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Table of conten ts

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F

¨ | REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| OR |
þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED ON DECEMBER 31, 2024
| OR |
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO ________________ |
| OR |
¨ | SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| Date of event requiring this shell company report |

COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 001-35052
Adecoagro S.A.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
N/A
(Translation of registrant’s name into English)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
28, Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411, Luxembourg
Tel: +352.2644.9494
(Address of principal executive offices)
Manuela Lamellari
28, Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen,
L - 2411 Luxembourg
Email: manuela.lamellari@intertrustgroup.com
Tel: +352.2644.9494
(Name, Telephone, E-Mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class | Trading Symbol | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Shares | AGRO | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
The number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital stock
as of December 31, 2024:
100,053,777 Common Shares, par value $1.50 per share
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act
Yes þ No ¨
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer þ | Accelerated filer ☐ | Non-accelerated filer ¨
|  | Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.
☑ Yes ☐ No
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the
registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP ¨ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board þ Other ¨
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
Item 17 ¨ Item 18 ¨
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ

Table of conten ts
TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS | iv
PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION | v
PART I |  | 1
Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers | 1
Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable | 1
Item 3. | Key Information | 1
| A. | [RESERVED] | 1
| B. | CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS | 1
| C. | REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 1
| D. | RISK FACTORS | 1
Item 4. | Information on the Company | 41
| A. | HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY | 41
| B. | BUSINESS OVERVIEW | 45
| C. | ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE | 83
| D. | PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT | 83
Item 4 A. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 83
Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects | 83
| A. | OPERATING RESULTS | 86
| B. | LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES | 107
| C. | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC. | 111
| D. | TREND INFORMATION | 112
| E. | CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES |
Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Employees | 114
| A. | DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT | 114
| B. | COMPENSATION | 118
| C. | BOARD PRACTICES | 118
| D. | EMPLOYEES | 121
| E. | SHARE OWNERSHIP | 122
| F. | DISCLOSURE OF A REGISTRANT’S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION | 124
Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions | 124
| A. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS | 124
| B. | RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 125
| C. | INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL | 126

i

Table of conten ts

Item 8. | Financial Information | 127
| A. | CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 127
| B. | SIGNIFICANT CHANGES | 128
Item 9. | The Offer and Listing | 128
| A. | OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS | 128
| B. | PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION | 128
| C. | MARKETS | 128
| D. | SELLING SHAREHOLDERS | 128
| E. | DILUTION | 128
| F. | EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE | 128
Item 10. | Additional Information | 128
| A. | SHARE CAPITAL | 128
| B. | MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION | 128
| C. | MATERIAL CONTRACTS | 137
| D. | EXCHANGE CONTROLS | 138
| E. | TAXATION | 142
| F. | DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS | 148
| G. | STATEMENT BY EXPERTS | 148
| H. | DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY | 148
| I. | SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION | 148
| J. | ANNUAL REPORT TO SECURITY HOLDERS | 148
Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 148
Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities | 148
| A. | DEBT SECURITIES | 148
| B. | WARRANTS AND RIGHTS | 149
| C. | OTHER SECURITIES | 149
| D. | AMERICAN DEPOSITORY SHARES | 149
PART II |  |  | 150
Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies | 150
Item 14. | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds | 150
Item 15. | Controls and Procedures | 150
Item 16. |  |  | 151
| Item 16 A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert | 151
| Item 16 B. | Code of Ethics | 151
| Item 16 C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 151
| Item 16 D. | Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees | 151
| Item 16 E. | Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers | 152
| Item 16 F. | Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant | 152

ii

Table of conten ts

| Item 16 G. | Corporate Governance | 152
| Item 16 H. | Mine Safety Disclosure | 154
| Item 16 I. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections. | 154
| Item 16 J. | Insider Trading Policies. | 154
| Item 16 K. | Cybersecurity. |
PART III |  |  | 155
Item 17. | Financial Statements | 155
Item 18. | Financial Statements | 155
Item 19. | Exhibits | 156

iii

Table of conten ts
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This annual report contains forward-looking statements that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and our industry. These forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “is/are likely to,” “may,” “plan,” “should,” “would,” or other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements included in this annual report relate to, among others:
•our business prospects and future results of operations;
•weather and other natural phenomena;
•developments in, or changes to, the laws, regulations and governmental policies governing our business, including limitations on ownership of farmland by foreign entities in certain jurisdictions in which we operate, environmental laws and regulations and the effects of the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade restrictions, as well as the related countermeasures taken by the countries impacted by such policies;
•the implementation of our business strategy;
•the correlation between petroleum, ethanol and sugar prices;
•our plans relating to acquisitions, joint ventures, strategic alliances or divestitures, and to consolidate our position in different businesses;
•the efficiencies, cost savings and competitive advantages resulting from acquisitions;
•the implementation of our financing strategy and capital expenditure plan;
•the maintenance of our relationships with customers;
•the competitive nature of the industries in which we operate;
•the cost and availability of financing;
•future demand for the commodities we produce;
•international prices for commodities;
•the condition of our land holdings;
•the consummation of the tender offer (the “Offer”) commenced by Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V. on March 28, 2025 and our continued listing on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) following the consummation of the Offer;
•our relationship with Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V. as our majority stockholder, and its affiliates, and any related conflicts of interest following the consummation of the Offer;
•the development of the logistics and infrastructure for transportation of our products in the countries where we operate;
•our expectations regarding general market conditions as a result of the current geopolitical and economic instability, developments and further escalation of events, including, but not limited to, rising inflation and interest rates, and the outbreak of any pandemics or epidemics;
•the performance of the South American and world economies;
•the relative value of the Brazilian Real, the Argentine Peso and the Uruguayan Peso compared to other currencies; and
•the factors discussed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this annual report.
These forward-looking statements involve various risks and uncertainties. Although we believe that our expectations expressed in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, our expectations may turn out to be incorrect. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations. In light of the risks and uncertainties described above, the estimates and forward-looking statements discussed in this annual report might not occur, and our future results and our performance may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to, including, but not limited to, the factors mentioned above. Because of these uncertainties, you should not make any investment decision based on these estimates and forward-looking statements.
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The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
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PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER INFORMATION
Certain Defined Terms
In this annual report, unless otherwise specified or if the context so requires:
•References to the terms “Adecoagro S.A,” “Adecoagro,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “Company”; and “our company” refer to, Adecoagro S.A., a corporation organized under the form of a société anonyme under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and its subsidiaries.
•References to “IFH” and “IFH LP” mean the former International Farmland Holdings, LP, a limited partnership, (previously IFH LP and International Farmland Holdings, LLC, or IFH LLC) which was merged into Adecoagro LP.
•References to “Adecoagro LP” mean Adecoagro, LP SCS, a limited partnership organized under the form of a société comandite simple under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (previously Adecoagro LP and Adecoagro, LLC).
•References to “$,” “US$,” “U.S. dollars” and “dollars” are to U.S. dollars.
•References to “Argentine Pesos,” “Pesos” or “Ps.” are to Argentine Pesos, the official currency of Argentina.
•References to “Brazilian Real,” “Real,” “Reais” or “R$” are to the Brazilian Real, the official currency of Brazil.
•References to “Uruguayan Pesos,” are to Uruguayan Pesos, the official currency of Uruguay.
•Unless stated otherwise, references to “sales” are to the consolidated sales of goods and service rendered.
•References to “IFRS” are to IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and the interpretations of the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee.
Background
As part of a corporate reorganization (the “Reorganization”), Adecoagro, a Luxembourg corporation under the form of a société anonyme, was formed as a holding company for IFH for the purpose, among others, of facilitating the initial public offering (the “IPO”) of our common shares, completed on January 28, 2011. Before the IPO, Adecoagro had not engaged in any business or other activities except in connection with its formation and the Reorganization. For an additional discussion of the Reorganization, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—History.”
During 2011, we contributed the net proceeds of the IPO to increase our interest in IFH from 98.0% to 98.64%. During 2012, we issued, in a series of transactions, 1,654,752 shares to certain limited partners of IFH in exchange for their residual interest in IFH, totaling 1.36%, thereby increasing our interest in IFH to approximately 100%. During 2015 IFH was merged into Adecoagro LP, our wholly-owned subsidiary. For further information see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—History”.
The Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (hereinafter, the “Consolidated Financial Statements”) included in this annual report have been prepared in accordance with IFRS. All IFRS effective at the time of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements have been applied.
Financial reporting in a hyperinflationary economy
IAS 29 “Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies” requires that the financial statements of entities whose functional currency is that of a hyperinflationary economy to be adjusted for the effects of changes in a suitable general price index and to be expressed in terms of the current unit of measurement at the closing date of the reporting period. Accordingly, the inflation produced from the date of acquisition or from the revaluation date, as applicable, must be computed in the non-monetary items.
In order to conclude whether an economy is categorized as hyperinflationary under the terms of IAS 29, the Standard details a series of factors to be considered, including the existence of a cumulative inflation rate for a three year period that approximates or exceeds 100 %.
Since 2018, when the cumulative inflation rate for the relevant three year period exceeded the 100% threshold, our operations in Argentina have been deemed to be conducted in a hyperinflationary economy for accounting purposes under the
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terms of IAS 29. Accordingly, IAS 29 has been applied in the financial reporting of our subsidiaries that use the Argentine Peso as their functional currency since 2018.
The inflation adjustment for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was calculated by means of conversion factor derived from the Argentine price index published by the National Institute of Statistics and the year-over-year change in the index was 2.117; 3.114 and 1.9479, respectively.
Non-IFRS Financial Measures
To supplement our Consolidated Financial Statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with IFRS, we use the following non-IFRS financial measures in this annual report, which are based on the information that arose from the Consolidated Financial Statements:
•Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA;
•Adjusted Segment EBITDA;
•Adjusted Consolidated EBIT;
•Adjusted Segment EBIT;
•Adjusted Net Income;
•Adjusted Free Cash Flow;
•Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations;
•Net Debt; and
•Net Debt to Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA Ratio
In particular, Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA, Adjusted Segment EBITDA, Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT arose from our segment information in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Please refer to Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements - Segment Information.
In this section, we provide an explanation of each of our non-IFRS financial measures. The presentation of these financial measures is not intended to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial information prepared and presented in accordance with IFRS.
We use non-IFRS measures to internally evaluate and analyze financial results. We believe these non-IFRS financial measures provide investors with useful supplemental information about the liquidity and financial performance of our business, enable comparison of financial results between periods where certain items may vary independent of business performance, and enable comparison of our financial results with other public companies, many of which present similar non-IFRS financial measures.
There are limitations associated with the use of non-IFRS financial measures as an analytical tool. In particular, many of the adjustments to our IFRS financial measures reflect the exclusion of items, such as depreciation of property, plant and equipment and amortization of intangible assets, changes in fair value and the related income tax effects of the aforementioned exclusions, that are recurring and will be reflected in our financial results for the foreseeable future. In addition, these measures may be different from non-IFRS financial measures used by other companies, limiting their usefulness for comparison purposes.
Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA, Adjusted Segment EBITDA, Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT
We present Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA, Adjusted Segment EBITDA, Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT in this annual report as supplemental measures of performance of our company and of each operating segment, respectively, which are not required by, or presented in accordance with IFRS.
Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA equals the sum of our Adjusted Segment EBITDA for each of our operating segments. We define “Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA” as (i) consolidated net profit (loss) for the year, as applicable, before interest
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expense, income taxes, depreciation of property, plant and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, net gain or loss from fair value adjustments of investment property land, foreign exchange gains or losses, other net financial results, bargain purchase gain on acquisition and any charges related to impairments (ii) adjusted by those items, that do not impact profit and loss, but are recorded directly in shareholders’ equity, including (a) the gains or losses from disposals of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland, reflected under the line item: “Reserve from the sale of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries” and (b) the net increase in value of sold farmland, which is recognized in either revaluation surplus or retained earnings and reflected in shareholders’ equity under the line item “Reverse of revaluation surplus derived from disposals of assets”; and (iii) net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 from the Argentine operations included in profit from operations.
We define “Adjusted Segment EBITDA” for each of our operating segments as (i) the segment’s share of consolidated profit (loss) from operations per segment information for the year, as applicable, before depreciation of property, plant and equipment and amortization of intangible assets, bargain purchase gain on acquisition and any charges related to impairments, (ii) adjusted by those items, that do not impact profit and loss, but are recorded directly in shareholders’ equity, including (a) the gains or losses from disposals of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland, reflected under the line item “Reserve from the sale of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries” and (b) the net increase in value of sold farmland, which is recognized in either revaluation surplus or retained earnings, and reflected in shareholder’ equity under the line item “Reverse of revaluation surplus derived from disposals of assets;” and (iii) net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 to our Argentine operations included in profit from operations.
We believe that Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA are important measures of operating performance for our company and each operating segment, respectively, because they allow investors to evaluate and compare our consolidated operating results and to evaluate and compare the operating performance of our segments, respectively, including our return on capital and operating efficiencies, from period to period by removing the impact of our capital structure (interest expense from our outstanding debt), asset base (depreciation and amortization), tax consequences (income taxes), bargain purchase gain on acquisition, any charges related to impairments, foreign exchange gains or losses and other financial results. In addition, by including the gains or losses from disposals of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland, investors can also evaluate and compare the full value and returns generated by our land transformation activities. Other companies may calculate Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA differently, and therefore our Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA are not measures of financial performance under IFRS, and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to consolidated net profit (loss), cash flows from operating activities, segment profit from operations and other measures determined in accordance with IFRS. Items excluded from Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA are significant and necessary components to the operations of our business, and, therefore, Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA should only be used as a supplemental measure of our company’s operating performance, and of each of our operating segments, respectively. We also believe Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA and Adjusted Segment EBITDA are useful for securities analysts, investors and others to evaluate and compare the financial performance of our company and other companies in the agricultural industry. These non-IFRS measures should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, the information contained in either our statements of income or segment information.
Our Adjusted Consolidated EBIT equals the sum of our Adjusted Segment EBITs for each of our operating segments. We define “Adjusted Consolidated EBIT” as (i) consolidated net profit (loss) for the year, as applicable, before interest expense, income taxes, foreign exchange gains or losses and other net financial results; (ii) adjusted by gains or losses from disposals of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset farmland; (iii) the net increase in value of sold farmland, which has been recognized in either revaluation surplus or retained earnings; (iv) net gain/loss from fair value adjustments of investment property land; (v) bargain purchase gain on acquisition; (vi) any impairment charges and (vii) net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations included in profit from operations. We define “Adjusted Segment EBIT” for each of our operating segments as the segment’s share of (i) consolidated profit (loss) from operations before financing and taxation as per segment information for the year, as applicable; and (ii) net gain/loss from fair value adjustments of investment property land; (iii) bargain purchase gain on acquisition; (iv) any impairment charges and (v) adjusted by those items, that do not impact profit and loss, but are recorded directly in shareholders’ equity, including (a) the gains or losses from disposals of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland, reflected under the line item: "Reserve from the sale of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries”; (b) the net increase in value of sold farmland, which has been recognized in either revaluation surplus of retained earnings.
We believe that Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT are important measures of operating performance, for our company and each operating segment, respectively, because they allow investors to evaluate and compare our consolidated operating results and to evaluate and compare the operating performance of our segments, from period to
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period by including the impact of depreciable fixed assets and removing the impact of our capital structure (interest expense from our outstanding debt), tax consequences (income taxes), foreign exchange gains or losses and other financial results. In addition, by including the gains or losses from disposals of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland and also the sale of farmlands, and any impairments, investors can evaluate the full value and returns generated by our land transformation activities. Other companies may calculate Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT differently, and therefore our Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT are not measures of financial performance under IFRS, and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to consolidated net profit (loss), cash flows from operating activities, segment profit from operations and other measures determined in accordance with IFRS. Items excluded from Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT are significant and necessary components to the operations of our business, and, therefore, Adjusted Consolidated EBIT and Adjusted Segment EBIT should only be used as a supplemental measure of the operating performance of our company, and of each of our operating segments, respectively.
Adjusted Net Income
We define Adjusted Net Income as (i) profit / (loss) of the period/year before net gain / (losses) from fair value adjustments of investment property land, bargain purchase gain on acquisition and any impairment charges; plus (ii) any non-cash finance costs resulting from foreign exchange gain/losses for such period, which are composed by both exchange differences and cash flow hedge transfer from equity, included in Financial Results, net, in our statement of income; net of the related income tax effects, plus (iii) gains or losses from disposals of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland, which are reflected in our shareholders’ equity under the line item “Reserve from the sale of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries” if any, plus (iv) the reversal of the aforementioned income tax effect, plus (v) inflation accounting effect; plus (vi) the net increase in value of sold farmland, which has been recognized in either revaluation surplus or retained earnings, if any.
We believe that Adjusted Net Income is an important measure of performance for our company allowing investors to properly assess the impact of the results of our operations in our equity. In fact, results arising from the revaluation effect of our net monetary position held in foreign currency in the countries where our functional currency is the local currency do not affect the equity of the Company, when measured in foreign / reporting currency. Conversely, the tax effect resulting from the aforementioned revaluation effect does impact the equity of the Company, since it reduces/increases the income tax to be paid in each country. Accordingly we have added back the income tax effect to Adjusted Net Income.
In addition, by including the gains or losses from disposals of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries whose main underlying asset is farmland, investors can also include the full value and returns generated by our land transformation activities.
Other companies may calculate Adjusted Net Income differently, and therefore our Adjusted Net Income may not be comparable to similar measures used by other companies. Adjusted Net Income is not a measure of financial performance under IFRS, and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to consolidated net profit (loss). This non-IFRS measure should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, the information contained in our consolidated financial statements.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations
We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow as the aggregate of (i) net cash generated from operating activities net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations, (ii) net cash used in investing activities net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations -excluding the combined effect in other financial income-, less (iii) interest paid net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations, plus (iv) proceeds from the sale of non-controlling interest in farming subsidiaries; less (v) lease payments, less (vi) dividends paid to noncontrolling interest, plus (vii) the net of acquisition/disposal of short-term investments net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations, and less (viii) other financial income derived from gains on bond arbitrage transactions. We define Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations as the aggregate of (i) net cash generated from operating activities net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations, less (ii) net cash used in investing activities net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine Operations -excluding the net of the combined effect in other financial income-, less (iii) interest paid net of the combined effect of the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations, plus (iv) proceeds from the sale of noncontrolling interest in subsidiaries; less (v) lease payments, less (vi) dividends paid to noncontrolling interest plus (vii) the net of acquisition/disposal of short-term investments net of the combined effect of the application of IAS
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29 and IAS 21 on our Argentine operations, less (viii) other financial income derived from gains on bond arbitrage transactions, less (ix) expansion capital expenditures.
We believe that the measures of Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations are important measures of liquidity that enable investors to draw important comparisons year to year of the amount of cash generated by the Company’s principal business and financing activities, after paying for recurrent items, including interest, taxes and maintenance capital expenditures.
Expansion capital expenditures is defined as the required investment to expand current production capacity including organic growth, joint ventures and acquisitions. We define maintenance capital expenditures as the necessary investments in order to maintain the current level of productivity both at an agricultural and industrial level. Proceeds from the sale of noncontrolling interest in farming subsidiaries is a measure of the cash generated by the sale of farms, which is included under cash from financing activities pursuant to IFRS.
We believe Adjusted Free Cash Flow is an important liquidity measure for the Company because it allows investors and others to evaluate and compare the amount of cash generated by the Company business and financing activities to undertake growth investments, to fund acquisitions, to reduce outstanding financial debt, and to provide a return to shareholders in the form of dividends and/or share repurchases, among others.
We believe Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations is an additional important liquidity metric for the Company because it allows investors and others to evaluate and compare the total amount of cash generated by the Company’s business and financing activities after paying for recurrent items including interests, taxes and maintenance capital expenditures. We believe this metric is relevant in evaluating the overall performance of our business.
Other companies may calculate Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations differently, and therefore, our formulation may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. Adjusted Free Cash Flow and Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations are not measures of liquidity under IFRS, and should not be considered in isolation or as an alternative to consolidated, cash flows from operating activities, net increase, (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and other measures determined in accordance with IFRS.
Net Debt and Net Debt to Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA Ratio
Net debt is defined as the sum of current and non-current borrowings, less cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. This measure is widely used by management.
Management is consistently tracking our leverage position and our ability to repay and service our debt obligations over time. We have therefore set a leverage ratio target that is measured by net debt divided by Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA.
We believe that the ratio of net debt to Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA provides useful information to investors because management uses it to manage our debt-equity ratio in order to promote access to capital markets and our ability to meet scheduled debt service obligations.
Fiscal Year and Harvest Year
Our fiscal year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of each year. However, our production is based on the harvest-year for each of our crops and rice. A harvest-year varies according to the crop or rice and to the climate in which it is grown. Due to the geographic diversity of our farms, the planting period for a given crop or rice may start earlier on one farm than on another, causing differences in their respective harvesting periods. The presentation of production volume (tons) and product area (hectares) in this annual report, in respect of the harvest-years for each of our crops and rice, starts with the first day of the planting period at the first farm to start planting on that harvest-year and continues to the last day of the harvesting period of the respective crop or rice on the last farm to finish harvesting that harvest-year, as shown in the table below.
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|  |  |  | Planting |  |  | Harvest |  |  | Storage, Processing & Selling |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar
Humid Pampas and South West (Argentina) |  | Soybean |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Wheat / Barley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Soybean second harvest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Corn second harvest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Peanut |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Sunflower |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Northern Argentina |  | Soybean |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Corn / Sunflower |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Wheat / Barley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Soybean / Corn second harvest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Cotton |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Rice |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Uruguay |  | Soybean |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Corn |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Wheat / Barley |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Soybean / Corn second harvest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Rice |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Product area for cattle is presented on a harvest-year basis given that land utilized for cattle operations is linked to our farming operations and use of farmland during a harvest year. Production volumes for dairy and cattle operations are presented on a fiscal year basis. On the other hand, production volumes and product area in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business are presented on a fiscal-year basis.
The financial results for all of our products are presented on a fiscal-year basis.
Certain Weight Units and Measures in the Agricultural Business
Weight units and measures used in agriculture vary according to the crop and producing country. In order to permit comparability of our operating data with operating data from the international markets, the following table sets forth key weight units and measures used in the agricultural industry:
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Agricultural weight units and measures |  |
1 metric ton | 1,000 kg | 1.102 U.S. (short) tons
1 cubic meter | 1,000 liters |
1 kilogram (kg) | 2.20462 pounds |
1 pound | 0.45359 kg |
1 acre | 0.40469 hectares |
1 hectare (ha) | 2.47105 acres |
Soybean and Wheat |  |
1 bushel of soybean | 60 pounds | 27.2155 kg
1 bag of soybean | 60 kg | 2.20462 bushels
1 bushel/acre | 67.25 kg/ha |
1.00 U.S. dollar/bushel | 2.2046 U.S. dollar/bag |
Corn |  |
1 bushel of corn | 56 pounds | 25.4012 kg
1 bag of corn | 60 kg | 2.36210 bushels
1 bushel/acre | 62.77 kg/ha |
1.00 U.S. dollar/bushel | 2.3621 U.S. dollar/bag |
Dairy |  |
1 liter | 0.264 gallons | 2.273 pounds
1 gallon | 3.785 liters | 8.604 pounds
1 lbs | 0.440 liters | 0.116 gallons
1.00 U.S. dollar/liter | 43.995 U.S. dollar/cwt | 3.785 U.S. dollar/gallon
1.00 U.S. dollar/cwt | 0.023 U.S. dollar/liter | 0.086 U.S. dollar/gallon
1.00 U.S. dollar/gallon | 0.264 U.S. dollar/liter | 11.622 U.S. dollar/cwt
Sugar and Ethanol |  |
1 kg of TRS equivalent | 0.95 kg of VHP Sugar | 0.59 liters of Hydrated Ethanol
1.00 US$ cents/pound | 22.04 U.S. dollar/ton |

