has 50% ownership interests in three other mortgage loan origination and brokerage companies, which are accounted for using the equity method and are included in investment in unconsolidated entities: Gentry HomeLoans, LLC, Haseko HomeLoans, LLC and Island Pacific HomeLoans, LLC.
The Company has low income housing tax credit partnership investments that are accounted for under the proportional amortization method and are included in investment in unconsolidated entities.
During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested $2.0 million in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"), a new fintech company, which included $1.5 million in other intangible assets and services provided in exchange for Swell non-voting common stock and $0.5 million in cash in exchange for Swell preferred stock. During the fourth quarter of 2022, Swell launched a consumer banking application that combines checking, credit and more into one integrated account, with Central Pacific Bank serving as the bank sponsor. Swell began with an alpha pilot, where members of its waitlist were invited to sign up for Swell Cash and Credit. In addition, the Company is also collaborating with Swell and Elevate Credit, Inc. (NYSE: ELVT), a provider of digital solutions. In the first quarter of 2023, Elevate was acquired by Park Cities Asset Management, LLC, who is also the largest investor in Swell.The Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over Swell and the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment is included in investments in unconsolidated entities.
In 2021, the Company committed $2.0 million to the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P., an investment fund designed to help develop and accelerate technology adoption at community banks across the United States. The Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P. and the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that that the cost method for the investment was appropriate. The investment is included in investment in unconsolidated entities. The Company had $1.1 million and $1.3 million in unfunded commitments related to the investment as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
The Company also has other non-controlling equity investments in affiliates that are accounted for under the cost method and are included in investment in unconsolidated entities.
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Investments in unconsolidated entities accounted for under the equity, proportional amortization and cost methods were $0.1 million, $40.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively, at March 31, 2023 and $0.1 million, $40.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively, at December 31, 2022. The Company's policy for determining impairment of these investments includes an evaluation of whether a loss in value of an investment is other-than-temporary. Evidence of a loss in value includes absence of an ability to recover the carrying amount of the investment or the inability of the investee to sustain an earnings capacity, which would justify the carrying amount of the investment. Impairment tests are performed whenever indicators of impairment are present. If the value of an investment declines and it is considered other-than-temporary, the investment is written down to its respective fair value in the period in which this determination is made.
The Company sponsors the Central Pacific Bank Foundation, which is not consolidated in the Company's financial statements.
Investment Securities
Investments in debt securities are designated as trading, available-for-sale ("AFS"), or held-to-maturity ("HTM"). Investments in debt securities are designated as HTM only if we have the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. HTM securities are reported at amortized cost in the consolidated balance sheets. Trading securities are reported at fair value, with changes in fair value included in net income. Debt securities not classified as HTM or trading are classified as AFS and are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable taxes, excluded from net income and included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI").
Transfers of investment securities from AFS to HTM are accounted for at fair value as of the date of the transfer. The difference between the fair value and the par value at the date of transfer is considered a premium or discount and is accounted for accordingly. Any unrealized gain or loss at the date of the transfer is reported in AOC and amortized over the remaining life of the security as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the amortization of any premium or discount, which will offset or mitigate the effect on interest income of the amortization of the premium or discount for that HTM security.
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value included in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or a similar investment.
The Company classifies its investment securities portfolio into the following major security types: mortgage-backed securities ("MBS"), other debt securities and equity securities. The Company’s MBS portfolio is comprised primarily of residential MBS issued by United States of America ("U.S.") government entities and agencies. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by an agency of the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The remainder of the MBS portfolio are commercial MBS issued by U.S government entities and agencies (with no minimum credit rating), non-agency residential MBS (with a minimum credit rating of AAA) and non-agency commercial MBS (with a minimum credit rating of BBB and meets the minimum internal credit guidelines).
The Company’s other debt securities portfolio is comprised of obligations issued by U.S. government entities and agencies, obligations issued by states and political subdivisions (with a minimum credit rating of BBB), and corporate bonds (with a minimum credit rating of BBB-).
Interest income on investment securities includes amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. We amortize premiums and accrete discounts using the effective interest method over the life of the respective security instrument. Gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.
A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on non-accrual status is reversed against current period interest income. There were no investment securities on nonaccrual status as of March 31, 2023 and the Company did not reverse any accrued interest against interest income during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Allowance for Credit Losses (“ACL”) for AFS Debt Securities
AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position are evaluated for impairment at least quarterly. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether or not it intends to sell, or if it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the investment security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through net income.
For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In conducting this assessment for debt securities in an unrealized loss position,
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management evaluates the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the investment security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in AOCI.
Changes in the ACL are recorded as a provision for (or reversal of) credit losses. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
As of March 31, 2023, the decline in market values of our AFS debt securities was primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and volatility in the financial markets. We have no intent to sell securities in an unrealized loss position and it is unlikely we will be required to sell such securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Therefore, we did not record any ACL as a result of credit loss.
The Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost basis of debt securities and report accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities together with accrued interest receivable on HTM securities and loans in the consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $2.9 million and $3.1 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
ACL for HTM Debt Securities
Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. For pools of such securities with common risk characteristics, the historical lifetime probability of default and severity of loss in the event of default is derived or obtained from external sources. Expected credit losses for these securities are estimated using a loss rate methodology, which considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.
Expected credit loss on each security in the HTM portfolio that do not share common risk characteristics with any of the pools of debt securities is individually measured based on net realizable value, or the difference between the discounted value of the expected future cash flows, based on the original effective interest rate, and the recorded amortized cost basis of the security.
Securities in the HTM portfolio are issued by or contain collateral issued by U.S. government sponsored enterprises ("GSEs") and carry implicit guarantees from the U.S. government. Due to the implicit guarantee and the long history of no credit losses, no allowance for credit losses was recorded for these securities.
Accrued interest on HTM debt securities is reported in accrued interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.
Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt securities totaled $1.3 million and $1.3 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (the "FHLB"), the bank is required to obtain and hold a specific number of shares of FHLB capital stock equal to the sum of a membership investment requirement and an activity-based investment requirement. The securities are reported at cost and are presented separately in the consolidated balance sheets.
Loans
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost, net of the ACL. Amortized cost is the unpaid principal amount outstanding, net of unamortized purchase premiums and discounts, unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs and cumulative principal charge-offs. Purchase premiums and discounts are generally amortized into interest income over the contractual terms of the underlying loans using the effective interest method. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income over the life of the related loan as an adjustment to the yield and typically amortized using the interest method over the contractual term of the loan, adjusted for actual prepayments. Deferred loan fees and costs on loans paid in full are recognized as a component of interest income on loans.
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Interest income on loans is accrued at the contractual rate of interest on the unpaid principal balance. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $16.3 million and $16.0 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is reported together with accrued interest on HTM and AFS debt securities on the consolidated balance sheets. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” the Company made the accounting policy election to not measure an estimate of credit losses on accrued interest receivable as the Company writes off any uncollectible accrued interest receivable in a timely manner.
Nonaccrual Loans
The Company determines delinquency status by considering the number of days full payments required by the contractual terms of the loan are past due. Commercial, scored small business, automobile and other consumer loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal and/or interest payments are 90 days past due, or earlier should management determine that the borrowers will be unable to meet contractual principal and/or interest obligations, unless the loans are well-secured and in the process of collection. Residential mortgage and home equity loans, are generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal and/or interest payments are 120 days past due, or earlier should management determine that the borrowers will be unable to meet contractual principal and/or interest obligations, unless the loans are well-secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period interest income should management determine that the collectability of such accrued interest is doubtful. All subsequent receipts are applied to principal outstanding and no interest income is recognized unless the financial condition and payment record of the borrowers warrant such recognition and the loan is restored to accrual status. A nonaccrual loan may be restored to an accrual basis when principal and interest payments are current for a predetermined period, normally at least six months, and full payment of principal and interest is reasonably assured.
Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”) Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02
The Company adopted ASU No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures", using the prospective transition method. Thus, the Company will continue to account for existing TDRs under the TDR accounting guidance and all new loan modifications will be accounted for under the new loan modification accounting model as described in Note 2 - Recent Accounting Pronouncements.
Prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02, on January 1, 2023, the Company accounted for and reported a loan as a TDR when two conditions were met: 1) the borrower was experiencing financial difficulty and 2) the Company granted a concession to the borrower experiencing financial difficulty that it would not otherwise consider for a borrower or transaction with similar credit risk characteristics. A restructuring that resulted in only an insignificant delay in payment was not considered a concession. A delay may have been considered insignificant if 1) the payments subject to the delay were insignificant relative to the unpaid principal or collateral value and the contractual amount due or 2) the delay in timing of the restructured payment period was insignificant relative to the frequency of payments, the debt’s original contractual maturity or original expected duration.
TDRs that were performing and on accrual status as of the date of the modification remained on accrual status. TDRs that were nonperforming as of the date of modification generally remained as nonaccrual until the prospect of future payments in accordance with the modified loan agreement was reasonably assured and generally demonstrated when the borrower maintained compliance with the restructured terms for a predetermined period of at least six months. TDRs with temporary below-market concessions remained designated as a TDR regardless of the accrual or performance status until the loan was paid off.
Expected credit losses are estimated on a collective (pool) basis when they share similar risk characteristics. A TDR financial asset was evaluated with other financial assets on a collective basis if it shared similar characteristics with other financial assets and individually evaluated if it did not share similar risk characteristics with other financial assets. The Company’s ACL reflects all effects of a TDR when an individual asset is specifically identified as a reasonably expected TDR. The Company determined a TDR was reasonably expected no later than the point at which the lender concluded that a modification was the best course of action and it was at least reasonably possible for the troubled borrower to accept some form of concession from the lender to avoid a default. Reasonably expected TDRs and executed TDRs were evaluated to determine the required ACL using the same method as all other loans held for investment, except when the value of a concession could not be measured using a method other than the discounted cash flow method. When the value of a concession was measured using the discounted cash flow method, the ACL was determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at the original interest rate of the loan. Based on the underlying risk characteristics, TDRs performing in accordance with their modified contractual terms may be collectively evaluated.
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ACL for Loans
Under the current expected credit loss methodology, the ACL for loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Our policy is to charge off a loan during the period in which the loan is deemed to be uncollectible and all interest previously accrued, but not collected is reversed against current period interest income. We consider a loan to be uncollectible when it is probable that a loss will be incurred and the Company can make a reasonable estimate of the loss. In these instances, the likelihood and/or time frame of recovery for the amount due is uncertain, weak, or protracted. Subsequent receipts, if any, are credited first to the remaining principal, then to the ACL for loans as recoveries, and finally to unaccrued interest.
The ACL for loans represents management's estimate of all expected credit losses over the expected life of our existing loan portfolio. Management estimates the ACL balance using relevant available information about the collectability of cash flows, from internal and external sources, including historical information relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. When the Company is unable to forecast future economic events, management may revert to historical information.
The Company's methodologies incorporate a reasonable and supportable forecast period of one year and revert to historical loss information on a straight-line basis over one year when its forecast is no longer deemed reasonable and supportable.
The Company maintains an ACL at an appropriate level as of a given balance sheet date to absorb management’s best estimate of expected life of loan credit losses.
Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the Company’s expected credit loss estimate. Adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, or when historical asset terms do not reflect the contractual terms of the financial assets being evaluated.
The ACL methodology may also consider other adjustments to address changes in conditions, trends, and circumstances such as local industry changes that could have a significant impact on the risk profile of the loan portfolio and provide for adjustments that may not be reflected and/or captured in the historical loss data. These factors include: lending policies, imprecision in forecasting future economic conditions, loan profile, lending staff, problem loan trends, loan review, collateral, credit concentration, or other internal and external factors.
The Company uses the Moody’s Analytics Baseline forecast service for its economic forecast assumption. The Moody’s Analytics Baseline forecast includes both National and Hawaii specific economic indicators. The Moody’s Analytics forecast service is widely used in the industry as it is reasonable and supportable. It is updated at least monthly with a variety of upside and downside economic scenarios from the Baseline. Generally, the Company will use the most recent Baseline forecast from Moody’s as of the balance sheet date. During times of economic and market volatility or instability, the Company may include a qualitative factor for forecast imprecision that accounts for other potential economic scenarios available by Moody’s Analytics or may apply overrides to its statistical models to enhance the reasonableness of its loss estimates.
The ACL is measured on a collective or pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company segments its portfolio generally by Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council ("FFIEC") Call Report codes. Loan pools are further segmented by risk utilizing the most appropriate risk ratings or bands of payment delinquency (including TDR or non-accrual status) for each segment. Additional sub-segmentation may be utilized to identify groups of loans with unique risk characteristics relative to the rest of the portfolio.
The Company relies on a third-party platform that offers multiple methodologies to measure historical life-of-loan losses. The Company has also developed statistical models internally to incorporate future economic conditions and forecast expected credit losses based on various macro-economic indicators such as unemployment and income levels.
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The Company has identified the following portfolio segments to measure the allowance for credit losses. For all segments the economic forecast length is one year and reversion method is one year.

Loan Segment |  | Historical Lifetime Loss Method |  | Historical Lookback Period |  | Economic Forecast Length |  | Reversion Method
Construction |  | Probability of Default/Loss Given Default ("PD/LGD") |  | 2008-Present |  | One Year |  | One Year (straight-line basis)
Commercial real estate |  | PD/LGD |  | 2008-Present |  |
Multi-family mortgage |  | PD/LGD |  | 2008-Present |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural |  | PD/LGD |  | 2008-Present |  |
Home equity lines of credit |  | Loss-Rate Migration |  | 2008-Present |  |
Residential mortgage |  | Loss-Rate Migration |  | 2008-Present |  |
Consumer - other revolving |  | Loss-Rate Migration |  | 2008-Present |  |
Consumer - non-revolving |  | Loss-Rate Migration |  | 2008-Present |  |
Purchased Mainland portfolios (Dealer, Other consumer) |  | Weighted-Average Remaining Maturity ("WARM") |  | 2008-Present |  |

Below is a description and the risk characteristics of each segment:
Construction loans
Construction loans include both residential and commercial development projects. Each construction project is evaluated for economic viability and construction loans pose higher credit risks than typical secured loans. Financial strength of the borrower, completion risk (the risk that the project will not be completed on time and within budget) and geographic location are the predominant risk characteristics of this segment.
Commercial real estate loans
Commercial real estate loans are secured by commercial properties. The predominant risk characteristic of this segment is operating risk, which is the risk that the borrower will be unable to generate sufficient cash flows from the operation of the property. Interest rate conditions and the commercial real estate market through economic cycles also impact risk levels.
Multi-family mortgage loans
Multi-family mortgage loans can comprise multi-building properties with extensive amenities to a single building with no amenities. The primary risk characteristic of this segment is operating risk or the ability to generate sufficient rental cash flows from the operation of the property.
Commercial, financial and agricultural loans
Commercial, financial and agricultural loans consist primarily of term loans and lines of credit to small and middle-market businesses and professionals. The predominant risk characteristics of this segment are the cash flows of the business we lend to, global cash flows including guarantor liquidity, as well as economic and market conditions. Although our underwriting policy and practice generally requires secondary sources of support or collateral to mitigate risk, the borrower’s business is typically regarded as the principal source of repayment.
Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans are also in this category and are considered lower risk as they are guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) and may be forgivable in whole or in part in accordance with the requirements of the PPP.
Residential mortgage loans
Residential mortgage loans include fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans secured by single family owner-occupied primary residences in Hawaii. Economic conditions such as unemployment levels, future changes in interest rates, Hawaii home prices and other market factors impact the level of credit risk inherent in the portfolio.
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Home equity lines of credit
Home equity lines of credit include fixed or floating interest rate loans and are primarily secured by single family owner-occupied primary residences in Hawaii. They are underwritten based on a minimum FICO score, maximum debt-to-income ratio, and maximum combined loan-to-value ratio. Home equity lines of credit are monitored based on credit score, delinquency, end of draw period and maturity.
Consumer loans - other revolving
This segment consists of consumer unsecured lines of credit. Its predominant risk characteristics relate to current and projected economic conditions as well as employment and income levels attributed to the borrower.
Consumer loans - non-revolving
This segment consists of consumer non-revolving (term) loans, including auto dealer loans. Its predominant risk characteristics relate to current and projected economic conditions as well as employment and income levels attributed to the borrower.
Purchased consumer portfolios
Credit risk for purchased consumer loans is managed on a pooled basis. The predominant risk characteristics of purchased consumer loans include current and projected economic conditions, employment and income levels, and the quality of purchased consumer loans.
Below is a description of the methodologies mentioned above:
Probability of Default/Loss Given Default ("PD/LGD")
The PD/LGD calculation is based on a cohort methodology whereby loans in the same cohort are tracked over time to identify defaults and corresponding losses. PD/LGD analysis requires a portfolio segmented into pools, and we elected to then further sub-segment by risk characteristics suc h as Risk Rating, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure losses accurately. PD measures the count or dollar amount of loans that defaulted in a given cohort. LGD measures the losses related to the loans that defaulted. Total loss rate is calculated using the formula 'PD times LGD'.
Loss-Rate Migration
Loss-rate migration analysis is a cohort-based approach that measures cumulative net charge-offs over a defined time-horizon to calculate a loss rate that will be applied to the loan pool. Loss-rate migration analysis requires the portfolio to be segmented into pools then further sub-segmented by risk characteristics such as days past due, delinquency counters, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure loss rates accurately. The key inputs to run a loss-rate migration analysis are the length and frequency of the migration period, the dates for the migration periods to start and the number of migration periods used for the analysis. For each migration period, the analysis will determine the outstanding balance in each segment and/or sub-segment at the start of each period. These loans will then be followed for the length of the migration period to identify the amount of associated charge-offs and recoveries. A loss rate for each migration period is calculated using the formula 'net charge-offs over the period divided by beginning loan balance'.
Weighted-Average Remaining Maturity ("WARM")
Under the WARM methodology, lifetime losses are calculated by determining the remaining life of the loan pool and then applying a loss rate which includes a forecast component over this remaining life of the loan. The methodology considers historical loss experience and a loss forecast expectation to estimate credit losses for the remaining balance of the loan pool. The calculated loss rate is applied to the contractual term (adjusted for prepayments) to determine the loan pool’s current expected credit losses.
Other
If a loan ceases to share similar risk characteristics with other loans in its segment, it will be moved to a different pool sharing similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis based on the fair value of the collateral or other approaches such as the discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method. Individually evaluated loans are not included in the collective evaluation.
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Determining the Term
Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans and are adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: 1) management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a modification will be executed with an individual borrower or 2) the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company. If such renewal options or extensions are present, these options are evaluated in determining the contractual term.
Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures
The Company maintains a separate and distinct reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company estimates the amount of expected losses (excluding commitments identified as unconditionally cancellable) by calculating a commitment usage factor for letters of credit, non-revolving lines of credit, and revolving lines of credit over the remaining life during which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit.
Letters of credit are generally unlikely to advance since they are typically in place only to ensure various forms of performance of the borrowers. Many of the letters of credit are cash secured. Non-revolving lines of credit are determined to be likely to advance as these are typically construction lines. Meanwhile, the likelihood of revolving lines of credit advancing varies with each individual borrower. Therefore, the future usage of each line was estimated based on the average line utilization of the revolving line of credit portfolio as a whole.
The reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures also applies the loss factors for each loan type used in the ACL for loans methodology, which is based on historical losses, economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Changes in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures is recorded as a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures, which is included in the provision for credit losses on the Company's statement of income.
2. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-01, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging—Portfolio Layer Method", which clarifies the guidance on fair value hedge accounting of interest rate risk portfolios of financial assets. ASU 2022-01 updates guidance in Topic 815, to expand the scope of the current last-of-layer method to allow multiple hedged layers to be designated for a single closed portfolio of financial assets or one or more beneficial interests secured by a portfolio of financial instruments on a prospective basis. Additionally, ASU 2022-01 clarifies that basis adjustments related to existing portfolio layer hedge relationships should not be considered when measuring credit losses on the financial assets included in the closed portfolio. Further, ASU 2022-01 clarifies that any reversal of fair value hedge basis adjustments associated with an actual breach should be recognized in interest income immediately. ASU 2022-01 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2022-01 effective January 1, 2023 and it did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements as we currently do not use the last-of-layer hedge accounting method.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, "Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures". ASU 2022-02 updates guidance in Topic 326 to eliminate the TDR accounting guidance by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables—Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Instead of applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity would apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance to determine whether a modification or other form of restructuring results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Additionally, the amendments in ASU 2022-02 require that an entity disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases in the existing vintage disclosures within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses—Measured at Amortized Cost. ASU 2022-02 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2022-02 requires prospective transition for disclosures related to loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty and the presentation of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination while removing the presentation of current-period recoveries and net write-off from the vintage disclosure for charge-offs. The guidance related to the recognition and measurement of existing TDRs and new loan modifications or restructurings may be adopted on a prospective or modified retrospective transition method. The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 effective January 1, 2023 using the prospective transition method.
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As of our adoption date, loan modifications or restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are evaluated to determine whether they result in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Loan restructurings for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are generally accounted for as a continuation of the existing loan as the terms of the restructured loans are typically not at market rates. At adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023, there was no material impact on our financial statements.
When a loan is restructured under ASU 2022-02, we continue to measure impairment on the loan using the discounted cash flow method that utilizes a prepayment-adjusted discount rate based on the loan’s restructured terms. Under the TDR accounting model, we used the discount rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring to measure impairment. Using the interest rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring resulted in the recognition, in the allowance for credit losses, of the economic concession that we granted to borrowers as part of the loan restructuring. Using a post-restructuring interest rate does not result in the recognition of an economic concession in the allowance for credit losses.
As we have elected a prospective transition, the economic concession on a loan that was previously restructured and accounted for as a TDR will continue to be measured in our allowance for credit losses using the discount rate that was in effect prior to the restructuring and the economic concession may increase or decrease as we update our cash flow assumptions related to the expected life of the loan. Further, the component of the allowance for credit losses representing economic concessions will decrease as the borrower makes payments in accordance with the restructured terms of the mortgage loan and as the loan is sold, liquidated, or subsequently restructured.
We adopted the disclosure guidance related to the presentation of gross write-offs by year of origination in our vintage disclosures on January 1, 2023.
Impact of Other Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements on Future Filings
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)." This ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or other reference rates expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Entities can (1) elect not to apply certain modification accounting requirements to contracts affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. An entity that makes this election would not have to remeasure the contracts at the modification date or reassess a previous accounting determination. Entities can also (2) elect various optional expedients that would allow them to continue applying hedge accounting for hedging relationships affected by reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. Finally, entities can (3) make a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. In January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)," which clarifies that all derivative instruments affected by the changes to interest rates used for discounting, margining or contract price alignment, regardless of whether they reference LIBOR or another rate expected to be discontinued as a result of reference rate reform, an entity may apply certain practical expedients in Topic 848. ASU 2020-04 and 2021-01 are elective and can be adopted between March 12, 2020 and December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848", which extends the temporary relief provision period and allows companies to defer the adoption to December 31, 2024. The Company will elect optional expedients above for applicable contract modifications and hedge accounting for hedging relationships that meet the stated criteria. The Company does not expect the adoption of this pronouncement to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, "Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions". ASU 2022-03, (1) clarifies the guidance in Topic 820 when measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual restrictions that prohibit the sale of an equity security, (2) amends a related illustrative example, and (3) introduces new disclosure requirements for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions that are measured at fair value in accordance with Topic 820. ASU 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is in the process of evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on the consolidated financial statements.
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3. INVESTMENT SECURITIES
The amortized cost, fair value and related ACL, and corresponding gross unrecognized or unrealized gains and losses on HTM and AFS debt securities at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are as follows:

