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Taxation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2020
Income Taxes [Abstract] |
Taxation | Taxation Adecoagro is subject to the applicable general tax regulations in Luxembourg. The Group’s income tax has been calculated on the estimated assessable taxable results for the year at the rates prevailing in the respective foreign tax jurisdictions. The subsidiaries of the Group are required to calculate their income taxes on a separate basis according to the rules and regulations of the jurisdictions where they operate. Therefore, the Group is not legally permitted to compensate subsidiaries’ losses against subsidiaries’ income. The details of the provision for the Group’s consolidated income tax are as follows:
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Current income tax | (2,840) |  |  | 666 |  |  | (2,846) |
Deferred income tax | (9,485) |  |  | (21,486) |  |  | 3,870 |
Income tax (expense) / benefit | (12,325) |  |  | (20,820) |  |  | 1,024 |
The statutory tax rate in the countries where the Group operates for all of the years presented are:
Tax Jurisdiction |  | Income Tax Rate
Argentina (i) |  | 30 | %
Brazil |  | 34 | %
Uruguay |  | 25 | %
Spain |  | 25 | %
Luxembourg |  | 24.94 | %
(i) During 2017 and 2019, the Argentine Government introduced changes in the income tax. The income tax rate will be reduced to 30% for the years 2018 to 2020, and to 25% from 2021 onwards. A new tax on dividends is created with a rate of 7% for the years 2018 to 2020, and 13% from 2021 onwards. Considering 2018, 2019 and 2020 resulted in losses for Argentine subsidiaries, no deferred income tax liability was recognized for future withholding tax on dividends. Deferred tax assets and liabilities of the Group as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, without taking into consideration the offsetting of balances within the same tax jurisdiction, will be recovered or settled as follows:
| 2020 |  | 2019
Deferred income tax asset to be recovered after more than 12 months | 105,424 |  |  | 108,294 |
Deferred income tax asset to be recovered within 12 months | 23,744 |  |  | 35,973 |
Deferred income tax assets | 129,168 |  |  | 144,267 |
Deferred income tax liability to be settled after more than 12 months | (278,035) |  |  | (292,871) |
Deferred income tax liability to be settled within 12 months | (13,689) |  |  | (3,240) |
Deferred income tax liability | (291,724) |  |  | (296,111) |
Deferred income tax (liability) / assets, net | (162,556) |  |  | (151,844) |
The gross movement on the deferred income tax account is as follows:
| 2020 |  | 2019
Beginning of year | (151,844) |  |  | (151,980) |
Exchange differences | 1,536 |  |  | 4,877 |
Changes of fair value valuation for farmlands | (11,790) |  |  | 10,480 |
Acquisition of subsidiary | — |  |  | (3,515) |
Disposal of subsidiary | 3,458 |  |  | 3,730 |
Others | (159) |  |  | (705) |
Tax credit relating to cash flow hedge (i) | 5,728 |  |  | 6,755 |
Income tax benefit expense | (9,485) |  |  | (21,486) |
End of year | (162,556) |  |  | (151,844) |
(i) Relates to the gain or loss before income tax of cash flow hedge recognized in other comprehensive income amounting to US$ 46,145 for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: US$ 75,822); net of the reclassification from Equity to the Income Statement of US$ (26,031) for the year ended December 31, 2020 (2019: US$ (32,305)) The movement in the deferred income tax assets and liabilities during the year, without taking into consideration the offsetting of balances within the same tax jurisdiction, is as follows:
Deferred income tax liabilities |  | Property, plant and equipment |  | Investment property |  | Biological assets |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2019 |  | 270,583 |  |  | 11,954 |  |  | 3,466 |  |  | 2,408 |  |  | 288,411 |
Charged / (credited) to the statement of income |  | 31,745 |  |  | 331 |  |  | 912 |  |  | (1,939) |  |  | 31,049 |
Acquisition of subsidiary |  | 3,603 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,603 |
Farmlands revaluation |  | (10,480) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,480) |
Disposals of subsidiaries |  | (3,730) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,730) |
Exchange differences |  | (10,862) |  |  | (378) |  |  | (199) |  |  | (1,303) |  |  | (12,742) |
At December 31, 2019 |  | 280,859 |  |  | 11,907 |  |  | 4,179 |  |  | (834) |  |  | 296,111 |
Charged / (credited) to the statement of income |  | 11,581 |  |  | (1,928) |  |  | 6,463 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,116 |
Farmlands revaluation |  | 11,521 |  |  | 269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,790 |
Disposals of subsidiaries |  | (3,513) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,513) |