Presentation of Information — Market Data and Forecasts
This annual report includes information provided by us and by third-party sources that we believe are reliable, including data related to the economic conditions in the markets in which we operate. Unless otherwise indicated, information in this annual report concerning economic conditions is based on publicly available information from third-party sources which we believe to be reasonable. The economic conditions in the markets in which we operate may deteriorate, and those economies may not grow at the rates projected by market data, or at all. The deterioration of the economic conditions in the markets in which we operate may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and the market price of our common shares.
Rounding
We have made rounding adjustments to reach some of the figures included in this annual report. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.
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PART I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
Not applicable.
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3. Key Information
A. [RESERVED]
B. CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS
Not Applicable.
C. REASONS FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS
Not Applicable.
D. RISK FACTORS
Investing in our common shares involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the information contained in this annual report, particularly the risks described below, as well as in our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Our business activities, cash flow, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of the risks and uncertainties mentioned below. The market price of our common shares may decrease due to any of these risks or other factors, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business operations.
For purposes of this section, the indication that a risk, uncertainty or problem may or will have a “material adverse effect on us” or that we may experience a “material adverse effect” means that the risk, uncertainty or problem could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations and/or the market price of our common shares, except as otherwise indicated or as the context may otherwise require. Investors should view similar expressions in this section as having a similar meaning.
Summary of Risk Factors
The risks facing us and our business are many and varied. Set forth below is a summary of the risk factors more fully described herein.
The risks related to our business and industries include the following:
•Unpredictable weather conditions, including as a result of climate change, pest infestations and diseases may have an adverse impact on agricultural production.
•Fluctuations in market prices for our products could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
•Ethanol prices are correlated to the price of sugar and are also closely correlated to the price of petroleum, so that a decline in the price of sugar or a decline in the price of petroleum will adversely affect our sugar and ethanol businesses.
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•The expansion of our business through acquisitions poses risks that may reduce the benefits we anticipate from these transactions.
•Our business may be materially and adversely affected by changes in international trade and economic and other conditions in key export markets for our products, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade restrictions.
•A significant increase in the price of raw materials we use in our operations, or the shortage of such raw materials, could adversely affect our results of operations.
•We cannot guarantee that our suppliers will not engage in improper practices, including inappropriate labor or manufacturing practices.
•Increased fuel and energy prices and frequent interruptions of energy supply could adversely affect our business.
•Our business may be materially and adversely affected by the emergence of epidemics or pandemics.
•A worldwide economic downturn could weaken demand for our products or lower prices.
•Our business is seasonal and our results may fluctuate significantly depending on the growing cycle of our crops.
•We face significant competition across our business segments, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
•Our current insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover our potential losses.
•Cybersecurity incidents, including attacks on the infrastructure necessary to maintain our IT systems, may adversely affect us.
•Governmental policies reducing the amount of ethanol required to be added to gasoline, or eliminating tax incentives for flex-fuel vehicles, may adversely affect our business.
•Growth in the sale and distribution of ethanol depends in part on infrastructure improvements, which may not occur on a timely basis, if at all.
•A substantial portion of our assets is farmland that is highly illiquid.
•We have entered into agriculture partnership agreements in respect of a significant portion of our sugarcane plantations.
•Our performance depends on favorable working relationships with our employees and compliance with labor laws. Any strain on these relationships or increased labor costs could adversely affect our business.
•We may not possess all permits and licenses required to operate our business, or we may fail to renew or maintain the licenses and permits we currently hold which could subject us to fines and other penalties.
•Our business is subject to significant governmental regulation, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
•Climate change may impose increased costs on our operations.
•Countries may adopt regulations specifically affecting the agricultural sector and related industries or take other measures impacting the research, experiment, production, processing, marketing, import and export of our products.
•We may face restrictions and penalties under consumer protection laws.
•IFRS requires us to measure our biological assets at fair value and therefore limit the comparability of our financial statements to similar issuers applying US GAAP.
•Our indebtedness could impair our financial condition and impair our ability to receive or pay out dividends.
•The terms of our indebtedness and that of certain of our subsidiaries impose significant restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility.
•Fluctuations in interest rates could have a significant impact on our results of operations, indebtedness and cash flow.
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•We may need additional capital and we may not be able to obtain it.
•There is a risk that we could be treated as a U.S. domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could materially increase our U.S. federal income tax liability and subject any dividends we pay to U.S. federal withholding tax.
•We may be classified by the IRS as a “passive foreign investment company,” which may result in adverse tax consequences for U.S. investors in our common shares.
•We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and other international trade laws and regulations.
•We may be adversely affected by the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, related conflicts in the Middle East, and the ensuing global geopolitical and economic instability.
•Technological advances or alternative products may affect demand for our products and services or require substantial capital investments to remain competitive.
•Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our technology infrastructure and information and expose us to processes disruption and liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.
•We depend on our information technology systems and any failure of these systems could adversely affect our business.
•Noncompliance with data protection laws could adversely affect our business.
•Our operations are subject to disruptions by third parties who interfere with the possession of our real estate or our means of production.
•If the Offer is consummated, Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V. will own approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company and, as such, will have the ability to effect certain decisions requiring shareholder approval, which may be inconsistent with the interests of our other shareholders.
We also face risks associated with the countries in which we operate, primarily in Argentina and Brazil, which include the following:
•Our results of operations and financial condition are dependent upon economic conditions in the emerging countries in which we operate.
•Economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, and the perception of these conditions in international markets, may adversely impact our business, our access to capital and debt markets, and our results of operations and financial condition.
•The economies of the countries in which we operate may be adversely affected by the deterioration of other global markets.
•Governments have a high degree of influence in the economies in which we operate, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
•Currency exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar in the countries in which we operate our businesses may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
•Inflation in some of the countries in which we operate, along with governmental measures to curb inflation, may have a significant negative effect on the economies of those countries and, as a result, on our financial condition and results of operations.
•Any deterioration in Brazil’s or our credit rating may adversely affect the trading price of our common shares and us.
•Disruption of transportation and logistics services, insufficient investment in public infrastructure or disruption to any aspect of the supply chain could adversely affect our operating results.
•The Argentine economy may be affected by its government’s limited access to financing from international markets and the result of any failure to pay its debt obligations.
•Argentina’s current account and balance of payment imbalances could lead to a depreciation of the Peso, and as a result, affect our results of operations, our capital expenditure program and our ability to service our foreign currency liabilities.
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•Failure to adequately address actual and perceived risks of institutional corruption may adversely affect the economy and financial condition of the emerging markets in which we operate.
•Laws on the foreign ownership of rural properties may adversely affect our results of operations and future investments in rural properties.
•An increase in export and import duties and controls may have an adverse impact on our sales.
•Exchange controls restrict the inflow and outflow of funds and may substantially limit the ability of companies to retain or obtain foreign currency or make payments abroad.
•Changes in tax laws, incentives, benefits and regulations may have a material adverse impact on the taxes applicable to our business and may increase our tax burden.
•We receive certain tax benefits from Brazilian tax authorities, and there can be no assurance that such benefits will be maintained or renewed.
As a Luxembourg corporation (“société anonyme”) we and our common shares are also exposed to risks that include the following:
•Our exemption as a “foreign private issuer” from certain rules under the U.S. securities laws will result in less information about us being available to investors than for U.S. companies, which may result in our common shares being less attractive to investors.
•We are a Luxembourg corporation (“société anonyme”) and it may be difficult for you to obtain or enforce judgments against us or our executive officers and directors in the United States.
•Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a U.S. corporation, which could adversely impact trading in our common shares and our ability to conduct equity financings.
•Luxembourg and European Union insolvency and bankruptcy laws and regulations are substantially different from U.S. insolvency laws and may offer our shareholders less protection than they would have under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws.
•Our ability to pay dividends is restricted under Luxembourg law.
•We are a holding company and depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us in order to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments, which they may not be able to do.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industries
Unpredictable weather conditions, including as a result of climate change, pest infestations and diseases may have an adverse impact on agricultural production.
Severe weather or environmental conditions, in particular, droughts, hail, floods, frost or pestilence, are unpredictable and may have a significant adverse impact on agricultural production and the supply and price of agricultural commodities that we sell and use in our business. Moreover, adverse weather conditions may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change which impact the entirety of our business and policies. See “—Climate change may impose increased costs on our operations.” Additionally, higher than average temperatures and rainfall can contribute to an increased pestilence, which may adversely impact our agricultural production.
Our sugar production depends on the volume and sucrose content of the sugarcane that we cultivate or that is supplied to us by growers located in the vicinity of our mills. Both sugarcane yields and sucrose content depend primarily on weather conditions such as rainfall and temperature, which can vary. Weather conditions have historically caused volatility in the ethanol and sugar industries. Future weather patterns may reduce the amount of sugarcane that we can harvest or purchase, or the sucrose content in such sugarcane, and, consequently, the amount of sugar and ethanol we can produce in any given harvest. Any reduction in production volumes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Since June 2023, sea surface temperature conditions exhibited a pattern characteristic of the climate phenomenon commonly known as “El Niño”, with a band of warm waters across the equatorial Pacific and signs of anomalous convective activity from August 2023 onward. Classified as moderate to strong, this El Niño event had significant and varied impacts across different regions, which impacted our agricultural production. Although the physical impact of adverse weather events on our business remains uncertain, according to Monthly Report No. 8 - El Niño Panel (“Boletim Mensal nº 8”), published by
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INPE (“Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais”), INMET (“Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia”), ANA (“Agência Nacional das Águas e Saneamento Básico”), and CENAD (“Centro Nacional de Gerenciamento de Riscos e Desastres”), current sea surface temperature conditions in the equatorial Pacific are near climatological averages, indicating the dissipation of El Niño and a transition to neutral conditions.
Similarly, the occurrence and effects of disease and pestilence can be unpredictable and devastating to agricultural products, potentially rendering all or a substantial portion of the affected harvest unsuitable for sale. Our agricultural products are also susceptible to fungi and bacteria that are associated with excessively moist conditions. Our results of operations could be adversely affected in such cases where our production is materially affected and all or a substantial portion of the production costs have been incurred, including as a result of Spiroplasma disease in our crops. During the 2023/2024 harvest season, due to climatic conditions in some of our productive regions, late corn production was affected by this plague. There can be no assurance that such events in the future will not adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. Furthermore, if we fail to control pestilence or disease and our production is threatened, we may be unable to supply our main customers, which could affect our results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, disease among our dairy cattle herd, such as mastitis, tuberculosis, brucellosis and foot-and-mouth disease, could have an adverse effect on productivity. Outbreaks of cattle diseases may also result in the closure of certain important markets to our cattle-derived products. Although we abide by national veterinary health guidelines, which include laboratory analyses and vaccination, to control diseases among the herds, especially foot-and-mouth disease, we cannot assure that future outbreaks of cattle diseases will not occur. A future outbreak of diseases among our cattle herds could adversely affect our milk sales and operating results and financial condition. Furthermore, outbreaks, or fears of outbreaks, of any of these or other animal diseases may lead to the cancellation of orders by our customers, in particular if the disease has the potential to affect human health or create adverse publicity that may have a material adverse effect on consumer demand for our products.
Moreover, outbreaks of animal disease may lead foreign governments to ban the importation of some or all of our products, which may result in the destruction of some or all of these animals. The appearance of new diseases or the mutation or proliferation of existing diseases could also damage or completely destroy our crops and cattle herds, which would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Fluctuations in market prices for our products could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Prices for agricultural products and by-products, including, among others, sugar, ethanol, grains and powder milk, have historically been cyclical and sensitive to domestic and international changes in supply and demand and can be expected to fluctuate significantly. In addition, the agricultural products and by-products we produce are traded on commodities and futures exchanges and thus are subject to speculative trading, which may adversely affect us. The prices that we are able to obtain for our agricultural products and by-products depend on many factors beyond our control including:
•prevailing global commodity prices, which historically have been subject to significant fluctuations over relatively short periods of time, depending on worldwide demand and supply as well as factors related to financial speculation;
•changes in the agricultural subsidy levels of certain important producers (mainly the U.S. and the European Union, or the “E.U.”), tariffs and trade barriers with regard to certain important consumer markets (see—Our business may be materially and adversely affected by changes in international trade and economic and other conditions in key export markets for our products, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade) and the adoption of other government policies affecting industry market conditions and prices;
•changes to trade barriers of certain important consumer markets (including China, India, the U.S. and the E.U.) and the adoption of other governmental policies affecting industry market conditions and prices;
•changes in government policies for biofuels;
•disruptions in commodity markets caused by global events, including epidemics, pandemics, the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas military conflict and the resulting increased tensions in the Middle East region;
•available transportation methods and infrastructure development in the regions where we operate or in remote areas serving local markets and which affect the local prices of our crops;
•world inventory levels, i.e., the supply of commodities carried over from year to year;
•climatic conditions and natural disasters in areas where agricultural products are cultivated;
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•cost of raw materials; and supply of and demand for competing commodities and substitutes;
•the production capacity of our competitors; and
•demand for and supply of competing commodities and substitutes.
Further, because we may not hedge 100% of the price risk of our agricultural products, we are unable to have minimum price guarantees for all of our production and are, therefore, exposed to risks associated with the prices of agricultural products and their volatility. As a result, we are subject to fluctuations in prices of agricultural products that could result in our receiving lower prices for our agricultural products than our production costs.
For example, in 2024 sugar prices in U.S. dollars traded on average at 20.74ctc/lb according to the International Exchange - New York, or “ICE NY”, anhydrous and hydrous ethanol prices in Brazilian Reais were on average R$2,392/liter and R$2,702/liter, respectively according to the center for Advanced Studies on Applied Economics (Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (CEPEA/ESALQ)).
Also, domestic prices of electricity exported to the grid, in particular, electricity produced by hydroelectric generators, are impacted by weather conditions. For example, according to the Chamber of Electric Energy Commercialization of Brazil (Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica - CCEE ) is expected to average its regulatory minimum of 58.6 R$/MWh in 2025. In 2024, the average energy spot price (PLD) was 127.87 R$/MWh, 77% higher compared to 2023 (72.16 R$/MWh), and the forecasted energy price for 2025 is 315.0 R$/MWh, 117% lower than in 2024.
Moreover, there is a strong relationship between the value of our land holdings and market prices of the commodities we produce, which are affected by global economic conditions. A decline in the prices of grains, sugar, ethanol, or related by-products below their current levels for a sustained period of time could significantly reduce the value of our land holdings and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Ethanol prices are correlated to the price of sugar and are also closely correlated to the price of petroleum, so that a decline in the price of sugar or a decline in the price of petroleum will adversely affect our sugar and ethanol businesses.
The vast majority of ethanol in Brazil is produced at sugarcane mills that produce both ethanol and sugar. Because sugarcane millers are able to alter their product mix in response to the relative prices of ethanol and sugar, the prices of both products are directly correlated, and the correlation between ethanol and sugar prices may increase over time. Sugar prices in Brazil are determined by prices in the world market, resulting in a correlation between Brazilian ethanol prices and world sugar prices. Accordingly, a decline in sugar prices would have an adverse effect on the financial performance of our ethanol and sugar businesses.
In addition, gasoline prices in Brazil are significantly influenced by the Brazilian government. Because flex-fuel vehicles, which have become popular in Brazil, allow consumers to choose between gasoline and ethanol at the pump rather than at the showroom, ethanol prices are correlated to gasoline prices as well and, consequently, international oil prices. In Brazil, petroleum and petroleum derivatives have historically been subject to price controls. Currently there is no legislation or regulation in force that gives the Brazilian government the power to set prices for petroleum, petroleum products, ethanol or vehicular natural gas. However, given that Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. – Petrobras, the only supplier of oil-based fuels in Brazil, is a government-controlled company, prices of petroleum and petroleum products are subject to government influence, resulting in potential inconsistencies between international prices and prevailing prices within Brazil that affect our business and our financial results.
We believe that the correlation between petroleum, ethanol and sugar prices will increase over time. Accordingly, a decline in sugar prices will have an adverse effect on the financial performance of our ethanol and sugar businesses, and a decline in petroleum prices could make ethanol less competitive and reduce demand, despite increased sales of flex-fuel vehicles, affecting our results and financial condition, including cash flows. Finally, a decrease in gasoline prices could make ethanol less competitive and result in a reduction in demand even if demand for flex-fuel vehicles were to increase, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The expansion of our business through acquisitions poses risks that may reduce the benefits we anticipate from these transactions.
As part of our business strategy, we have grown through acquisitions. We plan to continue growing by acquiring other farms and production facilities throughout South America. We believe that the agricultural industry and agricultural activity in the region are highly fragmented and that our future consolidation opportunities will continue to be significant to our growth.
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However, our management is unable to predict whether or when any prospective acquisitions or strategic alliances will occur, or if such acquisitions or strategic alliances will be agreed upon on favorable terms and conditions. Our ability to continue to expand our business successfully through acquisitions and strategic alliances depends on many factors, including our ability to identify potential acquisitions, access financing sources, including through capital markets, at acceptable conditions, negotiate favorable transaction terms and successfully consummate and integrate any businesses we acquire.
To support the acquisitions we pursue, we may need to implement new or upgraded strategies, systems, procedures and controls for our operations and will face risks, including diversion of management time and focus and challenges associated with integrating new managers and employees. We may be unable to realize synergies and efficiency gains from acquisitions or to identify, negotiate or finance future acquisitions, particularly as part of our international growth strategy, successfully or at favorable valuations, or to effectively integrate these acquisitions or strategic alliances with our current businesses. Our failure to integrate new businesses or manage any new alliances successfully could adversely affect our business and financial performance.
Any future strategic alliances or acquisitions of businesses, technologies, services or products might require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing, which may not be available on favorable terms, or at all, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures, as well as strain on our organizational culture, especially if an acquisition is followed by a period of lower than projected prices for our products. Future acquisitions and joint ventures may be subject to antitrust and other regulatory approvals, which may not be obtained on a timely basis or at all.
Acquisitions also expose us to the risk of successor liability relating to actions involving an acquired company, its management or contingent liabilities incurred before the acquisition. The due diligence we conduct in connection with an acquisition, and any contractual guarantees or indemnities that we receive from the sellers of acquired companies, may not be sufficient to protect us from, or compensate us for, actual liabilities. Any material liability associated with an acquisition could adversely affect our reputation and results of operations and reduce the benefits of the acquisition.
Finally, we are unable to predict the effect that changes in Argentine or Brazilian legislation regarding foreign ownership of rural properties could have in our business. See “—Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate—Laws on the foreign ownership of rural properties may adversely affect our results of operations and future investments in rural properties.”
Our business may be materially and adversely affected by changes in international trade and economic and other conditions in key export markets for our products, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade restrictions.
Our operating results depend largely on economic conditions and regulatory policies for our products in major export markets. The ability of our products to compete effectively in these export markets may be adversely affected by a number of factors that are beyond our control, including the deterioration of macroeconomic conditions, volatility of exchange rates, the imposition of greater tariffs or protectionist policies or other trade barriers or other factors in those markets.
Uncertainty in the global economy, as well as recent and proposed changes to current international trade agreements by the U.S. and other countries, greater restrictions on free trade generally and significant increases in tariffs on imported goods, among other possible changes, may lead to inflationary pressure, fewer goods transported and the need to restructure certain terms of business with our suppliers or customers. Moreover, tighter monetary policies among governments might impact economic growth as higher interest rates in developed economies may result in a reversal of capital flows to these countries, leading to the depreciation of the Brazilian real, acceleration of inflation expectations and increase of domestic interest rates.
The U.S. government has recently altered its approach to international trade policy, indicated its intent to renegotiate, or potentially terminate, certain existing bilateral or multi-lateral trade agreements and treaties with other countries, and made proposals and taken actions related thereto. On April 2, 2025, the Trump administration announced new tariffs on many U.S. trading partners, including a universal baseline tariff of 10% on all imported goods, and country specific tariffs such as an additional 34% tax on imports from China (leading to an effective rate of 54% when combined with existing tariffs) and 20% on products from the E.U., subject to certain exceptions. Following a period of market volatility, on April 9, 2025, President Trump announced a 90-day pause to the tariffs announced on April 2, 2025 for most countries, but maintained the baseline 10% tariff with respect to those countries subject to the pause, including Brazil and Argentina, and increased the tariff rate on Chinese imports for most products to as high as 145%.
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Some foreign governments, including China, have instituted retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. goods and have indicated a willingness to impose additional tariffs on U.S. products. Other countries and organizations, including Mexico, Canada and the European Union, have implemented or threatened to implement retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. products. Global trade disruption, significant introductions of trade barriers and bilateral trade frictions, any material disruption and volatility in the global financial markets, including with respect to prices of securities, interest rates, inflation, and foreign exchange rates, together with any future downturns in the global economy resulting therefrom, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Higher uncertainty and volatility may result in a slowdown in the economy and significantly impair our customers’ and suppliers’ ability to perform their obligations, resulting in an increase in the risk associated with our operations and commercial activity. All these events could cause a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If the sale of our products into a particular importing country is adversely affected by tariffs, trade barriers or by any of the factors mentioned above, the relocation of our products to other consumers on terms equally favorable could be impaired, and our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.
A significant increase in the price of raw materials we use in our operations, or the shortage of such raw materials, could adversely affect our results of operations.
Our production process requires various raw materials, in particular fertilizers, phytosanitary products and seeds, which we acquire from local and international suppliers. We do not have long-term supply contracts for most of these raw materials and therefore are exposed to the risk of cost increases. A significant increase in the cost of these raw materials, especially fertilizer and agrochemicals, a shortage of raw materials or the unavailability of these raw materials in their entirety could reduce our profit margin, our production and/or interrupt the production of some of our products, in all cases adversely affecting our results of operations and our financial condition. In addition, certain of our production costs, including the cost of fertilizers, are linked to the international price of oil and its derivatives. Therefore, if the price of oil increases significantly, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
For example, we rely on fertilizers and agrochemicals, many of which are petrochemical based. In our Farming business, fertilizers and agrochemicals represented approximately 17.7% of our total cost of production (including manufacturing and administrative expenses) for the 2023/2024 harvest-year. In our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business, fertilizers and agrochemicals represented 19.6% of our cost of production (including manufacturing and administrative expenses) during 2022, 19.7% in 2023 and 17.7% in 2024. Worldwide production of agricultural products has increased significantly in recent years in response to increased demand for agrochemicals and fertilizers. However, shortages in the supply of agrochemicals and fertilizers remain, which has been aggravated by the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine. See “—We may be adversely affected by the ongoing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, related conflicts in the Middle East, and the ensuing global geopolitical and economic instability”.
Political risks remain present mainly from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas, related conflicts in the Middle East, escalating political and economic tensions between the United States and China, uncertainty over government instabilities in Europe and other local or regional geopolitical risks. The materialization of these risks may affect global growth and decrease investors’ interest in assets from Brazil and other countries in which we do business, which may materially and adversely our business, financial condition, results of operations and, therefore, adversely affect the market price of our shares, making it more difficult for us to access capital markets and, as a result, to finance our operations in the future.
We cannot predict the price and future availability of fuel or fertilizers with any degree of certainty, and significant increases in fuel or fertilizer prices, or the decreased supply or unavailability of fertilizers and other raw materials, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We cannot guarantee that our suppliers will not engage in improper practices, including inappropriate labor or manufacturing practices.
We cannot guarantee that our suppliers’ business operations comply with all applicable laws and regulations relating to working conditions, sustainability, production chain assurance and appropriate safety conditions, or that they will not carry out improper practices relating to such matters to reduce the cost of the products they sell to us. In the event that our suppliers engage in such improper business practices, our customers’ perception of our business may be adversely affected, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and our reputation.
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Moreover, considering Brazilian law and judicial precedent, we may be involved in litigation concerning our suppliers’ inappropriate labor practices, as labor authorities may argue that we failed to adequately supervise our supply chain. This risk is particularly relevant if these suppliers are involved in sensitive labor issues, such as child labor and the direct or indirect use of forced labor or modern slavery. Any such litigation could impact our customers’ perception of our business, and adverse decisions may compel us to disburse material amounts in connection therewith, which may adversely affect our business, results of operations and our reputation.
Increased fuel and energy prices and frequent interruptions of energy supply could adversely affect our business.
We require substantial amounts of fuel oil and other resources for our harvest activities and transport of our agricultural products. During both the 2023/2024 and 2022/2023 harvest-years, fuel represented 2.4% and 2.7% respectively, of the cost of production (including manufacturing and administrative expenses) of our Farming business. In our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business, fuel represented 10.0% and 11.0% of our cost of production (including manufacturing and administrative expenses) in 2024 and 2023, respectively.
We rely upon third parties for our supply of energy resources used in our operations. The prices for and availability of energy resources may be subject to change or curtailment, respectively, due to, inter alia, new laws or regulations, the imposition of new taxes or tariffs, interruptions in production by suppliers, the imposition of restrictions on energy supply by government, and worldwide price levels and market conditions. In addition, our contracts for the purchase and sale of energy in the free market may contain provisions according to which counterparties may also reduce the amounts of contracted energy, within certain limits. Any of these events could affect our revenues if we are unable to sell the reduced volumes at the same price or due to the excess energy that we fail to sell. In addition, in the event of an energy shortage, the government may impose rationing obligations that could affect the volumes established in our contracts, consequently affecting our revenues.
Moreover, over the last few years, the Argentine government has taken certain measures in order to reduce the use of energy during peak months of the year by frequently cutting energy supply to industrial facilities and large consumers to ensure adequate supply for residential buildings. For example, certain of our industrial facilities have been subject to a quota system whereby electricity cuts occur on a work-shift basis, resulting in our facilities being shut down during certain work shifts. Brazil has also been subject to electricity rationing measures as a result of droughts in recent years. There can be no assurance that we will be able to procure the required energy inputs at acceptable prices. If energy supply is cut for an extended period of time and we are unable to find replacement sources at comparable prices, or at all, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our business may be materially and adversely affected by the emergence of epidemics or pandemics.
Epidemics and pandemics caused by infectious agents can impact the health of our workforce, partners and suppliers, as well as necessitate the redesign of routines, procedures and organization of work in general, and may consequently affect the continuity of various activities and our productivity. In addition, such public health events may affect commodity prices and demand, which, consequently, may negatively impact our results and financial condition.
A worldwide economic downturn could weaken demand for our products or lower prices.
The demand for the products we sell may be affected by international, national and local economic conditions that are beyond our control. Adverse changes in the perceived or actual economic climate, such as higher fuel prices, higher interest rates, stock and real estate market declines and/or volatility, more restrictive credit markets, higher taxes, tariffs or other trade restrictions, and changes in governmental policies could reduce the level of demand or prices of the products we produce. We cannot predict the duration or magnitude of a downturn, or the timing or strength of economic recovery. If a downturn were to continue for an extended period of time or worsen, we could experience a prolonged period of decreased demand and prices. In addition, economic downturns have and may adversely impact our suppliers, which could result in disruptions in goods and services and financial losses. Finally, the deterioration of global economic conditions, particularly in relevant economies such as the United States and China, as a result of the imposition of tariffs or other trade restrictions by such countries, as well as the related countermeasures taken by the impacted countries and the ensuing uncertainty or changes in national or global social, political, economic or regulatory conditions, the war in Ukraine, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, related conflicts in the Middle East, supply chain challenges and other events may ultimately decrease the customer demand for our products and have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. See “—Our business may be materially and adversely affected by changes in international trade and economic and other conditions in key export markets for our products, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade restrictions.”
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In addition, we expect that a limited number of financial institutions will hold all or most of our cash, including some institutions located in the United States. Depending on our cash balance in any of our accounts at any given point in time, our balances may not be covered by government-backed deposit insurance programs in the event of default or failure of any bank with which we maintain a commercial relationship. While the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation provides deposit insurance of $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, the amounts that we have in deposits in U.S. banks far exceeds that insurance amount. Therefore, if the U.S. government does not impose measures to protect depositors in the event a bank in which our funds are held fails, we may lose all or a substantial portion of our deposits. The occurrence of any default or failure of any of the banks in which we have deposits could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Our business is seasonal and our results may fluctuate significantly depending on the growing cycle of our crops.
As with any agricultural business enterprise, our business operations are predominantly seasonal in nature. The harvest of corn, soybean and rice generally occurs from January to May. Wheat is harvested from December to January. Cotton is harvested from June to August but requires processing, which takes approximately two to three months. Our operations and sales are affected by the growing cycle of our crops processing times and the timing of our harvest sales.
In addition, each of our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business is subject to seasonal trends based on the sugarcane growing cycle in the center-south region of Brazil. The annual sugarcane harvesting period in the center-south region of Brazil begins in March/April and ends in November/December. This creates price fluctuations which result in fluctuations in our sugar and ethanol inventories, usually peaking in December to take advantage of higher prices during the traditional off-season (i.e., January through April), and a degree of seasonality in our gross profit. Seasonality could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance. In addition, our quarterly results may vary as a result of the effects of fluctuations in commodities prices, production yields and costs. Therefore, our results of operations have varied significantly from period to period and are likely to continue to vary, due to seasonal factors.
We face significant competition across our business segments, which could adversely affect our financial performance.
In our Farming business, we face significant competition from other producers in the domestic markets and from foreign producers in our export markets. The commodities market is highly fragmented. Small producers can also be important competitors, some of which operate in the informal economy and are able to offer lower prices by meeting lower quality standards. Competition from other producers is a barrier to expanding our sales in domestic and foreign markets. With respect to exports, we compete with other large, vertically integrated producers that have the ability to produce quality products at low cost, as well as with foreign producers.
The Brazilian markets, in particular, are highly price-competitive and sensitive to product substitution. Customers may seek to diversify their sources of supply by purchasing a portion of the products they need from producers in other countries, as some of our customers in key export markets have begun to do. We expect that we will continue to face strong competition in all of our markets and anticipate that existing or new competitors may broaden their product lines and extend their geographic scope. Any failure by us to respond to product, pricing and other moves by competitors may negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.
In our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, ethanol competes in the biofuel market with other, established fuels such as biodiesel, as well as fuels that are still in the development phase, including methanol and butanol from biomass. Alternative fuels could become more successful than ethanol in the biofuels market over the medium or long term due to, lower production costs, greater environmental benefits or other more favorable product characteristics, among other factors. In addition, alternative fuels may also benefit from tax incentives or other more favorable governmental policies than those that apply to ethanol. Furthermore, our success depends on early identification of new developments relating to products and production methods and continuous improvement of existing expertise in order to ensure that our product range keeps pace with technological change. Competitors may gain an advantage over us by developing or using new products and production methods, introducing new products to the market sooner than we do, or securing exclusive rights to new technologies, thereby significantly harming our competitive position.
Our current insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover our potential losses.
Our production is, in general, subject to different risks and hazards, including adverse weather conditions, fires, diseases and pest infestations, other natural phenomena, industrial accidents, labor disputes, changes in the legal and regulatory framework applicable to us, environmental contingencies and other natural or artificial phenomena. Our insurance currently covers only part of the losses we may incur and does not cover losses on crops due to hailstorms, fires or similar risks.
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Furthermore, certain types of risks may not be covered by the policies we have for our industrial facilities. Additionally, we cannot guarantee that the indemnification paid by the insurer due to the occurrence of a casualty covered by our policies will be sufficient to entirely compensate us for our loss or damages suffered. Moreover, we may not be able to maintain or obtain insurance of the type and amount desired at reasonable costs.
If we were to incur significant liability for which we were not fully insured, such liability could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may further incur additional expenses to mitigate the loss, such as shifting production to another facility. These costs may not be fully covered by our insurance.
Cybersecurity incidents, including attacks on the infrastructure necessary to maintain our IT systems, may adversely affect us.
We are subject to a broad range of cyber threats, with varying levels of sophistication. These cyber threats are related to the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our systems and data, including our customers’ confidential, classified or personal data, among others.
We continuously monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure. We also conduct tests to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a material impact on us. However, we cannot assure you that these measures will be effective in protecting us against future cyberattacks and other related breaches of our information technology systems.
Our risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As attempts to attack continue to evolve in scope and sophistication, we will likely be required to incur significant costs and dedicate additional resources to modify or improve our protection measures against such attacks, to investigate or remediate any vulnerability or consequent violations, or to communicate cyber-attacks.
We may be unable to protect our information systems and technology platforms from the aforementioned risks and any cyber-attacks may result in significant losses of intellectual property, trade secrets, customer data and other confidential information, in addition to significant net assets, including cash, which may materially adversely affect us as it could damage our reputation or result in lawsuits, regulatory fines, sanctions, regulatory intervention and others.
Governmental policies reducing the amount of ethanol required to be added to gasoline, or eliminating tax incentives for flex-fuel vehicles, may adversely affect our business.
Governmental authorities of several countries, including Brazil and the United States, currently require the use of a certain percentage of anhydrous ethanol in gasoline. Since 1997, the Brazilian Sugar and Alcohol Inter-ministerial Council (Conselho Interministerial do Açúcar e do Álcool), or “CIMA,” has fixed the percentage of anhydrous ethanol that must be used as an additive to gasoline. In addition, the newly promulgated Law nº 14.993, dated October 4, 2024, establishes that the current percentage in Brazil of anhydrous alcohol in gasoline is 27% and authorizes the Executive Power to increase this percentage to up to 35%, or decrease it to as low as 22%. According to data from the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustível), or the “ANP”, approximately one-half of all fuel ethanol in Brazil is used to fuel automobiles that run on a blend of anhydrous ethanol and gasoline; the remainder is used in either flex-fuel vehicles or vehicles powered by hydrous ethanol alone.
Other countries have similar governmental policies that require various blends of anhydrous ethanol and gasoline with minimum ethanol percentages such as the United States, Peru and Thailand (10%), Canada (5%), Paraguay (30%) and Argentina (12%). In March 2021, the British government announced that by September 2021 it would require an increase from 5% to 10% in biofuel additives to petroleum products, and E10 became the standard grade of petrol in the United Kingdom in September 2021. Moreover, India has established a target of achieving 20% ethanol blending with petroleum by 2025. Any reductions in the percentage of ethanol to be added to gasoline or changes in Brazilian government policies related to the taxation and use of ethanol, as well as growth in the demand for other alternative fuels to ethanol, such as natural gas, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, flex-fuel and ethanol-powered vehicles in Brazil are entitled to a tax benefit in the form of a lower tax rate on manufactured products (imposto sobre produtos industrializados) and, therefore, are currently taxed at lower levels than gasoline-only vehicles. This incentive contributed to the increase in production and sale of flex-fuel vehicles, and there are many similar policies and incentives that aim to mitigate the effects of climate change which directly or indirectly promote the use of ethanol. If climate change policies were to change, the legal framework and incentive structure promoting the use of ethanol may also change, leading to a reduction in the demand for ethanol.
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Growth in the sale and distribution of ethanol depends in part on infrastructure improvements, which may not occur on a timely basis, if at all.
In contrast to the well-established logistical operations and infrastructure supporting sugar exports, ethanol exports inherently demand much more complex preparation and means of distribution, including outlets from our facilities to ports and shipping to other countries. Substantial infrastructure development by persons and entities outside our control is required for our operations, and the ethanol industry generally, to grow. Areas requiring expansion include, but are not limited to, additional railroad capacity, additional storage facilities for ethanol, increases in truck fleets capable of transporting ethanol within localized markets, expansion of refining and blending facilities to handle ethanol, growth in service stations equipped to handle ethanol fuels, and growth in the fleet of flex-fuel vehicles. Improvements in our ethanol exports, to consumer markets abroad would require an increase in the number and capacity of ethanol-blending industrial plants, the distribution channels of gasoline-ethanol blends and the chains of distribution stations capable of handling fuel ethanol as an additive to gasoline.
Substantial investments required for these infrastructure changes and expansions may not be made or they may not be made on a timely basis. Any delay or failure in making the changes in or expansion of infrastructure may hurt the demand for or prices of our products, prevent our products’ delivery, impose additional costs on us or otherwise have a significant adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial status. Our business relies on the continuing availability of infrastructure for ethanol production, storage and distribution, and any infrastructure disruptions may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
A substantial portion of our assets is farmland that is highly illiquid.
Ownership of a significant portion of the land we operate is a key part of our business model. However, agricultural real estate is generally an illiquid asset. Moreover, the adoption of laws and regulations that impose limitations on ownership of rural land by foreigners in the jurisdictions in which we operate may also limit the liquidity of our farmland holdings. See “—Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate—Laws on the foreign ownership of rural properties may adversely affect our results of operations and future investments in rural properties.” As a result, it is unlikely that we will be able to promptly adjust our agricultural real estate portfolio in response to changes in economic, business or regulatory conditions. A lack of liquidity in local market conditions may adversely affect our ability to complete dispositions, to receive proceeds generated from any such sales, or to repatriate any such proceeds.
We have entered into agriculture partnership agreements in respect of a significant portion of our sugarcane plantations.
As of December 31, 2024, approximately 93.9% of our sugarcane plantations were leased through agriculture partnership agreements, for periods of an average of six to 12 years. We cannot guarantee that these agriculture partnerships will be renewed after their respective terms end, or whether such renewals will be on terms and conditions satisfactory to us. Any failure to renew the agriculture partnerships or obtain land suitable for sugarcane planting in sufficient quantity and at reasonable prices to develop our activities could adversely affect our results of operations, increase our costs or force us to seek alternative properties, which may not be available or be available only at higher prices.
Our performance depends on favorable working relationships with our employees and compliance with labor laws. Any strain on these relationships or increased labor costs could adversely affect our business.
Approximately 89.5% of our employees are represented by unions or equivalent bodies and are covered by collective bargaining or similar agreements which are subject to periodic renegotiation. We may not successfully conclude our labor negotiations on satisfactory terms, which may result in a significant increase in the cost of labor or work stoppages or labor disturbances that disrupt our operations. Cost increases, work stoppages or disturbances that result in substantial amounts of raw product not being processed could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Furthermore, all benefits and obligations provided under collective bargaining or similar agreements are binding upon all parties, and have legal and practical effects on employment agreements.
If we do not observe legally and conventionally binding provisions, we may be susceptible to labor disputes filed by employees, class actions filed by labor prosecutors, and inspections by labor protection agencies, resulting in the payment of legal and/or administrative sanctions.
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Further, the Argentine Remote Employment Law (Ley de teletrabajo) (the “Remote Employment Law”), and its related regulation, entered into force in April 2021 and governs labor contracts in which employees work remotely on a regular basis, except for those who work in clients' offices. The law regulates several aspects applicable to working remotely, such as the right to digital disconnection, the right to a working schedule that is compatible with caretaking tasks, the right to return to work in person on the employer’s premises, the reimbursement of expenses, the provision of work tools, and transnational services, among others. The Remote Employment Law’s most significant impacts include the need to provide employees with working tools and to compensate them for expenses arising from remote work. While many companies have already defined and adopted measures to implement this law, many others are still in the planning stage, or have chosen to implement a mixed on-site and remote work schedule (in which case the Remote Employment Law applies proportionally).
We may not possess all permits and licenses required to operate our business, or we may fail to renew or maintain the licenses and permits we currently hold which could subject us to fines and other penalties.
We are required to hold a variety of permits and licenses to conduct our farming and industrial operations, including but not limited to permits and licenses concerning land development, agricultural and harvesting activities, seed production, industrial plants, labor standards, occupational health and safety, land use, water use and other matters. We may not possess all of the permits and licenses required for each of our business segments. In addition, the approvals, permits or licenses or renewals thereof required by governmental agencies may change without substantial advance notice, and we could fail to obtain the approvals, permits or licenses required to expand our business. If we fail to obtain or to maintain such permits or licenses, or if renewals are granted with onerous conditions, we could be subject to fines and other penalties and be limited in the number or the quality of the products that we could offer. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our business is subject to significant governmental regulation, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Our activities are subject to a broad set of laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment. Such laws include compulsory maintenance of certain preserved areas within our properties, management of phytosanitary products and associated hazardous waste and the acquisition and renewals of permits for water use and effluents disposal. In addition, the storage and processing of our products may create hazardous conditions. We could be exposed to civil, criminal and administrative penalties in addition to the obligation to remedy the adverse effects of our operations on the environment and to indemnify third parties for damages.
In addition, pursuant to Brazilian environmental legislation, corporate entities can be disregarded (such that the owners of the company will be liable for their debts) if necessary to guarantee the payment of costs related to the recovery of environmental damages whenever the legal entity is deemed by a court to be an obstacle to reimbursement of damages caused to the quality of the environment. Moreover, the relevant public authority may prevent us from using the property as long as environmental damages persist, which can directly affect the rent revenue stream of the agriculture partnership agreements. Because of the possibility of unanticipated regulatory measures or other developments, particularly as environmental laws become more stringent, the amount and timing of future expenditures required to maintain compliance could increase from current levels and could adversely affect the availability of funds for capital expenditures and other purposes. Compliance with existing or new environmental laws and regulations, as well as obligations in agreements with public entities, could result in increased costs and expenses.
Environmental laws and their enforcement are becoming more stringent in Argentina and Brazil, increasing the risk of and penalties associated with violations, which could impair or suspend our operations or projects and expose us to potentially adverse environmental legislation and regulation. Failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, third-party claims, and investigation by environmental and police authorities and the relevant public attorney office. For example, the perceived effects of climate change may result in additional legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of our industrial facilities’ emissions. Such requirements, if enacted, could increase our capital expenditures and expenses for environmental compliance in the future, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Moreover, the denial of any permit that we have requested, or the revocation of any of the permits that we have already obtained, may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
Climate change may impose increased costs on our operations.
Climate change imposes challenges and opportunities for our business. More stringent environmental regulations could result in the imposition of costs associated with greenhouse gas emissions (as a result of measures such as carbon taxation or
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the creation of market limitations on greenhouse gas emissions), which have the potential to increase our operating costs and reduce our production.
The risks associated with climate change can also include difficulties in accessing capital due to reputational problems with investors, changes in consumer profiles, reduced consumption of fossil fuels and energy transitions in the global economy toward a more low-carbon matrix, with the inclusion of substitute products for fossil fuels and the increased use of electricity for urban mobility. These factors may have a negative impact on the demand for our products and services and may burden or even render the implementation and operation of our projects unfeasible, thereby adversely impacting our results and financial condition and limiting some of our opportunities for growth.