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | ACL
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 41,867 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,746) |  |  | $ | 37,121 |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 616,729 |  |  | 145 |  |  | (54,695) |  |  | 562,179 |  |  | — |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 658,596 |  |  | $ | 145 |  |  | $ | (59,441) |  |  | $ | 599,300 |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | ACL
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 170,628 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | (31,133) |  |  | $ | 139,521 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate securities |  | 36,087 |  |  | — |  |  | (4,990) |  |  | 31,097 |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | 26,533 |  |  | 5 |  |  | (2,195) |  |  | 24,343 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 488,550 |  |  | — |  |  | (67,066) |  |  | 421,484 |  |  | — |
Residential - Non-government agencies |  | 9,614 |  |  | — |  |  | (977) |  |  | 8,637 |  |  | — |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 53,597 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,797) |  |  | 45,800 |  |  | — |
Commercial - Non-government agencies |  | 16,497 |  |  | — |  |  | (191) |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 801,506 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (114,349) |  |  | $ | 687,188 |  |  | $ | — |

|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | ACL
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 41,840 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,727) |  |  | $ | 37,113 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 623,043 |  |  | — |  |  | (63,376) |  |  | 559,667 |  |  | — |
Residential - Non-government agencies |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial - Non-government agencies |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 664,883 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (68,103) |  |  | $ | 596,780 |  |  | $ | — |

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|  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | ACL
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 172,427 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (36,681) |  |  | $ | 135,752 |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate securities |  | 36,206 |  |  | — |  |  | (5,995) |  |  | 30,211 |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies |  | 28,032 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,317) |  |  | 25,715 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 498,989 |  |  | — |  |  | (75,186) |  |  | 423,803 |  |  | — |
Residential - Non-government agencies |  | 9,829 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,167) |  |  | 8,662 |  |  | — |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 54,346 |  |  | — |  |  | (8,202) |  |  | 46,144 |  |  | — |
Commercial - Non-government agencies |  | 1,541 |  |  | — |  |  | (34) |  |  | 1,507 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 801,370 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (129,582) |  |  | $ | 671,794 |  |  | $ | — |

In March 2022, the Company transferred 41 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $361.8 million and a fair market value of $329.5 million. On the date of transfer, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $32.3 million. There was no impact to net income as a result of the reclassification.
In May 2022, the Company transferred 40 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $400.9 million and a fair market value of $343.7 million. On the date of transfer, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $57.2 million. There was no impact to net income as a result of the reclassification.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a total of $1.7 million in amortization of unrecognized losses on the aforementioned investment securities transferred from AFS to HTM. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has recorded a total of $7.9 million in amortization of unrecognized losses on the aforementioned investment securities transferred from AFS to HTM.
These transfers were executed to mitigate the potential future impact to capital through accumulated other comprehensive loss in consideration of a rising interest rate environment and the impact of rising rates on the market value of the investment securities. The Company believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity for future business needs and it has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity.
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The amortized cost, estimated fair value and weighted average yield of our HTM and AFS debt securities at March 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

(dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Weighted Average Yield (1)
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Due after one year through five years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Due after five years through ten years |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Due after ten years |  | 41,867 |  |  | 37,121 |  |  | 2.26 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 616,729 |  |  | 562,179 |  |  | 1.94 |
Total held-to-maturity securities |  | $ | 658,596 |  |  | $ | 599,300 |  |  | 1.96 | %
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 5,185 |  |  | $ | 5,171 |  |  | 3.01 | %
Due after one year through five years |  | 16,601 |  |  | 16,323 |  |  | 3.90 |
Due after five years through ten years |  | 76,927 |  |  | 69,210 |  |  | 2.68 |
Due after ten years |  | 134,535 |  |  | 104,257 |  |  | 2.48 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 488,550 |  |  | 421,484 |  |  | 2.04 |
Residential - Non-government agencies |  | 9,614 |  |  | 8,637 |  |  | 3.32 |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 53,597 |  |  | 45,800 |  |  | 2.35 |
Commercial - Non-government agencies |  | 16,497 |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | 5.05 |
Total available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 801,506 |  |  | $ | 687,188 |  |  | 2.33 | %

(1)Weighted-average yields are computed on an annual basis, and yields on tax-exempt obligations are computed on a taxable-equivalent basis using a federal statutory tax rate of 21%
During three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company did not sell any investment securities. In 2022, the Company completed one sale of investment securities for its Class B common stock of Visa during the second quarter and is discussed later in this footnote.
Investment securities with carrying values totaling $699.6 million and $607.7 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds on deposit and other financial transactions.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no holdings of investment securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of shareholders' equity.
There were a total of 81 and 83 HTM investment securities which were in an unrecognized loss position, without an ACL, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were a total of 236 and 243 AFS investment securities which were in an unrealized loss position, without an ACL, at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
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Th e following tables summarize HTM and AFS investment securities, which were in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, aggregated by major security type and length of time in a continuous unrecognized or unrealized loss position.

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unrecognized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrecognized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrecognized Losses
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,121 |  |  | $ | (4,746) |  |  | $ | 37,121 |  |  | $ | (4,746) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 305,007 |  |  | (20,724) |  |  | 237,643 |  |  | (33,971) |  |  | 542,650 |  |  | (54,695) |
Total temporarily impaired securities |  | $ | 305,007 |  |  | $ | (20,724) |  |  | $ | 274,764 |  |  | $ | (38,717) |  |  | $ | 579,771 |  |  | $ | (59,441) |

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 13,008 |  |  | $ | (307) |  |  | $ | 114,337 |  |  | $ | (30,826) |  |  | $ | 127,345 |  |  | $ | (31,133) |
Corporate securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,097 |  |  | (4,990) |  |  | 31,097 |  |  | (4,990) |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S Government agencies |  | 5,749 |  |  | (140) |  |  | 17,011 |  |  | (2,055) |  |  | 22,760 |  |  | (2,195) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 9,673 |  |  | (240) |  |  | 411,811 |  |  | (66,826) |  |  | 421,484 |  |  | (67,066) |
Residential - Non-government agencies |  | 2,843 |  |  | (274) |  |  | 5,795 |  |  | (703) |  |  | 8,638 |  |  | (977) |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,800 |  |  | (7,797) |  |  | 45,800 |  |  | (7,797) |
Commercial - Non-government agencies |  | 16,306 |  |  | (191) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | (191) |
Total temporarily impaired securities |  | $ | 47,579 |  |  | $ | (1,152) |  |  | $ | 625,851 |  |  | $ | (113,197) |  |  | $ | 673,430 |  |  | $ | (114,349) |

|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unrecognized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrecognized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrecognized Losses
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 37,113 |  |  | $ | (4,727) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,113 |  |  | $ | (4,727) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 559,667 |  |  | (63,376) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 559,667 |  |  | (63,376) |
Total temporarily impaired securities |  | $ | 596,780 |  |  | $ | (68,103) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 596,780 |  |  | $ | (68,103) |

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|  | Less Than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
(dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions |  | $ | 52,244 |  |  | $ | (4,807) |  |  | $ | 78,389 |  |  | $ | (31,874) |  |  | $ | 130,633 |  |  | $ | (36,681) |
Corporate securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,211 |  |  | (5,995) |  |  | 30,211 |  |  | (5,995) |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S Government agencies |  | 9,651 |  |  | (245) |  |  | 15,541 |  |  | (2,072) |  |  | 25,192 |  |  | (2,317) |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 149,624 |  |  | (13,990) |  |  | 274,179 |  |  | (61,196) |  |  | 423,803 |  |  | (75,186) |
Residential - Non-government agencies |  | 2,890 |  |  | (334) |  |  | 5,772 |  |  | (833) |  |  | 8,662 |  |  | (1,167) |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities |  | 25,034 |  |  | (1,724) |  |  | 21,110 |  |  | (6,478) |  |  | 46,144 |  |  | (8,202) |
Commercial - Non-government agencies |  | 1,506 |  |  | (34) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,506 |  |  | (34) |
Total temporarily impaired securities |  | $ | 240,949 |  |  | $ | (21,134) |  |  | $ | 425,202 |  |  | $ | (108,448) |  |  | $ | 666,151 |  |  | $ | (129,582) |

Investment securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position are evaluated on at least a quarterly basis, and include evaluating the changes in the investment securities' ratings issued by rating agencies and changes in the financial condition of the issuer. For mortgage-related securities, delinquency and loss information with respect to the underlying collateral, changes in levels of subordination for the Company's particular position within the repayment structure, and remaining credit enhancement as compared to projected credit losses of the security are also evaluated.
The Company has evaluated its HTM and AFS investment securities that are in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position and has determined that the unrecognized or unrealized losses on the Company's investment securities are unrelated to credit quality and are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and volatility in the financial markets since purchase. All of the investment securities in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position continue to be rated investment grade by one or more major rating agencies. As the Company does not intend to sell the HTM and AFS securities that are in an unrecognized or unrealized loss position and it is unlikely that we will be required to sell these securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis that may be at maturity, the Company has not recorded an ACL on these securities and the unrecognized or unrealized losses on these securities have not been recognized into income.
Visa Class B Common Stock
During the second quarter of 2022, the Company sold its 34,631 shares of Class B common stock of Visa, Inc. ("Visa") and received net proceeds of $8.5 million. As of March 31, 2023, the Company no longer owns any shares of Class B common stock of Visa.
The Company received these shares in 2008 as part of Visa's initial public offering ("IPO"). These shares were transferable only under limited circumstances until they could be converted into shares of the publicly traded Class A common stock. This conversion will not occur until the resolution of certain litigation, which is indemnified by Visa members. Since its IPO, Visa has funded a litigation reserve to settle these litigation claims. At its discretion, Visa may continue to increase the litigation reserve based upon a change in the conversion ratio of each member bank’s restricted Class B common stock to unrestricted Class A common stock.
Due to the existing transfer restriction and the uncertainty of the outcome of the Visa litigation, the Company determined that the Visa Class B common stock did not have a readily determinable fair value and chose to carry the shares on the Company's consolidated balance sheets at zero cost basis. As a result, the entire net proceeds of $8.5 million were recognized as a pre-tax gain and included in net gain on sales of investment securities in the Company's consolidated statements of income in 2022.
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4. LOANS AND CREDIT QUALITY
The following table presents loans by class, excluding loans held for sale, net of ACL as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |
Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program | $ | 1,883 |  |  | $ | 2,654 |
Other | 555,508 |  |  | 544,495 |
Real estate: |  |  |
Construction | 182,091 |  |  | 167,366 |
Residential mortgage | 1,940,639 |  |  | 1,940,456 |
Home equity | 741,894 |  |  | 737,386 |
Commercial mortgage | 1,363,507 |  |  | 1,364,998 |
Consumer | 772,424 |  |  | 798,957 |
Gross loans | 5,557,946 |  |  | 5,556,312 |
Net deferred fees | (549) |  |  | (846) |
Total loans, net of deferred fees and costs | 5,557,397 |  |  | 5,555,466 |
Allowance for credit losses | (63,099) |  |  | (63,738) |
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses | $ | 5,494,298 |  |  | $ | 5,491,728 |

The Company did not transfer any loans to the held-for-sale category during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
The Company did not sell any loans originally held for investment during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any loans categorized as purchased credit deteriorated, or "PCD".
The following table presents loans purchased by class during the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands) | U.S. Mainland Consumer - Unsecured |  | U.S. Mainland Consumer - Automobile |  | Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases: |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance | $ | 3,780 |  |  | $ | 15,159 |  |  | $ | 18,939 |
(Discount) premium | — |  |  | 568 |  |  | 568 |
Purchase price | $ | 3,780 |  |  | $ | 15,727 |  |  | $ | 19,507 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases: |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding balance | $ | 48,142 |  |  | $ | 34,024 |  |  | $ | 82,166 |
(Discount) premium | (4,367) |  |  | 1,914 |  |  | (2,453) |
Purchase price | $ | 43,775 |  |  | $ | 35,938 |  |  | $ | 79,713 |
Note: Purchases of unsecured consumer loans were made under forward flow purchase agreements.

