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Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Long-Lived Assets (Notes) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Long-Lived Assets | Acquisitions, Goodwill and Other Long-Lived Assets Acquisition of Towne On March 9, 2015, the Company acquired CLP Towne Inc. (“Towne”) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) resulting in Towne becoming an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. For the acquisition of Towne, the Company paid $61,878 in net cash and assumed $59,544 in debt and capital leases. With the exception of assumed capital leases, the assumed debt was immediately paid in full after funding of the acquisition. Of the total aggregate cash consideration paid, $16,500 was placed into an escrow account, with $2,000 of such amount being available to settle any shortfall in Towne’s net working capital, with $14,500 of such amount available for a period of time to settle certain possible claims against Towne’s common stockholders for indemnification. To the extent the escrow fund is insufficient, certain equity holders have agreed to indemnify Forward Air, subject to certain limitations set forth in the Merger Agreement, as a result of inaccuracies in or breaches of certain of Towne’s representations, warranties, covenants and agreements and other matters. During the second quarter of 2017, we received $2,525 from this escrow for reimbursement of various claims. Approximately $1,621 was credited to operating leases and other operating expenses to offset related costs incurred in previous periods. The remaining $904 was used to establish reserves for various pending claims. Forward Air financed the Merger Agreement with a $125,000 2 year term loan available under the senior credit facility. Towne was a full-service trucking provider offering time-sensitive less-than-truckload shipping, full truckload service, an extensive cartage network, container freight stations and dedicated trucking. Towne’s LTL network provided scheduled deliveries to 61 service points. A fleet of approximately 525 independent contractor tractors provided the line-haul between those service points. The acquisition of Towne provided the Expedited LTL segment with opportunities to expand its service points and service offerings, such as pick up and delivery services. Additional benefits of the acquisition included increased linehaul network shipping density and a significant increase to our owner-operator fleet, both of which are key to the profitability of Expedited LTL. Effective with the acquisition of Towne, the Company immediately entered into a restructuring plan to remove duplicate costs, primarily in the form of, but not limited to salaries, wages and benefits and facility leases. As a result of these plans, during the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company recognized expense of $2,624 and $11,722 for severance obligations and reserves for idle facilities, respectively. The expenses associated with the severance obligations and idle facilities were recognized in the salaries, wages and benefits and operating lease line items, respectively. The Company also incurred expense of $9,197 for various other integration and transaction related costs which were largely included in other operating expenses during 2015. CST Acquisitions As part of the Company's strategy to expand its Intermodal operations, in May 2017, we acquired certain assets of Atlantic Trucking Company, Inc., Heavy Duty Equipment Leasing, LLC, Atlantic Logistics, LLC and Transportation Holdings, Inc. (together referred to as “Atlantic” in this note) for $22,500 and a potential earnout of $1,000. The acquisition was funded by a combination of cash on hand and funds from our revolving credit facility. Atlantic was a privately held provider of intermodal, drayage and related services headquartered in Charleston, South Carolina. It also has terminal operations in Atlanta, Charlotte, Houston, Jacksonville, Memphis, Nashville, Norfolk and Savannah. These locations allow Intermodal to significantly expand its footprint in the southeastern region. In October 2017, we also acquired certain assets of Kansas City Logistics, LLC ("KCL") for $640 and a potential earnout of $100. KCL provides CST with an expanded footprint in the Kansas and Missouri markets. During the year ended December 31, 2016, Atlantic generated approximately $62,300 in revenue. In January 2016, the Company also acquired certain assets of Ace Cargo, LLC ("Ace") for $1,700, and in August 2016, we acquired certain assets of Triumph Transport, Inc. and Triumph Repair Service, Inc. (together referred to as “Triumph”) for $10,100 and an earnout of $1,250 paid in September 2017. These acquisitions provided an opportunity for our Intermodal operations to expand into additional Midwest markets. The assets, liabilities, and operating results of these collective acquisitions have been included in the Company's consolidated financial statements from their dates of acquisition and have been included in the Intermodal reportable segment. Allocations of Purchase Prices The following table presents the allocations of the previously discussed purchase prices to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values and resulting residual goodwill (in thousands):