Furthermore, the potential physical impacts of climate change are uncertain and may vary by region, which includes changes in rainfall patterns, water shortages, changing sea levels and changing temperature levels that could adversely impact our business operations, the location, costs and competitiveness of global agricultural production and related storage and processing facilities. Yields may also be affected by plagues, diseases or weed infections and related operational problems. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Trends and Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations—Effects of Yield Fluctuations.”
Countries may adopt regulations specifically affecting the agricultural sector and related industries or take other measures impacting the research, experiment, production, processing, marketing, import and export of our products.
Due to the growing participation in the worldwide agricultural commodities markets by commodities produced in South America, South American producers, including us, are increasingly affected by the measures taken by importing countries in order to protect their local producers and consumers, such as regulations and policies related to chemical content of products, genetically modified organisms, or “GMOs,” traceability standards, sustainable practices, product safety and labeling, renewable fuels, low carbon fuel mandates, and technology related to energy production and/or emissions reductions. For example, measures such as the limitation on imports adopted in a particular country or region may affect the sector’s export volume significantly and, consequently, our operating results. See “—Our business may be materially and adversely affected by changes in international trade and economic and other conditions in key export markets for our products, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade restrictions.” These policies can influence the planting of certain crops; the location and size of crop production; whether unprocessed or processed commodity products are traded; the volume and types of imports and exports; the availability and competitiveness of feedstocks as raw materials; the viability and volume of production of certain of the Company’s products; and industry profitability.
Our soybean, corn and cotton products contain GMOs in varying proportions depending on the year and the country of production. The use of GMOs in food has been met with varying degrees of acceptance in the markets in which we operate. In certain countries, adverse publicity about genetically modified food has led to governmental regulation that limits sales of GMO products in some of the markets in which our customers sell our products, including the European Union.These current or future laws, regulations and permitting requirements may impair our research, development or production efforts. It is possible that new restrictions on GMO products will be imposed in major markets for some of our products or that our customers will decide to purchase fewer GMO products or not buy GMO products at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects.
In 2018, a Brazilian trial court ruled that new products containing “glyphosate” – a herbicide widely used in soybeans and others crops – were prohibited from being registered in Brazil, and existing registrations would be suspended until the government re-evaluates their toxicity. This decision also suspended the registration of others chemicals, such as the insecticide abamectin and the fungicide thiram. According to the Brazilian Agriculture Minister, this decision would be a disaster for the agricultural industry and, for this reason, the decision was subject to multiple appeals. On September 3, 2018, a court of appeals reversed the trial court’s decision. Currently, the use of glyphosate is permitted. However, we are unable to predict or guarantee that it will continue to be allowed.
The prohibition of the use of glyphosate to control weed infestation could compromise no-till farming, which is important for productivity and sustainability, and lead to increased use of other products for pest control. Currently, there is no alternative in Brazil to replace glyphosate. Similar products have a high cost and are not readily available to meet the demand for glyphosate. As a result, our production costs could increase, and our productivity could be significantly impacted, which could result in lower production margins and negatively affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Additionally, in the past, governments and other authorities have established certain restrictions on the freedom of movement and business operations, including travel bans, supply chain disruptions and border closures. Other measures such as the restriction on imports or business closures of ports, airports or any locations of entry, or border closings may have a material adverse impact on our operations and financial results, and we cannot predict future pandemic outbreaks.
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We may face restrictions and penalties under consumer protection laws.
Brazil has a series of strict consumer protection statutes, collectively known as the Consumer Protection Code (Código de Defesa do Consumidor), which are intended to safeguard consumer interests and apply to all companies in Brazil that supply products or services to Brazilian consumers. The Consumer Protection Code may apply to business customers if they are considered the “end user” of the products provided. Even though the rules apply to protect consumers, Courts may exceptionally apply them to instances where a company acquiring our products as input to its supply chain is in a technically, legally and/or financially vulnerable position towards us. In addition, the Consumer Protection Code provides that certain types of contractual clauses shall be held null and void by operation of law, including but not limited to when they: (i) reduce or limit a company’s liability towards consumers; (ii) entail a waiver or disposal of rights; (iii) transfer liability to third parties; (iv) establish obligations considered inequitable or abusive that place the consumer at an unreasonable disadvantage; or (v) are incompatible with good faith or equitable practices.
In Brazil, penalties are often levied by the Brazilian Consumer Protection Agencies (Fundação de Proteção e Defesa do Consumidor), or “PROCONs” and prosecutors, which oversee consumer issues on a district-by-district basis. Companies that operate across Brazil may face penalties from multiple PROCONs, as well as the National Secretariat for Consumers (Secretaria Nacional do Consumidor). Companies may settle claims made by consumers via PROCONs and the courts by directly indemnifying consumers and through a mechanism that allows them to adjust their conduct, called a conduct adjustment agreement (Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta), or “TAC.” The Brazilian Public Prosecution Office (Ministério Público) may also commence investigations related to consumer rights violations, and this TAC mechanism is also available for them. Companies that violate TACs face potential automatic fines. Brazilian prosecutors may also file class actions against companies that violate consumer rights, seeking strict compliance with consumer protection law provisions and indemnification for the damages consumers may have suffered.
For instance, we may be subject to product liability claims, product recalls and restrictions on exports for contaminated products. The sale of food products for human consumption involves the risk of injury to consumers. These injuries may result from tampering by third parties, bioterrorism, product contamination or spoilage, including the presence of bacteria, pathogens, foreign objects, substances, chemicals, other agents, or residues introduced during the growing, storage, handling or transportation phases. We cannot be sure that consumption of our products will not cause a health-related illness in the future or that we will not be subject to claims or lawsuits relating to such matters. The negative publicity surrounding any assertion that our products caused illness or injury could adversely affect our reputation with existing and potential customers and our corporate and brand image, and we could also incur significant legal expenses and be subject to criminal charges. Moreover, claims or liabilities of this nature might not be covered by any rights of indemnity or contribution that we may have against others, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.
IFRS requires us to measure our biological assets at fair value and therefore limit the comparability of our financial statements to similar issuers applying US GAAP.
IAS 41 “Biological Assets” requires that we measure our biological assets and agriculture produce at the point of harvest at fair value less costs to sell. Therefore, we are required to make assumptions and estimates relating to, among others, future agricultural commodity yields, prices, and production costs extrapolated through a discounted cash flow method. For example, the value of our biological assets generated initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets amounting to gains of $143.1 million, $87.9 million and $215.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The assumptions and estimates used to determine the fair value of biological assets, and any changes to such prior estimates, directly affect our reported results of operations. Under US GAAP, biological assets are measured at historical cost. As a result, our financial statements and reported earnings are not directly comparable to those of similar companies applying US GAAP.
Our indebtedness could impair our financial condition and impair our ability to receive or pay out dividends.
As of December 31, 2024, we had $522 million of net debt outstanding on a consolidated basis, including our $415.6 million Senior Notes due 2027. Certain of our subsidiaries in Argentina and Brazil have a substantial amount of debt, which requires significant principal and interest payments. Such indebtedness could affect our subsidiaries’ future operations, for example, by requiring a substantial portion of their cash flows from operations to be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on indebtedness instead of funding working capital and capital improvements and other investments. The amount of debt incurred by us and our subsidiaries also imposes significant debt obligations, increasing our cost of borrowing to satisfy business needs and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing.
The substantial level of indebtedness borne by certain of our subsidiaries also affects the amount of cash available to them to pay as dividends, increasing our vulnerability to economic downturns or other adverse developments relative to
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competitors with less leverage, and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other corporate purposes in the future. Moreover, our indebtedness places limits on our ability to make acquisitions or needed capital expenditures or to pay dividends to our shareholders.
The terms of our indebtedness and that of certain of our subsidiaries impose significant restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility.
The terms of our Senior Notes due 2027 and the debt instruments of some of our subsidiaries contain customary covenants including limitations on our ability to, among others, incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; make restricted payments, including dividends and prepaying indebtedness; create or permit liens; enter into business combinations and asset sale transactions; make investments, including capital expenditures; and enter into new businesses. Some of these debt instruments are also secured by various collateral including mortgages on farms, pledges of subsidiary stock and liens on certain facilities, equipment and accounts. Some of these debt instruments also contain cross-default provisions, where a default on one loan by one subsidiary could result in lenders of otherwise performing loans declaring a default. These restrictions could limit our ability to obtain future financing, withstand a future downturn in business or the economy in general, conduct operations or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities that may arise. Moreover, by reducing the level of dividends we may receive, the terms of our subsidiaries’ indebtedness place limits on our ability to make acquisitions or needed capital expenditures or to pay dividends to our shareholders.
The financial ratio covenants we are currently required to meet, some of which are measured on a combined basis aggregating results of the borrowing subsidiaries and others which are measured on an individual debtor basis, include, among others, debt service coverage, minimum liquidity and leverage ratios.
The failure to maintain applicable financial ratios, in certain circumstances, would prevent us from borrowing additional amounts and could result in a default under such indebtedness. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to repay those amounts, the affected lenders could initiate bankruptcy-related proceedings or enforce their rights to the collateral securing such indebtedness, which would have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Fluctuations in interest rates could have a significant impact on our results of operations, indebtedness and cash flow.
As of December 31, 2024, US$576.8 million of our total debt on a consolidated basis was subject to fixed interest rates, and US$202.8 million was subject to variable interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, borrowings incurred by our subsidiaries in Brazil are repayable at various dates between January 2025 and November 2040 and bear either fixed interest rates ranging from 5.64% to 12.65% per annum or variable rates based on Brazilian Long-Term Interest Rate (Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo), the Brazilian Broad Consumer Prices Index (Índice de Preços ao Consumidor Amplo), and the Brazilian interbank rate (taxa do certificado de depósito bancário), or base-rates plus spreads ranging from 4.4% to 13.8% per annum. Borrowings incurred by our subsidiaries in Argentina are repayable at various dates between March 2025 and December 2028 and bear either no interest rate or variable rates based on specific base-rates plus spreads of 3.1% for those borrowings denominated in U.S. dollar, and fixed interest rates ranging from 43.0% to 45% per annum for those borrowings denominated in Argentine Pesos. Significant interest rate increases can have an adverse effect on our profitability, liquidity and financial position. If interest rates increase, whether because of an increase in market interest rates or an increase in our own cost of borrowing, our debt service obligations for our variable rate indebtedness would increase, and our net income could be adversely affected. We may be unable to adequately adjust our prices to offset any increased financing costs, which would have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
In addition, changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments can result in a non-cash charge or gain being recognized in our financial results for a period preceding the period or periods in which settlement occurs under the derivative instruments and interest payments are made. Changes or shifts in interest rates can significantly impact the valuation of our derivatives and therefore could expose us to substantial mark-to-market losses or gains if interest rates fluctuate materially from the time when the derivatives were entered into. Accordingly, fluctuations in interest rates may impact our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.For detail information regarding derivatives, please see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We may need additional capital and we may not be able to obtain it.
We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operations and ability to raise financing are and will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for the foreseeable future. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or
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debt securities or obtain other sources of financing. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations.
Our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:
•conditions of the U.S. capital markets and other capital markets in which we may seek to raise funds;
•our future results of operations and financial condition;
•government regulation of foreign investment in the United States, Europe, and Latin America; and
•global economic, political, and other conditions in jurisdictions in which we do business.
Moreover, certain of our subsidiaries rely substantially on existing uncommitted credit lines to support their operations and business needs through the agricultural harvest cycle. If we are unable to renew these credit lines, or if we cannot replace such credit lines with other borrowing facilities, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.
There is a risk that we could be treated as a U.S. domestic corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could materially increase our U.S. federal income tax liability and subject any dividends we pay to U.S. federal withholding tax.
Immediately prior to our IPO, we acquired approximately 98% of IFH, a holding company, which was a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes organized under the laws of Delaware in exchange for our common shares. Under section 7874(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the “Code”, we would be treated as a U.S. domestic corporation if we were deemed to have acquired substantially all of the assets constituting the trade or business of a U.S. domestic partnership and former members of IFH were deemed to own at least 80% of our common shares by reason of the transfer of those trade or business assets (ignoring common shares issued in our IPO for purposes of the 80% threshold). The rules mentioned above are unclear in certain respects and there is limited guidance on the application of the rules to partnership acquisitions. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not seek to assert that we are a U.S. domestic corporation, which assertion if successful could materially increase our U.S. federal income tax liability and require us to withhold tax from any dividends we pay to holders of our common shares who are not United States persons within the meaning of section 7701(a) (30) of the Code. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation of the Company.”
We may be classified by the IRS as a “passive foreign investment company,” which may result in adverse tax consequences for U.S. investors in our common shares.
Whether we will be a passive foreign investment company, or a “PFIC,” for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the current or future tax year will depend on our assets and income over the course of each such tax year and, as a result, cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this annual report. In particular, our PFIC status may depend, in large part, upon the extent to which our revenue from sales is considered to be commodities income and the extent to which such revenue is considered to be active business gains from the sales of commodities, which depends on the application of rules that may not be entirely clear in all cases. Moreover, under circumstances where our cash is not deployed for active purposes, our risk of becoming a PFIC may increase. Although the determination of whether a corporation is a PFIC is made annually, and thus may be subject to change, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our most recently completed taxable year. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were treated as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor owned common shares, certain adverse tax consequences could apply to such U.S. investor. A U.S. taxpayer who owns stock in a foreign corporation during any year in which such corporation is a PFIC may be able to mitigate such negative tax consequences by making certain U.S. federal income tax elections, which are subject to numerous restrictions and limitations. Holders of the Company’s common shares are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the acquisition, ownership, and disposition of the Company’s common shares. See “Item 10. Additional Information—E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”) Rules.”
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and other international trade laws and regulations.
We are required to comply with the laws and regulations of Brazil and other jurisdictions where we conduct operations regarding anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and other international trade laws and regulations. In particular, we are subject to Brazilian Law No. 12,846/2013, to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, or the “FCPA,” to the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010, as well as economic sanctions programs, including those administered by the United Nations, the European Union and the United States, including the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control.
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Law No. 12,846/2013, or the “Brazilian Anti-corruption Law,” imposes strict liability on companies, in the civil and administrative spheres, for acts contrary to the Brazilian federal public administration practiced by their directors, administrators, collaborators or third parties acting on their behalf or benefit. Among the sanctions applied are fines, loss of assets, rights and values illicitly obtained, suspension or partial interdiction of activities, prohibition on contracting with the government or receiving benefits or tax or credit incentives and confiscation of assets, which sanctions, if applied, could adversely affect our results. In Brazil, other laws that provide for violations related to corruption and unlawful acts against the Brazilian federal public administration are also applicable to us, such as Law No. 8,492/1992 (as amended by Law No. 14,230, dated October 25, 2021), or the “Administrative Misconduct Law,” which also provides for penalties that include the prohibition to enter into contracts with the government for a period of up to 14 years. Our governance structure, internal control mechanisms, risk management and compliance may not be sufficient or capable of preventing or detecting (i) violations of the Brazilian Anti-corruption Law, the Administrative Misconduct Law or other rules related to combating corruption and fraud, (ii) occurrences of fraudulent or dishonest behavior on the part of our managers, employees, subsidiaries, controllers, affiliates or any contracted individuals and legal entities and other agents acting on our behalf or for our benefit or on behalf and for the benefit of such parties or (iii) other occurrences of behavior not in line with ethical principles, which may adversely affect our reputation, as well as our business, financial condition and results of operations, or the price of the securities issued by us.
Law No. 27,401/2017, or the “Argentinian Corporate Criminal Liability Law,” makes legal entities criminally liable for local or international bribery and influence peddling, negotiations that are incompatible with public office, illegal payments made to public officials under the appearance of taxes or fees owed to the relevant government agency, illegal enrichment of public officers and employees, and producing aggravated false balance sheets and reports to cover up local or international bribery or influence peddling. Legal entities shall be liable when these crimes are committed, directly or indirectly, with their intervention or on their behalf, and are only exempted from liability if the individual who committed the crime acted exclusively for his/her own benefit and without any benefit for the entity. Legal entities may be convicted even if it is not possible to identify or convict the individual involved in the crime, provided that the circumstances of the case lead to the conclusion that the crime could not have been committed without tolerance of the authorities of the legal entity. Although previous drafts of the bill included sections making controlling entities liable for economic penalties imposed on their subsidiaries under this law, such articles were removed from the law as approved by the Argentine congress. Among the sanctions applied are fines, loss of assets, rights and values illicitly obtained, suspension or partial interdiction of activities, prohibitions on contracting with the government or receiving benefits or tax or credit incentives and confiscation of assets, which sanctions, if applied, could adversely affect our results of operation.
The FCPA prohibits providing anything of value to foreign officials for the purposes of obtaining or retaining business or securing any improper business advantage. As part of our business, we may deal with entities and employees which are considered foreign officials for purposes of the FCPA. In addition, economic sanctions programs restrict our dealings with certain sanctioned countries, individuals and entities. When issues arise, we attempt to act promptly to learn relevant facts, conduct appropriate due diligence, and take any appropriate remedial action to address the risk. There can be no assurance that our internal policies and procedures will be sufficient to prevent or detect all inappropriate practices, fraud or violations of law by our employees, directors, officers, partners, agents and service providers or that such persons will not take actions in violation of our policies and procedures (or otherwise in violation of the relevant anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations) for which we or they may be ultimately held responsible. In February 2025, President Trump issued an executive order directing the U.S. Department of Justice to pause enforcement of the FCPA and to issue new enforcement guidelines that take into consideration U.S. national security and the competitiveness of U.S. companies abroad. However, such executive order does not directly affect the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s separate civil enforcement authority under the FCPA’s accounting provisions, nor does it eliminate potential risk of future enforcement under the FCPA (the statutes of limitation for FCPA violations are five years for the anti-bribery provisions and six years for the accounting provisions). It is unclear how this presidential directive may affect our industry or our business.
Violations of anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and sanctions regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we may be subject to one or more enforcement actions, investigations and proceedings by authorities for alleged infringements of these laws. These proceedings may result in penalties, fines, sanctions or other forms of liability and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot predict whether future investigations, developments from current investigations or allegations involving us or involving any of our affiliates, officers, employees, shareholders or members of our Board of Directors or any third parties related to us in any way will arise. In the event of investigations, allegations or developments, our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations, as well as the price of the securities issued by us, may be adversely affected.
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We may be adversely affected by the ongoing armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, related conflicts in the Middle East, and the ensuing global geopolitical and economic instability.
The ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine has disrupted supply chains and international trade generally. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine beginning on February 24, 2022, the United States, the United Kingdom, the E.U. and other countries announced broad economic sanctions against Russia, including financial measures such as freezing Russia’s central bank assets and limiting its ability to access its U.S. dollar reserves. The United States, the E.U. and the United Kingdom have also banned people and businesses from dealings with the Russian central bank, its finance ministry and its wealth fund. Selected Russian banks were also removed from Swift messaging system, which enables the smooth transfer of money across borders. Other sanctions by the United Kingdom include major Russian banks being excluded from the United Kingdom financial system, stopping them from accessing sterling and clearing payments, major Russian companies and the state being prevented from raising capital or borrowing money on the United Kingdom markets, and the establishment of limits on deposits Russians can make at United Kingdom banks. The United States, the E.U. and the United Kingdom adopted personal measures, such as sanctions on individuals with close ties to Mr. Putin, placed visa restrictions on several oligarchs, as well as their family members and close associates, and froze assets.
While the continued effects and outcome of the ongoing war and the permanence of these sanctions on the Russian and global economies remains uncertain, they have already resulted in significant volatility in financial markets, depreciation of the Russian ruble and the Ukrainian hryvnia against the U.S. dollar and other major currencies, as well as an increase in energy and commodity prices globally. From a supply point of view, Brazil and Argentina are highly dependent on fertilizer imports, and Russia and Belarus hold a significant market share in Brazilian and Argentine soil fertilizer imports (a share that is higher for potash-based products). We may be unsuccessful in finding alternative direct imports from non-sanctioned regions or in increasing our prices to reflect increased supply costs in the future.
On October 7, 2023, the military-winged Islamic organization called Hamas infiltrated Israel’s southern border from the Gaza Strip and carried out a series of attacks against civilian and military targets, including firing rockets toward Israeli cities. Shortly following the attack, Israel’s security cabinet declared war against Hamas. In January 2025 Israel and Hamas declared a ceasefire and a hostage release deal in exchange for Palestinian prisoners. However, hostilities have since resumed, and it is uncertain that a subsequent ceasefire will be agreed or upheld. The intensity, duration and effects of any Israel’s current war against Hamas and the related armed conflicts between Israel and Hamas, Iran and Iranian-backed proxies (such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and Houthi rebels in Yemen) and the resulting political and economic instability in the Middle East is difficult to predict, as well as such conflict’s economic implications on the Company’s business and operations and on the global geopolitical scale.
The war in Ukraine has led to significant disruptions in global agriculture, and in the energy and fertilizer markets, causing price volatility and supply chain challenges. Similarly, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, and related conflicts in the Middle East, may have the potential to affect global grain and fertilizer prices, further exacerbating the cost pressures on our operations. In addition, the increase of fuel and fertilizer prices, as well as logistical costs resulting from these conflicts, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Geopolitical tensions in petroleum-producing countries may also affect the global supply of oil and lead to increased prices. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the conflict between Israel and Hamas, and the related conflicts in the Middle East, led to a spike in oil and energy prices. Although this positively impacted ethanol demand and prices, we cannot assure you that such geopolitical tensions will not adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Technological advances or alternative products may affect demand for our products and services or require substantial capital investments to remain competitive.
Technological advances may affect demand for products or require substantial capital investments to remain competitive. The development and implementation of new technologies can result in a significant reduction in the costs of the products and services we distribute. We cannot predict when new technologies may become available or the effects of these events on our business. Advances in the development of alternatives to the products and services we currently distribute can significantly reduce demand or eliminate the need for them. Any advances in technology that require significant capital investments to ensure competitiveness, or that otherwise reduce demand for our services, will have a material adverse effect on our business and financial performance. In addition, any other alternative products or technological advances that reduce demand for our services could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our technology infrastructure and information and expose us to processes disruption and liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.
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In the ordinary course of our business, we depend on technology to carry out our business. We also collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers and suppliers, and personally identifiable information of our employees, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. In addition, these systems may require modifications or upgrades as a result of technological changes or growth in our business. Although we take actions to secure our systems and electronic information and have disaster recovery plans in case of incidents that could cause major disruptions to our business, these measures may not be enough.
Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks, our systems, and eventually suffer from systems disruption and/or having the information stored there accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, fines from governmental authorities, disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and cause over costs to remedy the harm suffered, which could adversely affect our business/operating margins, revenues and competitive position.
We depend on our information technology systems and any failure of these systems could adversely affect our business.
We depend on information technology systems for significant elements of our operations, including data storage and retrieval of critical business information. Our information technology systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including network failures, malicious human acts and natural disasters. In addition, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive issues. Failures or significant disruptions to our information technology systems or those used by our third-party service providers may prevent us from conducting our general business operations. Any disruption or loss of information technology systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In addition, we store highly confidential information on our information technology systems, including information related to our products. If our servers or third-party servers on which our data is stored are attacked by a physical or electronic break-in, computer virus or any other malicious human action, our confidential information may be stolen, unlawfully disclosed or destroyed. Any security breach involving misappropriation, loss or unauthorized disclosure or use of confidential information of our suppliers, customers or others, whether by us or by third parties, could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, have a material negative impact on our brands and reputation, create relevant legal and financial exposure, result in loss of customer confidence, or decrease the use of our products and services, any of which results may have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and reputation.
Our security measures may also be breached by human error, wrongdoing, system errors or vulnerabilities, or other irregularities. Our measures to monitor and develop information technology infrastructure and networks may not be effective in protecting us against cyberattacks and other breaches related to our information technology systems. The techniques used to gain unauthorized, improper or illegal access to our systems, data or data from our customers, to disable or degrade services, or to sabotage systems are constantly evolving, can be difficult to detect quickly and often are not recognized until they are used against a target. Unauthorized parties may attempt to gain access to our systems or facilities by various means, including, but not limited to, hacking into our systems or those of our customers, partners or suppliers, or attempting to fraudulently induce our employees, customers, partners, suppliers or other users of our systems to disclose usernames, passwords, financial information or other confidential information, which in turn may be used to access our information technology systems. Certain third-party efforts to access information technology systems can be supported by significant financial and technological resources, making them even more sophisticated and difficult to detect.
Noncompliance with data protection laws could adversely affect our business.
Personal privacy, information security, and data protection are significant issues globally. The regulatory framework governing the collection, processing, storage, use and sharing of certain information, particularly financial and other personal data, is rapidly evolving and is likely to continue to be subject to uncertainty and varying interpretations. The occurrence of unanticipated events and the development of evolving technologies often rapidly drive the adoption of legislation or regulation affecting the use, collection or other processing of data and the manner in which we conduct our business. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies or any applicable privacy, security or data protection, information security or consumer-protection related laws, regulations, orders or industry standards in one or more jurisdictions could expose us to costly litigation, significant awards, fines or judgments, civil and criminal penalties or negative publicity, and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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The Brazilian General Data Protection Law (Federal Law No. 13,709/2018 - Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados) or the “LGPD,” which came into force on September 18, 2020, is a comprehensive data protection law establishing general principles and obligations that apply across multiple economic sectors and contractual relationships. The LGPD applies to individuals or legal entities, private or government entities, who process personal data in Brazil or collect personal data in Brazil or, further, when the processing activities have the purpose of offering or supplying goods or services to data subjects located in Brazil. The LGPD establishes detailed rules for the collection, use, storage and any other form of processing involving personal data (including personal data of clients, suppliers and employees), and affects all economic sectors, including the relationship between customers and suppliers of goods and services, employees and employers and other relationships in which personal data is collected, whether in a digital or physical environment. Specifically, the LGPD establishes, among others, data subjects’ rights, the legal bases for processing personal data, requirements for obtaining consent from data subjects, obligations and requirements related to security incidents, data breaches and data transfers – including international transfer –, as well as the creation of the National Data Protection Authority (Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados), or the “ANPD,” for the purposes of regulating, monitoring, implementing and supervising compliance with the LGPD in Brazil. In the event of noncompliance with the LGPD, we may be subject to penalties, including (1) warnings, with the impositions of a deadline for the adoption of corrective measures; (2) a one-time fine of up to 2% (subject to an upper limit of R$50,000,000) of our revenue; (3) a daily fine (subject to an upper limit of R$50,000,000); (4) public disclosure of the violation; (5) the restriction of access to the personal data to which the violation relates, until corrective measures are implemented; (6) deletion of the personal data to which the violation relates; (7) partial suspension of the databases to which the violation relates for up to 12 months, until corrective measures are implemented; (8) suspension of the personal data processing activities to which the violation relates for up to 12 months; and (9) partial or full prohibition on personal data processing activities. While we have put in place systems and processes to comply with the LGPD, there can be no assurance that our LGPD compliance efforts will be deemed appropriate or sufficient by regulatory authorities or by courts, such as the Brazilian Public Prosecution Office (Ministério Público). Moreover, as the LGPD requires further regulation from the ANPD regarding several aspects of the law, which are still unknown, and we may have difficulty adapting our systems and processes to the new legislation due to the legislation’s complexity. The changes have impacted, and could further adversely impact, our business by increasing our operational and compliance costs.
In Argentina, Law No. 25,326 on the Protection of Personal Data, or the “LPPD,” regulates issues related to the protection of data stored in files, records, databases, and other technical means of data processing, whether they are public or private, to guarantee the right to honor and privacy of people, as well as access to the information that is recorded about them. The owner of personal data has the power to exercise the right of access to it free of charge at intervals of no less than six months, unless a legitimate interest to not permit such access is proven in accordance with the LPPD. The Agency for Access to Public Information, in its capacity as the enforcement authority of the LPPD, has the power to administer complaints and claims filed by individuals whose rights have been affected due to a breach of current regulations on personal data protection.
Any additional privacy laws, rules or regulations enacted or approved in Brazil, Argentina or in other jurisdictions in which we operate could cause us to incur costs to correct the noncompliance with such laws,, expose us to uninsured liability, increase our risk of regulatory scrutiny, subject us to lawsuits and result in the imposition of material penalties and fines under state and federal laws or regulations, which could seriously harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any failure, real or perceived, by us to comply with our privacy policies or with any regulatory requirements or orders or other local, state, federal or international privacy or consumer protection-related laws and regulations could cause customers to reduce their purchases of our agricultural products and services and could have a material and adverse effect on our business.
Our operations are subject to disruptions by third parties who interfere with the possession of our real estate or our means of production.
Our operations are subject to disruption by third parties, including through illegal burnings, the invasion or occupation of our real estate, and the blocking of roads and agricultural land by members of certain social movements, environmental protection movements, as well as indigenous peoples, all of which is common practice in, and affects, the industry. In certain regions, including those where we own property or lease land under agricultural partnership agreements, available remedies, such as police protection and litigation, may be inadequate or nonexistent. In these cases, our operations, image and reputation may be affected, and we may be subject to legal and administrative litigation that may result in criminal and administrative penalties, including, but not limited to, suspension, shutdowns, and a requirement to pay fines, which may also result in the need for additional investments. In addition, we may be subject to civil liabilities for environmental damage, which includes the obligation to redress any damages caused to the environment and/or public health. The demonstration of the cause-and-effect relationship between the damage caused and action or omission is sufficient to trigger the obligation to redress environmental damage.
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Moreover, social movements are active in Brazil and advocate land reform and mandatory property redistribution by the Brazilian government. Land invasions and occupations of rural areas by a large number of individuals is common practice for these movements, and, in certain areas, including those in which we have invested or are likely to invest, police protection and effective eviction proceedings are not available to land owners. As a result, there can be no assurance that our properties will not be subject to invasion or occupation by these groups. A land invasion or occupation could materially impair the normal use of our lands or have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or the value of our common shares. In addition, our land may be subject to expropriation by the Brazilian government. Under the Brazilian Federal Constitution, the Brazilian government may expropriate land that is not in compliance with mandated local “social functions.” A “social function” is defined as including: (i) the rational and adequate use of land; (ii) the adequate use of natural resources available and preservation of the environment; (iii) compliance with labor laws; and (iv) the use of land to promote welfare of owners and employees. If the Brazilian government decides to expropriate any of our properties, our results of operations may be adversely affected, to the extent that potential compensation to be paid by the Brazilian government may be less than the profit we could make from the sale or use of such land. Disputing the Brazilian government’s expropriation of land is usually time-consuming and the outcomes of such challenges are uncertain. In addition, we may be forced to accept public bonds, which have limited liquidity, as compensation for expropriated land instead of cash.
In addition, along with the expropriation rights, Brazilian law also confers to the government the power to create public easements over third-party property. Public easements are commonly used where infrastructure projects require the use of multiple plots of land, in particular in rural areas (e.g. transmission lines or oil and gas pipelines). Public easements require the payment of fair and prior indemnification, which authorizes the government to use such property for the public interest. The creation of a public easement must observe the same procedures applicable for the expropriation of real property. However, unlike expropriation, the public easement does not remove the property from the owners’ estate, but only creates the right of using the property or part of it. The creation of a public easement on our land, including on our farmland, would mean we would be prevented from using the relevant piece of land, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
If the Offer is consummated, Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V. (“Tether”) will own approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company and, as such, will have the ability to effect certain decisions requiring shareholder approval, which may be inconsistent with the interests of our other shareholders.
On March 28, 2025, pursuant to the terms of the Transaction Agreement dated as of March 26, 2025, by and between Tether and the Company (the “Transaction Agreement”), Tether commenced the Offer to acquire up to 49,596,510 common shares of the Company at a price in cash of $12.41 per common share (representing, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase, dated March 28, 2025. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain closing conditions, including there being validly tendered and not validly withdrawn a number of common shares that, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, represents at least 51% of the outstanding common shares on a fully diluted basis. If the Offer is consummated, Tether will own approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company. As a result, Tether will have the ability to exercise control over certain decisions requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors, amendments to our articles of incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of the Company or our assets. In addition, following the consummation of the Offer, we expect that several of the members of our Board of Directors will be affiliated with Tether and that Tether will cause any of its affiliates holding our shares to vote in favor of and approve an amended and restated articles of incorporation in the form set forth in Exhibit B to the Transaction Agreement. See “Item 10—Additional Information—Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation.” Accordingly, Tether will have significant influence over us and our decisions, including the appointment of management and any other action requiring a vote of our Board of Directors. In addition, this concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of us and may negatively affect the market price of our shares.
Tether’s interests may be different from or conflict with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders. Tether and its affiliates are in the business of making investments in companies and may from time to time acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete indirectly with us. Tether may also pursue acquisition opportunities that are complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us. Accordingly, the interests of Tether may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other shareholders, and Tether may seek to cause us to take courses of action that, in its judgment, could enhance its investment in the Company but which might involve risks to our other shareholders or adversely affect us or our other shareholders.
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Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate
Our results of operations and financial condition are dependent upon economic conditions in the emerging countries in which we operate.
All of our operations and/or development activities are in South America. As of December 31, 2024, based on total asset value, 50.3% of our assets were located in Argentina, 44.9% in Brazil and 3.3% in Uruguay. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 32.6% of our consolidated sales of goods and services rendered were attributable to our Argentine operations, 29.5% were attributable to our Brazilian operations and 37.3% were attributable to our Uruguayan operations. In the future, we expect to have additional operations in the South American countries in which we now operate or in other countries with similar political, economic and social conditions. Many of these countries have a history of economic instability or crises (such as inflation or recession), government deadlock, political instability, civil strife, changes in laws and regulations, expropriation or nationalization of property, and exchange controls which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In particular, fluctuations in the economies of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, and actions adopted by the governments of those countries have had and may continue to have a significant impact on companies operating in those countries, including us. Specifically, we have been affected and may continue to be affected by high levels of inflation, increased interest rates, fluctuations in the value of the Peso and the Brazilian Real (“Real”) against foreign currencies, wage controls, price and foreign exchange controls, regulatory policies, business and tax regulations, political and social tension, and in general by the political, social and economic scenarios in Argentina, Brazil and to a lesser extent, Uruguay.
The Argentine economy has experienced significant volatility in past decades, including numerous periods of low or negative growth and high and variable levels of inflation and currency devaluation. Inflation remains a challenge for Argentina given its persistent nature in recent years and considering its high levels during 2022, 2023 and 2024. No assurance can be given that the rate of growth experienced over past years will be achieved in future years or that the national economy will not suffer a recession. If economic conditions in Argentina were to slow down, or contract, if inflation were to accelerate, or if the Argentine government's measures to attract or retain foreign investment and international financing in the future to incentivize domestic economy activity are unsuccessful, such developments could adversely affect Argentina's economy and in turn affect our financial health and results of operations.
Moreover, presidential and congressional primary and general elections in Argentina took place in August and October 2023, respectively. Due to the results obtained on August 13, the two candidates with the largest number of votes, that is, Javier Milei and Sergio Massa, had to go to a second round, held on November 19, where the candidate of “La Libertad Avanza” was elected president with 55.65% of the votes. Ever since the beginning of its mandate, Javier Milei Administration has implemented various policies aimed to deregulate the economy to address the economic and social crisis. In that intelligence, on December 20, 2023, through the Decree of Necessity and Urgency No. 70/2023 (“DNU 70/2023”, for its Spanish acronym), the Executive Branch declared the public emergency in economic, financial, fiscal, administrative, social security, tariff, sanitary and social matters until December 31, 2025, and included numerous amendments and repeals of several laws. The measures include, but are not limited to, the repeal of regulations on housing rental contracts, the supply of essential products, the marketing of mass consumption products, the corporate form of companies where the State participation has been modified, among others.
However, the Argentine Constitution provides for a control by the National Congress of DNU 70/2023. If the National Congress invalidates the DNU 70/2023 through bicameral rejection, the decree shall be deemed repealed. DNU 70/2023 shall remain in force unless and until expressly rejected by both chambers of the National Congress. In addition, DNU 70/2023 could be subject to judicial review as to its constitutionality. However, on April 16, 2024, the Supreme Court of Justice unanimously rejected two actions filed against DNU 70/2023, stating that neither of them presented the existence of a 'cause,' 'case,' or 'controversy' that falls under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to rule on. Whether DNU 70/2023 is ultimately upheld or struck down by the National Congress, uncertainty persists regarding the long-term effects of DNU 70/2023 on the economy and our business.
On July 9, 2024, the law titled "Bases and Points of Departure for the Freedom of the Argentine People" (the "Bases Law") entered into force, following its approval by the National Congress on June 27, 2024. The key points of this approval are as follows:
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•Emergency: The declaration of a public emergency in economic, financial, tax, social security, security, defense, trade, energy, health, administrative, and social matters. The declaration of emergency in the Bases Law is set to expire on December 31, 2025, but it enables the Executive to extend such term for two more years. In terms of state reorganization, for as long as the declaration of emergency is in effect, the Bases Law establishes the legal foundation for delegating legislative powers to the Executive as it relates to: i) improving the functioning of the state; ii) reducing the oversizing of the state structure; and iii) ensuring effective internal control in the national public administration.
•Regime for Large Investments: The creation of the 'Regime for Large Investments' ("RIGI"), which establishes a legal and regulatory framework to promote investment in productive projects in Argentina.
•Labor Modernization: Various modifications to laws 24,013 (Employment), 20,744 (Labor Contract Law), and 26,727 (Agricultural Work). Moreover, Law 25,323 (Labor Compensation) is repealed. The amendments include the extension of the trial period or the exemption from penalties and criminal actions for those employers who have not made the corresponding contributions, in exchange for the regularization of the corresponding worker.
•Concessions: Enables the Executive to grant concessions to private or public entities for the construction, maintenance, or exploitation of public works.
•Various amendments to Laws 17,319 (Hydrocarbons), 24,076 (Natural Gas) and 26,741 (Fiscal Oilfields), including the repeal of Article 1 of Law 26,741, which declared Argentina’s hydrocarbon self-sufficiency to be of public interest and a priority objective, and the creation of the National Gas and Electricity Regulatory Entity, replacing the Electricity Regulatory Entity (“ENRE”).
•Tax Modernization: Various tax changes, including, but not limited to, changes in income tax, personal property tax, single taxation and incentives for money laundering.
On July 12, 2024, Congress approved Law No. 27,743 on Palliative and Relevant Tax Measures (“Tax Package”) regarding the regularization of tax, customs, and fiscal obligations, aimed at achieving voluntary payment by taxpayers and responsible parties. On that same date, the Executive Branch published Decree No. 608/2024 in the Official Gazette, which regulated various provisions of the Tax Package. Chapter II of this Decree specifically outlines the Asset Regularization Regime, designed to incentivize taxpayers to declare reportable assets to the Argentine federal tax authorities. The Asset Regularization Regime was structured in three stages. The first stage ran from October 1, 2024, to November 8, 2024, during which taxpayers were able to declare reportable assets of up to US$100,000 tax-free and a 5% penalty tax rate was applied to reportable assets exceeding such amount. The second stage took place from November 9, 2024, to January 31, 2025, during which the applicable penalty tax rate increased to 10%. Finally, the third stage covered the period from February 1, 2025, to April 30, 2025, during which the applicable penalty tax rate increased to 15%.
On August 5, 2024, Decree No. 695/2024 was published in the Official Gazette, regulating, among other matters, four chapters of Title II of the Bases Law: (i) Administrative reorganization; (ii) Privatizations; (iii) Administrative procedure; and (iv) Public employment. A week later, on August 12, 2024, Decree No. 713/2024 was issued, advancing the regulation of Title III of the Bases Law, specifically addressing 'Contracts and Transactional Agreements,' with particular focus on Chapter I, 'Force majeure in existing contracts and transactional agreements,' as well as certain articles of Chapter II, 'Concessions.' Additionally, on August 23, 2024, the Executive Branch published Decree No. 749/2024, which regulated Title VII of the Bases Law in relation to the RIGI.
On November 29, 2024, the Executive Branch published Decree 1057/2024 in the Official Gazette, which establishes implementing regulations to the amendments introduced by the Bases Law to the Hydrocarbons Law, the Gas Law 24,076 and the aspects of the Bases Law related to the uniform environmental legislation.
Additionally, in Brazil, the president has the power to enact policies and issue orders relating to the Brazilian economy, including the sector in which we operate, through specific regulations or through their control over Petrobras, our sole supplier of gasoline, diesel and certain other oil by-products, which could affect our operations and financial performance in Brazil. Political and economic uncertainty and any new policies or changes in current policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. And any difficulty by the Brazilian government in obtaining a majority in the national Congress could result in congressional stalemate, political unrest and massive demonstrations and/or strikes that could adversely affect our operations. Uncertainties in relation to the implementation, by the current government, of changes related to monetary, fiscal and social security policies, as well as to the pertinent legislation, can contribute to economic instability. These uncertainties and new measures may increase the volatility of the Brazilian securities market.
Economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, and the perception of these conditions in international markets, may adversely impact our business, our access to the capital and debt markets, and our results of operations and financial condition.
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The Brazilian and Argentine economies have experienced extreme volatility in recent decades, with uneven periods of economic growth, periods of high inflation and devaluation of the Peso and the Real against the U.S. dollar. Our business and operations may be affected by the economic and political events that may affect the Brazilian and Argentine economies, such as price controls, foreign exchange controls, currency devaluations, high interest rates, increased public expenditures, tax increases or other regulatory initiatives.
According to the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, or “INDEC”), Argentina’s GDP increased 5.2% in 2022 compared to the previous year and decreased 1.6% and 1.7% in 2023 and 2024, respectively, compared to the previous years. However, in its January 2025 report, the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) projects that Argentina’s GDP will stabilize, with a projected annual economic growth of 5.0% for both 2025 and 2026.
International commodity prices for Argentina’s primary commodity exports have historically fluctuated, which has had an adverse effect on Argentina’s economic growth. Reliance on the export of certain commodities, such as soy, has made the Argentine economy more vulnerable to fluctuations in the prices of commodities. If international commodity prices decline, the Argentine economy could be adversely affected. In addition, adverse weather conditions can affect the production of commodities by the agricultural sector, which accounts for a significant portion of Argentina’s export revenues.
Throughout 2021, 2022 and 2023, social and political tension and high levels of poverty and unemployment in Argentina persisted while industrial activity and consumption diminished considerably. Despite persistently high poverty rates in previous years, INDEC recently reported a decline in poverty, with the latest index (published on March 31, 2025) showing a 38.1% drop in the second half of 2024. However, there can be no assurance that Argentina will not face political, economic or social problems in the future, and a severe downturn in the Argentine economy could significantly increase social and political turmoil, leading to civil unrest, riots, looting, nationwide protests, strikes and street demonstrations, as has occurred in the past and could plausibly occur again. Due to the high levels of inflation and devaluation in recent years, employers both in the public and private sectors experienced significant pressure from organized labor unions and their employees to further increase salaries. If inflation rates were to increase again, there is no guarantee that this situation will not arise again in the future.