Foreclosure Proceedings
The Company had $1.4 million and $2.4 million of residential mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that were in the process of foreclosure at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
The Company did not foreclose on any loans during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
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The Company did not sell any foreclosed properties during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans
For all loan types, the Company determines delinquency status by considering the number of days full payments required by the contractual terms of the loan are past due. The following tables present by class, the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The following tables also present the amortized cost of loans on nonaccrual status for which there was no related ACL under ASC 326 as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

(dollars in thousands) | Accruing Loans 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | Accruing Loans 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Accruing Loans Greater Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Total Past Due and Nonaccrual |  | Loans Not Past Due |  | Total Loans |  | Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA PPP | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,821 |  |  | $ | 1,821 |  |  | $ | — |
Other | 1,114 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 264 |  |  | 1,378 |  |  | 553,686 |  |  | 555,064 |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 181,474 |  |  | 181,474 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage | 5,984 |  |  | 117 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,445 |  |  | 9,546 |  |  | 1,931,684 |  |  | 1,941,230 |  |  | 3,445 |
Home equity | 442 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 712 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  | 742,754 |  |  | 743,908 |  |  | 712 |
Commercial mortgage | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 1,361,555 |  |  | 1,361,632 |  |  | 77 |
Consumer | 4,415 |  |  | 1,396 |  |  | 1,908 |  |  | 815 |  |  | 8,534 |  |  | 763,734 |  |  | 772,268 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 11,955 |  |  | $ | 1,513 |  |  | $ | 1,908 |  |  | $ | 5,313 |  |  | $ | 20,689 |  |  | $ | 5,536,708 |  |  | $ | 5,557,397 |  |  | $ | 4,234 |

(dollars in thousands) | Accruing Loans 30 - 59 Days Past Due |  | Accruing Loans 60 - 89 Days Past Due |  | Accruing Loans Greater Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Nonaccrual Loans |  | Total Past Due and Nonaccrual |  | Loans Not Past Due |  | Total Loans |  | Nonaccrual Loans With No ACL
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA PPP | $ | 471 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 521 |  |  | $ | 2,034 |  |  | $ | 2,555 |  |  | $ | — |
Other | 546 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 542,947 |  |  | 543,947 |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 166,723 |  |  | 166,723 |  |  | — |
Residential mortgage | 303 |  |  | — |  |  | 559 |  |  | 3,808 |  |  | 4,670 |  |  | 1,936,329 |  |  | 1,940,999 |  |  | 3,808 |
Home equity | 1,540 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 570 |  |  | 2,110 |  |  | 737,270 |  |  | 739,380 |  |  | 570 |
Commercial mortgage | 160 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 160 |  |  | 1,362,915 |  |  | 1,363,075 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 5,173 |  |  | 1,921 |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 8,910 |  |  | 789,877 |  |  | 798,787 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 8,193 |  |  | $ | 2,089 |  |  | $ | 1,838 |  |  | $ | 5,251 |  |  | $ | 17,371 |  |  | $ | 5,538,095 |  |  | $ | 5,555,466 |  |  | $ | 4,378 |

Collateral-Dependent Loans
In accordance with ASC 326, a loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 under the prospective transition method eliminates the requirement to disclose collateral-dependent loans effective January 1, 2023. The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, and the related ACL allocated to these loans as of December 31, 2022:

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(dollars in thousands) | Secured by 1-4 Family Residential Properties |  | Secured by Nonfarm Nonresidential Properties |  | Secured by Real Estate and Business Assets |  |  |  | Total |  | Allocated ACL
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | $ | 5,653 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 5,653 |  |  | $ | — |
Home equity | 570 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 570 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 6,223 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,223 |  |  | $ | — |

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
Since the adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 and d uring the three months ended March 31, 2023, t he Company has not modified any material loans for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
Troubled Debt Restructurings Prior to the Adoption of ASU 2022-02
Prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02, we accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR").
Loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 included in nonperforming assets at March 31, 2023 consisted of five Hawaii loans with a principal balance of $1.1 million. There were $2.3 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 that were still accruing interest at March 31, 2023, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent. At December 31, 2022, there were $2.8 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 that were still accruing interest, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent.
The Company offered various types of concessions when modifying a loan. Concessions made to the original contractual terms of the loan typically consisted of the deferral of interest and/or principal payments due to deterioration in the borrowers' financial condition. In these cases, the principal balance on the TDR had matured and/or was in default at the time of restructure, and there were no commitments to lend additional funds to the borrower during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company did not modify any loans as a TDR prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02.

No loans were modified as a TDR prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 within the previous twelve months that subsequently defaulted during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Credit Quality Indicators
The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans by credit risk. This analysis includes non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial and commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed on a quarterly basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk rating of loans. Loans that do not meet the following criteria that are analyzed individually as part of the described process are considered to be pass-rated loans.
Special Mention. Loans classified as special mention, while still adequately protected by the borrower's capital adequacy and payment capability, exhibit distinct weakening trends and/or elevated levels of exposure to external conditions. If left unchecked or uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deteriorated prospects of repayment. These exposures require management's close attention so as to avoid becoming undue or unwarranted credit exposures.
Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the borrower's current financial condition and payment capability or of the collateral pledged, if any. These loans have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the orderly repayment of debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
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Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, and in addition have weaknesses that make collection or orderly repayment in full on the basis of current existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. Although the possibility of loss is extremely high, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until a more exact status may be determined due to certain important and reasonably specific factors that may work to the advantage and strengthening of the exposure.
Loss. Loans classified as loss are considered to be non-collectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This does not mean the loan has absolutely no recovery value, but rather it is neither practical nor desirable to defer writing off the loan, even though partial recovery may be obtained in the future. Losses are taken in the period in which they surface as uncollectible.
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The following tables present the amortized cost basis of the Company's loans by class, credit quality indicator and origination year as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Revolving loans converted to term as of and during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were not material to the total loan portfolio. In addition, the following table includes gross charge-offs of loans by origination year in the three months ended March 31, 2023.

(dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost of Term Loans by Year of Origination |  | Amortized Cost of Revolving Loans |  |
March 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  |  | Total
Commercial, financial and agricultural - SBA PPP: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,813 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,821 |
Subtotal |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,813 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,821 |
Commercial, financial and agricultural - Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 15,746 |  |  | 90,848 |  |  | 99,502 |  |  | 39,021 |  |  | 55,061 |  |  | 167,248 |  |  | 76,550 |  |  | 543,976 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | 1,025 |  |  | 326 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 866 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,378 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 786 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 7,213 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 8,710 |
Subtotal |  | 15,746 |  |  | 92,071 |  |  | 100,019 |  |  | 39,965 |  |  | 56,150 |  |  | 174,464 |  |  | 76,649 |  |  | 555,064 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | — |  |  | 43,148 |  |  | 67,495 |  |  | 17,634 |  |  | 2,363 |  |  | 31,741 |  |  | 13,141 |  |  | 175,522 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,264 |  |  | — |  |  | 688 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,952 |
Subtotal |  | — |  |  | 43,148 |  |  | 72,759 |  |  | 17,634 |  |  | 3,051 |  |  | 31,741 |  |  | 13,141 |  |  | 181,474 |
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 27,065 |  |  | 276,052 |  |  | 631,544 |  |  | 430,081 |  |  | 153,042 |  |  | 419,060 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,936,844 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 941 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,445 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,386 |
Subtotal |  | 27,065 |  |  | 276,052 |  |  | 631,544 |  |  | 431,022 |  |  | 153,042 |  |  | 422,505 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,941,230 |
Home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 2,621 |  |  | 34,091 |  |  | 22,823 |  |  | 10,251 |  |  | 7,066 |  |  | 19,154 |  |  | 647,191 |  |  | 743,197 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | 638 |  |  | — |  |  | 711 |
Subtotal |  | 2,621 |  |  | 34,091 |  |  | 22,823 |  |  | 10,251 |  |  | 7,139 |  |  | 19,792 |  |  | 647,191 |  |  | 743,908 |
Commercial mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 6,236 |  |  | 235,341 |  |  | 207,258 |  |  | 118,627 |  |  | 115,426 |  |  | 623,358 |  |  | 8,915 |  |  | 1,315,161 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,169 |  |  | 13,174 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,343 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,691 |  |  | 10,297 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,128 |
Subtotal |  | 6,236 |  |  | 235,341 |  |  | 217,398 |  |  | 118,627 |  |  | 128,286 |  |  | 646,829 |  |  | 8,915 |  |  | 1,361,632 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 22,455 |  |  | 347,894 |  |  | 226,217 |  |  | 52,531 |  |  | 44,247 |  |  | 24,122 |  |  | 52,079 |  |  | 769,545 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 365 |  |  | 119 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 834 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1,540 |
Loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,183 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,183 |
Subtotal |  | 22,455 |  |  | 347,971 |  |  | 226,582 |  |  | 52,650 |  |  | 44,391 |  |  | 26,139 |  |  | 52,080 |  |  | 772,268 |
Total |  | $ | 74,123 |  |  | $ | 1,028,674 |  |  | $ | 1,271,125 |  |  | $ | 671,962 |  |  | $ | 392,067 |  |  | $ | 1,321,470 |  |  | $ | 797,976 |  |  | $ | 5,557,397 |

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(dollars in thousands) |  | Gross Charge-Offs by Year of Origination |  | Amortized Cost of Revolving Loans |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Prior |  |  | Total
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 144 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 191 |  |  | $ | 412 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 779 |
Consumer |  | — |  |  | 904 |  |  | 1,186 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 180 |  |  | 216 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,686 |
Year-to-date gross charge-offs |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,048 |  |  | $ | 1,218 |  |  | $ | 200 |  |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | 628 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,465 |

(dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost of Term Loans by Year of Origination |  | Amortized Cost of Revolving Loans |  |
December 31, 2022 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | Prior |  |  | Total
Commercial, financial and agricultural - SBA PPP: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,546 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,555 |
Subtotal |  | — |  |  | 2,546 |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,555 |
Commercial, financial and agricultural - Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 77,550 |  |  | 101,595 |  |  | 41,358 |  |  | 53,241 |  |  | 39,106 |  |  | 141,950 |  |  | 76,466 |  |  | 531,266 |
Special Mention |  | 2,206 |  |  | 350 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | 3,867 |
Substandard |  | 188 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 833 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 7,215 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 8,814 |
Subtotal |  | 79,944 |  |  | 102,121 |  |  | 42,363 |  |  | 54,508 |  |  | 39,251 |  |  | 149,165 |  |  | 76,595 |  |  | 543,947 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 25,663 |  |  | 61,027 |  |  | 23,384 |  |  | 2,387 |  |  | 14,309 |  |  | 18,048 |  |  | 15,044 |  |  | 159,862 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | 417 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 898 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,315 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 4,850 |  |  | — |  |  | 696 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,546 |
Subtotal |  | 25,663 |  |  | 66,294 |  |  | 23,384 |  |  | 3,083 |  |  | 15,207 |  |  | 18,048 |  |  | 15,044 |  |  | 166,723 |
Residential mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 279,146 |  |  | 636,756 |  |  | 434,928 |  |  | 154,906 |  |  | 58,431 |  |  | 371,517 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,935,684 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 948 |  |  | — |  |  | 503 |  |  | 3,864 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,315 |
Subtotal |  | 279,146 |  |  | 636,756 |  |  | 435,876 |  |  | 154,906 |  |  | 58,934 |  |  | 375,381 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,940,999 |
Home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 34,973 |  |  | 23,772 |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | 7,463 |  |  | 6,880 |  |  | 11,727 |  |  | 643,277 |  |  | 738,612 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 198 |  |  | 198 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 570 |
Subtotal |  | 34,973 |  |  | 23,772 |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | 7,463 |  |  | 6,958 |  |  | 12,180 |  |  | 643,514 |  |  | 739,380 |
Commercial mortgage: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 226,137 |  |  | 208,230 |  |  | 119,531 |  |  | 129,950 |  |  | 145,932 |  |  | 472,267 |  |  | 11,473 |  |  | 1,313,520 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,388 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,082 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,470 |
Substandard |  | — |  |  | 10,149 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,700 |  |  | 2,133 |  |  | 8,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,085 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk Rating |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass |  | 358,609 |  |  | 242,942 |  |  | 59,352 |  |  | 50,899 |  |  | 20,065 |  |  | 10,958 |  |  | 54,038 |  |  | 796,863 |
Special Mention |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 113 |
Substandard |  | 1 |  |  | 261 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 790 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,311 |
Loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |
Subtotal |  | 358,610 |  |  | 243,203 |  |  | 59,443 |  |  | 51,138 |  |  | 20,107 |  |  | 12,248 |  |  | 54,038 |  |  | 798,787 |
Total |  | $ | 1,004,473 |  |  | $ | 1,293,071 |  |  | $ | 691,126 |  |  | $ | 414,136 |  |  | $ | 288,522 |  |  | $ | 1,063,474 |  |  | $ | 800,664 |  |  | $ | 5,555,466 |

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5. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AND RESERVE FOR OFF-BALANCE SHEET CREDIT EXPOSURES
The following table presents by class, the activity in the ACL for loans under ASC 326 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial, Financial and Agricultural |  | Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | SBA PPP |  | Other |  | Construction |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Home Equity |  | Commercial Mortgage |  |  |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 6,822 |  |  | $ | 2,867 |  |  | $ | 11,804 |  |  | $ | 4,114 |  |  | $ | 17,902 |  |  |  |  | $ | 20,227 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 63,738 |
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans |  | (1) |  |  | 837 |  |  | 220 |  |  | (44) |  |  | (77) |  |  | (430) |  |  |  |  | 1,110 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,615 |
Subtotal |  | 1 |  |  | 7,659 |  |  | 3,087 |  |  | 11,760 |  |  | 4,037 |  |  | 17,472 |  |  |  |  | 21,337 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65,353 |
Charge-offs |  | — |  |  | 779 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,686 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,465 |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | — |  |  | 53 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 908 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,211 |
Net charge-offs (recoveries) |  | — |  |  | 529 |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,778 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,254 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 7,130 |  |  | $ | 3,087 |  |  | $ | 11,813 |  |  | $ | 4,037 |  |  | $ | 17,472 |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,559 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 63,099 |
(dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial, Financial and Agricultural |  | Real Estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  | SBA PPP |  | Other |  | Construction |  | Residential Mortgage |  | Home Equity |  | Commercial Mortgage |  |  |  | Consumer |  |  |  |  |  | Total
Beginning balance |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 10,314 |  |  | $ | 3,908 |  |  | $ | 12,463 |  |  | $ | 4,509 |  |  | $ | 18,411 |  |  |  |  | $ | 18,415 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 68,097 |
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans |  | (41) |  |  | (848) |  |  | (72) |  |  | (1,532) |  |  | 132 |  |  | (2,356) |  |  |  |  | 1,786 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,931) |
Subtotal |  | 36 |  |  | 9,466 |  |  | 3,836 |  |  | 10,931 |  |  | 4,641 |  |  | 16,055 |  |  |  |  | 20,201 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 65,166 |
Charge-offs |  | — |  |  | 254 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,216 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,470 |
Recoveries |  | — |  |  | 350 |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 596 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,058 |
Net charge-offs (recoveries) |  | — |  |  | (96) |  |  | — |  |  | (112) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 620 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 412 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 9,562 |  |  | $ | 3,836 |  |  | $ | 11,043 |  |  | $ | 4,641 |  |  | $ | 16,055 |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,581 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 64,754 |

In accordance with GAAP, other real estate assets are not included in our assessment of the ACL.
In the three months ended March 31, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.9 million, which consisted of a provision for credit losses on loans of $1.6 million and a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.3 million.
In the three months ended March 31, 2022, we recorded a credit to the provision for credit losses of $3.2 million, which consisted of a credit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $2.9 million and a credit to the provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.3 million.
The following table presents the activity in the reserve for off-balance sheet credit exposures, included in other liabilities, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 3,243 |  |  | $ | 4,804 |  |  |  |  |
Provision (credit) for off-balance sheet credit exposures | 237 |  |  | (264) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance | $ | 3,480 |  |  | $ | 4,540 |  |  |  |  |

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6. INVESTMENTS IN UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES
The components of the Company's investments in unconsolidated entities were as follows:

(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Investments in low income housing tax credit partnerships, net of amortization | $ | 40,225 |  |  | $ | 40,939 |
Investments in common securities of statutory trusts | 1,547 |  |  | 1,547 |
Investments in affiliates | 136 |  |  | 110 |
Other | 4,045 |  |  | 4,045 |
Total | $ | 45,953 |  |  | $ | 46,641 |

The Company invests in low-income housing tax credit ("LIHTC") and other partnerships. The Company had commitments to fund LIHTC partnerships totaling $47.8 million and $47.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Unfunded commitments related to LIHTC partnerships totaled $23.6 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, and are included in other liabilities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The investments are accounted for under the proportional amortization method and are included in investments in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
During the first quarter of 2022, the Company invested $2.0 million in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"), which included $1.5 million in other intangible assets and services provided in exchange for Swell non-voting common stock and $0.5 million in cash in exchange for Swell preferred stock. Swell launched a consumer banking app that combines checking, credit and more into one integrated account, and Central Pacific Bank will serve as the bank sponsor. The Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over Swell and the investment does not have a readily determinable fair value. As a result, the Company determined that the cost method of accounting for the investment was appropriate. The investment is included in investments in unconsolidated entities.
During the second quarter of 2021, the Company committed $2.0 million to the JAM FINTOP Banktech Fund, L.P., a venture capital investment fund designed to help develop and accelerate technology adoption at community banks across the United States. The Company had $1.1 million and $1.3 million in unfunded commitments related to the investment as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is recorded in other liabilities. The investment is accounted for under the cost method and is included in investment in unconsolidated entities.
The expected payments for the unfunded commitments of LIHTC and other partnerships as of March 31, 2023 for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years, and all years thereafter are as follows:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
Year Ending December 31, | LIHTC |  | Other |  | Total
2023 (remainder) | $ | 9,693 |  |  | $ | 1,123 |  |  | $ | 10,816 |
2024 | 9,280 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,280 |
2025 | 4,248 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,248 |
2026 | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
2027 | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |
2028 | 20 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |
Thereafter | 313 |  |  | — |  |  | 313 |
Total unfunded commitments | $ | 23,606 |  |  | $ | 1,123 |  |  | $ | 24,729 |

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The following table presents amortization and tax credits recognized associated with our investments in LIHTC partnerships for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Proportional amortization method: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization expense recognized in income tax expense | $ | 714 |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  |  |  |
Tax credits recognized in income tax expense | 892 |  |  | 709 |  |  |  |  |

7. MORTGAGE SERVICING RIGHTS
The following table presents changes in mortgage servicing rights for the periods presented:

(dollars in thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 9,074 |
Additions | 58 |
Amortization | (189) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 8,943 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 9,738 |
Additions | 276 |
Amortization | (534) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | 9,480 |

Income generated as the result of new mortgage servicing rights is reported as gains on sales of loans and totaled $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $0.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Amortization of mortgage servicing rights totaled $0.2 million f or the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $0.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The following tables present the fair market value and key assumptions used in determining the fair market value of our mortgage servicing rights:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022
Fair market value, beginning of period | $ | 12,061 |  |  | $ | 10,504 |
Fair market value, end of period | 11,875 |  |  | 11,166 |
Weighted average discount rate | 9.5 | % |  | 9.5 | %
Weighted average prepayment speed assumption | 10.3 | % |  | 18.3 | %

The carrying values and accumulated amortization related to our mortgage servicing rights are presented below:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value |  | Gross Carrying Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Carrying Value
Mortgage servicing rights | $ | 69,471 |  |  | $ | (60,528) |  |  | $ | 8,943 |  |  | $ | 69,413 |  |  | $ | (60,339) |  |  | $ | 9,074 |

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Based on the mortgage servicing rights held as of March 31, 2023, estimated amortization expense for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter are as follows:

(dollars in thousands) |
Year Ending December 31, |
2023 (remainder) | $ | 668 |
2024 | 833 |
2025 | 756 |
2026 | 684 |
2027 | 610 |
2028 | 548 |
Thereafter | 4,844 |
Total | $ | 8,943 |