| Towne | Ace & Triumph | Atlantic | KCL
| March 9, 2015 | January & August 2016 | May 7, 2017 | October 22, 2017
Tangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable | $ | 24,068 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2,916 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Property and equipment | 2,095 |  | 1,294 |  | 1,821 |  | 223 |
Other assets | 614 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total tangible assets | 29,693 |  | 1,294 |  | 1,821 |  | 223 |
Intangible assets: |  |  |  |  |
Non-compete agreements | — |  | 139 |  | 1,150 |  | 6 |
Customer relationships | 66,000 |  | 5,335 |  | 13,400 |  | 234 |
Goodwill | 59,666 |  | 6,282 |  | 6,719 |  | 277 |
Total intangible assets | 125,666 |  | 11,756 |  | 21,269 |  | 517 |
Total assets acquired | 155,359 |  | 13,050 |  | 23,090 |  | 740 |
Liabilities assumed: |  |  |  |
Current liabilities | 28,920 |  | — |  | 590 |  | 100 |
Other liabilities | 3,886 |  | 1,250 |  | — |  | — |
Debt and capital lease obligations | 59,544 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Deferred income taxes | 1,131 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Total liabilities assumed | 93,481 |  | 1,250 |  | 590 |  | 100 |
Net assets acquired | $ | 61,878 |  | $ | 11,800 |  | $ | 22,500 |  | $ | 640 |
The acquired definite-live intangible assets have the following useful lives:
| Useful Lives
| Towne |  | Ace & Triumph |  | Atlantic |  | KCL
Customer relationships | 20 years |  | 15 years |  | 15 years |  | 15 years
Non-competes | - |  | 5 years |  | 5 years |  | 2 years
The fair value of the non-compete agreements and customer relationships assets were estimated using an income approach (level 3). Under this method, an intangible asset's fair value is equal to the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows (excess earnings) attributable solely to the intangible asset over its remaining useful life. To estimate fair value, the Company used cash flows discounted at rates considered appropriate given the inherent risks associated with each type of asset. The Company believed the level and timing of cash flows appropriately reflected market participant assumptions. Cash flows were assumed to extend through the remaining economic useful life of each class of intangible asset. Goodwill The Company conducted its annual impairment assessments and tests of goodwill for each reporting unit as of June 30, 2017. The first step of the goodwill impairment test is the Company's assessment of qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the reporting unit's carrying amount, including goodwill. When performing the qualitative assessment, the Company considers the impact of factors including, but not limited to, macroeconomic and industry conditions, overall financial performance of each reporting unit, litigation and new legislation. If based on the qualitative assessments, the Company believes it more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the reporting unit's carrying amount, or periodically as deemed appropriate by management, the Company will prepare an estimation of the respective reporting unit's fair value utilizing a quantitative approach. If a quantitative fair value estimation is required, the Company estimates the fair value of the applicable reporting units, using a combination of discounted projected cash flows and market valuations for comparable companies as of the valuation date. The Company's inputs into the fair value estimates for goodwill are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as defined in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“the FASB Codification”). If the estimation of fair value indicates the impairment potentially exists, the Company will then measure the amount of the impairment, if any. Goodwill impairment exists when the estimated implied fair value of goodwill is less than its carrying value. Changes in strategy or market conditions could significantly impact these fair value estimates and require adjustments to recorded asset balances. The Company conducted its annual impairment assessments and tests of goodwill for each reporting unit as of June 30, 2017 and no impairment charges were required. Further, due to Total Quality, Inc. ("TQI") performance falling short of the projections used in our June 2017 impairment assessment, the Company believed there were indicators of impairment as of December 31, 2017. Therefore, the Company performed an additional impairment assessment and determined TQI's goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2017. In 2016, due to the financial performance of the TQI reporting unit falling notably short of previous projections the Company reduced TQI's projected cash flows and as a result the estimate of TQI's fair value no longer exceeded the respective carrying value. Consequently, the Company recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $25,686 for the TQI reporting unit during the year ended December 31, 2016. The following is a summary of the changes in goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2017. Approximately $112,527 of goodwill is deductible for tax purposes.