Exchange differences |  | (28,920) |  |  | (370) |  |  | 510 |  |  | — |  |  | (28,780) |
At December 31, 2020 |  | 271,528 |  |  | 9,878 |  |  | 11,152 |  |  | (834) |  |  | 291,724 |
Deferred income tax assets |  | Provisions |  | Tax loss carry forwards |  | Equity-settled share-based compensation |  | Borrowings |  | Biological assets |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2019 |  | 3,960 |  |  | 80,220 |  |  | 5,302 |  |  |  |  | 4,594 |  |  | 42,355 |  |  | 136,431 |
Charged / (credited) to the statement of income |  | (604) |  |  | 8,017 |  |  | (1,214) |  |  | 2,709 |  |  | (117) |  |  | 772 |  |  | 9,563 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries |  | 7 |  |  | 134 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | 88 |
Others |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (705) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (705) |
Tax charge relating to cash flow hedge |  | — |  |  | 6,755 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,755 |
Exchange differences |  | (126) |  |  | (3,707) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,161) |  |  | 31 |  |  | (2,902) |  |  | (7,865) |
At December 31, 2019 |  | 3,237 |  |  | 91,419 |  |  | 3,383 |  |  | 1,548 |  |  | 4,508 |  |  | 40,172 |  |  | 144,267 |
(Credited) / charged to the statement of income |  | 4,941 |  |  | (5,843) |  |  | (835) |  |  | 34,017 |  |  | (4,508) |  |  | (21,141) |  |  | 6,631 |
Disposal of subsidiary |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (55) |  |  | (55) |
Others |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (99) |  |  | (159) |
Tax charge relating to cash flow hedge |  | — |  |  | 5,728 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,728 |
Exchange differences |  | (1,152) |  |  | (20,363) |  |  | — |  |  | (9,460) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,731 |  |  | (27,244) |
At December 31, 2020 |  | 7,026 |  |  | 70,941 |  |  | 2,488 |  |  | 26,105 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,608 |  |  | 129,168 |
Tax loss carry forwards in Argentina and Uruguay generally expire within 5 years. Tax loss carry forwards in Brazil and Luxembourg do not expire. However, in Brazil, the taxable profit for each year can only be reduced by tax loss carry forward up to a maximum of 30%. In order to fully realize the deferred tax asset, the Group will need to generate future taxable income in the countries where the tax loss carry forward were incurred. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes that as at December 31, 2020, it is probable that the Group will realize some portion of the deferred tax assets in Brazil and Argentina. As of December 31, 2020, the Group’s tax loss carry forwards and their corresponding jurisdictions are as follows:
Jurisdiction |  | Tax loss carry forward |  | Expiration period
Argentina (1) |  | 92,845 |  |  | 5 years
Brazil |  | 123,509 |  |  | No expiration date.
Uruguay |  | 4,895 |  |  | 5 years
Luxembourg |  | 34,832 |  |  | No expiration date.
(1) As of December 31, 2020, the aging of the determination tax loss carry forward in Argentina is as follows:
Year of generation |  | Amount
2016 |  | 701 |
2017 |  | 6,966 |
2018 |  | 19,181 |
2019 |  | 52,126 |
2020 |  | 13,871 |
Deferred income tax assets are recognized for tax loss carry-forwards to the extent that the realization of the related tax benefit through future taxable profits is probable. The Group did not recognize deferred income tax assets of US$ 5.3 million as of December 31, 2020, in respect of losses amounting to US$ 20.2 million that can be carried forward against future taxable income. The tax on the Group’s profit before income tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the weighted average tax rate applicable to profits of the consolidated entities as follows:
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Tax calculated at the tax rates applicable to profits in the respective countries | (4,184) |  |  | (7,250) |  |  | 2,956 |
Non-deductible items | (7,642) |  |  | (1,511) |  |  | (2,249) |
Effect of the changes in the statutory income tax rate in Argentina | 6,324 |  |  | 3,115 |  |  | (1,013) |
Unused tax losses | (710) |  |  | (3,742) |  |  | (4,181) |
Tax losses where no deferred tax asset was recognized | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,368) |
Non-taxable income | 11,060 |  |  | 11,545 |  |  | 13,069 |
Previously unrecognized tax losses now recouped to reduce tax expenses | 1,529 |  |  | 1,910 |  |  | — |
Effect of IAS 29 and tax adjustment per inflation in Argentina | (19,239) |  |  | (23,805) |  |  | (5,825) |
Others | 537 |  |  | (1,082) |  |  | 635 |
Income tax (expense) / benefit | (12,325) |  |  | (20,820) |  |  | 1,024 |

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