We perform an impairment assessment of our mortgage servicing rights whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable.
8. DERIVATIVES
We utilize various designated and undesignated derivative financial instruments to reduce our exposure to movements in interest rates. We measure all derivatives at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet. In each reporting period, we record the derivative instruments in other assets or other liabilities depending on whether the derivatives are in an asset or liability position. For derivative instruments that are designated as cash flow hedging instruments, we record the effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative in AOCI, net of tax, until earnings are affected by the variability of cash flows of the hedged transaction. We immediately recognize the portion of the gain or loss in the fair value of the derivative that represents hedge ineffectiveness in current period earnings. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments, changes in the fair value of the derivative are included in current period earnings.
Interest Rate Lock and Forward Sale Commitments
We may enter into interest rate lock commitments on certain mortgage loans that are intended to be sold. To manage interest rate risk on interest rate lock commitments, we may also enter into forward loan sale commitments. The interest rate locks and forward loan sale commitments are accounted for as undesignated derivatives and are recorded at their respective fair values in other assets and other liabilities, with changes in fair value recorded in current period earnings. These instruments serve to reduce our exposure to movements in interest rates. At March 31, 2023, we were not a party to any interest rate lock or forward sale commitments.
Risk Participation Agreements
In the first and fourth quarters of 2020, we entered into credit risk participation agreements ("RPA") with financial institution counterparties for interest rate swaps related to loans in which we participate. The risk participation agreements entered into by us and a participant bank provide credit protection to the financial institution counterparties should the borrowers fail to perform on their interest rate derivative contracts with the financial institutions.
Back-to-Back Swap Agreements
The Company established a program whereby it originates a variable rate loan and enters into a variable-to-fixed interest rate swap with the customer. The Company also enters into an equal and offsetting swap with a highly rated third-party financial institution. These "back-to-back swap agreements" are intended to offset each other and allow the Company to originate a variable rate loan, while providing a contract for fixed interest payments for the customer. The net cash flow for the Company is equal to the interest income received from a variable rate loan originated with the customer. These back-to-back swap agreements are free-standing derivatives and are recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet in other assets or other liabilities. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had swap agreements with its borrowers with a total notional amount of $32.1 million, offset by swap agreements with third party financial institutions with the same total notional amount of $32.1 million. As of March 31, 2023, the Company held $8.5 million in counter-party collateral related to the back-to-back swap agreements.
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Interest Rate Swaps
During the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap, with an effective date of March 31, 2024. This transaction had a notional amount totaling $115.5 million as of March 31, 2023, and was designated as a fair value hedge of certain municipal debt securities. The Company will pay the counterparty a fixed rate of 2.095% and will receive a floating rate based on the Federal Funds effective rate. The fair value hedge has a maturity date of March 31, 2029.
The interest rate swap is carried on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at its fair value in other assets (when the fair value is positive) or in other liabilities (when the fair value is negative). The changes in the fair value of the interest rate swap are recorded in interest income. The unrealized gains or losses due to changes in fair value of the hedged debt securities due to changes in benchmark interest rates are recorded as an adjustment to the hedged debt securities and offset in the same interest income line item.
The following tables present the location of all assets and liabilities associated with our derivative instruments within the consolidated balance sheets:

Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
| Fair Value at |  | Fair Value at
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitments |  | Other assets / other liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |
Back-to-back swap agreements |  | Other assets / other liabilities |  | 3,636 |  |  | 4,611 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | 4,611 |
Derivative Financial Instruments Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
| Fair Value at |  | Fair Value at
(dollars in thousands) |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Interest rate swap |  | Other assets / other liabilities |  | $ | 4,444 |  |  | $ | 5,986 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The following tables present the impact of derivative instruments and their location within the consolidated statements of income:

Derivative Financial Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |  | Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives
(dollars in thousands) |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitments |  | Mortgage banking income |  | $ | (8) |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock and forward sale commitments |  | Mortgage banking income |  | 143 |
Risk participation agreements |  | Other service charges and fees |  | 16 |
Derivative Financial Instruments Designated as Hedging Instruments |  | Location of Loss Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives |  | Amount of Loss Recognized in Earnings on Derivatives
(dollars in thousands) |  |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap |  | Interest income |  | $ | 57 |
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap |  | Interest income |  | — |

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9. SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS AND LONG-TERM DEBT
Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Other Borrowings
The bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (the "FHLB") and maintained a $2.05 billion line of credit as of March 31, 2023, compared to $2.23 billion at December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, $1.94 billion was undrawn under this arrangement, compared to $2.19 billion at December 31, 2022. There were $25.0 million in short-term borrowings under this arrangement bearing an interest rate of 5.07% at March 31, 2023, compared to $5.0 million at December 31, 2022. Letters of credit under this arrangement that are used to collateralize certain government deposits totaled $36.0 million as of March 31, 2023, and remained unchanged from $36.0 million as of December 31, 2022. There were $50.0 million in long-term borrowings under this arrangement bearing interest rates between 4.02% and 4.62% at March 31, 2023, compared to no long-term borrowings at December 31, 2022. FHLB advances and standby letters of credit available at March 31, 2023 were secured by certain real estate loans with a carrying value of $3.19 billion in accordance with the collateral provisions of the Advances, Security and Deposit Agreement with the FHLB.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our bank had additional unused borrowings available at the Federal Reserve discount window of $76.6 million and $75.9 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, certain commercial and commercial real estate loans with a carrying value totaling $123.2 million and $125.0 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral on our line of credit with the Federal Reserve discount window. The Federal Reserve does not have the right to sell or repledge these loans.
Subordinated Debentures
In September 2004, we created a wholly-owned statutory trust, CPB Capital Trust IV ("Trust IV"). Trust IV issued $30.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities bearing an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus 2.45% and maturing on December 15, 2034. The principal assets of Trust IV are $30.9 million of the Company's junior subordinated debentures with an identical interest rate and maturity as the Trust IV trust preferred securities. Trust IV issued $0.9 million of common securities to the Company.
In December 2004, we created a wholly-owned statutory trust, CPB Statutory Trust V ("Trust V"). Trust V issued $20.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities bearing an interest rate of three-month LIBOR plus 1.87% and maturing on December 15, 2034. The principal assets of Trust V are $20.6 million of the Company's junior subordinated debentures with an identical interest rate and maturity as the Trust V trust preferred securities. Trust V issued $0.6 million of common securities to the Company.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had the following junior subordinated debentures outstanding, which are recorded in long-term debt on the Company's consolidated balance sheets:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Name of Trust |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Interest Rate
Trust IV |  | $ | 30,928 |  |  | $ | 30,928 |  |  | Three month LIBOR + 2.45%
Trust V |  | 20,619 |  |  | 20,619 |  |  | Three month LIBOR + 1.87%
Total |  | $ | 51,547 |  |  | $ | 51,547 |  |  |

The Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of Trusts IV and V. Therefore, the trusts are not considered a variable interest entity and are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements. Rather the subordinated debentures are shown as a liability on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The Company's investment in the common securities of the trusts are included in investment in unconsolidated entities in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
The floating trust preferred securities, the junior subordinated debentures that are the assets of Trusts IV and V and the common securities issued by Trusts IV and V are redeemable in whole or in part on any interest payment date on or after December 15, 2009 for Trust IV and V, or at any time in whole but not in part within 90 days following the occurrence of certain events. Our obligations with respect to the issuance of the trust preferred securities constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of each trust's obligations with respect to its trust preferred securities. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, we may elect from time to time to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures, which would result in a deferral of distribution payments on the related trust preferred securities, for up to 20 consecutive quarterly periods without default or penalty.
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The subordinated debentures may be included in Tier 1 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.
Subordinated Notes
As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had the following subordinated notes outstanding:

(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Description |  | March 31, 2023 |  | Interest Rate
October 2020 Private Placement |  | $ | 55,000 |  |  | 4.75% for the first five years. Resets quarterly thereafter to the then current three-month SOFR plus 456 basis points.
(dollars in thousands) |  |  |  |
Description |  | December 31, 2022 |  | Interest Rate
October 2020 Private Placement |  | $ | 55,000 |  |  | 4.75% for the first five years. Resets quarterly thereafter to the then current three-month SOFR plus 456 basis points.

On October 20, 2020, the Company completed a $55.0 million private placement of ten-year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, which will be used to support regulatory capital ratios and for general corporate purposes. The Company exchanged the privately placed notes for registered notes with the same terms and in the same aggregate principal amount at the end of the fourth quarter of 2020. The Notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.75% for the first five years and will reset quarterly thereafter for the remaining five years to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR"), as published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus 456 basis points.
The subordinated notes may be included in Tier 2 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations. The subordinated notes had a carrying value of $54.4 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million, at March 31, 2023.
10. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Revenue Recognition
Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers", establishes principles for reporting information about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity's contracts to provide goods or services to its customers. The core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue is recognized as performance obligations are satisfied.
The Company recognizes revenues as they are earned based on contractual terms, as transactions occur, or as services are provided and collectability is reasonably assured. Our principal source of revenue is derived from interest income on financial instruments, such as our loan and investment securities portfolios, as well as revenue related to our mortgage banking activities. These revenue-generating transactions are out of scope of ASC 606, but are subject to other GAAP and discussed elsewhere within our disclosures.
The Company also generates other revenue in connection with our broad range of banking products and financial services. Descriptions of our other revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC 606, which are presented in the Company's consolidated statements of income as components of other operating income are as follows:
Mortgage banking income
Loan placement fees, included in mortgage banking income, primarily represent revenues earned by the Company for loan placement and underwriting. Revenues for these services are recorded at a point-in-time, upon completion of a contractually identified transaction, or when an advisory opinion is provided.
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Service charges on deposit accounts
Revenue from service charges on deposit accounts includes general service fees for monthly account maintenance and activity- or transaction-based fees and consist of transaction-based revenue, time-based revenue (service period), item-based revenue or some other individual attribute-based revenue. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed, which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (such as stop payment fees). Payment for such performance obligations are generally received at the time the performance obligations are satisfied.
Other Service Charges and Fees
Revenue from other service charges and fees includes fees on foreign exchange, cards and payments income, safe deposit rental income and other service charges, commissions and fees.
The Company provides foreign currency exchange services to customers, whereby cash can be converted to different foreign currencies, and vice versa. As a result of the services, a gain or loss is recognized on foreign currency transactions, as well as income related to commissions and fees earned on each transaction. Revenue from the commissions and fees earned on the transactions fall within the scope of ASC 606, and is recorded in a manner that reflects the timing of when transactions occur, and as services are provided. Realized and unrealized gains or losses related to foreign currency are out of scope of ASC 606.
Cards and payments income includes interchange fees from debit cards processed through card association networks, merchant services, and other card related services. Interchange rates are generally set by the credit card associations and based on purchase volumes and other factors. Interchange fees are recognized as transactions occur. Interchange expenses related to cards and payments income are presented gross in other operating expense. Merchant services income represents account management fees and transaction fees charged to merchants for the processing of card association network transactions. Merchant services revenue is recognized as transactions occur, or as services are performed.
Other service charges, commissions and fees include automated teller machines ("ATM") surcharge and interchange fees, bill payment fees, cashier’s check and money order fees, wire transfer fees, loan brokerage fees, and commissions on sales of insurance, broker-dealer products, and letters of credit. Revenue from these fees and commissions is recorded in a manner that reflects the timing of when transactions occur, and as services are provided.
Based on the nature of the commission agreement with the broker-dealer and each insurance provider, we may recognize revenue from broker-dealer and insurance commissions over time or at a point-in-time as our performance obligation is satisfied.
Income from Fiduciary Activities
Income from fiduciary activities includes fees from wealth management, trust, custodial and escrow services provided to individual and institutional customers. Revenue is generally recognized monthly based on a minimum annual fee and/or the market value of assets in custody. Additional fees are recognized for transactional activity.
Revenue from trade execution and brokerage services is earned through commissions from trade execution on behalf of clients. Revenue from these transactions is recognized at the trade date. Any ongoing service fees are recognized on a monthly basis as services are performed.
Net Gain (Loss) on Sales of Foreclosed Assets
The Company records a gain or loss on the sale of a foreclosed property when control of the property transfers to the Company, which typically occurs at the time the deed is executed. The Company does not finance the sale of the foreclosed property.
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The following presents the Company's other operating income, segregated by revenue streams that are in-scope and out-of-scope of ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Other operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
In-scope of ASC 606 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking income | $ | 151 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  |  |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 305 |  |  | 1,861 |  |  |  |  |
Other service charges and fees | 4,379 |  |  | 3,863 |  |  |  |  |
Income on fiduciary activities | 1,321 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  |  |  |
In-scope other operating income | 6,156 |  |  | 7,113 |  |  |  |  |
Out-of-scope other operating income | 4,853 |  |  | 2,438 |  |  |  |  |
Total other operating income | $ | 11,009 |  |  | $ | 9,551 |  |  |  |  |

11. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Restricted and Performance Stock Units
Under the Company's 2013 Stock Compensation Plan, the Company awards restricted stock units ("RSUs") and performance stock units ("PSUs") to our non-officer directors and certain senior management personnel. The awards typically vest over a two, three or five year period from the date of grant and are subject to forfeiture until performance and employment targets are achieved. Compensation expense is typically measured as the market price of the stock awards on the grant date, and is recognized over the specified vesting periods.
The table below presents the activity of RSUs and PSUs for the three months ended March 31, 2023:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Fair Value of RSUs and PSUs That Vested During the Period
Non-vested RSUs and PSUs, beginning of period | 352,465 |  |  | $ | 23.40 |  |  |
Changes during the period: |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 111,680 |  |  | 23.05 |  |  |
Forfeited | (46,801) |  |  | 25.17 |  |  |
Vested | (128,350) |  |  | 23.17 |  |  | $ | 3,017 |
Non-vested RSUs and PSUs, end of period | 288,994 |  |  | 23.08 |  |  |

12. SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT AND DEFINED BENEFIT RETIREMENT PLANS
Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans
In 1995, 2001, 2004 and 2006, our bank also established Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans ("SERPs"), which provide certain (current and former) officers of the Company with supplemental retirement benefits. On December 31, 2002, the 1995 and 2001 SERP were curtailed. In conjunction with the merger with CB Bancshares, Inc. ("CBBI"), we assumed CBBI's SERP obligation.
The projected benefit obligation of the unfunded SERPs is recorded in other liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. The projected benefit obligation was $9.2 million at March 31, 2023, which remained relatively unchanged from $9.2 million at December 31, 2022.
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The following table sets forth the components of net periodic benefit cost for the SERPs for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest cost | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss | (19) |  |  | 21 |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net transition obligation | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  |  |  |

All components of net periodic benefit cost are included in other operating expenses in the Company's consolidated statements of income.
Defined Benefit Retirement Plan
Central Pacific Bank had a defined benefit retirement plan that covered substantially all of its employees who were employed during the period that the plan was in effect. The plan was initially curtailed in 1986, and accordingly, plan benefits were fixed as of that date. Effective January 1, 1991, the bank reactivated its defined benefit retirement plan. As a result of the reactivation, employees for whom benefits were fixed in 1986 began to accrue additional benefits under a new formula that became effective January 1, 1991. Employees who were not participants at curtailment, but who were subsequently eligible to join, became participants effective January 1, 1991. Under the reactivated plan, benefits are based upon the employees' years of service and their highest average annual salaries in a 60-consecutive-month period of service, reduced by benefits provided from the bank's terminated money purchase pension plan. The reactivation of the defined benefit retirement plan resulted in an increase of $5.9 million in the unrecognized prior service cost, which was amortized over a period of 13 years. Effective December 31, 2002, the bank curtailed its defined benefit retirement plan, and accordingly, plan benefits were fixed as of that date.
In January 2021, the Board of Directors approved termination of, and authorized Company management to commence taking action to terminate, the defined benefit retirement plan. The Company received a favorable determination letter from the IRS and no objection from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation on the Form 500 standard termination notice in January 2022. The Company completed the termination and settlement of the defined benefit retirement plan in the second quarter of 2022. Upon final plan termination and settlement, the Company recognized a one-time noncash settlement charge of $4.9 million which was recorded in other operating expense. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has no further defined benefit retirement plan liability or ongoing pension expense recognition.
The following table sets forth the components of net periodic benefit cost for the defined benefit retirement plan for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Interest cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
Expected return on plan assets | — |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial loss | — |  |  | 112 |  |  |  |  |
Settlement | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | — |  |  | $ | 100 |  |  |  |  |

13. OPERATING LEASES
We lease certain land and buildings for our bank branches and ATMs. In some instances, a lease may contain renewal options to extend the term of the lease. Renewal options that are likely to be exercised have been recognized as part of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities in accordance with ASC 842, "Leases". Certain leases also contain variable payments that are primarily determined based on common area maintenance costs and Hawaii state tax rates. All leases are operating leases and we do not include any short term leases in the calculation of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The most significant assumption related to the Company’s application of ASC 842 was the discount rate assumption. As most of the Company’s lease agreements do not provide for an implicit interest rate, the Company uses the collateralized interest rate that the Company would have to pay to borrow over a similar term to estimate the Company’s lease liability.
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Total lease cost, cash flow information, weighted-average remaining lease term and weighted-average discount rate is summarized below for the period indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease cost | $ | 1,325 |  |  | $ | 1,390 |  |  |  |  |
Variable lease cost | 888 |  |  | 830 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Sublease income | (17) |  |  | (12) |  |  |  |  |
Total lease cost | $ | 2,196 |  |  | $ | 2,208 |  |  |  |  |
Other information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating cash flows from operating leases | $ | (1,390) |  |  | $ | (1,506) |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average remaining lease term - operating leases | 11.22 years |  | 11.49 years |  |  |  |
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases | 3.96 | % |  | 3.92 | % |  |  |  |

The following is a schedule of annual undiscounted cash flows for our operating leases and a reconciliation of those cash flows to the operating lease liabilities for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Undiscounted Cash Flows |  | Lease Liability Discount on Cash Flows |  | Lease Liability
Year Ending December 31, |  |  |
2023 (remainder) |  | $ | 3,736 |  |  | $ | 994 |  |  | $ | 2,742 |
2024 |  | 4,467 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 3,257 |
2025 |  | 4,181 |  |  | 1,085 |  |  | 3,096 |
2026 |  | 4,118 |  |  | 965 |  |  | 3,153 |
2027 |  | 4,108 |  |  | 840 |  |  | 3,268 |
2028 |  | 3,509 |  |  | 723 |  |  | 2,786 |
Thereafter |  | 19,682 |  |  | 2,908 |  |  | 16,774 |
Total |  | $ | 43,801 |  |  | $ | 8,725 |  |  | $ | 35,076 |

In addition, the Company, as lessor, leases certain properties that it owns. All of these leases are operating leases. The following represents lease income related to these leases that was recognized for the period indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Total rental income recognized | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | 951 |  |  |  |  |

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Based on the Company's leases as lessor as of March 31, 2023, estimated lease payments for the remainder of fiscal year 2023, the next five succeeding fiscal years and all years thereafter are as follows:

(dollars in thousands) |
Year Ending December 31, |
2023 (remainder) | $ | 1,008 |
2024 | 1,189 |
2025 | 1,074 |
2026 | 939 |
2027 | 882 |
2028 | 532 |
Thereafter | 1,839 |
Total | $ | 7,463 |

14. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
The following tables present the components of other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, by component:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized gains on AFS investment securities arising during the period |  | $ | 15,258 |  |  | $ | 4,052 |  |  | $ | 11,206 |
Less: Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to HTM |  | 1,668 |  |  | 443 |  |  | 1,225 |
Net change in fair value of investment securities |  | 16,926 |  |  | 4,495 |  |  | 12,431 |
Net change in fair value of derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period |  | (1,599) |  |  | (436) |  |  | (1,163) |
Net change in fair value of derivatives |  | (1,599) |  |  | (436) |  |  | (1,163) |
SERPs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | (19) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (14) |
Amortization of net transition obligation |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
SERPs |  | (17) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (12) |
Other comprehensive income |  | $ | 15,310 |  |  | $ | 4,054 |  |  | $ | 11,256 |

