SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Schedule of Financing Receivable Portfolio Segments

The following table presents the Company's loan portfolio segments and the methodology used to measure expected credit losses. As of December 31, 2024, the historical look-back period is 2008 to present, economic forecast length is one year and the reversion method is one year (on a straight-line basis) for all segments.

Expected Credit Loss Methodology

Loan Segment

December 31, 2024 and 2023

June 30, 2023

and prior

Historical Look-Back Period

Economic Forecast Length

Reversion Method

Commercial and industrial - SBA PPP

Zero loss

PD/LGD

2008 to present

One year

One year (straight-line basis)

Commercial and industrial - All others

DCF

PD/LGD

Construction

DCF

PD/LGD

Commercial real estate - Multi-family

DCF

PD/LGD

Commercial real estate - All others

DCF

PD/LGD

Residential mortgage

DCF

Loss-Rate Migration

Home equity

DCF

Loss-Rate Migration

Consumer - Other revolving

DCF

Loss-Rate Migration

Consumer - Non-revolving

DCF

Loss-Rate Migration

Consumer - Purchased portfolios

WARM

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company updated its methodology to measure expected credit losses from the Probability of Default/Loss Given Default ("PD/LGD") or Loss-Rate Migration methods to the Discounted Cash Flow ("DCF") method for all segments except the SBA PPP and purchased consumer loan segments. The Company believes that the DCF methodology has better alignment with the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") standard for forward looking forecasting, while also factoring in more detailed assumptions. The Company is utilizing an industry leading software platform to perform the DCF analysis using a historical look back period of 2008 to present. The Company ran the ACL model under both the current and previous methodologies and noted that the changes to the ACL model and the differences in methodologies did not result in a material impact to the Company's financial statements and as a percentage of the ACL.

The Company continues to use the Moody's baseline forecast with an economic forecast length of one year and a one-year, straight-line reversion method. We revert to the historical average of the macroeconomic variables being used. Forecast models exclude the post-2019 COVID-19 pandemic period due to abnormal and volatile behavior.

The ACL on the purchased consumer loan portfolios continues to be calculated using the Remaining Life methodology (also known as the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity or "WARM" methodology) as this portfolio is evaluated on a pooled basis. Because SBA PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and may be forgivable in whole or in part in accordance with the requirements of the PPP we anticipate zero losses on these loans and accordingly apply a Zero Loss methodology.

The following is a description of the methodologies utilized to measure expected credit losses from the third quarter of 2023 to present:

Discounted Cash Flow

The DCF methodology calculates CECL reserves as the difference between the amortized cost of a loan and the discounted expected value of future cash flows. Expected future cash flows are calculated based on assumptions of PD/LGD, prepayments and recovery rates, and are discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate.

Remaining Life or Weighted Average Remaining Life

Under the remaining life or WARM methodology, lifetime losses are calculated by determining the remaining life of the loan pool, and then applying a loss rate over this remaining life of the loan. The methodology considers historical loss experience to estimate credit losses for the remaining balance of the loan pool. The calculated loss rate is applied to the contractual term (adjusted for prepayments) to determine the loan pool’s current expected credit losses.

The following is a description of the methodologies utilized to measure expected credit losses as of June 30, 2023 and prior:

Probability of Default/Loss Given Default

The PD/LGD calculation is based on a cohort methodology whereby loans in the same cohort are tracked over time to identify defaults and corresponding losses. PD/LGD analysis requires a portfolio segmented into pools, and we elected to then further sub-segment by risk characteristics such as Risk Rating, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure losses accurately. PD measures the count or dollar amount of loans that defaulted in a given cohort. LGD measures the losses related to the loans that defaulted. Total loss rate is calculated using the formula, 'PD times LGD'.

Loss-Rate Migration

Loss-rate migration analysis is a cohort-based approach that measures cumulative net charge-offs over a defined time-horizon to calculate a loss rate that will be applied to the loan pool. Loss-rate migration analysis requires the portfolio to be segmented into pools then further sub-segmented by risk characteristics such as days past due, delinquency counters, loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, TDRs prior to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 and nonaccrual status to measure loss rates accurately. The key inputs to run a loss-rate migration analysis are the length and frequency of the migration period, the dates for the migration periods to start and the number of migration periods used for the analysis. For each migration period, the analysis will determine the outstanding balance in each segment and/or sub-segment at the start of each period. These loans will then be followed for the length of the migration period to identify the amount of associated charge-offs and recoveries. A loss rate for each migration period is calculated using the formula: net charge-offs over the period divided by beginning loan balance.

Other

If a loan ceases to share similar risk characteristics with other loans in its segment, it will be moved to a different pool sharing similar risk characteristics. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis based on the fair value of the collateral or other approaches such as discounted cash flow methodology. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the collective evaluation.