Persistent inflation, increased unemployment and poverty rates, decreased GDP, Peso depreciation, and/or other future economic, social and political developments in Argentina, over which we have no control, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Moreover, a significant portion of our operations, properties and customers are located in Brazil. Accordingly, our financial condition and results of operations are substantially dependent on economic conditions in Brazil. Historically, Brazil’s political situation has influenced the performance of the Brazilian economy, and political crises have affected the confidence of investors and the general public, which has resulted in economic deceleration and heightened volatility in the securities issued abroad by Brazilian companies. Future developments in policies of the Brazilian government and/or the uncertainty of whether and when such policies and regulations may be implemented may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The Brazilian economy has experienced significant volatility in recent decades, characterized by periods of low or negative growth, high and variable levels of inflation and currency devaluation. The Brazilian GDP decreased 4.1% in 2020, and increased 4.6% in 2021, 2.9% in 2022, 3.2% in 2023 and 3.4% in 2024. There can be no assurance that GDP will increase or remain stable in the future. Future developments in the Brazilian economy may affect Brazil’s growth rates and, consequently, the consumption of sugar, ethanol, and our other products. As a result, these developments could impair our business strategies, results of operations and financial condition.
Additionally, the effects of any new policies to be implemented by the government of Mr. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on the economy and the confidence of foreign investors in Brazil are still unclear. Accordingly, we cannot determine the scope of potential impacts resulting from such events on the economy and our business at this stage.
The economies of the countries in which we operate may be adversely affected by the deterioration of other global markets.
Financial and securities markets in the countries in which we operate are influenced, to different degrees, by the economic and market conditions in other countries, including other South American and emerging market countries and other global markets. Investors’ reactions to developments in these other countries, such as the recent developments in the global financial markets, may substantially affect the capital flows into, and the market value of securities of issuers with operations in, the countries in which we operate. A significant deterioration in the economic growth of any of the main trading partners of Brazil, Argentina or Uruguay could have a material impact on the trade balance of those countries and could adversely affect their economic growth and that of other countries in the region. Furthermore, adverse economic conditions in any of these countries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A crisis in global
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financial markets including other emerging country markets could dampen investor enthusiasm for securities of issuers with South American operations, including our common shares.
Although economic conditions vary from country to country, investor reactions to events occurring in one country sometimes demonstrate a “contagion” effect in which an entire region or class of investment is disfavored by international investors. Furthermore, weak, flat or negative economic growth in any of Brazil’s or Argentina’s major trading partners, including each other, could adversely affect their balance of payments and, consequently, its economic growth.
The Argentine and Brazilian economies may also be affected by conditions in developed economies, such as the United States, that are significant trading partners of Brazil or Argentina or have influence over global economic cycles and the short-term evolution of commodity prices. If interest rates increase significantly in developed economies, including the United States, Argentina and its developing economy trading partners, such as Brazil, could find it more difficult and expensive to borrow capital and refinance existing debt, which could adversely affect economic growth in those countries. Decreased growth from Argentina’s trading partners could have a material adverse effect on the markets for Argentina’s exports and, in turn, adversely affect economic growth. Any of these potential risks to the Argentine economy could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
On April 2, 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump announced via executive order a new 10% baseline tariff on all imports, including those from Brazil and Argentina, set to take effect on April 5. The 10% baseline tariff may negatively impact the Argentine and Brazilian economies by raising export costs, reducing U.S. demand, and straining key industries like agriculture and manufacturing. See “—Our business may be materially and adversely affected by changes in international trade and economic and other conditions in key export markets for our products, including the imposition of tariffs, the modification of trade agreements between countries or other international trade restrictions.”
In addition, Brazil and Argentina are highly dependent on the export of certain commodities, such as soy, which has made the Brazilian and Argentine economies more vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices. If international commodity prices decline, the Brazilian or Argentine economies could be adversely affected. In addition, adverse weather conditions can affect the production of commodities by the agricultural sector, which account for a significant portion of Brazil’s and Argentina’s export revenues. All these circumstances could have a negative impact on the levels of government revenues, available foreign exchange and the government’s ability to service its sovereign debt, and could either generate recessionary or inflationary pressures, depending on the government’s reaction. Either of these results would adversely impact Brazil’s or Argentina's economic growth and, therefore, our financial condition and results of operations.
Governments have a high degree of influence in the economies in which we operate, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Governments in many of the markets in which we currently operate, or in which we may operate in the future, frequently intervene in their respective economies and occasionally make significant changes in monetary, credit, industry and other policies and regulations. Governmental actions to control inflation and other policies and regulations have often involved, among other measures, price controls, currency devaluations, capital controls and limitations on imports. We have no control over, and cannot predict what measures or policies governments may take in the future. Our results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by changes in governmental policy or regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate that impact different factors such as:
•labor laws and wage increases;
•changes in governmental economic or tax policies, and their effect on economic growth;
•abrupt currency fluctuations;
•high levels of inflation and the measures taken to combat it, such as price controls or price-fixing regulations;
•exchange and capital control policies;
•significant variation in interest rates;
•the lack of liquidity of domestic capital and lending markets;
•inconsistent fiscal and monetary policies;
•liquidity and solvency of their respective financial systems;
•restrictions on land acquisition or use or agricultural commodity production, including limitations on ownership of rural land by foreign persons or entities;
•developments in trade negotiations between countries or through the World Trade Organization or other international organizations, including as a result of the imposition of tariffs, import/export restrictions or other laws and policies affecting foreign trade and investment;
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•environmental regulations;
•tax laws, including royalties and the effect of tax laws on distributions from our subsidiaries;
•restrictions on the repatriation of investments and on the transfer of funds abroad;
•expropriations or nationalizations;
•increased public expenses affecting the economy and fiscal deficits; and
•other political, social and economic developments, including political, social or economic instability, in or affecting the country where each business is based.
Uncertainty over whether governments will implement changes in policy or regulation affecting these or other factors in the future may contribute to economic uncertainty and heightened volatility in the securities markets, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In recent years, the Argentine government had implemented various price control measures, no longer in force as of the date of this annual report, including voluntary programs launched in 2020 and 2022 to set reference prices for household goods. These regulations impacted the prices of our processed rice and fluid milk products. In addition, our facilities have been inspected in the past to control compliance with price control regulations.
As of the date of this annual report, there can be no assurance whether the Argentine government will enact new price control regulations. Interventions by the Argentine government similar to those described above can have an adverse impact on the level of foreign investment in Argentina, the access of Argentine companies to the international capital markets and Argentina’s commercial and diplomatic relations with other countries and, consequently, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In the future, the degree of governmental intervention in the economy may continue to rise, which may adversely affect the Argentine economy and, in turn, our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Although the Milei administration appears to have among its main objectives a significant reduction in the government’s intervention in the economy, it remains uncertain whether these efforts will succeed or whether future administrations will maintain such objectives.
Moreover, historically, the Brazilian government has frequently intervened in the Brazilian economy and has occasionally made significant changes in economic policies and regulations, including, among others, the imposition of a tax on foreign capital entering Brazil, changes in monetary, fiscal and tax policies, currency devaluations, capital controls and limits on imports. The administration is currently facing domestic pressure to retreat from the current macroeconomic policies in an attempt to achieve higher rates of economic growth. In addition, the Brazilian government has discussed the creation of a tax on financial transactions, including wire transfers, in order to improve the fiscal situation of the country or to increase taxation. We cannot predict which policies will be adopted by the Brazilian government and whether these policies will negatively affect the economy or our business or financial performance.
In 2023, the Brazilian Congress approved and enacted Constitutional Amendment 132/23, which aims to reform the consumption tax system. Specifically, Constitutional Amendment 132/23 provides for the extinction of three federal taxes: (i) the Tax over Industrial Products (Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados, or “IPI”), (ii) the Social Contribution on Gross Revenues (Programa de Integração Social, or “PIS”) and (iii) the Contribution for the Financing of Social Security (Contribuição para o Financiamento da Seguridade Social, or “COFINS”), which will be replaced by the Social Contribution on Operations with Goods and Services (Contribuição Social sobre Operações com Bens e Serviços, or “CBS”). Additionally, the amendment also involves the consolidation of state and municipal taxes. The Interstate and Intermunicipal Transportation Tax Over Goods and Services (Imposto sobre Operações relativas à Circulação de Mercadorias e sobre Prestações de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual e Intermunicipal e de Comunicação, or “ICMS”) which is a state tax, and the Tax on Services (Imposto Sobre Serviços, or ISS) which is a municipal tax, will be replaced by the new Tax on Operations with Goods and Services (Imposto sobre Bens e Serviços, or “IBS”).
On January 16, 2025, the Brazilian Congress enacted Supplementary Law No. 2014/25, establishing general guidelines for the imposition of IBS and CBS, including their taxable events and calculation bases. The tax reform will be implemented gradually, beginning in 2026. Initially, CBS and IBS will be introduced at rates of 0.9% and 0.1%, respectively. These rates will increase gradually, while PIS, COFINS, and IPI are phased out starting in 2027. By 2029, the ICMS and ISS will also be progressively reduced, and the rates for CBS and IBS will continue to rise, with full implementation expected by 2033. The overall tax rate has yet to be determined but is expected to range between 26% and 28%. The approved Tax Reform text also authorizes the Brazilian government to introduce a selective tax on goods and services considered harmful to health and/or the environment. Additionally, specific tax regimes will apply to industries explicitly listed in the Brazilian Constitution. The tax
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reform may reduce or eliminate existing our tax benefits, which could directly or indirectly impact our business and financial results. Furthermore, any future changes in tax laws and regulations may also affect our operations and financial performance.
Furthermore, Supplementary Law No. 214/2025 brings forward the implementation of the single-phase collection system for PIS and COFINS contributions to May 2025. As of that date, producers will be responsible for collecting these contributions across the entire production and commercialization chain. Currently, producers collect R$130.90 per m³; beginning in May 2025, they will collect R$192.00 per m³.
Exposure to Brazilian government debt could have a material adverse effect on us.
According to the Brazilian National Treasury's monthly report (RMD - Tesouro Transparente), the accumulated total Federal Debt reached BRL 7.49 Trillion, corresponding to a 3.3% increase since January 2025, as a result of the liquid emission of BRL 165 Billion and the positive appreciation on interest rates, corresponding to BRL 73.65 Billion. In addition, on December 2024, Brazilian five-year Credit Default Swaps (CDS) reached its highest level since May 2023, hitting 200 points.
Any failure by the Brazilian government to make timely payments under the terms of these securities may increase the perception of risk of investors, reduce foreign investments, and consequently impact inflation levels. A rise in inflation and a reduction in investment volume may affect our business and influence our results.
Currency exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar in the countries in which we operate our businesses may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Our businesses may be impacted by significant fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Our exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations results from the currency translation adjustments required in connection with the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements. The currency exchange exposure stems from the generation of revenues and the incurrence of expenses in different currencies and the devaluation of local currency revenues impairing the value of investments in U.S. dollars. While the Consolidated Financial Statements presented herein are, and our future Consolidated Financial Statements will be, presented in U.S. dollars, the financial statements of our subsidiaries are prepared using the local currency as the functional currency and translated into U.S. dollars by applying: (i) a year-end exchange rate for assets and liabilities; and (ii) an average exchange rate for the year for income and expenses. Resulting exchange differences arising from the translation to our presentation currency are recognized as a separate component of equity. Currencies in Argentina and Brazil have fluctuated significantly against the U.S. dollar in the past. Accordingly, fluctuations in exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar could impair the comparability of our results from period to period and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Argentina has a history of high volatility in its foreign exchange market (the “FX Market”), including sharp and unanticipated devaluations, tight foreign exchange controls and severe restrictions on foreign trade. The devaluation of the Peso may have a negative impact on the ability of certain Argentine businesses to service their foreign currency denominated debt. It could also lead to higher inflation rates, significantly reducing real wages and jeopardizing our business. The Peso depreciated against the U.S. dollar 27.7%, 356.3% and 72.5% in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, based on the official exchange rates published by the Argentine Central Bank (Banco Central de la República Argentina), or the “BCRA”. On December 12, 2023, under Javier Milei’s administration, the current Minister of Economy, Luis Caputo, announced the setting of the official exchange rate at Ps. 800 and a “crawling peg” policy by devaluing the Argentine currency at a rate of approximately 2% per month, with the aim of decelerating inflation and appreciating the Peso. On January 13, 2025, the BCRA announced a reduction in the pace of the crawling peg from 2% to 1% per month, effective from February 1, 2025. On April 11, 2025, the current Minister of Economy, Luis Caputo, along with the president of the BCRA, Santiago Bausili, announced the launch of “Phase 3” of the economic program that was initiated on December 10, 2023, by the administration of Javier Milei. The announcement includes several measures, including an easing of certain foreign exchange controls and the implementation of an exchange rate band scheme. This scheme will allow the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to fluctuate in the FX Market within a moving band ranging from Ps. 1,000 to Ps. 1,400, with the lower and upper limits being progressively adjusted on a monthly basis at rates of -1% and 1%, respectively. As of April 21, 2025, the official exchange rate was 1,070 Ps. per U.S. dollar. Given its recency, we currently cannot assess the impact of such policy shift on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In the past, the Argentine government has imposed restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency, which gave rise to an unofficial market where the U.S. dollar traded at a different market value than reflected in the official Peso-U.S. dollar exchange rate. In September 2019, following a foreign exchange crisis and the continued reduction of the BCRA’s foreign currency reserves, the Argentine government reinstated rigid foreign exchange controls and transfer restrictions, substantially limiting the ability to obtain foreign currency or make certain payments or distributions out of Argentina. See “—Exchange
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controls restrict the inflow and outflow of funds and may substantially limit the ability of companies to retain or obtain foreign currency or make payments abroad.”
The Brazilian currency has also historically suffered frequent fluctuations. As a result of inflationary pressures, the Brazilian government has implemented various economic plans and adopted a number of exchange rate policies, including sudden devaluations, periodic mini-devaluations during which the frequency of adjustments has ranged from daily to monthly, floating exchange rate systems, exchange controls and dual exchange rate markets. Formally, the value of the real against foreign currencies is determined under a free-floating exchange rate regime, but, in practice, the Brazilian government currently intervenes in markets through currency swaps and trading in the spot market, among other measures, every time the exchange rate is above or below the levels that the Brazilian government considers appropriate, taking into account inflation, growth, the performance of the real against the U.S. dollar in comparison with other currencies, and other economic factors. The Real depreciated 27.9% in 2024, appreciated 7.2% in 2023 and 6.5% in 2022, and depreciated 7.4%, 28.9% and 4.0% in each of, 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.
Future fluctuations in the value of the local currencies relative to the U.S. dollar in the countries in which we operate may adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Inflation in some of the countries in which we operate, along with governmental measures to curb inflation, may have a significant negative effect on the economies of those countries and, as a result, on our financial condition and results of operations.
Some of the countries in which we operate, particularly Argentina and Brazil, have experienced, or are currently experiencing, high rates of inflation, adversely affecting their economies and financial markets, and limiting the ability of their governments to create conditions that stimulate or maintain economic growth. Although inflation rates in some of these countries have been relatively curtailed in the recent past, there can be no assurance that this trend will continue. Measures taken by the governments of these countries to control inflation have often included maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting the availability of credit and impairing economic growth. Measures to combat inflation and public speculation about possible additional actions have also contributed significantly to economic uncertainty in many of these countries and to heightened volatility in their securities markets. Periods of higher inflation may also slow the growth rate of local economies. Inflation is also likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, and we may not be able to fully pass such increases on to our clients, which could adversely affect our operating margins and operating income. For instance, a portion of our operating costs in Argentina are denominated in Pesos and most of our operating costs in Brazil are denominated in Brazilian Reais. Inflation in Argentina or Brazil, without a corresponding Peso or Real devaluation, could result in an increase in our operating costs without a commensurate increase in our revenues, which could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to pay our foreign currency denominated obligations.
Historically, inflation has materially undermined the Argentine economy and the government’s ability to create conditions that would permit long-term and stable growth. High inflation may also undermine Argentina’s foreign competitiveness in international markets and adversely affect economic activity and employment, as well as our business and results of operations. In particular, the profit margin on our services is impacted by the increase in our costs in providing those services, which is influenced by wage inflation in Argentina, as well as other factors. In recent years, Argentina has experienced persistently high inflation, as reflected in the annual Consumer Price Index (CPI) published by INDEC: 94.8% in 2022, 211.4% in 2023, and 117.8% in 2024. If the Argentine government continues to fail to address Argentina’s structural inflationary imbalance, the current levels of inflation may continue to rise, which may have an adverse effect on Argentina’s economy.
Brazil, in turn, has historically experienced high rates of inflation. Inflation, as well as government efforts to curb inflation, have had significant negative effects on the Brazilian economy, particularly prior to 1995. Inflation was 7.2% in 2016, as measured by the General Market Price Index (Índice Geral de Preços – Mercado), compiled by the Getulio Vargas Foundation (Fundação Getúlio Vargas). However, in cash costs and our operating expenses are denominated in Brazilian Reais and tend to increase with Brazilian 2017 Brazil registered a deflation of 0.53% due to a decrease in the price of food products. Brazil then registered inflation of 7.3% and 7.5% in 2019 and 2018, respectively, and, mainly due to the depreciation of the Brazilian Real against the U.S. dollar and the increase in prices of primary products, inflation was 23.1% in 2020 and 17.8% in 2021. In 2022, Brazil registered an inflation of 5.4%, in 2023, a deflation of 3.2%, and, in 2024 an inflation of 4.83%. A significant proportion of our cash costs and our operating expenses are denominated in Brazilian Reais and tend to increase with Brazilian inflation. The Brazilian government’s measures to control inflation have included and currently include maintaining a tight monetary policy with high interest rates, thereby restricting the availability of credit and reducing economic growth. This policy was abated between 2016 and January 2021, when the Special System for Settlement and Custody rate (Sistema Especial de Liquidação e Custódia), or the “SELIC” rate (the base Brazilian interest rate), which is set by the Monetary Policy Council (Comitê de Política Monetária), or the “COPOM,” was decreased from 14.25% to 2.00%.
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Subsequently, increased inflation and the intention to abate inflation rates led the Brazilian government to adopt other measures to control inflation, such as tax relief for several sectors of the economy and tax cuts for the products included in the basic food basket. These measures were not sufficient to control the inflation, which led the Brazilian government to reinstate a tighter monetary policy. As a result, interest rates have fluctuated significantly. The year-end SELIC rate in Brazil was 4.50%, 2.00%, 9.25% and 13.75% in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. At the end of 2023 SELIC rate was at 11.75% and at the end of 2024 SELIC rate was at 12.25%. As of the date of this annual report, the SELIC rate is set at 14.25%.
Argentina and/or Brazil may experience higher levels of inflation in the future, which may impact domestic demand for our products. Inflationary pressures may also weaken investor confidence in Argentina and/or Brazil, curtail our ability to access foreign financial markets and lead to further government intervention in the economy, including interest rate increases, restrictions on tariff adjustments to offset inflation, intervention in foreign exchange markets, and actions to adjust or fix currency values, which may trigger or exacerbate increases in inflation, and consequently have an adverse impact on us. In an inflationary environment, the value of uncollected accounts receivable, as well as of unpaid accounts payable, declines rapidly. If the countries in which we operate experience high levels of inflation in the future and price controls are imposed, we may not be able to adjust the rates we charge our customers to fully offset the impact of inflation on our cost structures, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.
Despite the positive effects the depreciation of the Peso may have on the competitiveness of certain sectors of the Argentine economy, including our business, it also had a negative impact on the financial condition of many Argentine businesses and individuals. The devaluation of the Peso affected or may affect the ability of certain Argentine businesses to honor their foreign currency-denominated debt, generates high levels of inflation, reduces real wages significantly, and has a negative impact on companies oriented to the domestic market, such as public services and the financial industry. Additional volatility, appreciation or depreciation of the Peso, or reduction in the BCRA’s international reserves due to currency interventions could adversely affect the Argentine economy, which, in turn, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Inflation has also contributed to a material increase in our costs of operation, in particular labor costs; it also enables a reduction in the purchasing power of the population, thus increasing the risk of a lower level of consumption from our customers in Argentina, which could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. Inflation rates could continue to grow in the future, and there is uncertainty regarding the effects that any measures adopted by the government could have to control inflation.
Inflation can also lead to an increase in Argentina's debt and have an adverse effect on Argentina's ability to service its debt, mainly in the medium and long term when most inflation-indexed debt matures. In addition, weaker fiscal results could have a material adverse effect on the Argentine government's ability to access long-term financing, which, in turn, could adversely affect Argentina's economy and financial condition and access to international or domestic capital markets. If the measures adopted by the Argentine government are not able to resolve the structural inflationary disruptions of Argentina, the current inflationary levels could rise and have a negative impact on the economic and financial conditions of Argentina, and, as such, adversely affect our operations and financial condition.
Depreciation of the Peso or the Real relative to the U.S. dollar or the euro may also create additional inflationary pressures in Argentina or Brazil that may negatively affect us. Depreciation generally curtails access to foreign financial markets and may prompt government intervention, including recessionary governmental policies. Depreciation also reduces the U.S. dollar or euro value of dividends and other distributions on our common shares and the U.S. dollar or euro equivalent of the market price of our common shares. Any of the foregoing might adversely affect our business, operating results and cash flow, as well as the market price of our common shares. Conversely, in the short term, a significant increase in the value of the Peso or the Real against the U.S. dollar would adversely affect the respective Argentine and/or Brazilian government’s income from exports. This could have a negative effect on GDP growth and employment, and could also reduce the public sector’s revenues in those countries by reducing tax collection in real terms, as a portion of public sector revenues are derived from the collection of export taxes.
Any deterioration in Brazil’s or our credit rating may adversely affect the trading price of our common shares and us.
Credit ratings affect investors’ perceptions of risk and, as a result, the yields required on issuances of indebtedness in the financial markets. Rating agencies regularly evaluate Brazil and its sovereign ratings, taking into account a number of factors, including macroeconomic trends, fiscal and budgetary conditions, indebtedness and the prospect of change in these factors.
In 2021, Standard & Poor’s maintained Brazil’s credit rating at BB- with a stable outlook. In June 2023, Standard & Poor’s adjusted its outlook to positive. In December 2023, Standard & Poor’s upgraded Brazil’s credit rating from BB- to BB. In 2021, Moody’s confirmed Brazil’s credit rating at Ba2 with a stable outlook. In October 2024, Moody’s upgraded Brazil’s
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sovereign credit rating to Ba1, while maintaining a positive outlook. In 2021, Fitch reaffirmed Brazil’s credit rating at BB-, with a negative outlook. In June 2023, Fitch upgraded Brazil’s credit rating to BB with a stable outlook. In June 2024, Fitch confirmed Brazil’s credit rating as BB with a stable outlook.
The review in Brazil’s credit rating by Standard & Poor’s and Fitch to BB- in past years adversely affected the trading price of debt and equity securities of Brazilian issuers. Any further downgrade of Brazil’s credit rating could heighten investors’ perception of risk and, as a result, increase the cost of debt issuances and adversely affect the trading price of our securities.
Additionally, any downgrade of our credit rating may adversely affect our ability to obtain loans and/or financings in the future or our cost of funding, which may increase the cost of funding our operations or the refinancing of our financial obligations, adversely affecting us.
Disruption of transportation and logistics services, insufficient investment in public infrastructure or disruption to any aspect of the supply chain could adversely affect our operating results.
One of the main disadvantages of the agricultural sector in the countries in which we operate is that key growing regions lie far from major ports. As a result, efficient access to transportation infrastructure and ports is critical to the growth of agriculture as a whole in the countries in which we operate and of our operations in particular. Improvements in transportation infrastructure are likely to be required to make more agricultural production accessible to export terminals at competitive prices. A substantial portion of agricultural production in the countries in which we operate is currently transported by truck, a means of transportation significantly more expensive than railroad transportation available to U.S. and other international producers. Our dependence on truck transportation may affect our position as a low-cost producer which may impair our ability to compete in world markets.
Substantial investments are required for road and rail improvement projects, which may not be completed on a timely basis, if at all. Any delay or failure in developing infrastructure systems could reduce the demand for our products, impede our products’ delivery or impose additional costs on us. We currently outsource the transportation and logistics services necessary to operate our business. Any disruption in these services could result in supply problems at our farms and processing facilities and impair our ability to deliver our products to our customers in a timely manner.
In Brazil, a strike held by truckers in May 2018 resulted in completely halted road transportation throughout the country. As a result, the Brazilian government enacted of Law No. 13,703/2018, which established a base price for road freight transportation and created a freight table, in which minimum and mandatory transportation cost values are set each six months by the Brazilian Land Transportation Agency (Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres), or the “ANTT.” These measures adversely affected many companies in the agribusiness sector through increased transportation costs.
In addition, we are exposed to the risk of disruption to any aspect of our supply chain, to suppliers’ operations or to distribution channels, and the deterioration in the financial condition of our trading partners. These may be caused by a cyber-event, global health crisis, major fire, violent weather conditions or other natural disasters that affect the manufacturing or other facilities of our operating subsidiaries or those of their suppliers and distributors. In certain geographic areas where we operate, insurance coverage may not be obtainable on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Coverage may be subject to limitations or we may be unable to recover damages from its insurers.
The Argentine economy may be affected by its government’s limited access to financing from international markets and the result of any failure to pay its debt obligations.
Historically, the Argentine government and provinces have defaulted on debt payments, which has limited their access, as well as that of private companies, to the international financial markets, and has substantially increased their respective financing costs. The Argentine economy has been experiencing significant instability in the past decades, including devaluations, high inflation, and prolonged periods of reduced economic growth, which have led to payment defaults on Argentina’s foreign debt and multiple downgrades in Argentina’s foreign debt rating with attendant restrictions on Argentina’s ability to obtain financing in the international markets.
Argentina’s 2001 sovereign default and its failure to fully restructure its sovereign debt and negotiate with the holdout creditors has historically limited Argentina’s ability to access international financing. Between 2005 and 2010, Argentina completed the restructuring of a substantial portion of its indebtedness and settled all of its debt with the IMF. In 2016, the Macri administration entered into settlement agreements with certain holdout bondholders to settle these claims, which were subject to the approval of the Argentine Congress. The Argentine government reached settlement agreements with holders of a
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significant portion of the defaulted bonds and repaid the majority of the holdout creditors with the proceeds of a US$16.5 billion international offering of three-year, five-year, 10-year and 30-year bonds on April 22, 2016. Although the size of outstanding claims decreased significantly, litigation initiated by bondholders that did not accept Argentina’s settlement offer in 2016 continues in several jurisdictions.
Additionally, foreign shareholders of several Argentine companies filed claims with the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes, (“ICSID”), alleging that the emergency measures adopted by the Argentine government since the crisis in 2001 and 2002 differ from the just and equal treatment standards set forth in several bilateral investment treaties to which Argentina is a party. The ICSID ruled against Argentina with respect to many of these claims. Litigation involving holdout creditors, claims with ICSID and other claims against the Argentine national government, resulted and may result in material judgments against the government, lead to attachments of, or injunctions relating to, Argentina’s assets, or could cause Argentina to default under its other obligations, and such events may prevent Argentina from obtaining favorable terms or interest rates when accessing international capital markets or from accessing international financing at all. Our ability to obtain U.S. dollar-denominated financing has been adversely impacted by these factors.
Recently, Argentina faced an adverse judicial ruling in the case related to the expropriation of 51% of YPF's shares, the country's main oil company. The litigation began in 2012 when the Argentine government decided to nationalize YPF, prompting affected shareholders to initiate legal action. In 2023, Argentina was found liable in a decision by a U.S. District Court to pay nearly $16.1 billion plus interest in damages to former minority shareholders of YPF, while YPF was exempted from responsibility. In February 2024, the Argentine government submitted its first brief to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York, presenting arguments for the appellate judges to review the District Court’s ruling. In September 2024, the final briefs from all three parties (the plaintiffs, YPF, and the State) were submitted to the Court of Appeals. The case is now awaiting the appointment of a three-member panel and the scheduling of a hearing date. If these proceedings were to be resolved adversely to the Argentine state, it could be held liable for significant costs and losses that may result in worsened macroeconomic conditions for the country which, in turn, may negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
In June 2018, the IMF approved a financial support plan for Argentina in the form of a stand-by arrangement for US$50 billion, which was increased to US$57.1 billion in September 2018. The Argentine government negotiated an extension with the IMF for repayments under the stand-by arrangement that matured in 2022. On January 28, 2022, the IMF and the Argentine government reached an understanding, and the final agreement was approved by the IMF’s executive board on March 3, 2022. On March 17, 2022, the Argentine Congress approved the staff-level agreement to be entered into with the IMF. Further, on October 7, 2022, the IMF communicated that its executive board conducted a second review of the agreement with Argentina and approved a second immediate disbursement of approximately US$3.8 billion. Likewise, on December 22, 2022, the third review of the agreement was announced, approving a disbursement of approximately US$6.0 billion.
In March 2023, the Argentine government restructured its public debt by issuing bonds denominated in Pesos. The restructuring obtained 64.0% participation and extended the maturities of notes worth Ps.4.3 billion.
In addition, on August 4, 2023, through Decree No. 404/2023 a loan agreement between Argentina and Qatar for 580,000,000 Special Drawing Rights was approved in an attempt to pay interest on the debt contracted with the IMF. In this regard, the Argentine government announced the cancellation of US$ 1,411 million within the framework of the agreement. Moreover, on August 23, 2023, former Economy Minister, Sergio Massa, announced agreements with the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank that determined that these entities would provide Argentina with total financing of US$ 1,310 million.
Moreover, in the press release dated May 13, 2024, the IMF announced that the IMF Executive Board and Argentine authorities reached an agreement on the eighth review under the agreement with Argentina. As a result, the Board's decision allowed an immediate disbursement of approximately US$ 800 million (or SDR 600 million), bringing the total disbursements under the agreement to approximately US$ 41.4 billion. Furthermore, recently the Argentine Congress validated the presidential decree authorizing the execution of a new debt refinancing agreement with the IMF. However, the terms of the agreement and its implications on the exchange rate policy scheme are still unknown.
On April 11, 2025, Argentina finalized a US$20 billion, 48-month Extended Fund Facility deal with the International Monetary Fund, as approved by the IMF’s Executive Board. US$12 billion of such facility were disbursed on April 15, 2025, while US$2 billion are expected to be disbursed by June 2025.
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In any case, lack of access to international or domestic financial markets in the future could affect the projected capital expenditures for our operations in Argentina, which, in turn, may have an adverse effect on our financial condition or the results of our operations.
Argentina’s current account and balance of payment imbalances could lead to a depreciation of the Peso, and as a result, affect our results of operations, our capital expenditure program and our ability to service our foreign currency liabilities.
In the past, Argentina has had severe macroeconomic imbalances, including frequent and extreme fiscal deficits. Since 1961, the Argentine government has had yearly fiscal deficits approximately 90% of the time, resulting in highly vulnerable macroeconomic conditions. The Argentine government has financed its fiscal deficit mainly in two ways: (i) by relying on external debt issuances, which has historically led to rapid increases in public debt levels; and (ii) by having the BCRA issue currency, which has led to high inflation and, in certain cases, hyperinflation. As a result of the measures taken by Javier Milei’s administration, a financial surplus of 0.3% of GDP was recorded in December 2024, marking the first surplus since 2010.
Failure by Javier Milei’s or subsequent administrations to maintain the current fiscal surplus and reversion to historical deficits could lead to growing levels of uncertainty regarding Argentina’s macroeconomic conditions. In particular, it could lead to growing inflation rates and unanticipated foreign exchange depreciation and balance of payments crises, higher local vulnerability to international credit crises or geopolitical shocks, higher interest rates and erratic monetary policies, a reduction in real salaries and as a consequence, in private consumption, and a reduction in growth rates. This level of uncertainty, over which we have no control, may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Because foreign direct investment remains stagnant in Argentina, it may become impossible for Argentina and its provinces to meet their debt obligations in the future, since Argentina’s foreign currency needs would severely overcome its foreign currency sources. If this level of uncertainty prevails on international investors, Argentina may suffer a “sudden stop” event, where investors stop lending money to Argentine institutions. This, in turn, may result in large capital outflows that could not only force the Argentine government to default on its debt, but also generate a rapid and unanticipated depreciation of the Peso, a hike in local interest rates and a probable banking system crisis if bank deposits are largely withdrawn following social unrest. If a balance of payments crisis were to occur, a large depreciation of the Peso against the U.S. dollar could adversely affect our ability to meet our foreign currency obligations. Furthermore, the negative effect such a crisis could have on the growth rates of the Argentine economy and its consumption patterns could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and result of operations.
Failure to adequately address actual and perceived risks of institutional corruption may adversely affect the economy and financial condition of the emerging markets in which we operate.
A lack of a solid and transparent institutional framework for contracts with the Argentine government and its agencies and corruption allegations have affected and continue to affect Argentina. Argentina ranked 99 of 180 in the Transparency International's 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index. The Argentine government's ability to implement initiatives aimed at strengthening Argentina's institutions and reducing corruption is uncertain as it would be subject to independent review by the Judicial Branch, as well as legislative support from opposition parties. There can be no assurance that the implementation of these measures by the Argentine government will be successful in stopping institutional deterioration and corruption.
Moreover, in the past, members of the Brazilian government and of the Brazilian Legislative Branch have faced allegations of political corruption. As a result, a number of politicians, including senior federal officials and congressmen, resigned and/or have been arrested. For example, since 2014, several members of the Brazilian executive and legislative branches of government have been investigated as a result of allegations of unethical and illegal conduct identified by the Car Wash Operation (Operação Lava-Jato) by Brazilian federal prosecutors. Any political crisis could worsen the economic conditions in Brazil, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition
Finally, under Brazilian law, real property ownership is normally transferred by means of a transfer deed, and subsequently registered at the appropriate real estate registry office under the corresponding real property record. There are uncertainties, corruption and fraud relating to title ownership of real estate in Brazil, mostly in rural areas. In certain cases, the real estate registry may register deeds with errors, including duplicate and/or fraudulent entries, and, therefore, deed challenges frequently occur, leading to judicial actions and police investigations. Property disputes over title ownership are frequent in Brazil, and, as a result, there is a risk that errors, fraud or challenges could adversely affect us.
Laws on the foreign ownership of rural properties may adversely affect our results of operations and future investments in rural properties.
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In Argentina, Law No. 26,737/2011 and Decree No. 274/2012, as amended and supplemented by Decree No. 820/2016, impose limits on the ownership or possession of rural properties by foreign legal entities or certain foreign individuals. Under these rules, foreign ownership of rural land may not exceed 15% of the total amount of rural land in the Argentine territory and in the province, department or municipality where the relevant lands are located. Foreign ownership is defined as the ownership (whether by acquisition, transfer, assignment of rights or otherwise) of rural land by: (i) certain foreign individuals, regardless of whether they are Argentine residents; (ii) legal entities where foreign individuals or entities own, directly or indirectly, a number of votes sufficient to direct the entity’s decision-making process (which is presumed in the case of an equity interest greater or equal to 51%); (iii) companies that issue bonds (a) convertible in stock representing 25% or more of the company’s stock upon conversion and (b) whose holders are foreign individuals or entities; (iv) trusts whose beneficiaries are foreign individuals or entities holding an interest of at least 25%; (v) joint ventures in which foreign entities or individuals hold an interest greater than as set forth in the law; (vi) foreign, public law-governed legal entities; and (vii) associations or de facto corporations in which foreigners hold an interest greater than as set forth in the law or which are controlled by foreigners. A National Registry of Rural Land (Registro Nacional de Tierras Rurales), or the “RNTR,” was made in charge of enforcement of this framework.
In addition, foreign entities or individuals of a single nationality cannot own more than 4.5% of rural land in Argentina, and a single foreign entity or individual may not own more than 1,000 hectares in a certain “core area” or the “equivalent surface,” as set by the Interministerial Council of Rural Land (Consejo Interministerial de Tierras Rurales), in accordance with the provinces’ proposal, specifying districts, sub-regions or areas and taking into consideration the location of the land, the proportion of the land area in respect of the total territory of the relevant province, department or municipality and, the quality of the land for use and exploitation. Moreover, foreign legal entities or individuals may not own rural land that contains or is located next to permanent and significant bodies of water. Any change to the capital stock of companies that own or possess rural land that results in a direct or indirect change of control must be reported to the RNTR within 30 days. As an exception, Decree No. 820/2016 provides that a foreign legal entity or individual may exceed the ownership thresholds for up to 90 days, provided they reduce ownership to the legal limit by (i) transferring or causing any of its controlled legal entities to transfer the amount of rural land that exceeds the legal limit, (ii) modifying or causing any of its controlled legal entities to modify the type of exploitation awarded to rural lands owned by such foreign legal entity, or (iii) transferring its interest to permitted legal entities under Law No. 26,737.
Law No. 26,737 initially provided that vested rights were not to be affected by its application. Decree No. 820 further clarified this and set forth that foreign entities or individuals who owned rural land in excess of the ownership threshold when the Law No. 26,737 came into effect (i) are not required to transfer such rural land in excess, and (ii) in the event of transfer of rural lands acquired before Law No. 26,737 came into force, can acquire the equivalent to such transferred rural land, provided that the legal limits established for its use and location were complied with at the time of such acquisition. As such, the application of these laws does not have an adverse effect on the current rural land owned by our Argentine subsidiaries. However, our Argentine subsidiaries may be prevented from acquiring additional rural land in Argentina, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Recently, Section 154 of DNU 70/2023 has repealed Law No. 26,737. In addition to the control by Congress, DNU 70/23 is also subject to judicial review as to its constitutionality in cases arising from its entry into force or application. Recently, the Federal Court of Appeals in La Plata, in a class action promoted by an association of Former Combatants of Malvinas Islands, declared the unconstitutionality of Section 154 of DNU 70/23. Even though this ruling is not final, we consider that the repeal of Law 26,737 is currently suspended. It may be a matter of discussion whether this ruling has “erga omnes” (towards all) effects. However, as long as Law No. 26,737 has to be enforced by the Executive Power and it is the defendant of this process, we are of the opinion that Section 154 of DNU 70/23 is suspended. There is a meaningful risk to our business if Section 154 is suspended or declared unconstitutional given that, as set forth above, our Argentine subsidiaries may be prevented from acquiring additional rural land in Argentina, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
In Brazil, Law No. 5,709/1971 sets forth certain restrictions on the acquisition of rural property by foreigners. Foreign investors may only acquire rural properties in which agricultural, cattle-raising, industrial or colonization projects are going to be developed as approved by the relevant authorities. The total rural area to be acquired by a foreign investor cannot exceed one quarter of the surface of the municipality where it is located, and foreigners of a single nationality cannot cumulatively own more than 10% of the surface of the respective municipality. The acquisition or possession (or any in rem right) by a foreign person of rural property located in an area of national security (i.e. at or near the Brazilian border) must be previously approved by the General Office of the National Security Council (Secretaria-Geral do Conselho de Segurança Nacional). Moreover, under Law No. 8,629/1993, these restrictions are also applicable to rural lease agreements; however, agriculture partnerships agreements (parcerias agrícolas) are not subject to these restrictions. The acquisition or lease by a foreign person of rural
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property exceeding 100 indefinite use units (módulos de exploração indefinida), a unit of measurement set by the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform (Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária), or “INCRA,” must be previously approved by the Brazilian Congress.
Between June 7, 1994 and August 22, 2010, the prevailing view was that Law No. 5,709 did not apply to Brazilian companies directly or indirectly controlled by foreign investors. However, an August 23, 2010 opinion by the Brazilian Solicitor-General’s Office (Advocacia-Geral da União), which was ratified by the President of Brazil, modified this view to confirm that Brazilian entities controlled by foreigners should be subject to these restrictions. We believe, and it is now generally held, that the recorded acquisition of rural land by Brazilian companies directly or indirectly controlled by foreigners prior to August 23, 2010 is not affected by this change in position.
Any new rural land acquisitions by us are nonetheless subject to these restrictions, the waiver of which may be burdensome and time consuming. In order to obtain the authorization for the acquisition or lease of rural properties, foreign investors must present a project proposal to INCRA describing: (i) the relationship between the property and the envisioned project; (ii) the physical and financial schedule of the investment and implementation of the project; (iii) whether governmental funds will finance the project; (iv) the logistical viability of the project and proof of compatibility between the envisioned site and the geographic location of the land; and (v) proof of compatibility with the environmental zoning rules relating to the location of the property. While we conduct our operations in Brazil through local subsidiaries, we would be considered a foreign controlled entity within the meaning of these restrictions. Therefore, if we are unable to comply with these restrictions and obtain the required approvals in connection with future acquisitions or lease transactions, our business plan, contemplated expansion in Brazil and results of operations would be adversely affected. In addition, there can be no assurance that future legislation will not further restrict the acquisition of rural land by Brazilian companies controlled by foreign holders.
An increase in export and import duties and controls may have an adverse impact on our sales.
The Argentine government has historically imposed duties on the exports of various primary and manufactured products, including some of our products. Nevertheless, export duties have been modified according to Decree No. 38/2025, which sets a decrease in the rate until June 30, 2025. The export duty rate was decreased from 33% to 26% for soybean, 30-31% to 24-24.5% for soybean oil (depending on the applicable tariff code), 12% to 9.5% for soybean flour, and 29% to 26% for biodiesel. Most other agricultural products, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, usually grown in specific regions, were set at a 0% export duty rate. Most industrial and manufactured goods have had their export duty rates reduced throughout 2022, 2023, 2024 and 2025. The Social Solidarity Law established new caps to set the export duty rate of all goods included in the tariff positions of the Common Mercosur Nomenclature. Even though most goods have a maximum 12.0% ad valorem export duty rate, there are special lower caps for some agricultural products from specific regions and industrial goods.
On December 13, 2023, the Export Promotion Program was reestablished through Decree No. 28/2023. The program provides that exporters of goods and certain services must enter and trade at the official exchange rate of 80% of their sales through the FX Market. For the remaining 20% of their sales, exporters must execute purchase and sale transactions with marketable securities acquired with settlement in foreign currency and sold with settlement in local currency (spot transactions with entry settlement or “CCL de Entrada”).
On the other hand, since December 26, 2023, there was an abrogation of Resolution No. 523/2017 of the National Secretariat of Commerce, which required the approval, via the Argentine System of Imports (“SIRA” after its acronym in Spanish) from local authorities, of automatic and non-automatic import licenses prior to their definitive import for goods included in all the tariff positions of the Mercosur common nomenclature for definitive import for consumption. In this scene, imports of goods will only be subject to the Statistical System for Imports (“SEDI” after its acronym in Spanish) information regime (which replaces the SIRA regime) established by means of Joint General Resolution No. 5466/2023. The SEDI system requires that importers register a sworn statement with the relevant data beforehand. This application is compared with the information in the tax authorities’ records and with the applicant’s financial economic capacity. Once these controls are passed, the application will be set to REGISTERED status. It is worth mentioning that the risk profile controls required under the SIRA system have been discontinued. To register a definitive import, it will be necessary to have a SEDI declaration in READY status. Once the status is READY, the SEDI declaration may be used within 360 calendar days. The SEDI regime does not require any prior sworn statements on payments of services abroad.
There can be no assurance that there will not be further increases in the export taxes or that other new export taxes or quotas will not be imposed. The imposition of new export taxes or quotas or a significant increase in existing export taxes or the application of export quotas or the imposition of regimes that aim to restrict or control imports and exports could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
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Exchange controls restrict the inflow and outflow of funds and may substantially limit the ability of companies to retain or obtain foreign currency or make payments abroad.
In the past, the Brazilian economy has experienced balance of payment deficits and shortages in foreign exchange reserves, and the Brazilian government has responded by restricting the ability of Brazilian or foreign persons or entities to convert Reais into foreign currencies. The Brazilian government may institute a restrictive exchange control policy in the future. Any restrictive exchange control policy could prevent or restrict our Brazilian subsidiaries’ access to U.S. dollars, and consequently their ability to meet their U.S. dollar obligations and may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Similarly, between 2011 and 2015, the Argentine government increased controls and restrictions on the sale of foreign currencies and the acquisition of foreign assets by Argentine residents, and limited the transfer of funds abroad. Through a combination of foreign exchange and tax regulations, the Fernández de Kirchner administration significantly curtailed access to the FX Market for individuals and private-sector entities, and the BCRA exercised a de facto prior approval for certain foreign exchange transactions otherwise authorized to be carried out under the applicable regulations, such as dividend payments or repayment of principal of intercompany loans as well as the payments related to import of goods, by regulating the amount of foreign currency available to companies to conduct such transactions. These exchange controls gave rise to an unofficial U.S. dollar trading market, and the unofficial Peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate in such market differed substantially from the official Peso to U.S. dollar exchange rate. Due to the foreign exchange crisis generated in August 2019 and the continued reduction of the BCRA’s foreign currency reserves, the Argentine government reinstated, in 2019, rigid exchange controls and transfer restrictions, substantially limiting the ability to obtain foreign currency or make certain payments or distributions out of Argentina, which have been extended without time limitation by Decree No. 91/2019, and BCRA Communication “A” 6,862/2020. In response to these exchange restrictions, an unofficial U.S. dollar trading market developed once again. In addition, access to foreign currency and its transfer outside of Argentina began to be obtained and carried out through capital markets transactions referred to as “Blue-chip swap”, subject to certain restrictions, which are significantly more expensive than acquiring foreign currency in the FX Market.