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(dollars in thousands) |  | Before Tax |  | Tax Effect |  | Net of Tax
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Net change in fair value of investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses on AFS investment securities arising during the period |  | $ | (108,448) |  |  | $ | (28,998) |  |  | $ | (79,450) |
Net change in fair value of investment securities |  | (108,448) |  |  | (28,998) |  |  | (79,450) |
Net change in fair value of derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized losses arising during the period |  | $ | (50) |  |  | $ | (13) |  |  | $ | (37) |
Net change in fair value of derivatives |  | (50) |  |  | (13) |  |  | (37) |
Defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial loss |  | 133 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 97 |
Amortization of net transition obligation |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs |  | 137 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 100 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | $ | (108,361) |  |  | $ | (28,974) |  |  | $ | (79,387) |

The following tables present the changes in each component of AOCI, net of tax, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Investment Securities |  | Derivatives |  | SERPs [1] |  | AOCI
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (149,109) |  |  | $ | 4,645 |  |  | $ | 480 |  |  | $ | (143,984) |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  | 11,206 |  |  | (1,163) |  |  | — |  |  | 10,043 |
Reclassification adjustments from AOCI |  | 1,225 |  |  | — |  |  | (12) |  |  | 1,213 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 12,431 |  |  | (1,163) |  |  | (12) |  |  | 11,256 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (136,678) |  |  | $ | 3,482 |  |  | $ | 468 |  |  | $ | (132,728) |

(dollars in thousands) |  | Investment Securities |  | Derivatives |  | Defined Benefit Retirement Plan and SERPs [1] |  | AOCI
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (3,666) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4,294) |  |  | $ | (7,960) |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications |  | (79,450) |  |  | (37) |  |  | — |  |  | (79,487) |
Reclassification adjustments from AOCI |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100 |  |  | 100 |
Total other comprehensive (loss) income |  | (79,450) |  |  | (37) |  |  | 100 |  |  | (79,387) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (83,116) |  |  | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | (4,194) |  |  | $ | (87,347) |

[1] During the second quarter of 2022, the Company settled all obligations related to its defined benefit retirement plan. As a result, all subsequent activity in the Company's AOCI balance related to the defined benefit retirement plan and SERPs relates entirely to SERPs.
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The following table presents the amounts reclassified out of each component of AOCI for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Amount Reclassified from AOCI |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
Details about AOCI Components |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Amortization of unrealized losses on investment securities transferred to held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization |  | $ | (1,668) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Interest and dividends on investment securities
Tax effect |  | 443 |  |  | — |  |  | Income tax expense
Net of tax |  | $ | (1,225) |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Defined benefit retirement and supplemental executive retirement plan items: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net actuarial gain (loss) |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (133) |  |  | Other operating expense - other
Amortization of net transition obligation |  | (2) |  |  | (4) |  |  | Other operating expense - other
Total before tax |  | 17 |  |  | (137) |  |  |
Tax effect |  | (5) |  |  | 37 |  |  | Income tax benefit (expense)
Net of tax |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (100) |  |  |
Total reclassification adjustments from AOCI for the period, net of tax |  | $ | (1,213) |  |  | $ | (100) |  |  |

15. EARNINGS PER SHARE
The following table presents the information used to compute basic and diluted earnings per common share for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 16,187 |  |  | $ | 19,438 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - basic | 26,999,138 |  |  | 27,591,390 |  |  |  |  |
Dilutive effect of employee stock options and awards | 122,874 |  |  | 283,534 |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average common shares outstanding - diluted | 27,122,012 |  |  | 27,874,924 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |  |  |

16. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value estimates, methods and assumptions are set forth below for our financial instruments.
Short-Term Financial Instruments
The carrying values of short-term financial instruments are deemed to approximate fair values. Such instruments are considered readily convertible to cash and include cash and due from financial institutions, interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions, accrued interest receivable, the majority of Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other short-term borrowings, and accrued interest payable.
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Investment Securities
The fair value of investment securities is based on market price quotations received from third-party pricing services. The third-party pricing services utilize pricing models supported with timely market data information. Where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable securities.
Loans
Fair values of loans are estimated based on discounted cash flows of portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics including the type of loan, interest terms and repayment history. Fair values are calculated by discounting scheduled cash flows through estimated maturities using estimated market discount rates. Estimated market discount rates are reflective of credit and int erest rate risks inherent in the Company's various loan types and are derived from available market information, as well as specific borrower information. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate used in the valuation of loans was 7.33%. In accordance with ASU 2016-01, the fair value of loans are measured based on the notion of exit price.
Loans Held for Sale
The fair value of loans classified as held for sale are generally based upon quoted prices for similar assets in active markets, acceptance of firm offer letters with agreed upon purchase prices, discounted cash flow models that take into account market observable assumptions, or independent appraisals of the underlying collateral securing the loans. We report the fair values of Hawaii and U.S. Mainland construction and commercial real estate loans, if any, net of applicable selling costs on our consolidated balance sheets.
Deposit Liabilities
The fair values of deposits with no stated maturity, such as noninterest-bearing demand deposits and interest-bearing demand and savings accounts, for the purposes of this disclosure, are shown to equal the carrying amount which is the amount payable on demand. The fair value of time deposits is estimated by discounting future cash flows using rates currently offered for FHLB advances of similar remaining maturities. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate used in the valuation of time deposits was 5.14%. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.
Long-Term Debt
The fair value of our long-term debt is estimated by discounting scheduled cash flows over the contractual borrowing period at the estimated market rate for similar borrowing arrangements. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate used in the valuation of long-term debt was 6.81%.
Derivatives
The fair values of derivative financial instruments are based upon current market values, if available. If there are no relevant comparable values, fair values are based on pricing models using current assumptions for interest rate swaps and options.
Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments
The fair values of off-balance sheet financial instruments are estimated based on the fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties, current settlement values or quoted market prices of comparable instruments.
Limitations
Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market and financial instrument information. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates cannot be determined with precision as they are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
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Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For example, significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities include deferred tax assets, premises and equipment and intangible assets.

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 108,535 |  |  | $ | 108,535 |  |  | $ | 108,535 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks | 90,247 |  |  | 90,247 |  |  | 90,247 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment securities | 1,345,784 |  |  | 1,286,488 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,279,183 |  |  | 7,305 |
Loans, net of ACL | 5,494,298 |  |  | 5,075,864 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,075,864 |
Accrued interest receivable | 20,473 |  |  | 20,473 |  |  | 20,473 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | 2,028,087 |  |  | 2,028,087 |  |  | 2,028,087 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest-bearing demand and savings and money market | 3,571,588 |  |  | 3,571,588 |  |  | 3,571,588 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time | 1,147,293 |  |  | 1,132,282 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,132,282 |
FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings | 25,000 |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,000 |  |  | — |
Long-term debt | 155,920 |  |  | 138,077 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 138,077 |
Accrued interest payable (included in other liabilities) | 7,688 |  |  | 7,688 |  |  | 7,688 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands) | Notional Amount |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Off-balance sheet financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 1,382,978 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,365 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,365 |  |  | $ | — |
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written | 5,194 |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Risk participation agreements | 36,634 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Back-to-back swap agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | 32,136 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | 3,636 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,636 |
Liabilities | (32,136) |  |  | (3,636) |  |  | (3,636) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,636) |
Interest rate swap agreements | 115,545 |  |  | 4,444 |  |  | 4,444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,444 |

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|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands) | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks | $ | 97,150 |  |  | $ | 97,150 |  |  | $ | 97,150 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks | 14,894 |  |  | 14,894 |  |  | 14,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment securities | 1,336,677 |  |  | 1,268,574 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,261,306 |  |  | 7,268 |
Loans held for sale | 1,105 |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | — |
Loans, net of ACL | 5,491,728 |  |  | 5,043,436 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,043,436 |
Accrued interest receivable | 20,345 |  |  | 20,345 |  |  | 20,345 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Noninterest-bearing demand | 2,092,823 |  |  | 2,092,823 |  |  | 2,092,823 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest-bearing demand and savings and money market | 3,652,195 |  |  | 3,652,195 |  |  | 3,652,195 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Time | 991,205 |  |  | 975,086 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 975,086 |
Long-term debt | 105,859 |  |  | 93,729 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 93,729 |
Accrued interest payable (included in other liabilities) | 4,739 |  |  | 4,739 |  |  | 4,739 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurement Using
(dollars in thousands) | Notional Amount |  | Carrying Amount |  | Estimated Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Off-balance sheet financial instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commitments to extend credit | $ | 1,328,791 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,270 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,270 |  |  | $ | — |
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees written | 5,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward sale commitments | 1,110 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Risk participation agreements | 36,835 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Back-to-back swap agreements: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets | 32,335 |  |  | 4,611 |  |  | 4,611 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,611 |
Liabilities | (32,335) |  |  | (4,611) |  |  | (4,611) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,611) |
Interest rate swap agreements | 115,545 |  |  | 5,986 |  |  | 5,986 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,986 |

Fair Value Measurements
We group our financial assets and liabilities at fair value into three levels based on the markets in which the financial assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value as follows:
•Level 1 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities traded in active markets. A quoted price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and shall be used to measure fair value whenever available.
•Level 2 — Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
•Level 3 — Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use significant assumptions not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect our own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in
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pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of discounted cash flow models and similar techniques that requires the use of significant judgment or estimation.
We base our fair values on the price that we would expect to receive if an asset were sold, or the price that we would expect to pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We also maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when developing fair value measurements.
We use fair value measurements to record adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Available-for-sale securities and derivatives are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, we may be required to record other financial assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis such as loans held for sale, impaired loans, mortgage servicing rights, and other real estate owned. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets.
As discussed in Note 8 - Derivatives, during the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap, which was measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs. There were no other transfers of financial assets and liabilities into or out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The following tables present the fair value of assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  |  | Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
March 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | $ | 139,521 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132,927 |  |  | $ | 6,594 |
Corporate securities | 31,097 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,097 |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies | 24,343 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,343 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities | 421,484 |  |  | — |  |  | 421,484 |  |  | — |
Residential - Non-government agencies | 8,637 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,926 |  |  | 711 |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities | 45,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,800 |  |  | — |
Commercial - Non-government agencies | 16,306 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,306 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale investment securities | 687,188 |  |  | — |  |  | 679,883 |  |  | 7,305 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swap agreements | 4,444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,444 |
Total derivatives | 4,444 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,444 |
Total | $ | 691,632 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 679,883 |  |  | $ | 11,749 |

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|  |  | Fair Value at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands) | Fair Value |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
States and political subdivisions | $ | 135,752 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,168 |  |  | $ | 6,584 |
Corporate securities | 30,211 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,211 |  |  | — |
U.S. Treasury obligations and direct obligations of U.S. Government agencies | 25,715 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,715 |  |  | — |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential - U.S. Government-sponsored entities | 423,803 |  |  | — |  |  | 423,803 |  |  | — |
Residential - Non-government agencies | 8,662 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,978 |  |  | 684 |
Commercial - U.S. Government-sponsored entities | 46,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,144 |  |  | — |
Commercial - Non-government agencies | 1,507 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,507 |  |  | — |
Total available-for-sale investment securities | 671,794 |  |  | — |  |  | 664,526 |  |  | 7,268 |
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |
Interest rate swap agreements | 5,986 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,986 |
Total derivatives | 5,994 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 5,986 |
Total | $ | 677,788 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 664,534 |  |  | $ | 13,254 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized as follows:

| Available-For-Sale Debt Securities: |  |
(dollars in thousands) | States and Political Subdivisions |  | Residential - Non-Government Agencies |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 6,584 |  |  | $ | 684 |  |  | $ | 7,268 |
Principal payments received | (56) |  |  | (6) |  |  | (62) |
Unrealized net gain included in other comprehensive income | 66 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 99 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 6,594 |  |  | $ | 711 |  |  | $ | 7,305 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 7,681 |  |  | $ | 938 |  |  | $ | 8,619 |
Principal payments received | (55) |  |  | (5) |  |  | (60) |
Unrealized net loss included in other comprehensive income | (397) |  |  | (81) |  |  | (478) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | $ | 7,229 |  |  | $ | 852 |  |  | $ | 8,081 |

Within the states and political subdivisions available-for-sale debt securities category, the Company held two mortgage revenue bonds issued by the City & County of Honolulu had an aggregate fair value of $6.6 million at March 31, 2023 and remained relatively unchanged from $6.6 million at December 31, 2022.
Within the other MBS non-agency category, the Company held two mortgage backed bonds issued by Habitat for Humanity with an aggregate fair value of $0.7 million at March 31, 2023 and also remained relatively unchanged from $0.7 million at December 31, 2022.
The Company estimates the aggregate fair value of $7.3 million and $7.3 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, by using a discounted cash flow model to calculate the present value of estimated future principal and interest payments.
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The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company's City & County of Honolulu mortgage revenue bonds and Habitat for Humanity mortgage backed bonds is the weighted-average discount rate. As of March 31, 2023, the weighted average discount rate utilized wa s 6.15%, compared to 6.41% at December 31, 2022, which was derived by incorporating a credit spread over the FHLB Fixed-Rate Advance curve. Significant increases (decreases) in the weighted-average discount rate could result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement.
There were no assets measured on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

17. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome of these matters and the timing of ultimate resolution is inherently difficult to predict. Based on information currently available to us, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Overview
Central Pacific Financial Corp. ("CPF") is a Hawaii corporation and a bank holding company. Our principal business is to serve as a holding company for our bank subsidiary, Central Pacific Bank. We refer to Central Pacific Bank herein as "our bank" or "the bank," and when we say "the Company," "we," "us" or "our," we mean the holding company on a consolidated basis with the bank and our other consolidated subsidiaries.
Central Pacific Bank is a full-service community bank with 27 branches and 61 ATMs located throughout the state of Hawaii as of March 31, 2023.
The bank offers a broad range of products and services including accepting demand, money market, savings and time deposits and originating loans, including commercial loans, construction loans, commercial real estate loans, residential mortgage loans, and consumer loans.
Basis of Presentation
Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements under "Part I, Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited)." The following discussion should also be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") on February 24, 2023, including the “Risk Factors” set forth therein.
Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires that management make certain judgments and use certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported and disclosures made. Actual results may differ from those estimates and such differences could be material to the financial statements.
Accounting estimates are deemed critical when a different estimate could have reasonably been used or where changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period-to-period and would materially impact our consolidated financial statements as of or for the periods presented. Management has discussed the development and selection of the critical accounting estimates noted below with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, and the Audit Committee has reviewed the accompanying disclosures.
The Company identified a significant accounting policy, which involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity in making certain estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the significant accounting policy that we believed to be the most critical in preparing our consolidated financial statements is the determination of the allowance for credit losses on loans. This is further described in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in our 2022 Form 10-K.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
Management considers the policies related to the allowance for credit losses ("ACL") on loans as the most critical to the financial statement presentation. The total ACL on loans includes activity related to allowances calculated in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 326, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses". The ACL is established through the provision for credit losses on loans charged to current earnings. The amount maintained in the ACL reflects management’s continuing evaluation of the estimated loan losses expected to be recognized over the life of the loans in our loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The ACL is comprised of specific reserves assigned to certain loans that do not share general risk characteristics and general reserves on pools of loans that do share general risk characteristics. Factors contributing to the determination of specific reserves include the creditworthiness of the borrower, and more specifically, changes in the expected future receipt of principal and interest payments and/or in the value of pledged collateral. A reserve is recorded when the carrying amount of the loan exceeds the discounted estimated cash flows using the loan’s initial effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral for certain collateral dependent loans. For purposes of establishing the general reserve, we stratify the loan portfolio into homogeneous groups of loans that possess similar loss potential characteristics and calculate the net amount expected to be collected over the life of the loans to estimate the expected credit losses in the loan portfolio.
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The Company’s ACL methodology incorporates a variety of risk considerations, both quantitative and qualitative, in establishing an ACL that management believes is appropriate at each reporting date. Quantitative factors include our historical loss experiences on loan pools based on common risk characteristics and loan profile, considers risk rating, delinquency and charge-off trends, changes in nonperforming loans, and other factors. Qualitative factors are used to adjust the ACL calculation for risks not considered by the quantitative calculations. Qualitative factors considered in our methodologies include the general economic forecast in our markets, concentrations of credit, changes in lending management and staff, quality of the loan review system, changes in loan profile, problem loan trends and changes in collateral value. Refer to Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in this report for further discussion of the risk factors considered by management in establishing the ACL.
Financial Summary
Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $16.2 million, or $0.60 per diluted share, compared to net income of $19.4 million, or $0.70 per diluted share for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included PPP net interest income and net loan fees of $41 thousand, compared to $1.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded a debit to the provision for credit losses of $1.9 million, compared to a credit to the provision of $3.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2022. Excluding the provision for credit losses and income tax expense, the Company's pre-tax, pre-provision net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $23.1 million, compared to $22.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Excluding net interest income and fees from SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans, the Company's pre-tax, pre-provision net revenue, excluding PPP, for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $23.1 million, compared to $20.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
The following table presents annualized returns on average assets and average shareholders' equity, and basic and diluted earnings per share for the periods indicated. Return on average assets and average shareholders' equity are annualized based on a 30/360 day convention.