| Expedited LTL |  | Truckload Premium |  | Pool Distribution |  | Intermodal |  | Total
|  | Accumulated |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Accumulated |  |  | Accumulated |  |
| Goodwill | Impairment |  | Goodwill | Impairment |  | Goodwill | Impairment |  | Goodwill | Impairment |  | Net
Ending balance, December 31, 2016 | $ | 97,593 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,164 |  | $ | (25,686 | ) |  | $ | 12,359 |  | $ | (6,953 | ) |  | $ | 62,198 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 184,675 |
Atlantic & KCL Acquisitions | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,996 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,996 |
Ending balance, December 31, 2017 | $ | 97,593 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45,164 |  | $ | (25,686 | ) |  | $ | 12,359 |  | $ | (6,953 | ) |  | $ | 69,194 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 191,671 |
Other Acquired Intangibles Through acquisitions, the Company acquired customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trade names having weighted-average useful lives of 15.9, 5.2 and 4.0 years, respectively. Amortization expense on acquired customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trade names for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $10,193, $10,122 and $10,905, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, definite-lived intangible assets are comprised of the following:
| Acquired Intangibles |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Accumulated Impairment |  | Net Acquired Intangibles
Customer relationships | $ | 193,209 |  |  | $ | 66,986 |  |  | $ | 16,501 |  |  | $ | 109,722 |
Non-compete agreements | 4,566 |  |  | 3,074 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,492 |
Trade name | 1,500 |  |  | 1,467 |  |  | — |  |  | 33 |
Total | $ | 199,275 |  |  | $ | 71,527 |  |  | $ | 16,501 |  |  | $ | 111,247 |
As of December 31, 2016, definite-lived intangible assets are comprised of the following:
| Acquired Intangibles |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Accumulated Impairment |  | Net Acquired Intangibles
Customer relationships | $ | 179,575 |  |  | $ | 57,390 |  |  | $ | 16,501 |  |  | $ | 105,684 |
Non-compete agreements | 3,410 |  |  | 2,677 |  |  | — |  |  | 733 |
Trade name | 1,500 |  |  | 1,267 |  |  | — |  |  | 233 |
Total | $ | 184,485 |  |  | $ | 61,334 |  |  | $ | 16,501 |  |  | $ | 106,650 |
The estimated amortization expense for the next five years on definite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2017 is as follows:
| 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
Customer relationships | $ | 8,399 |  |  | $ | 8,319 |  |  | $ | 8,319 |  |  | $ | 8,177 |  |  | $ | 7,976 |
Non-compete agreements | 464 |  |  | 289 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 78 |
Trade name | 33 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 8,896 |  |  | $ | 8,608 |  |  | $ | 8,578 |  |  | $ | 8,423 |  |  | $ | 8,054 |
Additionally, the Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment is recognized on assets classified as held and used when the sum of undiscounted estimated cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset is less than the carrying value. If such measurement indicates a possible impairment, the estimated fair value of the asset is compared to its net book value to measure the impairment charge, if any. In conjunction with the June 30, 2016 TQI goodwill impairment assessment the Company determined there were indicators that TQI's customer relationship and non-compete intangible assets were impaired, as the undiscounted cash flows associated with the applicable assets no longer exceeded the related assets' net book values. The Company estimated the fair value of the customer relationship and non-compete assets using an income approach (level 3). Under this method, an intangible asset's fair value is equal to the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows (excess earnings) attributable solely to the intangible asset over its remaining useful life. To estimate fair value, the Company used cash flows discounted at rates considered appropriate given the inherent risks associated with each type of asset. The Company believed the level and timing of cash flows appropriately reflected market participant assumptions. As a result of these estimates the Company recorded an impairment charge of $16,501 related to TQI customer relationships during the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company incurred no such impairment charge during the year ended December 31, 2017.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 3 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=66006027&loc=d3e16373-109275 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=66006027&loc=d3e16265-109275 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 30 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=66006027&loc=d3e16323-109275 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=35741047&loc=d3e13816-109267 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 350 -SubTopic 20 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=35741047&loc=d3e13854-109267 + Details
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