Notwithstanding recent measures by the Milei administration to loosen exchange controls, the Argentine government may in the future impose new exchange controls, transfer restrictions, restrictions on the free movement of capital, and implement other measures in response to capital flight or a significant depreciation of the Peso, which would adversely affect our financial condition and the results of our operations. In addition, other exchange controls could in the future further impair or prevent the conversion of anticipated dividends, distributions, or the proceeds from any sale of equity holdings in Argentina from Pesos into U.S. dollars and the remittance of the U.S. dollars abroad. These restrictions and controls could further interfere with the ability of our Argentine subsidiaries to make distributions in U.S. dollars to us and thus our ability to pay dividends in the future. Such measures could lead to renewed political and social tensions, and could undermine the Argentine government’s public finances, which could adversely affect Argentina’s economy and prospects for economic growth and, consequently, adversely affect our business and results of operations, and could impair our ability to make dividend payments. See “—Currency exchange rate fluctuations relative to the U.S. dollar in the countries in which we operate our businesses may adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.”
In an effort to contain the escalation of the currency exchange rate, the BCRA has been selling its reserves of U.S. dollars, which has resulted in a decrease in BCRA international reserves from US$ 65.7 billion as of December 2018 to US$ 25.77 billion as of March 2025. However, the actual net liquid international reserves of the BCRA is reported by private sources to be substantially lower.
See “Item 10. Additional Information—D. Exchange Controls.”
Changes in tax laws, incentives, benefits and regulations may have a material adverse impact on the taxes applicable to our business and may increase our tax burden.
Changes in tax laws, regulations, related interpretations and tax accounting standards in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Luxembourg or the United States may result in a higher tax rate on our earnings, which may significantly reduce our profits and cash flows from operations.
The Brazilian government frequently implements changes to the Brazilian tax regime that may affect us and our clients. These changes include changes in prevailing tax rates and, occasionally, imposition of temporary taxes, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated Brazilian government purposes. Some of these changes may result in increases in our tax payments, which could adversely affect industry profitability and increase the prices of our products, restrict our ability to do business in our existing and target markets and cause our financial results to suffer.
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For example, the consumption tax reform enacted through Constitutional Amendment 132/23 could have a direct or indirect impact on our operations and financial performance. See “—Governments have a high degree of influence in the economies in which we operate, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.”
Additionally, since the introduction of Bill 1.087/25 by the Brazilian Government, there has been ongoing discussion regarding the taxation of dividends distributed by Brazilian companies, which have been exempt for approximately 30 years. The proposed Bill of Law contemplates a general Withholding Income Tax Rate of 10% over dividends. In any event, any potential legal changes resulting from a tax reform would take effect only in the year following the enactment of the relevant legislation.
The Brazilian government regularly enacts reforms to the tax and other assessment regimes to which we and our customers are subject. Such reforms include changes in tax rates and, occasionally, enactment of temporary levies, the proceeds of which are earmarked for designated governmental purposes. The effects of these changes and any other changes that result from the enactment of additional tax reforms cannot be quantified and there can be no assurance that any such reforms would not have an adverse effect upon our business. Furthermore, such changes may produce uncertainty in the financial system, increasing the cost of borrowing and contributing to an increase in our non-performing credit portfolio. The effects of these changes and any other change that could result from the enactment of additional legislation cannot be quantified. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our projected cash flow and profitability following any increases in Brazilian taxes applicable to us and our operations.
We are also subject to review of the interpretation of certain laws by the Brazilian Judiciary, which may result in adverse tax consequences for us. For example, in February 2023, the Federal Supreme Court, by unanimous vote, concluded that favorable judicial decisions to taxpayers (res judicata) must be automatically voided if, after such decisions were issued, the Supreme Court reaches a different conclusion on the subject matter in question. That is, if a company obtained authorization from a court to stop withholding a specific tax in the past, such authorization will automatically expire upon confirmation by the Brazilian Supreme Court that the withholding of such tax is legitimate and due. Accordingly, if pro-taxpayer court decisions are reversed by the Brazilian Supreme Court, and we have benefited from any such decisions, our business, financial performance and operating results could be negatively affected.
Similarly, the Argentine government frequently implements changes to the Argentine tax regime. In this sense, Argentina has experienced frequent and significant changes in its tax legislation over the past several years. These changes have affected a wide range of tax matters, including corporate income tax, dividend taxation, employer contributions, indirect taxes, and international tax rules. Such amendments are often introduced with limited notice and may apply retroactively, creating uncertainty for taxpayers and complicating long-term business planning.
In particular, major tax reforms were introduced through Law No. 27,430 in 2017 and subsequent legislation, including the Social Solidarity and Productive Reactivation Law in 2019, Law No. 27,630 in 2021 and Law 27,743 in 2024. These reforms modified the applicable corporate tax rates—transitioning from a flat rate to a progressive scale —and introduced a withholding tax on dividends and other profit distributions made by Argentine companies to Argentine resident individuals and foreign beneficiaries. Moreover, inflation adjustment mechanisms, which affect the determination of taxable income, were reinstated under certain conditions, adding further complexity to the tax compliance process.
Further, the sale, exchange or disposition of shares and other securities not trading in, or listed on, capital markets and securities exchanges by resident individuals and foreign beneficiaries in general is subject to tax at a rate of 15%. Non-residents can opt to be taxed at a rate of 15% on the net gain or 13.5% on the gross amount of the transaction, at the option of the seller.
In addition to income tax, other areas of the tax system have also been modified these past years. For instance, in 2020, new taxes were introduced on the acquisition of digital services and cross-border transactions, while changes in employer contribution schemes and tax rates applicable to equity holdings have increased the effective tax burden for companies operating in Argentina. Although some of these measures have been repealed or adjusted, the tax landscape remains volatile.
In the United States, the Trump administration has indicated the intent to propose significant changes to the U.S. tax system. Many aspects of these potential proposals are unclear or undeveloped and we are unable to predict which, if any, U.S. tax reform proposals will be enacted into law, and what effects any enacted legislation might have on our tax liabilities. The likelihood of these changes being enacted or implemented is unclear. We are currently unable to predict whether such changes will occur and, if so, the ultimate impact on our business.
Furthermore, the Company is within the scope of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) Pillar Two model rules (the Global Anti-base Erosion rules or GloBE). Pillar Two legislation was enacted in
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Luxembourg, the jurisdiction in which the company is incorporated, and came into effect from January 2024. Under Pillar Two, the Company is liable to pay a top-up tax for the difference between its GloBE effective tax rate per jurisdiction and the 15% minimum rate. We did not recognize any such liabilities in any jurisdiction for the year ended December 31, 2024.
These and other changes in Brazilian and Argentine tax laws could adversely affect our operations, financial condition and cash flows.
We receive certain tax benefits from Brazilian tax authorities, and there can be no assurance that such benefits will be maintained or renewed.
We receive certain tax benefits by virtue of our production facilities and investment projects in underdeveloped regions in Brazil. These tax incentives reduce the amount of Brazilian sales tax ICMS, due in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul as a result of the Ivinhema and Angélica mills. These benefits were most recently renewed until 2032.
There can be no assurance that the tax incentives we currently benefit from will be maintained, renewed or that we will obtain new tax incentives on favorable terms. In the event we fail to comply with specific obligations to which we are subject in connection with the tax benefits described above, such benefits may be suspended or canceled, or we may be required to pay the taxes due in full, plus penalties, which may adversely affect us. Additionally, there can be no assurance that we will be able to renew these tax benefits when they expire, especially in light of the tax reform on consumption enacted through Constitutional Amendment 132/23, pursuant to which the ICMS will be extinguished. See “—Governments have a high degree of influence in the economies in which we operate, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.”
Risks Related to Our Common Shares
The price of our common shares may be highly volatile.
We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our common shares will create or be able to maintain an active trading market, or how liquid that market will be in the future. The market price of our common shares may be volatile and may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:
•the failure of financial analysts to cover our common shares or changes in financial estimates by analysts;
•actual or anticipated variations in our operating results;
•changes in financial estimates by financial analysts, or any failure by us to meet or exceed any of these estimates, or changes in the recommendations of any financial analysts that elect to follow our common shares or the shares of our competitors;
•announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts or acquisitions;
•future sales of our common shares; and
•investor perceptions of us and the industries in which we operate.
In addition, the equity markets in general have experienced substantial price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies affected. These broad market and industry factors may materially harm the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of certain companies’ securities, securities class action litigation has been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, could adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations.
Our status as a “foreign private issuer” exempts us, and, if the Offer is consummated, our status as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance rules will exempt us, from certain rules under the U.S. securities laws will result in less information about us being available to investors than for U.S. companies, which may result in our common shares being less attractive to investors.
The corporate governance rules of the NYSE require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of independent directors and independent director oversight of executive compensation, nomination of directors and corporate governance matters. As a “foreign private issuer” in the United States, we are permitted to, and we do, follow home country practice for certain requirements, and we are exempt from certain rules under the U.S. securities laws and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than U.S. companies. As long as we rely on the foreign private issuer exemption to certain of the NYSE corporate governance standards, a majority of the directors on our board of directors are not required to be independent
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directors, our compensation committee is not required to be composed entirely of independent directors and director nominations are not required to be made, or recommended to our full board of directors, by a nominations committee that consists entirely of independent directors. We are also exempt from certain rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that impose certain disclosure obligations and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers, directors, and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules under the Exchange Act with respect to their purchases and sales of our common shares. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as companies that are not “foreign private issuers” whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD promulgated by the SEC under the Exchange Act, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information. As a result, the management oversight of our Company may be more limited than if we were subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance standards, and our shareholders may not have access to information they deem important, which may result in our common shares being less attractive to investors.
In the event we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer following the consummation of the Offer, we intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemption under the NYSE corporate governance rules. A “controlled company” under the NYSE corporate governance rules is a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group or another company. Upon the consummation of the Offer, Tether will control a majority of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares, making us a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance rules. As a controlled company, we would be eligible to, and, in the event we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, we intend to, elect not to comply with certain requirements of the NYSE corporate governance standards. Accordingly, our shareholders will not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance standards.
We are a Luxembourg corporation (“société anonyme”) and it may be difficult for you to obtain or enforce judgments against us or our executive officers and directors in the United States.
We are organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Most of our assets are located outside the United States. Furthermore, most of our directors and officers and experts reside outside the United States, and most of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, you may find it difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce judgments outside the United States obtained against us or these persons in U.S. courts, including judgments in actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. Likewise, it may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts judgments obtained against us or these persons in courts located in jurisdictions outside the United States, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult for an investor to bring an action in a Luxembourg court predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us or these persons. Luxembourg law confers to shareholders the right to bring a derivative action on our behalf only in limited circumstances and, subject to certain conditions.
Service of process within Luxembourg upon the Company may be possible, provided that The Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters of November 15, 1965 is complied with. As there is no treaty in force on the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters between the United States and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, courts in Luxembourg will not automatically recognize and enforce a final judgment rendered by a U.S. court. The enforceability in Luxembourg courts of judgments entered by U.S. courts will be subject prior to any enforcement in Luxembourg to the procedure and the conditions set forth in particular in the Luxembourg civil procedure code and/or established by court interpretation, which conditions may include the following and which may evolve:
•the judgment of the U.S. court is final and duly enforceable (exécutoire) in the United States and has not been fully enforced in the United States and/or any other jurisdiction;
•the U.S. court had jurisdiction over the subject matter leading to the judgment (based on the verification of a characterized link of connection of the litigation to the judge of origin);
•the U.S. court has applied to the dispute the substantive law which would have been applied by Luxembourg courts;
•the judgment was granted following proceedings where the counterparty had the opportunity to appear, and if it appeared, to present a defense and other conditions for a fair trial have been complied with taking into account all facts and circumstances whether occurring before, during or after trial or issue and delivery of the judgment, and the judgment has not been obtained by reason of fraud;
•the judgment of the U.S. court does not contravene Luxembourg international public policy (as such term is interpreted under the laws of Luxembourg); and
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•the absence of contradiction between such judgment and an already issued judgment of a Luxembourg court.
Under our articles of incorporation, we indemnify and hold our directors harmless against all claims and suits brought against them, subject to limited exceptions. Under our articles of incorporation, to the extent allowed or required by law, the rights and obligations among or between us, any of our current or former directors, officers and company employees and any current or former shareholder will be governed exclusively by the laws of Luxembourg and subject to the jurisdiction of the Luxembourg courts, unless such rights or obligations do not relate to or arise out of their capacities as such. Although there is doubt as to whether U.S. courts would enforce such provision in an action brought in the United States under U.S. securities laws, such provision could make the enforcement of judgments obtained outside Luxembourg more difficult as to the enforcement against our assets in Luxembourg or jurisdictions that would apply Luxembourg law.
Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a U.S. corporation, which could adversely impact trading in our common shares and our ability to conduct equity financings.
Our corporate affairs are governed by our articles of incorporation and the laws of Luxembourg, including the laws governing public joint stock companies (sociétés anonymes). The rights of our shareholders and the responsibilities of our directors and officers under Luxembourg law are different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States. In addition, Luxembourg law governing the securities of Luxembourg companies may not be as extensive as those in effect in the United States, and Luxembourg law and regulations in respect of corporate governance matters may not be as protective of minority shareholders as state corporation laws in the United States. Therefore, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by our directors and officers or our principal shareholders than they would as shareholders of a corporation incorporated in the United States.
Neither our articles of incorporation nor Luxembourg law provide for appraisal rights for dissenting shareholders in certain extraordinary corporate transactions that may otherwise be available to shareholders under certain U.S. state laws. As a result of these differences, our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than they would as shareholders of a U.S. issuer.
Luxembourg and European Union insolvency and bankruptcy laws and regulations are substantially different from U.S. insolvency laws and may offer our shareholders less protection than they would have under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws.
As a company organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and with its registered office in Luxembourg, we are subject to Luxembourg and European Union insolvency and bankruptcy laws and regulations in the event any insolvency proceedings are initiated against us including, among others, Council and European Parliament Regulation (EU) 2015/848 of 20 May 2015 on insolvency proceedings (recast). Should courts in another European Union Member State determine that the insolvency and bankruptcy laws of that Member State apply to us (or to certain of our assets) in accordance with and subject to such European Union regulations, the courts in that Member State could have jurisdiction over the insolvency proceedings initiated against us. Insolvency and bankruptcy laws in Luxembourg or the relevant other European Union Member State, if any, may offer our shareholders less protection than they would have under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws and make it more difficult for them to recover the amount they could expect to recover in a liquidation under U.S. insolvency and bankruptcy laws.
Our ability to pay dividends is restricted under Luxembourg law.
Our articles of incorporation and the Luxembourg law of August 10, 1915, on commercial companies as amended from time to time (loi du 10 août 1915 sur les sociétés commerciales telle que modifiée), require a general shareholders’ meeting to approve any dividend distribution, except as set forth below.
Our ability to declare dividends under Luxembourg corporate law is subject to the availability of distributable earnings or available reserves, including share premium. Moreover, we may not be able to declare and pay dividends more frequently than annually. As permitted by Luxembourg corporate law, our articles of incorporation authorize the declaration of dividends more frequently than annually by the Board of Directors in the form of interim dividends so long as the amount of such interim dividends does not exceed total net profits made since the end of the last financial year for which the annual accounts have been approved, plus any profits carried forward and sums drawn from reserves available for this purpose, less the aggregate of the prior financial year’s accumulated losses, the amounts to be set aside for the reserves required by Luxembourg law or by our articles of incorporation for the prior financial year.
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We are a holding company and depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to distribute funds to us in order to satisfy our financial obligations and to make dividend payments, which they may not be able to do.
We are a holding company, and our subsidiaries conduct all of our operations. We own no material assets other than the equity interests in our subsidiaries. As a result, our ability to make dividend payments depends on our subsidiaries and their ability to distribute funds to us. If we are unable to obtain funds from our subsidiaries, we will be unable to distribute dividends. We do not intend to seek to obtain funds from other sources to pay dividends.
Item 4. Information on the Company
A. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY
General Information
Adecoagro was incorporated in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on June 11, 2010 as a société anonyme (a joint stock company). The Company’s legal name is “Adecoagro S.A.” On January 28, 2011, Adecoagro completed the IPO of its shares listed on the NYSE. The shares are traded under the symbol “AGRO.” In a series of transactions during 2012, we transferred shares of Adecoagro to certain limited partners of IFH in exchange for their residual interest in IFH increasing our interest in IFH to approximately 100%.
On March 27, 2015, Adecoagro commenced a series of transactions for the purpose of transferring the domicile of its subsidiary, Adecoagro LP, to Luxembourg. In connection with the Adecoagro LP re-domiciliation, Adecoagro merged IFH into Adecoagro LP (Delaware) with Adecoagro LP (Delaware) as the surviving entity and on April 1, 2015 Adecoagro GP S.à r.l., a société à responsibilité limitée organized under the laws of Luxembourg, became the general partner of Adecoagro LP on April 1, 2015. On April 2, 2015, Adecoagro completed the re-domiciliation of Adecoagro LP (Delaware) out of Delaware to Luxembourg and Adecoagro LP without dissolution or liquidation continued its corporate existence as Adecoagro LP S.C.S., a société commandite simple organized under Luxembourg law, effective April 2, 2015. For a detailed description of the Adecoagro LP redomiciliation see “—Corporate Development” below.
Adecoagro is registered with the Luxembourg Registry of Trade and Companies under number B153681. Adecoagro has its registered office at 28 Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411 Luxembourg. Our telephone number is (+352) 264491, and our website is www.adecoagro.com. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov which contains reports and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.
History
In September 2002, we commenced our operations with the acquisition of 100% of the equity interests of Pecom Agropecuaria S.A., an Argentine corporation (sociedad anónima), and we rapidly became one of the largest agricultural companies in Argentina. Totaling more than 74,000 hectares of farmland, this acquisition represented one of the largest stock purchase transactions in South America in 2002. In connection with the acquisition, Pecom Agropecuaria S.A. changed its name to Adeco Agropecuaria S.A. (“Adeco Agropecuaria”). Adeco Agropecuaria was the platform from which we executed our expansion plans, including the acquisition of additional land and the diversification of our business activities.
In 2004, we began our regional expansion and acquired a farm in Uruguay (approximately 5,086 hectares) and three farms in Western Bahia, Brazil (20,419 hectares). In 2005, we continued the expansion of our crop business in Argentina with the acquisitions of La Agraria S.A. (approximately 4,857 hectares) and Establecimientos El Orden S.A. and Cavok S.A. (approximately 15,157 hectares) and Las Horquetas farm (2,086 hectares).
In 2005, we acquired our first sugar and ethanol mill, Usina Monte Alegre S.A. (“UMA”), with a crushing capacity at that time of 0.9 million tons of sugarcane per year at the time. UMA became our platform for expansion in the Brazilian sugar and ethanol sector.
In 2006 and 2007, we continued our land portfolio expansion and vertical integration through the acquisitions of Pilagá S.A. (formerly Pilagá S.R.L. and before that, Pilagá S.A.G.), one of the largest and oldest agriculture companies in Argentina, with more than 88,000 hectares and two rice processing facilities, and one additional farm of approximately 2,400 hectares in Argentina and two farms of approximately 4,000 hectares in Brazil for the production of crops. Also, in December 2007, we acquired Bañado del Salado S.A., Agro Invest S.A. and Forsalta S.A., with more than 43,000 hectares for crop production in Argentina, and one farm in Uruguay of approximately 3,177 hectares.
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During 2007, we also began the expansion of our dairy business in Argentina. After five years of research, we began the construction of the first “free-stall” dairy facility with a capacity to milk 3,000 cows.
During 2007, we began the construction of a sugarcane cluster in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with a projected 10.0 million tons of sugarcane crushing capacity. Angelica was the first greenfield mill we built from inception, with a nominal crushing capacity of 4.9 million tons. We also bought approximately 13,000 hectares of farmland for the planting of sugarcane to supply the mill. Angelica began operating during August 2008, and reached full operational capacity during April 2010.
In August 2010, we acquired Dinaluca S.A., an agricultural company consisting of a farm located in the province of Corrientes, Argentina, with more than 14,000 hectares for crop production in Argentina. Further, between August and November 2011, we acquired: (i) Compañía Agroforestal de Servicios y Mandatos S.A., an agricultural Argentine company owning more than 4,900 hectares of land in the province of Santiago del Estero, (ii) Simoneta S.A., an agricultural Argentine company owning more than 4,600 hectares of land in the province of La Pampa, and (iii) 3,400 hectares of land for crop production in the province of San Luis, Argentina.
During 2012, we began the construction of our second free stall dairy facility in Argentina, with a capacity of 3,500 milking cows.
On February 26, 2013, Adecoagro formed a 50/50 joint venture, CHS Agro S.A., together with CHS de Argentina S.A., a leading farmer-owned energy, grains and foods company based in the United States. CHS Agro built a sunflower processing facility located in the city of Pehuajo, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The facility processes black oil and confectionary sunflower into specialty products such as in-shell seeds and oil seeds, which are exported entirely. The joint venture grows confectionary sunflower on leased farms, while black oil sunflower originates from third parties. On January 14, 2019 and after a restructuring of the joint venture, we purchased the remaining 50% of the capital stock of CHS Agro from CHS de Argentina S.A. Adecoagro currently owns 100% of CHS Agro S.A., which has since been renamed as Girasoles del Plata S.A. The consideration for this acquisition was nominal.
In March 2013, we began the construction of the second greenfield project in our sugarcane cluster in Mato Grosso do Sul, the Ivinhema mill, with 5.7 million tons of sugarcane crushing capacity and located 45 km south of Angelica. This mill allowed us to consolidate our cluster, generate important synergies and economies of scale, and improve operational margins and Adjusted Free Cash Flow. The Ivinhema mill was built in two phases: the first phase with 2.0 million tons of capacity was completed during April 2012, and the second phase with 3.0 million tons of crushing capacity was completed in mid-2015.
In October 2017, we completed the construction of our first bio-digester. The facility generates electricity by burning biogas extracted from the effluents produced in our dairy operations. On November 3, 2017, we began generating and delivering 1.4 MW of electricity to the local power grid. In addition to increasing revenues and securing our energy requirements, this facility enhances the sustainability of our free stall dairy operation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving the effluent management and concentrating valuable nutrients, which are applied back to the fields.
On February 5, 2019 we acquired a peanut processing facility for $10 million. The facility is located in Dalmacio Vélez, Province of Cordoba, Argentina.
On February 8, 2019, we acquired two milk processing plants and two trademarks from SanCor Cooperativas Unidas Limitadas. One of the acquired facilities is located in the city of Chivilcoy, Province of Buenos Aires, and is primarily focused on fluid milk production for the domestic market in Argentina. The other acquired facility is located in the city of Morteros, Province of Cordoba, and produces dry milk and cheese for the export market. In addition, we acquired the intellectual property covering the brands “Las Tres Niñas” and “Angelita” and associated trademarks. Both brand names are well recognized in Argentina and represent strong brands to market our retail consumer dairy products. The total consideration for this operation was US$47 million.
On May 2, 2022 we acquired the rice production operations owned by certain subsidiaries of Viterra Limited (“Viterra”) in Uruguay and Argentina. These operations comprise four rice processing and storage plants in Uruguay and one in Argentina, and the assets acquired included all biological assets and inventories of processed and rough rice. The acquisition price amounted to approximately $18 million, and contemplated a financial debt for an approximate amount of $20 million. Uruguayan rice is internationally recognized as being of the highest quality standards. This transaction was aligned with the Company’s strategy to expand its vertically integrated rice business under the highest quality and sustainability standard. This expansion not only increased the Company’s rice production and processing capacity, in addition to benefiting from synergies with existing operations, but it also improved the Company’s global footprint, including access to new markets and clients who
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purchase Uruguayan rice. The acquisition increased the Company’s competitiveness in logistics and transportation and consolidated its position in the rice business.
Corporate Development
On October 30, 2010, as part of a corporate reorganization, referred to herein as the Reorganization, AFI Ltd., a subsidiary of IFH LLC and the parent of Adecoagro LLC, distributed its interest in Adecoagro LLC to IFH LLC and commenced a process of dissolution, making IFH LLC the direct parent of Adecoagro LLC. Thereafter, our shareholders transferred pro rata 98% of their membership interests in IFH LLC to Adecoagro S.A. (a corporation organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg with no prior holdings or operations, formed for the purpose, among others, of facilitating our IPO) in exchange for 100% of the common shares of Adecoagro.
In connection with the Reorganization, Adecoagro converted IFH LLC from a limited liability company into IFH LP, a Delaware limited partnership owned 2% by our shareholders and, approximately 98% by Adecoagro, in each case as limited partners, and the remainder by Ona Ltd., a newly formed Maltese corporation, as its general partner. Adecoagro LLC was also converted to Adecoagro LP, a Delaware limited partnership, owned approximately 100% by IFH LP as limited partner, and the remainder by Toba Ltd., a newly formed Maltese corporation, as its general partner.
On January 28, 2011, we successfully completed the initial public offering of our shares listed on the NYSE, and on February 2, 2011, we issued 28,405,925 shares, at a price of US$11.00 per share. The shares trade under the symbol “AGRO.”
On February 2, 2011, we also issued and sold to Al Gharrafa Investment Company (“Al Gharrafa”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Qatar Holding LLC and one of our shareholders, 7,377,598 common shares at a purchase price of $10.65 per share, which is equal to the price per common share paid by the underwriters of our initial public offering of the Company, pursuant to an agreement entered into on January 6, 2011. In addition, on February 11, 2011, we issued 4,285,714 shares when the over-allotment option was exercised by the underwriters in our IPO.
During 2012, the Company issued in a series of transactions 1,654,752 shares to certain limited partners of IFH in exchange for their residual interest in IFH increasing Adecoagro’s interest in IFH to approximately 100%.
On February 5, 2013, we completed an underwritten secondary offering of 13.9 million common shares of Adecoagro offered by our shareholder, HBK Master Fund LP at a price per share to the public of $8.00 pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form F-3 filed with the SEC. On February 13, 2013, HBK Master Fund LP sold an additional 2.1 million common shares of Adecoagro pursuant to the overallotment option it granted to the underwriter in the secondary offering.
On March 27, 2015, Adecoagro commenced a series of transactions for the purpose of transferring the domicile of its subsidiary, Adecoagro LP to Luxembourg. In connection with the redomiciliation of Adecoagro LP, Adecoagro merged IFH LP into Adecoagro LP with Adecoagro LP (Delaware) as the surviving entity. In connection with this merger, all of the assets and liabilities of IFH L.P. vested in Adecoagro LP (Delaware), Ona Ltd became its general partner and Toba Ltd became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Adecoagro LP (Delaware). In connection with the transactions completed on March 27, 2015, Ona Ltd. assigned its general partnership interest in Adecoagro LP to Adecoagro GP S.à r.l., a société á responsibilité limitée organized under the laws of Luxembourg, on April 1, 2015. Also on April 1, 2015, Adecoagro completed the redomiciliation of Adecoagro LP (Delaware) out of Delaware to Luxembourg and Adecoagro LP, without dissolution or liquidation, continued its corporate existence as Adecoagro LP S.C.S., a société en comandite simple organized under Luxembourg law, effective April 2, 2015. Since that date the affairs of Adecoagro LP S.C.S. have been governed by its by-laws and Luxembourg law.
On March 21, 2016, we completed an underwritten secondary offering of 12.0 million shares of Adecoagro offered by our shareholders, Quantum Partner LP and Geosor Corporation, at a price per share to the public of $11.7 pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form F-3 filed with the SEC. In connection with this offering, the selling shareholders granted the underwriter the right to purchase up to 1,800,000 additional common shares exercisable once at any time within 30 days after March 21,2016. On April 20, 2016, the underwriter elected to purchase an additional 350,000 common shares at a price of 11.40 per common share. In 2022, we withdrew the registration statement relating to the unsold secondary registered shares remaining under such shelf registration statement.
On September 21, 2017, the Company issued US$500 million principal amount of its 6.000% Senior Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”). The 2027 Notes were issued pursuant to an Indenture dated as of September 21, 2017 (the “Indenture”), among us, as issuer, Adeco Agropecuaria S.A., Pilagá S.A., Adecoagro Brasil Participações S.A., Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema
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S.A. and Usina Monte Alegre Ltda., as guarantors (the “Guarantors”) and The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, registrar, paying agent and transfer agent, and are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by each of the Guarantors.
On December 5, 2019, Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, placed R$400.0 million in Certificados de Recebíveis do Agronegócio (CRA), due in November 2027 and bearing interest at a rate of IPCA (Brazilian official inflation rate) + 3.80% per annum.
On March 28, 2025, pursuant to the terms of the Transaction Agreement, Tether commenced the Offer to acquire up to 49,596,510 common shares of the Company at a price in cash of $12.41 per common share (representing, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase, dated March 28, 2025. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain closing conditions, including there being validly tendered and not validly withdrawn a number of common shares that, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, represents at least 51% of the outstanding common shares on a fully diluted basis. The Offer is scheduled to expire at one minute after 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on Thursday, April 24, 2025, unless Tether extends the period of time during which the Offer is open in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Agreement, in which event the Offer will expire at a later date. On March 27, 2025, our board of directors unanimously approved the Offer and recommended to shareholders of the Company to accept the Offer and tender their shares of common stock pursuant to the Offer, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions of the Transaction Agreement. We expect that Tether will announce the results of the Offer soon. Provided that the conditions of the Offer are satisfied, we expect the Offer to close by April 30, 2025. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the conditions for the Offer will be satisfied and thus no assurance that the Offer will be closed. For additional information relating to the risks associated with the Offer, see “Item 3—Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industries—If the Offer is consummated, Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V. (“Tether”) will own approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company and, as such, will have the ability to effect certain decisions requiring shareholder approval, which may be inconsistent with the interests of our other shareholders.” The recommendation of our board of directors with respect to the Offer is contained in the solicitation/recommendation statement on Schedule 14D-9 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, as amended (together with any exhibits and annexes thereto and as amended or supplemented from time to time, the “Schedule 14D-9”), which includes the Offer to Purchase and Letter of Transmittal related to the Offer, filed as Exhibits (a)(1)(A) and (a)(1)(B) thereto. The description of the Offer contained in this annual report on Form 20-F is for informational purposes only and is not an offer to buy or the solicitation of an offer to sell any securities. Investors and holders of the Company’s shares are strongly advised to carefully read the Schedule 14D-9 and the documents filed therewith, as they contain important information, including the various terms of, and conditions to, the Offer. For the avoidance of doubt, the Schedule 14D-9 is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 20-F.
The following chart summarizes our corporate structure as of April 2025. The Restricted Subsidiaries and Unrestricted Subsidiaries shown on the chart refer to the terms "Restricted Subsidiary" and "Unrestricted Subsidiary", respectively, as defined in our Senior Notes Indenture attached hereto as Exhibit 4.43.
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Principal Capital Expenditures
Capital expenditures totaled $274.2 million, $250.2 million and $229.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Capital expenditures include both maintenance capital expenditures and expansion capital expenditures.
B. BUSINESS OVERVIEW
Our Company
We are a leading agro-industrial company in South America, with operations in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. We produce a wide range of agricultural products, including crops, rice, dairy, sugar and ethanol, and are also involved in energy production and commercialization. Our sustainable business model is focused on (i) a low-cost production model that leverages growing or producing each of our agricultural products in regions where we believe we have competitive advantages, (ii) reducing the volatility of our returns through product and geographic diversification and use of advanced technology, (iii) benefiting from vertical integration in key segments of the agro-industrial chain, (iv) acquiring and transforming land to improve its productivity and realizing land appreciation through strategic dispositions, and (v) implementing sustainable production practices and technologies focused on long-term profitability.
As of December 31, 2024, we managed 585,999 hectares of which we owned a total of 210,371 hectares through 17 farms in Argentina and 7 farms in Brazil. In terms of hectares, Argentina accounts for 94% of our portfolio and Brazil accounts
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for 6%. In addition, we own and operate several processing and manufacturing facilities including four rice mills and one rice snack facility in Argentina, two rice mills in Uruguay, four dairy free-stall facilities and two milk processing facilities in Argentina, one peanut processing facility and one sunflower processing facility in Argentina, two grain handling and conditioning plants in Argentina, and three sugar and ethanol mills in Brazil.
We believe that we are:
•one of the largest owners of productive farmland in South America;
•a leading producer of grains and oilseeds in South America. During the 2023/2024 harvest-year, we harvested 220,425 hectares and produced 743,514 tons of grains, including soybeans, corn, wheat, peanut, sunflower and cotton, among others;
•one of the largest fully integrated producers of rough (unprocessed) rice in the world, planting 58,452 hectares and producing 357,980 tons during the 2023/2024 harvest-year. We are also a large processor and exporter of white rice (processed) in Argentina and Uruguay. Moreover, we are a leading retailer of rice products, including four popular brands—Molinos Ala, Apóstoles, 53 and Mucho Gusto;
•a leading dairy producer in South America in terms of cutting-edge technology, productivity per cow and grain conversion efficiencies, producing 199.1 million liters of raw milk during 2024, and adding value in our processing facilities. We are a leading retailer of dairy products, including three popular brands—Las Tres Niñas, Apóstoles and Angelita;
•an efficient producer and processor in Brazil, where we manage a plantation of 212,996 hectares and three sugar and ethanol mills. During 2024, we crushed 12.8 million tons of sugarcane, and produced 832,389 tons of sugar, 532,715 cubic meters of ethanol and exported 743,488 MWh of renewable electricity to the local grid; and
•one of the leading companies in South America in the acquisition and transformation of undermanaged land to more productive uses, generating higher cash yields. Over the last 18 fiscal years, in aggregate, we have sold over 110,000 hectares, generating capital gains of more than US$260 million. The results of these transactions are disclosed within the Crops or Rice segment, depending on the utilization of the farm.
We are engaged in two main businesses: our Farming business which is based in Argentina and Uruguay, and includes our Crops, Rice and Dairy operations; and our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business based in Brazil.
Farming Business
As of December 31, 2024 we owned 197,417 hectares of farmland in Argentina. During the 2023/2024 harvest-year, we held leases or entered into agriculture partnerships for an additional 153,044 hectares of arable land. We own the facilities and have the resources to store and condition 100% of our crop and rice production. In addition, within our land portfolio there is a portion destined to cattle grazing activities in the Argentine provinces of Corrientes, Santa Fe, Formosa and Santiago del Estero. In 2024, we entered into new lease agreements with third-party cattle farmers for a total area of 15,789 hectares.
Our Farming business is subdivided into three main businesses:
•Crops: We produce a wide range of agricultural commodities, including soybean, corn, wheat, peanut, sunflower and cotton, among others. In Argentina, our farming activities are primarily conducted in the Argentine Humid Pampas region, where agro-ecological conditions are optimal for low-cost production, as well as in the northern region of the country and in the center-west region of Uruguay. We own two grain handling and conditioning facilities, in addition to one processing facility for peanuts and one for sunflower, where we process our production as well as third-party production, and turn them into higher value-added products which are later exported. Furthermore, we produce over 300,000 tons of forage which is used to feed our cow herd.
•Rice: We own a fully integrated rice operation. We produce irrigated rice in the northeastern provinces of Argentina and in Uruguay, where the availability of water, sunlight, and fertile soil results in a coveted region for the low-cost production of rice. We own four rice mills and one rice snack facility in Argentina and two rice mills in Uruguay that process our own production, as well as rice purchased from third parties. We produce different types of white and brown rice sold both in the domestic Argentine retail market under our own brands and abroad.
•Dairy: Through the production of raw milk, we are able to transform forage and grains into value-added animal protein. We operate four free-stall dairies in Argentina with an occupancy of 14,389 cows as of December 31, 2024, which allow us to optimize our use of resources (land, dairy feeding cattle and capital), increase our productivity and
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maximize the conversion of forage and grain into raw milk. We also own two milk processing facilities where we produce ultra-high temperature (“UHT”) milk, powdered milk, semi-hard cheese, cream and chocolate milk, among other products, with the flexibility to sell to both the domestic and export market based on relative profitability. Moreover, we constructed two biodigesters with a total installed capacity of 3.4 MW that generate and deliver electricity to the local power grid by burning biogas extracted from effluents produced by our dairy cattle.
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business
We cultivate and harvest sugarcane, which is then processed in our own mills to produce sugar, ethanol and energy. As of December 31, 2024, we had 212,996 hectares of sugarcane plantations in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais, of which 12,951 hectares were planted on our own land and 200,045 hectares were planted on land leased by us under long-term agreements. We use different techniques to maximize sugarcane production. For example, we use meiosis to renew and expand harvestable areas by planting only a few rows of sugarcane, along with other products in the rest of the field. We harvest the sugarcane within six to nine months and use that production to plant sugarcane in the area where other products have been already harvested. By doing so, we maximize sugarcane plantation efficiency.
Further, we own and operate three sugar and ethanol mills—UMA, Angélica and Ivinhema—with a total crushing capacity of 14.2 million tons of sugarcane per year as of December 31, 2024 (assuming an average of 5,569 milling hours). Our mills produce both sugar and ethanol, and accordingly, we have some flexibility to adjust our production (within certain capacity limits that generally vary between 40% and 80%) between sugar and ethanol, to take advantage of more favorable market demand and prices at given points in time. By using a by-product of the milling process which is the bagasse (the fiber of the sugarcane), we cogenerate renewable electricity which is used to power our mills, and we then sell the balance to the local grid via long-term contracts and spot transactions.
Our Competitive Strengths
•Unique and strategic asset base. We own strategically located farmland and industrial facilities throughout Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. By continuously improving our operations and practices, we increase productivity and operating efficiencies while reducing operating and logistics costs. We are vertically integrated where economics and returns are attractive, where the efficiency of our primary operation is significantly enhanced, or where lack of a competitive market results in the absence of a transparent price determination mechanism. Our diversified asset base creates valuable synergies and economies of scale, including (i) the ability to transfer the technologies and best practices that we have developed across our business lines, (ii) the ability to apply value-adding land transformation strategies to farmland in connection with our farming and sugarcane operations, and (iii) a greater ability to negotiate more favorable terms with our suppliers and customers. Owning a portion of the land where we operate is a key element of our business model.
•Low-cost production leveraging agro-ecological competitive advantages. Each of the commodity products we grow is produced in regions where agro-ecological conditions provide competitive advantages and which, through the implementation of our efficient and sustainable production model, help us to become one of the lowest cost producers.
▪Our crops production is mostly based in the Argentine Humid Pampas region, where soil fertility, regular rainfalls, temperate climate, the availability of land and the relative proximity to ports contribute to the reduced use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, high productivity and stable yields and efficient logistics.
▪Our rice operation is located in the northeast provinces of Argentina and in Uruguay, which are one of the best rice farming regions in the world due to plentiful sunlight, the abundant availability of water for low-cost irrigation, and a large potential for expansion.
▪Our dairy operation is situated in the Argentine Humid Pampas region, where cow feed (grains, oilseeds and forage) is efficiently and abundantly produced at a low cost and climate and sanitary conditions are optimal for cow comfort, which enhances productivity, cow reproduction rates and milk quality.
▪We produce sugarcane in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais in Brazil, where the combination of soil and climate derive in high sugarcane productivity and quality, resulting in one of the lowest production costs in the world.
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•Standardized and scalable agribusiness model applying technological innovation. We have consistently used innovative production techniques to ensure that we are at the forefront of technological improvements and environmental sustainability standards in our industry. We further optimize our agribusiness model through the effective implementation and constant adaptation of a portfolio of advanced agricultural and information technologies and best practices tailored to each region in which we operate and commodity that we produce, allowing us to improve our crop yields, reduce operating costs and maximize margins in a sustainable manner.
▪In our Crops segment, we use regenerative agriculture techniques such as “no-till” technology, crop rotation, second harvests, integrated pest management, balanced fertilization, water management and mechanization. Additionally, we use the silo bag storage method, which we believe allows us to expand our crop storage capacity at a low cost, generating important logistic and freight savings.
•In our Rice segment, we have in place a Seed Unit where we develop our own seed genetics, specifically tailored based on our own and third party’s requirements.
▪In our Dairy segment, we believe that we were the first company in South America to implement the “free-stall” production system, resulting in more efficient conversion of feed to raw milk and higher production rates per cow compared to our peers in the region.
▪In our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, our sugarcane cluster, composed of the Ivinhema and Angélica mills: (i) has a highly mechanized planting and harvesting operation, which has increased our sugarcane production, reduced our operating costs and contributed to environmental sustainability by eliminating the need to burn the sugarcane before harvest; (ii) has the capacity to use all the bagasse (the fiber portion of sugarcane that remains after the extraction of sugarcane juice), with almost no incremental cost, to cogenerate clean and renewable energy; (iii) can process 54,480 tons of sugarcane per day; and (iv) can recycle by-products such as filter cake and vinasse, by using them as fertilizers in our sugarcane fields and/or in the production of biomethane, as well as recycling water and other effluents, generating important savings in input costs and protecting the environment.
•Unique diversification model to mitigate cash flow volatility. We pursue a unique, multi-tier diversification strategy to reduce our exposure to production and market fluctuations that may impact our cash flow and operating results. We seek geographic diversification by spreading our portfolio of farmland and agro-industrial assets across different regions of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, thereby lowering our risk exposure to weather-related losses and contributing to stable cash flows. Additionally, we produce a variety of products, which lowers our risk exposure to potentially depressed market conditions of any specific product. Moreover, through vertical integration in the Rice, Dairy and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy businesses, we process and transform a portion of our agricultural commodities into branded retail products, reducing our commodity price risk and our reliance on the standard market distribution channels for unprocessed products.
•Expertise in acquiring farmland with transformation and appreciation potential. Since our inception in 2002, we have executed transactions for the purchase and disposition of land for over US$780 million and sold over 105,000 hectares of developed land, generating capital gains of more than US$250 million. We believe we have a superior track record and have positioned ourselves as a key player in the land business in South America. Our business development team has gained extensive expertise in evaluating and acquiring farmland throughout South America and has a solid understanding of the productivity potential of each region and of the potential for land transformation and appreciation. We have developed a methodology to assess farmland and to appraise its potential value with a high degree of accuracy and efficiency by using information generated through sophisticated technology, including satellite images, rain and temperature records, soil analysis, and topography and drainage maps. Our management team has gained extensive experience in transforming and maximizing the appreciation potential of our land portfolio through the implementation of our agribusiness techniques described above.
•Experienced management team and knowledgeable employees. Our team is our most important asset. We have an experienced senior management team with an average of more than 20 years of experience working in our sector and a solid track record of implementing and executing large-scale growth projects, such as land transformations, greenfield developments of industrial plants, and integrating acquisitions within our organization. Recruiting technically qualified employees at each of our farms and operating sites is a main focus of our senior management and a key to our success.
Our Business Strategy
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We intend to maintain our position as a leading agricultural company in South America by expanding and consolidating each of our business lines, thus, creating value for our shareholders. The key elements of our business strategy are as follows:
•Expand our Farming business through organic growth, leasing and strategic acquisitions. We will continue to seek opportunities for organic growth, target attractive acquisition and leasing opportunities and strive to maximize operating synergies and achieve economies of scale in each of our three main Farming business areas (Crops, Rice and Dairy). We believe that the execution risk associated with these projects will not be significant as we are investing in existing operations that are highly efficient. Moreover, our expected results do not rely exclusively on rising commodity prices, which we expect to remain flat.
•Consolidate our sugar and ethanol cluster in Mato Grosso do Sul. Our main strategy for our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business is to consolidate our cluster in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, by ramping up production at our Ivinhema and Angelica mills, which have a nominal capacity of 13 million tons per year. The consolidation of the cluster has generated important synergies, operating efficiencies and economies of scale such as (i) a reduction in the average distance from sugarcane fields to mills, generating important savings in sugarcane transportation expenses; (ii) a single centralized management team, reducing total administration cost per ton of sugarcane milled; and (iii) a large sugarcane plantation supplying two mills, which permits non-stop harvesting. Our sugarcane cluster in Mato Grosso do Sul has allowed us to become what we believe is one of the most efficient and low cost producers of sugar, ethanol and energy in Brazil. Additionally, we plan to continue to closely monitor the Brazilian sugar and ethanol industries and may pursue selective acquisitions that provide opportunities to increase our economies of scale, operating synergies and profitability.
•Further increase our operating efficiencies while maintaining a diversified portfolio. We intend to continue to focus on improving the efficiency of our operations and maintaining a low-cost structure to increase our profitability and protect our cash flows from commodity price cycle risk. We seek to maintain our low-cost platform by (i) making additional investments in advanced technologies, including those related to agricultural, industrial and logistical processes and information technology, (ii) improving our economies of scale through organic growth, strategic acquisitions, and more efficient production methods, and (iii) fully utilizing our resources to increase our production margins. In addition, we intend to mitigate commodity price cycle risk and minimize our exposure to weather related losses by (a) maintaining a diversified product mix and vertically integrating production of certain commodities and (b) geographically diversifying the locations of our farms.
• Continue to implement our land transformation strategy. We plan to continue to enhance the value of our owned farmland and future land acquisitions by making them suitable for more profitable agricultural activities, thereby seeking to maximize the return on our invested capital in our land assets. In addition, we expect to continue rotating our land portfolio through strategic dispositions of certain properties in order to realize and monetize the transformation and appreciation value created by our land transformation activities. We also plan to leverage our knowledge and experience in land asset management to identify superior buying and selling opportunities.
Operations and Principal Activities
Farming Business
Our Farming business is divided into three main reportable operating segments: Crops, Rice and Dairy.
Crops Business
Our agricultural production is mainly based on planting, growing and harvesting crops. During the 2023/2024 harvest-year, we planted and harvested crops and forage on approximately 234,788 hectares, including our owned land, leased land and second harvest areas. In mid-2024, we began planting crops pertaining to the 2024/2025 harvest-year, which was concluded in the first quarter of 2025, with a total planted area of 252,380 hectares (including forage). Our main products include soybean, corn, wheat, peanut, sunflower and cotton.
Our crop production process is directly linked to the geo-climatic conditions of our farms and our crop cycles, which define the periods for planting and harvesting our various products. Our crop diversification and the location of our farms in various regions of Argentina and Uruguay enable us to implement an efficient planting and harvesting system throughout the year, which includes second harvests in many cases. Our production process begins with the planting of each crop. After
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harvesting, crops may go through a processing phase where the grains or seeds are cleaned and dried to reach the required market standards.
The following table sets forth, for the harvest-years indicated, the planted areas for our main products:

|  | Harvest Year
|  | 2023/2024 |  | 2022/2023 |  | 2021/2022
Planted Area |  | (in hectares)
Soybean (1) |  | 88,681 |  |  | 81,770 |  |  | 71,074 |
Corn (2) |  | 59,591 |  |  | 41,411 |  |  | 57,536 |
Wheat (3) |  | 28,142 |  |  | 35,789 |  |  | 46,509 |
Sunflower |  | 10,832 |  |  | 18,131 |  |  | 23,092 |
Cotton |  | 5,199 |  |  | 10,075 |  |  | 7,427 |
Peanut |  | 24,282 |  |  | 19,813 |  |  | 22,102 |
Forage (4) |  | 14,363 |  |  | 13,650 |  |  | 10,206 |
Others (5) |  | 3,698 |  |  | 2,658 |  |  | 3,246 |
Total |  | 234,788 |  |  | 223,296 |  |  | 241,192 |

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes soybean first crop and second crop planted area.
(2) Includes corn first crop and second crop planted area as well as sorghum.
(3) Includes barley crop.
(4) Forage includes corn silage, wheat silage and sorghum used for feeding cattle in our dairy operation.
(5) Includes beans, chia and sesame.
The following table sets forth, for the harvest-years indicated, the production volumes for our main products:

|  | Harvest Year
|  | 2024/2025 |  | 2023/2024 |  | 2022/2023 |  | 2021/2022
Production(1) |  | (in tons)
Soybeans (2) (3) |  | — |  |  | 234,064 |  |  | 123,827 |  |  | 177,963 |
Corn (2) |  | 45,208 |  |  | 310,497 |  |  | 192,615 |  |  | 342,621 |
Wheat |  | 118,717 |  |  | 88,207 |  |  | 83,290 |  |  | 137,953 |
Sunflower (2) |  | 13,259 |  |  | 18,500 |  |  | 32,565 |  |  | 39,054 |
Cotton lint (2) |  | — |  |  | 2,207 |  |  | 6,224 |  |  | 4,262 |
Peanut (2) |  | — |  |  | 87,586 |  |  | 39,306 |  |  | 62,433 |
Others (2) |  | — |  |  | 2,452 |  |  | 6,029 |  |  | 5,238 |
Total (2) |  | 177,184 |  |  | 743,514 |  |  | 483,855 |  |  | 769,524 |

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Crop production does not include 320,839 tons, 288,137 tons and 314,000 tons of forage produced in the 2023/2024, 2022/2023 and 2021/2022 harvest-years, respectively.
(2) As of the date of this annual report, the harvest of soybean, corn, peanut, sunflower and cotton pertaining to the 2024/2025 harvest-year is ongoing. The only crop that has been fully harvested is wheat.
(3) Does not include the soybean planted in Brazil in 2024/2025, 2023/2024, 2022/2023 and 2021/2022 as cover crop during the implementation of the agricultural technique known as meiosis. Revenues corresponding to the sale of this product are booked in the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment.
Soybeans
Soybeans are an annual legume widely grown due to their high content of protein (40%) and oil (20%). The world’s top producers of soybeans currently are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China and India. Soybeans are one of the few plants that provide a complete protein supply as they contain all eight essential amino acids. About 85% of the world’s soybeans are processed, or “crushed,” annually into soybean meal and oil. Approximately, 98% of soybean meal is further processed into animal feed, with the balance used to make soy flour and proteins. Of the oil content, 85% is consumed as edible oil and the rest is used for industrial products such as fatty acids, soaps and biodiesel.
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Our soybean crop is sold to local companies and is ultimately exported or diverted to the crushing industry. As of May 4, 2024, approximately 55% of the soybean crop was hedged pre-harvest, by forward sales and sales in the futures markets. Harvest and post-harvest sales are a function of the export market versus local premiums paid by crushers (oil, meal and biodiesel) and logistics considerations. Our eleven largest customers accounted for approximately 80% of our soybean sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Soybeans comprised 4.5%, 3.9% and 5.4% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Corn
Corn is a cereal grown around the world and is one of the world’s most widely consumed foods. The main component of corn grain is starch (72% to 73% of grain weight), followed by proteins (8% to 11%). Corn grain is directly used for food and animal feed (beef, swine and poultry meat production and dairy). Corn is also processed to make food and feed ingredients (such as high fructose corn syrup, cornstarch and lysine), or industrial products such as ethanol and polylactic acid (PLA). Oil, flour and sugar are also extracted from corn, with several uses in the food, medicine and cosmetic industries. Additionally, there are specific corn types used for direct human consumption such as popcorn and sweet corn.
Our corn production is mainly destined to the export market. Our ten largest customers comprised approximately 74% of our corn sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Corn comprised 3.5%, 2.7% and 5.4% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Wheat
Wheat is the world’s largest cereal-grass crop. Unlike other cereals, wheat grain contains a high amount of gluten, the protein that provides the elasticity necessary for excellent bread making. Although most wheat is grown for human consumption, other industries use small quantities to produce starch, paste, malt, dextrose, gluten, alcohol, and other products. Inferior and surplus wheat and various milling by-products are used for livestock feed.
Our wheat production is mainly destined to the export market, but may also be sold locally to mills that produce flour for the food industry. Quality segregation allows us to negotiate premiums with the millers and the export market. Brazil is the main importer of Argentine wheat. Our seven largest customers comprised approximately 81% of our wheat sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Wheat comprised 1.5%, 1.2% and 1.8% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Sunflower
There are two types of sunflower, the most important of which in terms of volume is the oilseed sunflower, which is primarily grown for the oil extracted from the seed. Sunflower oil is considered one of the top three oils for human consumption, due to its high oil content (39-49%) and its oil composition (90% of oleic and linoleic oil). The other type of sunflower is the confectionary sunflower, which is used for direct human consumption. Sunflower seeds are an exceptional source of vitamin E, omega-6 fatty acids, dietary fiber and minerals. We grow both types of sunflower.
Since early 2019, we have been operating a sunflower processing facility located in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This enables us to control processing activities and develop direct and long-term relationships with different customers around the world.
Our sunflower production from Argentina is sold to local companies. Our three largest customers comprised 79% of our sunflower sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Sunflower comprised 0.7%, 1.5% and 1.9% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Peanut
Peanut is a summer legume that has its harvesting process divided in two stages: (1) digging, which implies loosening the plant, cutting the taproot and inverting the plant; and (2) combining, which means separating the pods from the vines. Planting activities begin in October and approximately 150 days after planting, digging activities take place. In Argentina, all
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peanuts grown are highly oleic. Córdoba province is Argentina’s largest peanut production area due to its optimal agro-climatic conditions, which have led many processing industries to install there, including ours.
Argentina is positioned among the most important players in the production and export of peanuts, with high technological levels in terms of production as well as processing. Argentina exports more than 90% of the peanuts it produces and its main market is the E.U., followed by Latin America, Northern Africa and Asia. Its main competitors are the United States, Brazil and China.
Since early 2019, we own and operate a peanut processing facility equipped with cutting-edge technology. This vertical integration is in line with our strategy to grow our peanut business as it enables us to control processing activities and develop direct and long-term relationships with different customers around the world.
Approximately 95% of our peanut production is exported. Our ten largest customers comprised approximately 67% of our peanut sales for the year ended December 31, 2024, while the European Union was the destination for approximately 90% of the sales.
Peanut comprised 3.9%, 5.2% and 4.7% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Cotton
We typically make pre-harvest sales of cotton fiber produced in Argentina into the export market. Sales for the textile industry are based on domestic demand and premiums. Our five largest customers comprised approximately 70% of our cotton sales for the year ended December 31, 2024. Cotton seed is sold in the domestic market to meet feed demand.
Cotton comprised 0.2%, 0.9% and 0.5% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Forages
We are engaged in the production of forage in Argentina, including corn silage, wheat silage and sorghum silage. We use forage as cow feed in our dairy operation. During the 2023/2024 harvest-year, we planted 14,363 hectares of forage and produced 320,839 tons of forage.
Grain Prices
In Argentina, grain prices are based on the market prices quoted on Argentine grain exchanges, such as the Buenos Aires Grain Exchange (Bolsa de Cereales de Buenos Aires) and the Rosario Grain Exchange (Bolsa de Cereales de Rosario), which use as a reference the prevailing prices in international grain exchanges (including CBOT and ICE-NY). In Uruguay, local prices are based on an export parity (during harvest) or import parity in the case of post-harvest sales, which, in each case, take into account the prices and costs associated with each market. Prices are quoted in relation to the month of delivery and the port in which the product is to be delivered. Different conditions in price, such as terms of storage and shipment, are negotiated between us and the end buyer. We negotiate sales with the top traders and industrial companies in our markets. We also engage in hedging positions by buying and selling futures and options in commodities exchanges, including the Chicago Board of Trade, the New York Board of Trade, the B3, and the Mercado a Término de Buenos Aires (MATBA).
The following tables below set forth, for the years indicated, the sales breakdown and the associated hyperinflation adjustment of our main Crops products:
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|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Sales |  | (In thousands of US$)
Soybeans (1) |  | 68,791 |  |  | 51,096 |  |  | 72,323 |
Corn (2) |  | 53,556 |  |  | 35,464 |  |  | 72,427 |
Wheat (3) |  | 23,305 |  |  | 15,968 |  |  | 23,603 |
Sunflower |  | 10,203 |  |  | 19,812 |  |  | 25,076 |
Peanut |  | 59,602 |  |  | 67,072 |  |  | 63,087 |
Other crops (4) |  | 20,671 |  |  | 27,500 |  |  | 23,813 |
Adjustments (5) |  | 13,068 |  |  | (50,659) |  |  | (2,578) |
Total |  | 249,196 |  |  | 166,253 |  |  | 277,751 |