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Return on average assets | 0.87 | % |  | 1.06 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average shareholders’ equity | 13.97 |  |  | 14.44 |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 0.60 |  |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  |  |  |
Diluted earnings per common share | 0.60 |  |  | 0.70 |  |  |  |  |

Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To supplement our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with GAAP, the Company also uses non-GAAP financial measures in addition to our GAAP results. The Company believes non-GAAP financial measures may provide useful information for evaluating our cash operating performance, ability to service debt, compliance with debt covenants and measurement against competitors. This information should be considered as supplemental in nature and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly entitled measures reported by other companies.
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The following table presents the Company's pre-provision net revenue and pre-provision net revenue, excluding net interest income and net loan fees from PPP loans for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 16,187 |  |  | $ | 19,438 |  |  |  |  |
Add: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Provision (credit) for credit losses | 1,852 |  |  | (3,195) |  |  |  |  |
Income tax expense | 5,059 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  |  |  |
Pre-provision net revenue | 23,098 |  |  | 22,281 |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net interest income - PPP | (41) |  |  | (1,941) |  |  |  |  |
Pre-provision net revenue, excluding PPP | $ | 23,057 |  |  | $ | 20,340 |  |  |  |  |

The following table presents the Company's net interest income and net interest margin, excluding net interest income and net loan fees from PPP loans for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Net interest income - PPP | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 1,941 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income - all others | 54,155 |  |  | 48,994 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income - total | $ | 54,196 |  |  | $ | 50,935 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin - Reported | 3.08 | % |  | 2.97 | % |  |  |  |
Less: Impact of PPP on net interest margin | — |  |  | (0.08) |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin, excluding PPP | 3.08 | % |  | 2.89 | % |  |  |  |

Recent Industry Developments
In March 2023, the banking industry experienced significant volatility due to recent high-profile bank failures, which resulted in industry-wide concerns related to liquidity, deposit outflows, unrealized or unrecognized losses on investment securities and eroding consumer confidence in the banking industry. Despite these negative developments, we believe the Company’s balance sheet, asset quality and liquidity position remained solid. The Company has a long-tenured and diversified deposit portfolio, which was 66% FDIC insured or collateralized as of March 31, 2023. Additionally, the Company took a number of preemptive actions during the first and beginning of the second quarters of 2023, which included pro-active outreach to clients and other liquidity contingency planning actions, such as maximizing funding sources and increasing liquidity monitoring in response to these recent developments. The Company's total deposits of $6.75 billion increased by $10.7 million during the first quarter of 2023. The Company had $198.8 million in cash on its balance sheet and $2.83 billion in total other liquidity sources, including available borrowing capacity plus unpledged investment securities as of March 31, 2023. Finally, the Company’s capital remained strong with the Company's leverage capital, tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and common equity tier 1 ratios of 8.6%, 11.5%, 13.6%, and 10.6%, respectively, as of March 31, 2023, all exceeding "well capitalized" regulatory standards.
Material Trends
The majority of our operations are concentrated in the state of Hawaii. As a result, our performance is significantly influenced by the strength of the real estate markets, economic environment and environmental conditions in Hawaii. Macroeconomic conditions also influence our performance. A favorable business environment is generally characterized by expanding gross state product, low unemployment and rising personal income; while an unfavorable business environment is characterized by the reverse.
Following the solid performances of our leading economic indicators in 2019, Hawaii's economy was greatly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and Hawaii's visitor industry continued to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. On March 26, 2022, the state of Hawaii's mask mandate, Safe Travels Program, and Emergency Proclamation on COVID-19 ended, effectively ending all government-imposed restrictions related to COVID-19.
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With restrictions lifted, Hawaii's visitor industry improved significantly in 2022 and continued to improve during the first two months of 2023 with visitor arrivals at pre-pandemic levels. According to the latest available statistics from the Hawaii Tourism Authority ("HTA"), a total of 1.5 million visitors arrived to the Hawaiian Islands in the two months ended February 28, 2023, mainly from the U.S. West and U.S. East. This was a 28.3% increase from the 1.2 million visitors from the same period last year, and represents a recovery of approximately 97% from the same period in the pre-pandemic and record year in 2019. Japanese visitor arrivals continue to increase modestly, however are only at around a quarter of pre-pandemic levels.
Total spending for visitors arriving in the two months ended February 28, 2023 was $3.53 billion, up 30.5% from $2.71 billion in the same period last year, and up by 17.6% from $3.01 billion in the two months ended February 28, 2019.
According to a March 2023 report by the University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization ("UHERO"), total visitor arrivals are expected to increase to approximately 9.9 million in 2023. Visitor spending is expected to increase to approximately $19.65 billion in 2023 which would exceed last year's record year for visitor spending of $19.29 billion.
The Department of Labor and Industrial Relations reported that Hawaii's seasonally adjusted annual unemployment rate was 3.5% in the month of March 2023. The unemployment rate of 3.5% in March 2023 was in line with the national seasonally adjusted unemployment rate of 3.5%. UHERO projects Hawaii's seasonally adjusted annual unemployment rate to be around 4.1% in 2023.
Real estate lending is a primary focus for us, including residential mortgage and commercial mortgage loans. As a result, we are dependent on the strength of Hawaii's real estate market. While the Hawaii housing market continues to experience some moderation in sales activity and prices, it remains healthy and resilient, with continued strong demand and low inventory. According to the Honolulu Board of Realtors, sales of Oahu single-family homes and condominiums in the three months ended March 31, 2023 were down 38.7% and 28.7%, respectively, from the same prior year period. The Oahu single-family home median price in the three months ended March 31, 2023 fell 6.8% to $1,025,000 from $1,100,000 in the same prior year period. The Oahu condominium median price in the three months ended March 31, 2023 fell 2.0% to $500,000 from $510,000 in the same prior year period.
Hawaii's economy is measured by the growth of real personal income and real gross state product. UHERO projects real personal income to grow by 1.2% and real gross state product to grow by 1.7% for 2023.
Banking-as-a-Service ("BaaS") Initiative
In January 2022, the Company announced the launch of a new BaaS initiative with the goal of expanding the Company both in and beyond Hawaii by investing in or collaborating with leading fintech companies. The BaaS initiative is being developed based on the successful product development and launch strategies used in the Company's new Shaka digital product. Shaka, Hawaii’s first all-digital checking account, was launched in November 2021 with a VIP waitlist campaign and a large social media influencer campaign. The Company is also in the process of developing additional complementary Shaka product and service offerings.
In the first quarter of 2022, the Company continued its BaaS initiatives with a minority equity investment in Swell Financial, Inc. ("Swell"), a new fintech company. During the fourth quarter of 2022, Swell launched a consumer banking application that combines checking, credit and more into one integrated account, and Central Pacific Bank serving as the bank sponsor. In addition, the Company is also collaborating with Swell and Elevate Credit, Inc. (NYSE:ELVT), a provider of digital solutions. In the first quarter of 2023, Elevate was acquired by Park Cities Asset Management, LLC, who is also the largest investor in Swell. Swell did not have a material impact to the Company's financial statements during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Results of Operations
Net Interest Income
Net interest income, when annualized and expressed as a percentage of average interest earning assets, is referred to as "net interest margin." Interest income, which includes loan fees and resultant yield information, is expressed on a taxable equivalent basis using a federal statutory tax rate of 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. A comparison of net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is set forth below.
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(dollars in thousands) | Three Months Ended March 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | Variance
Average Balance |  | Average Yield/ Rate |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Average Balance |  | Average Yield/ Rate |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Average Balance |  | Average Yield/ Rate |  | Interest Income/ Expense
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks | $ | 24,957 |  |  | 4.51 | % |  | $ | 277 |  |  | $ | 157,861 |  |  | 0.18 | % |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | (132,904) |  |  | 4.33 | % |  | $ | 205 |
Investment securities, excluding ACL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable (1) | 1,395,985 |  |  | 2.10 |  |  | 7,336 |  |  | 1,489,538 |  |  | 1.88 |  |  | 6,990 |  |  | (93,553) |  |  | 0.22 |  |  | 346 |
Tax-exempt (1) | 153,067 |  |  | 2.61 |  |  | 1,000 |  |  | 163,352 |  |  | 2.53 |  |  | 1,033 |  |  | (10,285) |  |  | 0.08 |  |  | (33) |
Total investment securities | 1,549,052 |  |  | 2.15 |  |  | 8,336 |  |  | 1,652,890 |  |  | 1.94 |  |  | 8,023 |  |  | (103,838) |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 313 |
Loans, including loans held for sale (2) | 5,525,988 |  |  | 4.26 |  |  | 58,269 |  |  | 5,114,260 |  |  | 3.54 |  |  | 44,949 |  |  | 411,728 |  |  | 0.72 |  |  | 13,320 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 12,380 |  |  | 4.40 |  |  | 136 |  |  | 7,996 |  |  | 2.98 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 4,384 |  |  | 1.42 |  |  | 77 |
Total interest earning assets | 7,112,377 |  |  | 3.80 |  |  | 67,018 |  |  | 6,933,007 |  |  | 3.09 |  |  | 53,103 |  |  | 179,370 |  |  | 0.71 |  |  | 13,915 |
Noninterest-earning assets | 331,390 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 408,843 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (77,453) |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 7,443,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,341,850 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 101,917 |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 1,415,155 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | $ | 363 |  |  | $ | 1,425,303 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | (10,148) |  |  | 0.07 | % |  | $ | 251 |
Savings and money market deposits | 2,182,942 |  |  | 0.63 |  |  | 3,386 |  |  | 2,212,426 |  |  | 0.06 |  |  | 329 |  |  | (29,484) |  |  | 0.57 |  |  | 3,057 |
Time deposits up to $250,000 | 341,396 |  |  | 2.22 |  |  | 1,870 |  |  | 223,661 |  |  | 0.28 |  |  | 156 |  |  | 117,735 |  |  | 1.94 |  |  | 1,714 |
Time deposits over $250,000 | 689,432 |  |  | 2.58 |  |  | 4,394 |  |  | 462,087 |  |  | 0.28 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 227,345 |  |  | 2.30 |  |  | 4,081 |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 4,628,925 |  |  | 0.88 |  |  | 10,013 |  |  | 4,323,477 |  |  | 0.09 |  |  | 910 |  |  | 305,448 |  |  | 0.79 |  |  | 9,103 |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other short-term borrowings | 64,462 |  |  | 4.79 |  |  | 761 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 64,462 |  |  | 4.79 |  |  | 761 |
Long-term debt | 127,273 |  |  | 5.86 |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | 105,637 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 1,041 |  |  | 21,636 |  |  | 1.86 |  |  | 797 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 4,820,660 |  |  | 1.06 |  |  | 12,612 |  |  | 4,429,114 |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 1,951 |  |  | 391,546 |  |  | 0.88 |  |  | 10,661 |
Noninterest-bearing deposits | 2,026,735 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,258,116 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (231,381) |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities | 132,816 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 115,971 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,845 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities | 6,980,211 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6,803,201 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 177,010 |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity | 463,556 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 538,601 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (75,045) |  |  |  |  |
Non-controlling interest | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (48) |  |  |  |  |
Total equity | 463,556 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 538,649 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (75,093) |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 7,443,767 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,341,850 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 101,917 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  |  | $ | 54,406 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51,152 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,254 |
Interest rate spread |  |  | 2.74 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.91 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (0.17) | % |  |
Net interest margin |  |  | 3.08 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.97 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.11 | % |  |
(1) At amortized cost. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(2) Includes nonaccrual loans. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Net interest income (expressed on a taxable-equivalent basis) was $54.4 million for the first quarter of 2023, representing an increase of $3.3 million, or 6.4% from $51.2 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase from the year-ago quarter was primarily due to higher average loans and higher yields earned on loans resulting in an increase in interest income and fees on loans of $13.3 million. This increase outpaced the increase in interest expense of $10.7 million which was attributable to higher average balances and rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.
Net interest income for the first quarter of 2023 included $41 thousand in PPP net interest income and net loan fees, which are accreted into income over the term of the loans and accelerated when the loans are forgiven or paid-off, compared to $1.9 million in the year-ago quarter. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company received $0.8 million in PPP loan forgiveness and repayments, compared to $48.9 million in the year-ago quarter. During the first quarters of 2023 and 2022, the
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Company had average PPP loan balances of $2.2 million and $68.7 million, respectively, which earned annualized yields of approximately 7.43% and 11.47%, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, the Company has net deferred PPP fees of $0.1 million remaining.
Interest Income
Taxable-equivalent interest income was $67.0 million for the first quarter of 2023, representing an increase of $13.9 million, or 26.2%, from $53.1 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase during the first quarter of 2023, compared to the year-ago quarter was primarily attributable to the increase in average yield earned on core loans, excluding PPP, of 82 bp, which increased interest income by approximately $11.2 million, combined with the increase in average core loan balances, excluding PPP, of $478.1 million, which increased interest income by approximately $4.1 million. In addition, the average yield earned on investment securities increased by 21 bp, which increased interest income by approximately $0.8 million. These increases were partially offset by lower average investment securities balances of $103.8 million which decreased interest income by approximately $0.5 million, and the aforementioned lower PPP net interest income and loan fees of $1.9 million compared to the year-ago quarter.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $12.6 million for the first quarter of 2023, representing an increase of $10.7 million, or 546.4%, from $2.0 million in the year-ago quarter. Due to the rising interest rate environment, average rates paid on interest-bearing deposits of 0.88% increased by 79 bp from the year-ago quarter, which increased interest expense by approximately $8.9 million. Average FHLB advances and other short-term borrowings totaled $64.5 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to none in the year-ago quarter, which increased interest expense by approximately $0.8 million. Average rates paid on long-term debt of 5.86% increased by 186 bp from the year-ago quarter, which increased interest expense by approximately $0.6 million.
Net Interest Margin
Our net interest margin of 3.08% for the first quarter of 2023 increased by 11 bp from 2.97% in the year-ago quarter. As previously discussed, the increase in net interest margin for the first quarter of 2023 compared to the year-ago quarter was primarily attributable to higher yields earned on core loans and investment securities, which outpaced the higher rates paid on interest-bearing deposits and borrowings.
As previously discussed, during the first quarter of 2023, the Company recognized lower net loan fees related to loans originated and forgiven under the PPP compared to the year-ago quarter. Excluding the PPP net interest income and net loan fees of $41 thousand and $1.9 million in the first quarter of 2023 and year-ago quarter, respectively, our net interest margin was 3.08% and 2.89% in the first quarter of 2023 and year-ago quarter, respectively.
In an effort to rein in inflation, the FRB aggressively increased interest rates during 2022. During the first quarter of 2022, the Federal Reserve increased the Federal Funds target range by 25 bp for the first time since 2018 to 0.25-0.50%. During the second quarter of 2022, the Federal Reserve increased the Federal Funds target range by 50 bp (the largest rate hike since 2000) in May and another 75 bp (the largest rate hike since 1994) in June to end the quarter at a target range of 1.50-1.75%. In July, September, and November 2022, the Federal Reserve hiked rates for the fourth, fifth and sixth time in 2022 by an additional 75 bp each. In December 2022, the FRB increased rates for the seventh consecutive time in 2022. The 50 bp increase brought the target range to 4.25-4.50% at the end of 2022, which was the highest it has been in 15 years.
In February 2023, the FRB increased rates by 25 bp to a target range of 4.50-4.75%. Despite stress hitting the banking industry following the collapse of two regional banks, the FRB increased rates for the ninth time in a row by another 25 bp in March 2023 to a target range of 4.75-5.00%.
Federal Reserve officials have indicated that they intend to keep interest rates high in 2023. The Company anticipates its average loan yield will continue to increase in the rising interest rate environment. Deposit and borrowing costs will also increase. The extent will depend on the competitive market environment and the Company's ability to retain and grow lower cost deposits. Such factors will influence the future direction of the net interest margin. In addition to the impacts from changes in monetary policy, other economic conditions may impact financial results in future periods. Inflationary concerns, labor shortages, changes to the political and regulatory environment, including geopolitical conflicts, supply chain disruptions and the possibility of future bank failures, could adversely impact the economy, which could negatively impact our financial results as well as our customers’ creditworthiness. In light of these potential issues, we continue to monitor our liquidity.
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Rate-Volume Analysis
For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided on changes attributable to: (i) changes in average balances (volume) and (ii) changes in weighted average interest rates (rate). The change in volume is calculated as change in average balance, multiplied by prior period average yield/rate. The change in rate is calculated as change in average yield/rate, multiplied by current period volume. The change in interest income not solely due to change in volume or change in rate has been allocated proportionately to change in volume and change in average yield/rate.

| Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 Compared To March 31, 2022 |  |
| Increase (Decrease) Due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Volume |  | Rate |  |  |  | Net Change |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest earning assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing deposits in other banks | $ | (61) |  |  | $ | 266 |  |  |  |  | $ | 205 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment securities, excluding ACL: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable investment securities (1) | (433) |  |  | 779 |  |  |  |  | 346 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-exempt investment securities (1) | (64) |  |  | 31 |  |  |  |  | (33) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total investment securities | (497) |  |  | 810 |  |  |  |  | 313 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans, including loans held for sale (2) | 3,571 |  |  | 9,749 |  |  |  |  | 13,320 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 33 |  |  | 44 |  |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest earning assets | 3,046 |  |  | 10,869 |  |  |  |  | 13,915 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing demand deposits | (1) |  |  | 252 |  |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and money market deposits | (4) |  |  | 3,061 |  |  |  |  | 3,057 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits up to $250,000 | 81 |  |  | 1,633 |  |  |  |  | 1,714 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits over $250,000 | 157 |  |  | 3,924 |  |  |  |  | 4,081 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing deposits | 233 |  |  | 8,870 |  |  |  |  | 9,103 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and other short-term borrowings | — |  |  | 761 |  |  |  |  | 761 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt | 213 |  |  | 584 |  |  |  |  | 797 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 446 |  |  | 10,215 |  |  |  |  | 10,661 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 2,600 |  |  | $ | 654 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,254 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) At amortized cost. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(2) Includes nonaccrual loans. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Provision for Credit Losses
During the first quarter of 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.9 million, which consisted of a provision for credit losses on loans of $1.6 million and a provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.3 million.
During the first quarter of 2022, we recorded a credit to the provision for credit losses of $3.2 million, which consisted of a credit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $2.9 million and a credit to the provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures of $0.3 million.
We did not record a provision for credit losses on investment securities during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
We recorded net charge-offs of $2.3 million during the first quarter of 2023, compared to net charge-offs of $0.4 million in the year-ago quarter.
Other Operating Income
The following tables set forth components of other operating income for the periods indicated:
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| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Other operating income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage banking income | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 1,172 |  |  | $ | (646) |  |  | -55.1 | %
Service charges on deposit accounts | 2,111 |  |  | 1,861 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 13.4 |
Other service charges and fees | 4,985 |  |  | 4,488 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 11.1 |
Income from fiduciary activities | 1,321 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 14.5 |
Income from bank-owned life insurance | 1,291 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 752 |  |  | 139.5 |
Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entities | 28 |  |  | 93 |  |  | (65) |  |  | -69.9 |
Income recovered on nonaccrual loans previously charged-off | 288 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 657.9 |
Other recoveries | 98 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 73 |  |  | 292.0 |
Unrealized losses on loans-held-for-sale | 3 |  |  | (63) |  |  | 66 |  |  | -104.8 |
Commissions on sale of checks | 80 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3.9 |
Other | 278 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 111 |  |  | 66.5 |
Total other operating income | $ | 11,009 |  |  | $ | 9,551 |  |  | $ | 1,458 |  |  | 15.3 |
Not meaningful ("N.M.")

