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Income and expenses | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Income and expenses |
Income and expenses | 25. Income and expenses 25.1 Sales Sales by segment for the years ended December 31 are as follows:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Electrometallurgy - North America |  | 710,716 |  | 541,143 |  | 521,192
Electrometallurgy - Europe |  | 1,447,973 |  | 1,083,200 |  | 949,547
Electrometallurgy - South Africa |  | 208,543 |  | 122,504 |  | 142,160
Other segments |  | 94,111 |  | 60,199 |  | 90,337
Eliminations |  | (187,305) |  | (65,353) |  | (127,199)
Total |  | 2,274,038 |  | 1,741,693 |  | 1,576,037
Sales by geographical area for the years ended December 31 are as follows:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Spain |  | 274,769 |  | 253,991 |  | 201,403
Germany |  | 359,737 |  | 245,152 |  | 241,046
Italy |  | 138,796 |  | 94,590 |  | 90,267
Other EU Countries |  | 487,340 |  | 340,877 |  | 236,746
USA |  | 674,243 |  | 547,309 |  | 563,619
Rest of World |  | 339,153 |  | 259,774 |  | 242,956
Total |  | 2,274,038 |  | 1,741,693 |  | 1,576,037
25.2 Staff costs Staff costs are comprised of the following for the years ended December 31:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Wages, salaries and similar expenses |  | 265,405 |  | 222,733 |  | 212,098
Pension plan contributions |  | 12,136 |  | 13,631 |  | 10,647
Employee benefit costs |  | 63,523 |  | 65,599 |  | 73,654
Total |  | 341,064 |  | 301,963 |  | 296,399
25.3 Depreciation and amortization charges, operating allowances and write-downs Depreciation and amortization charges, operating allowances and write-downs are comprised of the following for the years ended December 31:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Amortization of intangible assets (Note 8) |  | 9,312 |  | 8,440 |  | 12,649
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment (Note 9) |  | 109,832 |  | 94,051 |  | 105,695
Other write-downs and reversals |  | (7) |  | 2,038 |  | 7,333
Total |  | 119,137 |  | 104,529 |  | 125,677
Included within other write-downs and reversals for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 are amounts of $1,784 thousand and $7,578 thousand, respectively, relating to the change in impairment losses on uncollectible trade receivables. 25.4 Finance income and finance costs Finance income is comprised of the following for the year ended December 31:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Finance income of related parties (Note 23) |  | 72 |  | 224 |  | 74
Other finance income |  | 5,302 |  | 3,484 |  | 1,462
Total |  | 5,374 |  | 3,708 |  | 1,536
Finance costs are comprised of the following for the year ended December 31:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Interest on debt instruments |  | 34,188 |  | 28,961 |  | —
Interest on loans and credit facilities |  | 8,249 |  | 15,834 |  | 18,630
Interest on note and bill discounting |  | 205 |  | 7,403 |  | 1,503
Interest on interest rate swaps |  | 1,710 |  | 2,689 |  | 2,525
Interest on finance leases |  | 2,974 |  | 2,917 |  | 3,186
Trade receivables securitization expense (Note 10) |  | 12,097 |  | 7,256 |  | —
Other finance costs |  | 2,599 |  | 352 |  | 4,407
Total |  | 62,022 |  | 65,412 |  | 30,251
25.5 Impairment losses and net loss (gain) due to changes in the value of assets Impairment losses and net loss (gain) due to changes in the value of assets are comprised of the following for the years ended December 31:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Impairment of goodwill (Note 7) |  | — |  | 30,618 |  | 194,612
Impairment of intangible assets (Note 8) |  | 16,073 |  | 443 |  | 230
Impairment of property, plant and equipment (Note 9) |  | 42,846 |  | (104) |  | 67,624
Impairment of non-current financial assets (Note 10) |  | — |  | — |  | 5,623
Impairment losses |  | 58,919 |  | 30,957 |  | 268,089
(Increase) decrease in fair value of biological assets (Note 28) |  | 7,615 |  | (7,504) |  | (1,891)
Other (gain) loss |  | 8 |  | — |  | —
Net (gain) loss due to changes in the value of assets |  | 7,623 |  | (7,504) |  | (1,891)
25.6 Loss (gain) on disposal of non-current assets Loss (gain) on disposal of non-current assets is comprised of the following for the years ended December 31:
|  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
|  | US$'000 |  | US$'000 |  | US$'000
Loss on disposal of intangible assets |  | — |  | 503 |  | —
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  | (2,950) |  | (1,779) |  | (468)
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  | 162 |  | 3,733 |  | —
(Gain) loss on disposal of other non-current assets |  | (29) |  | 1,859 |  | 128
Gain on disposal of subsidiary |  | (11,747) |  | — |  | —
Total |  | (14,564) |  | 4,316 |  | (340)
On December 31, 2018, the Company completed the sale of its majority interest in its Spanish subsidiary Hidro Nitro Española S.A. to an entity sponsored by a Spanish renewable energies fund. The Company received net cash proceeds of $20,533 thousand and recognized a gain on disposal of $11,747 thousand.

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