For the first quarter of 2023, total other operating income was $11.0 million, which increased by $1.5 million, or 15.3%, from $9.6 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase from the year-ago quarter was primarily due to higher income from bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI") of $0.8 million, higher other service charges and fees of $0.5 million, higher service charges on deposit accounts of $0.3 million, and higher income recovered on nonaccrual loans previously charged-off of $0.3 million, partially offset by lower mortgage banking income of $0.6 million.
Other Operating Expense
The following tables set forth components of other operating expense for the periods indicated:
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| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Other operating expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits | $ | 22,023 |  |  | $ | 20,942 |  |  | $ | 1,081 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Net occupancy | 4,474 |  |  | 3,774 |  |  | 700 |  |  | 18.5 |
Equipment | 946 |  |  | 1,082 |  |  | (136) |  |  | -12.6 |
Communication | 778 |  |  | 806 |  |  | (28) |  |  | -3.5 |
Legal and professional services | 2,886 |  |  | 2,626 |  |  | 260 |  |  | 9.9 |
Computer software | 4,606 |  |  | 3,082 |  |  | 1,524 |  |  | 49.4 |
Advertising | 933 |  |  | 1,150 |  |  | (217) |  |  | -18.9 |
Other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pension plan and SERP expense | 95 |  |  | 200 |  |  | (105) |  |  | -52.5 |
Charitable contributions | 198 |  |  | 95 |  |  | 103 |  |  | 108.4 |
FDIC insurance assessment | 1,086 |  |  | 631 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 72.1 |
Miscellaneous loan expenses | 282 |  |  | 389 |  |  | (107) |  |  | -27.5 |
ATM and debit card expenses | 787 |  |  | 663 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 18.7 |
Armored car expenses | 348 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 38.6 |
Entertainment and promotions | 542 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 65.7 |
Stationery and supplies | 293 |  |  | 350 |  |  | (57) |  |  | -16.3 |
Directors’ fees and expenses | 355 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 35.0 |
Directors' deferred compensation plan (credit) expense | (220) |  |  | (80) |  |  | (140) |  |  | 175.0 |
Loss on disposal of fixed assets | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 100.0 |
Other | 1,693 |  |  | 1,653 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 2.4 |
Total other operating expense | $ | 42,107 |  |  | $ | 38,205 |  |  | $ | 3,902 |  |  | 10.2 |
Not meaningful ("N.M.") |  |  |  |  |  |  |

For the first quarter of 2023, total other operating expense was $42.1 million, which increased by $3.9 million, or 10.2%, from $38.2 million in the year-ago quarter. The increase was primarily due to higher computer software expense of $1.5 million, higher salaries and employee benefits of $1.1 million, higher net occupancy expense of $0.7 million, and higher FDIC insurance assessment of $0.5 million.
Efficiency Ratio
A key measure of operating efficiency tracked by management is the efficiency ratio, which is calculated by dividing total other operating expense by total pre-provision revenue (net interest income and total other operating income). Management believes that the efficiency ratio provides useful supplemental information that is important to a proper understanding of the company's core business results by investors. Our efficiency ratio should not be viewed as a substitute for results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor is it necessarily comparable to the efficiency ratio presented by other companies.
The following table sets forth a calculation of our efficiency ratio for each of the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Total other operating expense | $ | 42,107 |  |  | $ | 38,205 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 54,196 |  |  | $ | 50,935 |  |  |  |  |
Total other operating income | 11,009 |  |  | 9,551 |  |  |  |  |
Total revenue before provision for credit losses | $ | 65,205 |  |  | $ | 60,486 |  |  |  |  |
Efficiency ratio | 64.58 | % |  | 63.16 | % |  |  |  |

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Our efficiency ratio increased to 64.58% in the first quarter of 2023, compared to 63.16% in the year-ago quarter. The higher efficiency ratio in the first quarter of 2023 was primarily due to the aforementioned higher other operating expense, partially offset by higher net interest income and other operating income.
The Company continues its strategic investments in digital banking, technology and personnel and it expects these investments, along with continued business development and relationship-focused banking, will improve profitability and shareholder returns.
Income Taxes
The Company recorded income tax expense of $5.1 million for the first quarter of 2023, compared to $6.0 million in the same year-ago period. The effective tax rate for the first quarter of 2023 was 23.81%, compared to 23.70% in the same year-ago period.
The valuation allowance on our net DTA at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 totaled $3.4 million, which related entirely to our DTA from net apportioned net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards for California state income tax purposes, as the Company does not expect to generate sufficient income in California to utilize the DTA.
Net of the valuation allowance, the Company's net DTA totaled $40.1 million at March 31, 2023, compared to a net DTA of $48.5 million as of December 31, 2022, and is included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The decrease in the net DTA was primarily due to utilization of net operating loss carryforwards.
Financial Condition
Total assets were $7.52 billion at March 31, 2023 and increased by $88.5 million, or 1.2%, from $7.43 billion at December 31, 2022.
Investment Securities
Investment securities totaled $1.35 billion at March 31, 2023, which increased by $9.1 million, or 0.7%, from $1.34 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase in the investment securities portfolio reflects a market valuation improvement on the AFS portfolio of $16.9 million and purchases of investment securities of $14.9 million, partially offset by principal runoff of $22.7 million.
In 2022, the market valuation on the AFS portfolio declined significantly. The decline in the market valuation was primarily driven by the rising interest rate environment. The market valuation slightly recovered during the first quarter of 2023. T o mitigate the potential future impact to capital through AOCI, in March 2022, the Company transferred 41 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $361.8 million and a fair market value of $329.5 million. On the date of transfer, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $32.3 million. In May 2022, the Company transferred an additional 40 investment securities that were classified as AFS to HTM. The investment securities had an amortized cost basis of $400.9 million and a fair market value of $343.7 million. On the date of transfer, these securities had a total net unrealized loss of $57.2 million. There was no impact to net income as a result of the reclassifications.
In addition, during the first quarter of 2022, the Company entered into a forward starting interest rate swap on certain municipal debt securities with a notional amount of $115.5 million. The Company will pay the counterparty a fixed rate of 2.095% and will receive a floating rate based on the Federal Funds effective rate. This transaction has an effective date of March 31, 2024 and a maturity date of March 31, 2029.
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Loans
The following table sets forth information regarding our outstanding loans by category and geographic location as of the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands) |  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Hawaii: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA Paycheck Protection Program |  | $ | 1,821 |  |  | $ | 2,555 |  |  | $ | (734) |  |  | (28.7) | %
Other |  | 375,158 |  |  | 383,665 |  |  | (8,507) |  |  | (2.2) |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | 154,303 |  |  | 150,208 |  |  | 4,095 |  |  | 2.7 |
Residential mortgage |  | 1,941,230 |  |  | 1,940,999 |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | 743,908 |  |  | 739,380 |  |  | 4,528 |  |  | 0.6 |
Commercial mortgage |  | 1,030,086 |  |  | 1,029,708 |  |  | 378 |  |  | — |
Consumer |  | 342,922 |  |  | 346,789 |  |  | (3,867) |  |  | (1.1) |
Total loans |  | 4,589,428 |  |  | 4,593,304 |  |  | (3,876) |  |  | (0.1) |
Allowance for credit losses ("ACL") |  | (44,062) |  |  | (45,169) |  |  | 1,107 |  |  | (2.5) |
Loans, net of ACL |  | $ | 4,545,366 |  |  | $ | 4,548,135 |  |  | $ | (2,769) |  |  | (0.1) |
U.S. Mainland: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA Paycheck Protection Program |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | — | %
Other |  | 179,906 |  |  | 160,282 |  |  | 19,624 |  |  | 12.2 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | 27,171 |  |  | 16,515 |  |  | 10,656 |  |  | 64.5 |
Commercial mortgage |  | 331,546 |  |  | 333,367 |  |  | (1,821) |  |  | (0.5) |
Consumer |  | 429,346 |  |  | 451,998 |  |  | (22,652) |  |  | (5.0) |
Total loans |  | 967,969 |  |  | 962,162 |  |  | 5,807 |  |  | 0.6 |
ACL |  | (19,037) |  |  | (18,569) |  |  | (468) |  |  | 2.5 |
Loans, net of ACL |  | $ | 948,932 |  |  | $ | 943,593 |  |  | $ | 5,339 |  |  | 0.6 |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA Paycheck Protection Program |  | $ | 1,821 |  |  | $ | 2,555 |  |  | $ | (734) |  |  | (28.7) | %
Other |  | 555,064 |  |  | 543,947 |  |  | 11,117 |  |  | 2.0 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Construction |  | 181,474 |  |  | 166,723 |  |  | 14,751 |  |  | 8.8 |
Residential mortgage |  | 1,941,230 |  |  | 1,940,999 |  |  | 231 |  |  | — |
Home equity |  | 743,908 |  |  | 739,380 |  |  | 4,528 |  |  | 0.6 |
Commercial mortgage |  | 1,361,632 |  |  | 1,363,075 |  |  | (1,443) |  |  | (0.1) |
Consumer |  | 772,268 |  |  | 798,787 |  |  | (26,519) |  |  | (3.3) |
Total loans |  | 5,557,397 |  |  | 5,555,466 |  |  | 1,931 |  |  | — |
ACL |  | (63,099) |  |  | (63,738) |  |  | 639 |  |  | (1.0) |
Loans, net of ACL |  | $ | 5,494,298 |  |  | $ | 5,491,728 |  |  | $ | 2,570 |  |  | — |

Loans, net of deferred costs, totaled $5.56 billion at March 31, 2023, which increased by $1.9 million, or 0.03%, from $5.56 billion at December 31, 2022. The increase reflects net increases in the following loan portfolios: construction of $14.8 million, other commercial loans of $11.1 million, home equity of $4.5 million and residential mortgage loans of $0.2 million. These increases were offset by net decreases in consumer of $26.5 million, commercial mortgage of $1.4 million and SBA Paycheck Protection Program loans of $0.7 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company received $0.8 million in PPP loan forgiveness and paydowns. Core loans, or total loans, net of deferred costs, excluding PPP loans, totaled $5.56 billion at March 31, 2023 and increased by $2.7 million, or 0.05%, from $5.55 billion at December 31, 2022.
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The Hawaii loan portfolio decreased by $3.9 million, or 0.1%, from December 31, 2022. The decrease reflects net decreases in the following loan portfolios: other commercial, financial and agricultural loans of $8.5 million, consumer of $3.9 million and SBA Paycheck Protection Program loans of $0.7 million. These decreases were partially offset by net increases in the following portfolios: home equity of $4.5 million, construction of $4.1 million, commercial mortgage of $0.4 million and residential mortgage of $0.2 million.
The U.S. Mainland loan portfolio increased by $5.8 million, or 0.6% from December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to net increases in other commercial, financial and agricultural loans of $19.6 million and construction loans of $10.7 million, partially offset by a net decrease in consumer loans of $22.7 million, and commercial mortgage loans of $1.8 million. As a prudent measure, we continued to let the U.S. Mainland unsecured consumer loan portfolio run off until the national economic outlook improves. Refer to Note 4 - Loans and Credit Quality in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements in this report for information on U.S. Mainland loan portfolio purchases.
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Nonperforming Assets, Accruing Loans Delinquent for 90 Days or More, Restructured Loans Still Accruing Interest
The following table sets forth nonperforming assets, accruing loans delinquent for 90 days or more and restructured loans still accruing interest as of the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Nonperforming Assets ("NPAs") |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural - Other | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | 297 |  |  | $ | (33) |  |  | (11.1) | %
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 3,445 |  |  | 3,808 |  |  | (363) |  |  | (9.5) |
Home equity | 712 |  |  | 570 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 24.9 |
Commercial mortgage | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | — |
Consumer | 815 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 41.5 |
Total nonaccrual loans | 5,313 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 1.2 |
Other real estate owned ("OREO"): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total OREO | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total nonperforming assets | 5,313 |  |  | 5,251 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 1.2 |
Accruing Loans Delinquent for 90 Days or More |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
SBA PPP | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | (13) |  |  | (100.0) |
Other | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | (26) |  |  | (100.0) |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | — |  |  | 559 |  |  | (559) |  |  | (100.0) |
Consumer | 1,908 |  |  | 1,240 |  |  | 668 |  |  | 53.9 |
Total accruing loans delinquent for 90 days or more | 1,908 |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | 70 |  |  | 3.8 |
Restructured Loans Still Accruing Interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 1,376 |  |  | 1,845 |  |  | (469) |  |  | (25.4) |
Commercial mortgage | 846 |  |  | 886 |  |  | (40) |  |  | (4.5) |
Consumer | 54 |  |  | 62 |  |  | (8) |  |  | (12.9) |
Total restructured loans still accruing interest | 2,276 |  |  | 2,793 |  |  | (517) |  |  | (18.5) |
Total NPAs, accruing loans delinquent for 90 days or more and restructured loans still accruing interest | $ | 9,497 |  |  | $ | 9,882 |  |  | $ | (385) |  |  | (3.9) |
Ratio of nonaccrual loans to total loans | 0.10 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  |  |  | 0.01 | %
Ratio of NPAs to total loans and OREO | 0.10 | % |  | 0.09 | % |  |  |  | 0.01 | %
Ratio of NPAs and accruing loans delinquent for 90 days or more to total loans and OREO | 0.13 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  |  |  | — | %
Ratio of NPAs, accruing loans delinquent for 90 days or more, and restructured loans still accruing interest to total loans and OREO | 0.17 | % |  | 0.18 | % |  |  |  | (0.01) | %
Ratio of classified assets and OREO to tier 1 capital and ACL | 6.25 | % |  | 6.25 | % |  |  |  | — | %

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The following table sets forth year-to-date activity in nonperforming assets as of the date indicated:

(dollars in thousands) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | $ | 5,251 |
Additions | 1,626 |
Reductions: |
Payments | (857) |
Return to accrual status | (15) |
Net charge-offs, valuation and other adjustments | (692) |
Total reductions | (1,564) |
Net increase | 62 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | $ | 5,313 |

Nonperforming assets, which includes nonaccrual loans and other real estate owned, totaled $5.3 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $5.3 million at December 31, 2022. There were no nonperforming loans classified as held for sale at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The increase in nonperforming assets from December 31, 2022 was primarily attributable to additions to nonaccrual loans totaling $1.6 million, partially offset by $0.9 million in repayments of nonaccrual loans and $0.7 million in net charge-offs, valuation and other adjustments.
Prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02, we accounted for a modification to the contractual terms of a loan that resulted in granting a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulties as a troubled debt restructuring ("TDR").
Loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 included in nonperforming assets at March 31, 2023 consisted of five Hawaii loans with a combined principal balance of $1.1 million. There were $2.3 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 still accruing interest at March 31, 2023, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent. At December 31, 2022, there were $2.8 million of loans identified as TDRs prior to our adoption of ASU 2022-02 still accruing interest, none of which were more than 90 days delinquent.
Criticized loans at March 31, 2023 declined by $5.8 million from December 31, 2022 to $71.3 million, or 1.3% of the total loan portfolio. Special mention loans declined by $6.2 million to $26.7 million, or 0.5% of the total loan portfolio. Classified loans increased by $0.5 million to $44.6 million, or 0.8% of the total loan portfolio.
The Company's ratio of classified assets and other real estate owned to tier 1 capital and the ACL of 6.25% at March 31, 2023 remained unchanged from 6.25% at December 31, 2022.
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Allowance for Credit Losses
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the ACL as of the dates and for the periods indicated:

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  |
(dollars in thousands) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Allowance for Credit Losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 63,738 |  |  | $ | 68,097 |  |  |  |  |
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans | 1,615 |  |  | (2,931) |  |  |  |  |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural - Other | 779 |  |  | 254 |  |  |  |  |
Consumer | 2,686 |  |  | 1,216 |  |  |  |  |
Total charge-offs | 3,465 |  |  | 1,470 |  |  |  |  |
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial, financial and agricultural - Other | 250 |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage | 53 |  |  | 112 |  |  |  |  |
Consumer | 908 |  |  | 596 |  |  |  |  |
Total recoveries | 1,211 |  |  | 1,058 |  |  |  |  |
Net charge-offs | 2,254 |  |  | 412 |  |  |  |  |
Balance at end of period | $ | 63,099 |  |  | $ | 64,754 |  |  |  |  |
Average loans, net of deferred fees and costs | $ | 5,525,988 |  |  | $ | 5,114,260 |  |  |  |  |
Annualized ratio of net charge-offs to average loans | 0.16 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  |  |  |
Ratio of ACL to total loans | 1.14 | % |  | 1.25 | % |  |  |  |
Ratio of ACL to total loans, excluding PPP loans | 1.14 | % |  | 1.26 | % |  |  |  |
ACL as a percentage of nonaccrual loans | 1188 | % |  | 1214 | % |  |  |  |

Our ACL totaled $63.1 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $63.7 million at December 31, 2022 and $64.8 million at March 31, 2022.
During the first quarter of 2023, we recorded a debit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $1.6 million and net charge-offs of $2.3 million. The provision for credit losses on loans during the current quarter was primarily attributable to net loan charge-offs during the quarter.
Our ACL as a percentage of total loans decreased to 1.14% at March 31, 2023 from 1.15% at December 31, 2022 and 1.25% at March 31, 2022. Our ACL as a percentage of nonaccrual loans decreased to 1188% at March 31, 2023 from 1214% at December 31, 2022 and 1214% at March 31, 2022.
In accordance with GAAP, loans held for sale and other real estate assets are not included in our assessment of the ACL.
Federal Home Loan Bank Stock
The bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (the "FHLB"). Our FHLB stock balance of $12.0 million at March 31, 2023 increased by $2.8 million, or 30.8%, from the FHLB stock balance of $9.1 million at December 31, 2022. FHLB stock has an activity-based stock requirement, such that as borrowings increase, so will our holdings of FHLB stock. As a condition of membership in the FHLB, members are required to purchase and hold a minimum number of FHLB stock based on a percentage of total assets even if we have no borrowings outstanding.
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Deposits
The following table sets forth the composition of our deposits by category for the periods indicated:

(dollars in thousands) | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | $ | 2,028,087 |  |  | $ | 2,092,823 |  |  | $ | (64,736) |  |  | (3.1) | %
Interest-bearing demand deposits | 1,386,913 |  |  | 1,453,167 |  |  | (66,254) |  |  | (4.6) |
Savings and money market deposits | 2,184,675 |  |  | 2,199,028 |  |  | (14,353) |  |  | (0.7) |
Time deposits less than $100,000 | 188,289 |  |  | 181,547 |  |  | 6,742 |  |  | 3.7 |
Time deposits $100,000 to $250,000 | 183,861 |  |  | 148,601 |  |  | 35,260 |  |  | 23.7 |
Core deposits | 5,971,825 |  |  | 6,075,166 |  |  | (103,341) |  |  | (1.7) |
Government time deposits | 360,501 |  |  | 290,057 |  |  | 70,444 |  |  | 24.3 |
Other time deposits greater than $250,000 | 414,642 |  |  | 371,000 |  |  | 43,642 |  |  | 11.8 |
Total time deposits greater than $250,000 | 775,143 |  |  | 661,057 |  |  | 114,086 |  |  | 17.3 |
Total deposits | $ | 6,746,968 |  |  | $ | 6,736,223 |  |  | $ | 10,745 |  |  | 0.2 |

Our total deposits of $6.75 billion at March 31, 2023 increased by $10.7 million, or 0.2%, from total deposits of $6.74 billion at December 31, 2022. Net increases in government time deposits of $70.4 million, other time deposits greater than $250,000 of $43.6 million, time deposits $100,000 to $250,000 of $35.3 million, and time deposits less than $100,000 of $6.7 million, were offset by net decreases in noninterest-bearing demand deposits of $64.7 million, interest-bearing demand deposits of $66.3 million, and savings and money market deposits of $14.4 million.
Our core deposits, which we define as demand deposits, savings and money market deposits, and time deposits up to $250,000, totaled $5.97 billion at March 31, 2023 and decreased by $103.3 million, from $6.08 billion at December 31, 2022. Core deposits as a percentage of total deposits was 88.5% at March 31, 2023, compared to 90.2% at December 31, 2022. Our average cost of total deposits was 60 bp during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
The Company's business model is based on long-term relationships and most of the Company's customers are long-tenured with a diversified deposit portfolio. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately 66% and 65%, respectively, of the Company's total deposits were FDIC-insured or fully collateralized.
Capital Resources
In order to ensure adequate levels of capital, we conduct an ongoing assessment of projected sources and uses of capital in conjunction with an analysis of the size and quality of our assets, the anticipated performance of our business (including the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and FRB actions impacting market interest rates and the economy) and the level of risk and regulatory capital requirements. As part of this ongoing assessment, the Board of Directors reviews our capital position on an ongoing basis to ensure it is adequate, including, but not limited to, the need for raising additional capital or the ability to return capital to our shareholders, including the ability to declare cash dividends or repurchase our securities.
Common and Preferred Equity
Our total shareholders' equity was $470.9 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $452.9 million at December 31, 2022. The change in total shareholders' equity was primarily attributable to net income of $16.2 million and other comprehensive income of $11.3 million, partially offset by cash dividends declared of $7.0 million and the repurchase of $2.2 million in shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase programs in the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Our total shareholders' equity to total assets ratio was 6.26% at March 31, 2023, compared to 6.09% at December 31, 2022. Our book value per share was $17.44 and $16.76 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.
Holding Company Capital Resources
CPF is required to act as a source of strength to the bank under the Dodd-Frank Act. CPF is obligated to pay its expenses and payments on its junior subordinated debentures which fund payments on the outstanding trust preferred securities, and payments on its subordinated notes.
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CPF relies on the bank to pay dividends to fund its obligations. On a stand-alone basis, CPF had an available cash balance of approximately $18.2 million as of March 31, 2023 in order to meet its ongoing obligations.
As a Hawaii state-chartered bank, the bank may only pay dividends to the extent it has retained earnings as defined under Hawaii banking law ("Statutory Retained Earnings"), which differs from GAAP retained earnings. As of March 31, 2023, the bank had Statutory Retained Earnings of $150.0 million. Provisions of federal law also impact the ability of the bank to pay dividends to the Company and the ability of the Company to pay dividends to our shareholders and repurchase our common stock. On April 25, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.26 per share on the Company's outstanding common stock, which remained unchanged from $0.26 per share a year-ago.
Dividends are payable at the discretion of the Board of Directors and there can be no assurance that the Board of Directors will continue to pay dividends at the same rate, or at all, in the future. Our ability to pay cash dividends to our shareholders is subject to restrictions under federal and Hawaii law, including restrictions imposed by the FRB and covenants set forth in various agreements we are a party to, including covenants set forth in our subordinated debentures and subordinated notes.
On January 25, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $30 million of its common stock (the "2022 Repurchase Plan"), which replaced and superseded the previous share repurchase program. During 2022, the Company repurchased 868,613 shares of common stock, at an aggregate cost of $20.7 million under the Company's share repurchase programs.
On January 24, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $25 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a newly authorized share repurchase program (the "2023 Repurchase Plan"). The 2023 Repurchase Plan replaces and supersedes in its entirety the 2022 Repurchase Plan, which had $10.3 million in remaining repurchase authority as of December 31, 2022.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 101,760 shares of common stock, at an aggregate cost of $2.2 million under the Company's share repurchase programs (48,760 shares at an aggregate cost of $1.0 million under the 2022 Repurchase Plan and 53,000 shares at an aggregate cost of $1.2 million under the 2023 Repurchase Plan). As of March 31, 2023, $23.8 million remained available for repurchase under the Company's 2023 Repurchase Plan.
In mid March 2023, the Company temporarily suspended share repurchases to preserve capital and liquidity as we continue to evaluate market conditions. We cannot provide any assurance whether or not we will continue to repurchase common stock under our share repurchase program.
Trust Preferred Securities
As of March 31, 2023, we have two remaining statutory trusts, CPB Capital Trust IV ("Trust IV") and CPB Statutory Trust V ("Trust V"), which issued a total of $50.0 million in floating rate trust preferred securities. The trust preferred securities, the underlying floating rate junior subordinated debentures that are the assets of Trusts IV and V, and the common securities issued by Trusts IV and V are redeemable in whole or in part on any interest payment date on or after December 15, 2009 for Trust IV and V, or at any time in whole but not in part within 90 days following the occurrence of certain events. Our obligations with respect to the issuance of the trust preferred securities constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by the Company of each trust's obligations with respect to its trust preferred securities. Subject to certain exceptions and limitations, we may elect from time to time to defer subordinated debenture interest payments, which would result in a deferral of dividend payments on the related trust preferred securities, for up to 20 consecutive quarterly periods without default or penalty.
The Company determined that its investments in Trust IV and Trust V did not represent a variable interest and therefore the Company was not the primary beneficiary of each of the trusts. As a result, consolidation of the trusts by the Company were not required.
Subordinated Notes
On October 20, 2020, the Company completed a $55 million private placement of ten-year fixed-to-floating rate subordinated notes, which will be used to support regulatory capital ratios and for general corporate purposes. The Company exchanged the privately placed notes for registered notes with the same terms and in the same aggregate principal amount at the end of the fourth quarter of 2020. The notes bear a fixed interest rate of 4.75% for the first five years and will reset quarterly thereafter for the remaining five years to the then current three-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate, as published by the Federal
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Reserve Bank of New York, plus 456 basis points. The subordinated notes had a carrying value of $54.4 million, net of unamortized debt issuance costs of $0.6 million, at March 31, 2023.
The subordinated notes may be included in Tier 2 capital, with certain limitations applicable, under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.
Regulatory Capital Ratios
The Company and the bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy guidelines and, additionally for banks, prompt corrective action regulations, involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can initiate regulatory action.
The final rules implementing Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s capital guidelines for U.S. banks ("Basel III rules") became effective for the Company on January 1, 2015, and has now been fully phased in. Under the Basel III rules, the Company must hold a "capital conservation buffer" above the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The capital conservation buffer is now at its fully phased in level of 2.50%.
The final rules allowed community banks to make a one-time election not to include the additional components of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) in regulatory capital and instead use the existing treatment under the general risk-based capital rules that excludes most AOCI components from regulatory capital. The Company made the election not to include the additional components of AOCI in regulatory capital.
In March 2020, the FDIC, FRB and OCC, collectively, issued three interim final rules that impact the reporting of regulatory capital in the Call Report. The revisions include:
1.Revising the definition of eligible retained income in the capital rule;
2.Permitting banking organizations to neutralize the effects of purchasing assets through the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ("MMLF") on their risk-based and leverage capital ratios;
3.Providing banking organizations that implement the Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments", before the end of 2020 the option to delay for two years an estimate of the CECL methodology’s effect on regulatory capital, relative to the incurred loss methodology’s effect on capital, followed by a three-year transition period;
4.Allowing banking organizations to implement the final rule titled Standardized Approach for Calculating the Exposure Amount of Derivative Contracts (the "SA-CCR rule") for the first quarter of 2020, on a best efforts basis.
The Company elected to exercise the option to delay for two years the CECL methodology's effect on regulatory capital.
General capital adequacy regulations adopted by the FRB and FDIC require an institution to maintain minimum leverage capital, Tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") capital ratios. In addition to these uniform risk-based capital guidelines and leverage ratios that apply across the industry, the regulators have the discretion to set individual minimum capital requirements for specific institutions at rates significantly above the minimum guidelines and ratios. For a further discussion of the effect of forthcoming changes in required regulatory capital ratios, see the discussion in the "Business — Supervision and Regulation" sections of our 2022 Form 10-K.
The following table sets forth the Company's and the bank's capital ratios, as well as the minimum capital adequacy requirements applicable to all financial institutions as of the dates indicated. The Company's and the bank's leverage capital, tier 1 risk-based capital, total risk-based capital, and CET1 risk-based capital ratios as of March 31, 2023 were above the levels required for a "well capitalized" regulatory designation.
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|  | Actual |  | Minimum Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum Required to be Well Capitalized
(dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio [1] |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Company |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At March 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage capital |  | $ | 650,231 |  |  | 8.6 | % |  | $ | 303,339 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 650,231 |  |  | 11.5 |  |  | 340,197 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total risk-based capital |  | 771,810 |  |  | 13.6 |  |  | 453,596 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
CET1 risk-based capital |  | 600,231 |  |  | 10.6 |  |  | 255,148 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
At December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage capital |  | $ | 642,302 |  |  | 8.5 | % |  | $ | 301,053 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | N/A |  | N/A
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 642,302 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 340,151 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total risk-based capital |  | 764,283 |  |  | 13.5 |  |  | 453,535 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
CET1 risk-based capital |  | 592,302 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 255,113 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Central Pacific Bank |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
At March 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage capital |  | $ | 680,607 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | $ | 301,976 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 377,470 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 680,607 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 339,388 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 452,517 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital |  | 747,186 |  |  | 13.2 |  |  | 452,517 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 565,647 |  |  | 10.0 |
CET1 risk-based capital |  | 680,607 |  |  | 12.0 |  |  | 254,541 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 367,670 |  |  | 6.5 |
At December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Leverage capital |  | $ | 675,331 |  |  | 9.0 | % |  | $ | 300,584 |  |  | 4.0 | % |  | $ | 375,730 |  |  | 5.0 | %
Tier 1 risk-based capital |  | 675,331 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 339,422 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 452,563 |  |  | 8.0 |
Total risk-based capital |  | 742,312 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | 452,563 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 565,704 |  |  | 10.0 |
CET1 risk-based capital |  | 675,331 |  |  | 11.9 |  |  | 254,567 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 367,708 |  |  | 6.5 |

[1] Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the Company and the bank must also maintain the required Capital Conservation Buffer ("CCB") to avoid becoming subject to restrictions on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management. The CCB is calculated as a ratio of CET1 capital to risk-weighted assets, and effectively increases the required minimum risk-based capital ratios. The CCB requirement was phased in over a three-year period that began on January 1, 2016. The phase-in period ended on January 1, 2019, and the CCB is now at its fully phased-in level of 2.5%.
Asset/Liability Management and Interest Rate Risk
Our earnings and capital are sensitive to risk of interest rate fluctuations. Interest rate risk arises when rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities mature or reprice during different periods or in differing amounts. In the normal course of business, we are subjected to interest rate risk through the activities of making loans and taking deposits, as well as from our investment securities portfolio and other interest-bearing funding sources. Asset/liability management monitors our rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities to meet our financial objectives.
Our Asset/Liability Management Policy seeks to maximize the risk-adjusted return to shareholders while maintaining consistently acceptable levels of liquidity, interest rate risk and capitalization. Our Asset/Liability Management Committee, or ALCO, monitors interest rate risk through the use of net interest income ("NII") and economic value of equity ("EVE") simulation and various hypothetical interest rate scenarios that may include gradual, immediate or non-parallel rate changes. This process is designed to measure the impact of future changes in interest rates on NII and EVE. Potentially adverse interest rate risk exposures are managed through the shortening or lengthening of the duration of assets and liabilities.
ALCO utilizes a detailed and dynamic simulation model to measure and manage interest rate risk exposures. The simulation incorporates various assumptions which may impact results. Key modeling assumptions are made around the timing of interest rate changes, the prepayment of mortgage-related assets, pricing spreads of assets and liabilities and the timing and magnitude of deposit rate changes in relation to changes in the overall level of interest rates.
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The following reflects our net interest income sensitivity analysis as of March 31, 2023. Net interest income is estimated assuming no balance sheet growth under a flat interest rate scenario. The net interest income sensitivity is measured as the change in net interest income in alternate interest rate scenarios as a percentage of the flat rate scenario. The alternate rate scenarios typically assume rates move up or down 100 bp in either a gradual or an instantaneous, parallel fashion.

|  | Estimated Net Interest Income Sensitivity
Rate Change |  | Gradual |  | Instantaneous
+100 bp |  | 1.33 | % |  | 2.27 | %
-100 bp |  | (1.83) | % |  | (3.48) | %

Liquidity and Borrowing Arrangements
Our objective in managing liquidity is to maintain a balance between sources and uses of funds in order to economically meet the cash requirements of customers for loans and deposit withdrawals and participate in lending and investment opportunities as they arise. We monitor our liquidity position in relation to changes in loan and deposit balances on a daily basis to ensure maximum utilization, maintenance of an adequate level of readily marketable assets and access to short-term funding sources.
Core deposits have historically provided us with a sizable source of relatively stable and low cost funds, but are subject to competitive pressure in our market. In addition to core deposit funding, we also have access to a variety of other short-term and long-term funding sources, which include proceeds from maturities of our loans and investment securities, as well as secondary funding sources such as the FHLB, secured repurchase agreements and the Federal Reserve discount window, available to meet our liquidity needs. While we historically have had access to these other funding sources, access to these sources may not be guaranteed and can be restricted in the future as a result of market conditions or the Company's and bank's financial position.
The bank maintained a $2.05 billion line of credit with the FHLB as of March 31, 2023, compared to $2.23 billion at December 31, 2022. There were $25.0 million in short-term borrowings under this arrangement at March 31, 2023, compared to $5.0 million at December 31, 2022. Letters of credit under this arrangement that are used to collateralize certain government deposits totaled $36.0 million at March 31, 2023, and remained unchanged from $36.0 million at December 31, 2022. There were $50.0 million in long-term borrowings under this arrangement at March 31, 2023, compared to no borrowings at December 31, 2022. FHLB advances and standby letters of credit available at March 31, 2023 were secured by certain real estate loans with a carrying value of $3.19 billion in accordance with the collateral provisions of the Advances, Security and Deposit Agreement with the FHLB. At March 31, 2023, $1.94 billion was undrawn under this arrangement, compared to $2.19 billion at December 31, 2022.
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, our bank had additional unused borrowings available at the Federal Reserve discount window of $76.6 million and $75.9 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, certain commercial and commercial real estate loans with a carrying value totaling $123.2 million and $125.0 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral on our line of credit with the Federal Reserve discount window. The Federal Reserve does not have the right to sell or repledge these loans.
As of March 31, 2023, the Company had a total of approximately $2.83 billion in total other liquidity sources, including available borrowing capacity plus unpledged investment securities.
Our ability to maintain adequate levels of liquidity is dependent on our ability to continue to maintain our strong risk profile and capital base. Our liquidity may also be negatively impacted by unexpected deposit withdrawals from weakness in the financial markets and industry-wide reductions in liquidity.
Information regarding our material contractual obligations is provided in "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no material changes in our cash requirements from known contractual and other obligations since December 31, 2022. We believe we will be able to meet our contractual obligations as they come due through the maintenance of adequate liquidity levels. We expect to maintain adequate liquidity levels through profitability, loan payoffs, securities repayments and maturities and continued deposit gathering activities. We also have various borrowing mechanisms in place for both short-term and long-term liquidity needs.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market rates/prices such as interest rates, foreign currency rates, commodity prices and equity prices. Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk that occurs when rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities mature or reprice during different periods or in differing amounts. Asset/liability management attempts to coordinate our rate-sensitive assets and rate-sensitive liabilities to meet our financial objectives. The Asset/Liability Committee ("ALCO") monitors interest rate risk through the use of net interest income and economic value of equity simulation, and various interest rate scenarios. Potentially adverse interest rate risk exposures are managed through the shortening or lengthening of the duration of assets and liabilities.
The primary analytical tool we use to measure and manage our interest rate risk is a simulation model that projects changes in net interest income ("NII") as market interest rates change. Our ALCO policy requires that simulated changes in NII should be within certain specified ranges, or steps must be taken to reduce interest rate risk. The results of the model indicate that the mix of rate-sensitive assets and liabilities at March 31, 2023 would not result in a fluctuation of NII that would exceed the established policy limits.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report and pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"), the Company's management, including the principal executive officer and principal financial officer, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness and design of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act). Based upon that evaluation, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
T here have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the period covered by this report, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
We are involved in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. The outcome of these matters and the timing of ultimate resolution is inherently difficult to predict. Based on information currently available to us, we do not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes from the Risk Factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on February 24, 2023, except as described below:
Recent negative developments affecting the banking industry, such as bank failures or concerns involving liquidity, may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations.
Recent high-profile bank failures in March 2023, and the resulting media coverage, has caused general uncertainty and concern regarding the liquidity adequacy of the banking industry and in particular, regional banks like the Company. Uncertainty and concern may be compounded by the reach and depth of media attention, including social media, and its ability to disseminate concerns or rumors about these kinds of events or other similar risks, and may have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems and concerns from the Company's own customer base. These bank failures underscore the importance of maintaining diversified sources of funding as key measures to ensure the safety and soundness of a financial institution. As a result, market conditions and other external factors may impact the competitive landscape for deposits in the banking industry and could materially adversely impact the Company's liquidity and results of operations. While the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve, and the FDIC have made statements ensuring that depositors of these recently failed banks would have access to their deposits, including uninsured deposit accounts, there is no guarantee that such actions will be successful in restoring customer confidence in the banking industry.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
On January 24, 2023, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase authorization of up to $25 million of its common stock from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, pursuant to a newly authorized share repurchase program (the "2023 Repurchase Plan").
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 101,760 shares of common stock, at an aggregate cost of $2.2 million under the Company's share repurchase plans.
As of March 31, 2023, $23.8 million remained available for repurchase under the Company's 2023 Repurchase Plan. We cannot provide any assurance as to whether or not we will continue to repurchase common stock under our share repurchase program.

|  | Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid per Share |  | Total Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs |  | Maximum Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program
January 1-31, 2023 |  | 55,760 |  |  | $ | 20.95 |  |  | 55,760 |  |  | $ | 24,846,379 |
February 1-28, 2023 |  | 31,000 |  |  | 23.21 |  |  | 31,000 |  |  | 24,126,767 |
March 1-31, 2023 |  | 15,000 |  |  | 21.16 |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | 23,809,367 |
Total |  | 101,760 |  |  | $ | 21.67 |  |  | 101,760 |  |  | 23,809,367 |

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit No. |  | Document
10.1 |  | 2023 Annual Executive Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed on February 15, 2023).
31.1 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *
31.2 |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 *
32.1 |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 **
32.2 |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 **
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document*
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document*
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document*
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document*
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document*
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document*
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and included within the Exhibit 101 attachments)
* |  | Filed herewith.
** |  | Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | CENTRAL PACIFIC FINANCIAL CORP.
|  | (Registrant)
Date: | April 26, 2023 | /s/ Arnold D. Martines
|  | Arnold D. Martines
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  | (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: | April 26, 2023 | /s/ David S. Morimoto
|  | David S. Morimoto
|  | Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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