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Does not include revenue corresponding to the sale of soybean planted in Brazil in 2023/2024, 2022/2023 and 2021/2022 as cover crop during the implementation of the agricultural technique known as meiosis. Revenues corresponding to the sale of this product are booked in the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment.
(2) Includes sorghum.
(3) Includes barley.
(4) Includes cotton, other crops and farming services. Includes sale of certifications related to RTRS soybean (Round Table on Responsible Soy Association) and sales related to our cattle activities.
(5) Refers to the accumulated adjustment of hyperinflation in the accounting translation for our Crops segment sales.

Hyperinflation Adjustments |  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Sales |  | (In thousands of US$)
Soybeans |  | 10,654 |  |  | (8,486) |  |  | 9,434 |
Corn |  | 2,569 |  |  | (12,974) |  |  | (1,239) |
Wheat |  | (363) |  |  | (7,984) |  |  | (3,688) |
Sunflower |  | 566 |  |  | (4,416) |  |  | (243) |
Peanut |  | (292) |  |  | (3,426) |  |  | (46) |
Other crops |  | (66) |  |  | (13,373) |  |  | (6,796) |
Total |  | 13,068 |  |  | (50,659) |  |  | (2,578) |

Crops Storage and Conditioning
Our storage and conditioning facilities allow us to condition, store and deliver our products with no third-party involvement. All our crop storage facilities are located close to our farms, allowing us to (i) reduce storage and conditioning costs; (ii) reduce freight costs since we only commence moving the product once the final destination is determined, whether locally or to a port; (iii) capitalize on fluctuations in the prices of commodities; and (iv) improve commercial performance by mixing grains to avoid discounts due to substandard quality.
We own two conditioning and storage facilities for grains and oilseeds, with a total built storage capacity of 37,000 tons. One of our facilities has a capacity of 12,500 tons and is located in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, in the town of Christophersen. It has a railway loading terminal, providing logistical flexibility and savings. Our other facility has a capacity of 24,500 tons and is located in Buenos Aires province close to Bahía Blanca’s deep water port.
We also use silo bags to increase our storage capacity at a low cost. Silo bags are an efficient low-cost method for grain storage. As crops are harvested, they are placed inside large polyethylene bags that can be left in the fields for approximately 12 months without damaging the grain. Each silo bag can hold up to 180 to 200 tons of product, depending on the type of grain.
Some grains such as soybeans and wheat can be used for seed during the next planting season. We produce almost 78.5% of the seed used for planting these crops in our fields. The seed is stored in silo bags and/or grain facilities, where it can be processed, classified, and prepared for planting during next crop season. A deep survey and monitoring process is carried out
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in order to evaluate, control and deliver high quality seed to our farms. The rest of our seed requirements are purchased from seed suppliers in order to incorporate new enhanced varieties into our planting plan.
In addition, our peanut processing facility has the capacity to store 10,000 tons of finished product (and 67,000 of in-shell product), while our sunflower processing facility has the capacity to store 13,200 tons of sunflower, out of which 10 thousand tons are stored in leased silo bags. By the end of September 2024, we experienced a fire event in one of our peanut storage cells. This event was fully covered under our insurance policy, and we are undergoing the respective work to repair the damaged storage cell. We consider that such event did not materially affect our business as a whole.
The table below sets forth our drying and storage capacity as of December 31, 2024:

Drying & Storage Capacity |  | Nominal
Total Drying Capacity (tons/day)(1) |  | 9,925
Total Storage Capacity (tons)(2) |  | 60,200

(1) Includes the drying capacity corresponding to our two grain conditioning and storage facilities, our peanut processing facility and our sunflower processing facility.
(2) Includes 37,000 tons corresponding to our two conditioning and storage facilities, 10,000 tons to our peanut facility and 13,200 tons to our sunflower facility.
The tables below set forth our processing capacity in our peanut and sunflower facilities as of December 31, 2024:

Sunflower Processing Facility |  | Nominal
Confectionary Sunflower (tons/year) |  | 20,000
Bakery Sunflower (tons/year) |  | 20,000

Peanut Processing Facility |  | Nominal
Shelling (tons/year) |  | 80,000
Blanching (tons/year) |  | 36,000

Rice Business
Rice is the main food staple for about half of the world’s population. Although it is cultivated in over 100 countries and on almost every continent, 90% of the world’s rice is grown and consumed in Asia. Globally, rice is the most important crop in terms of its contribution to human diets and production value. There are three main types of rice: short grain, medium grain and long grain. Each one has a different taste and texture. We produce long grain rice and Carolina double rice, a variety of medium grain rice.
We conduct our vertically integrated rice operations in the northeast of Argentina and in the southeast of Uruguay, which are one of the most efficient locations in the world for producing rice at a low cost. This is a result of optimal natural agronomic conditions, including plentiful sunlight, abundant availability of water for low cost irrigation and large quantities of land. The use of public water for artificial irrigation is governed by provincial regulations and is subject to the granting of governmental permits. On the other hand, the production of rice in Uruguay is based on sourcing from third-party producers, with whom industry participants have long-term relationships and who many times finance their activities. The price paid for paddy rice is annually set forth by agreements between farmers and industry participants. Those agreements establish fixed margins for the industry and take into account average export prices. Given that sales price plays a key role in determining the cost of paddy rice, participants agree on offering similar prices and achieve synergies in sharing freight costs.
Rice Seed Production
We own a rice seed facility in Argentina, we are involved in the genetic development of new rice varieties adapted to local conditions to increase rice productivity and quality, to improve both farm production as well as the manufacturing process. In connection with these efforts, we have entered into agreements with selected research and development institutions such as the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, or “INTA”) in Argentina, the Instituto Riograndense do Arroz or “IRGA” in Brazil, the Híbridos de Arroz para América Latina or “HIAA” in Colombia, the Latin American Fund for Irrigated Rice (Fondo Latinoamericano para Arroz de Riego, or “FLAR”) in Colombia, the Santa Catarina State Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Agency (Empresa de pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, or “EPAGRI”) in Brazil, Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (“BASF”) in Germany,
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Louisiana State University or “LSU” in United States, Bioherius in Argentina, Transactiva in Italy and the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste or “UNNE” in Argentina. Our own technical team is continuously testing and developing new rice varieties. Our first rice seed variety, Ita Caabo 105, was released to the market in 2008. In 2011, we released our second variety Ita Caabo 110, and at the beginning of 2014 we released our third variety, Ita Caabo 107. Furthermore, we released two new varieties, Ita Caabo 111 FL and Ita Caabo 109 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. We are currently experimenting with a wide range of varieties to continue improving our productivity in addition to the development of a hybrid line. These seeds are both used at our farms and sold to rice farmers in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. We are also developing, alongside BASF, a herbicide-tolerant rice variety to assist in the control of harmful weeds.
Rice Planting/Harvesting Activities
Rice production cycle lasts approximately five to six months, from September to April of the following year. Rice planting occurs from September until November, followed by treatment of the rice, which lasts approximately three months, until January. Our harvest begins in February and lasts until April.
The following table sets forth, for the harvest-years indicated, the total number of rice-planted hectares we owned and leased, as well as the overall rough rice we produced:

|  | Harvest Year
Rice Product Area and Production |  | 2024/2025 |  | 2023/2024 |  | 2022/2023 |  | 2021/2022
Owned planted area (hectares) |  | 40,964 |  |  | 40,561 |  |  | 39,817 |  |  | 43,013 |
Leased planted area (hectares) |  | 23,513 |  |  | 17,892 |  |  | 15,831 |  |  | 17,844 |
Total rice planted (hectares) |  | 64,477 |  |  | 58,452 |  |  | 55,648 |  |  | 60,857 |
Rough rice production (tons) (1) |  | 482,030 |  |  | 357,980 |  |  | 354,128 |  |  | 416,735 |

(1) As of the date of this annual report, the harvest of rice pertaining to the 2024/2025 harvest-year is ongoing. Rough rice expressed in long grain rice equivalent.
We grow rice in four farms owned by us, which are located in Argentina, whereas the rest is through leased farms located in Argentina and in Uruguay. In the ongoing 2024/2025 harvest-year, we have planted approximately 64,477 hectares of rice, which have not been fully harvested as of the date of this annual report. In the 2023/2024 harvest-year, we planted approximately 58,452 hectares and produced 357,980 tons of rice.
Rice Production Process
We process our rice production, as well as from third-parties, in our four rice mills in Argentina and two rice mills in Uruguay. At the mill, we clean the rice to remove all impurities. We then put it through a dryer to remove excess moisture from the grains. Proper drying results in increased storage life, prevents deterioration in quality and leads to optimum milling. Once dried, the rice grain, now known as rough rice or paddy rice, is ready for storage. We store rice in elevators or in silo bags until milling. During the milling process, the rough rice goes through a dehusking machine that removes the husk from the kernel. The rice that is obtained after this process is known as brown rice and is ready for human consumption. Brown rice becomes white rice after it is polished to remove the excess bran.
The main objective of the milling process is to remove the husk and the bran, preserving the quality of the whole grain. Although the process is highly automated and uses advanced technology, some rice grains are broken in the process. The percentage of broken rice depends on a number of factors such as the crop development cycle at the farm, the variety of the grain, the handling and the industrial process. Average processing of rough rice results in 58.5% white rice, 13.0% broken rice, 20.0% rice husk and 8.5% bran rice, which is sold for use as cattle feed or floor bedding in the poultry business. The following table sets forth, for the years indicated, the total volume of rice processed (both from own and third party production):

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Processed Rice Production |  | (in tons)
Rough rice processed — own |  | 327,529 |  |  | 290,454 |  |  | 387,129 |
Rough rice processed — third party |  | 100,400 |  |  | 100,626 |  |  | 114,447 |
Total rough rice processed |  | 427,929 |  |  | 391,080 |  |  | 501,576 |

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Our industrial assets account for 244,500 tons of total storage capacity. Moreover, we have three additional conditioning facilities for rice handling, with a total storage capacity of 60,000 tons. The following table sets forth the drying, processing and storage capacity of our Rice segment as of December 31, 2024:

Drying, Processing & Storage Capacity |  | Nominal
Total Drying Capacity (tons/year) |  | 699,000
Total Processing Capacity (tons/year)(1) |  | 494,760
Total Storage Capacity (tons) |  | 304,500

(1) Expressed in white rice equivalent.
Rice Sales
Rough rice is available for sale commencing after the harvest of each year. White rice availability is based on our milling capacity. 78% of our total rice production is sold into the export market, with the remainder sold in Argentina in the retail market. Within exports, we sold approximately 36% to Europe, 18% to Brazil, 13% to Turkey, 7% to Puerto Rico, among other destinations. We sell approximately 22% of our rice in the Argentine retail market through four brands, which collectively have a 20.2% market share. Local rice prices are driven by regional supply demand and other world export prices. Our ten largest customers for rice in the retail market accounted for approximately 61% of our domestic rice sales in Argentina for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Rice comprised 17%, 18% and 15% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The table below sets forth our sales of processed rice for the years indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Processed Rice Sales |  | (in thousands of $)
Total Sales |  | 260,440 |  |  | 230,192 |  |  | 204,201 |

Dairy Business
We conduct our dairy business in our farms located in the Argentine Humid Pampas region. This region is one of the best places in the world for producing raw milk at a low cost, due to the availability of grains and forages produced efficiently and at low cost, and due to the favorable weather for cow comfort and productivity.
Our dairy operation consists of four free-stall dairy facilities, operating at full capacity, with an occupancy of 14,389 dairy cows as of December 31, 2024, and delivering high productivity levels above 37.6 liters of milk/cow/day. We believe our free-stall dairy facilities are a unique opportunity to leverage Argentina’s competitive advantages in transforming vegetable protein into milk protein, our operational expertise, and the positive outlook for global and local milk prices.
In addition, we own two facilities where we process our raw milk, as well as third parties’ milk, and we sell our products to the domestic and export markets.
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated below, the total number of our dairy cows, average daily milk production per cow and our total milk production at the farm level:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
Dairy Herd & Production |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Total dairy cows (head) (1) |  | 14,389 |  |  | 14,451 |  |  | 14,461 |
Average dairy cows (2) |  | 14,478 |  |  | 14,509 |  |  | 14,415 |
Average daily production (liters per cow) (2) |  | 37.6 |  |  | 37.7 |  |  | 35.3 |
Total production (thousands of liters) |  | 199,096 |  |  | 199,913 |  |  | 185,583 |

(1) As of December 31st.
(2) Annual average.
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Dairy Production Process
We wean calves during the 24 hours subsequent to birth and during the next 60 days raise them on pasteurized milk and high-protein meals. Male calves are fed concentrates and hay for an additional three months in the farm before they are sent to our feedlot or to third-party feedlots to be fattened for sale. Young heifers remain in open corrals during the next 13 months where they are fed with concentrates and forage until they are ready for breeding. Calving occurs nine months later. Heifers are subsequently milked for an average of 320 days. Dairy cows are once again inseminated during the 42 to 90-day period following calving. This process is repeated once a year for a period of three or four years. The pregnancy rate for our herd is between 85% and 90% per year.
Each cow in our dairy herd is mechanically milked three times a day. The milk obtained is cooled to less than four degrees centigrade in order to preserve its quality and is directly loaded to trucks, which results in increased quality and lower costs. Milk is delivered mainly to our processing facilities and the balance is sold to large third-party milk processing facilities on a daily basis by tank trucks. We feed our dairy cows mainly with corn and alfalfa silages, some grass and corn grain, supplemented as needed with soybean by-products, hay, vitamins and minerals.
We have invested in technology to improve the genetics of our cows, animal health and feeding in order to enhance our milk production. These investments include top quality imported semen from genetically improved North American Holstein bulls, agricultural machinery and devices, use of dietary supplements and modern equipment to control individual milk production and cooling. Our feeding program is focused on high conversion of feed into milk, while maintaining cows in good health and comfort. We have also invested in technology and know-how so as to increase our forage production and utilization.
Implementation of the free-stall system allows us to position ourselves as a key player in the dairy industry and boost our agricultural and industrial integration presence in the South American agricultural sector. By eliminating cow grazing, we reduced the amount of land utilized for milk production, which freed up more land for our agricultural and land development activities. Cow productivity (measured in liters of milk produced per day) using the free-stall system increases by up to 40% compared to traditional grazing systems. These productivity gains are achieved because the free-stall system significantly improves the conversion rate of animal feed to milk, resulting in the production of 1.4 liters of milk for each kilogram of animal feed, as compared to the average of one liter of milk for each kilogram of feed associated with the usual grazing model.
This increased productivity and conversion rate are primarily due to improved cow comfort and an enhanced diet quality. We assess cow comfort through the engagement of expert consultants, who recommended designing beds covered with sand. The sand plays a significant role in helping cows to rest comfortably. Additionally, we installed a cooling system to increase cow comfort as well. This system relies on water sprinklers and ventilation fans located all over the facility to create a controlled, cool atmosphere, which improves cow comfort as the Holstein herd is originally adapted to cold regions. Additionally, we manage diet quality by adapting our feeding regime based on the various feeding stages in the lifetime of each cow. The actual feeding is fully mechanized, and we carefully control the harvesting and storage of feed. The control of all productivity variables, such as reproduction, health and operations, supports efficiency gains through standardized processes. Finally, the physical concentration of the animals facilitates efficient overall management of the Dairy business as a whole. In terms of the environment, the free-stall model allows for better effluent treatment, which includes a sand-manure separator stage, a decantation pool and an anaerobic lagoon. All these processes help to decrease the organic matter content of the effluent and deliver a cleaner output. The final treated effluent is used to fertilize crops adjacent to the dairy operation. Accordingly, we transform dairy waste into a high value-added by-product, which reduces fertilizer usage.
On November 3, 2017, we began generating and delivering 1.4 MW of electricity to the local power grid from our first biodigester. Furthermore, in October 2023 we completed the construction of our second biodigester with 2 MW of installed capacity, which later in December 2023 started generating and delivering electricity to the local power grid. These two facilities generate electricity by burning biogas extracted from effluents produced by our dairy cattle. In addition to increasing revenues and securing our energy requirements, this facility enhances the sustainability of our free-stall dairy operation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving the management of effluents and concentrating valuable nutrients, which are applied back to the fields.
Dairy Processing
We own two milk processing facilities acquired from SanCor Cooperativas Unidas Limitadas in February 2019, in addition to the Las Tres Niñas and Angelita trademarks, both of which are well-known in Argentina. Our milk facilities produce UHT milk and cream, powdered milk, and semi-hard cheese, among others; have a total installed volume capacity of 2.4 million liters per day and an installed processing capacity of over 1.7 million liters of raw milk per day. To account for the
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difference between total installed capacity and actual utilization, we must account for the efficiency rate of our machines, maintenance works, number of working days and number of personnel shifts, among other variables. In 2024, we processed 354.5 million liters of raw milk in aggregate.
Our Chivilcoy industrial facility is located in the city of Chivilcoy, in the province of Buenos Aires, and is primarily focused on fluid milk production for the domestic market. It has an installed processing capacity of 700 thousand liters per day and an installed milk reception capacity of 1.2 million liters per day. The facility has an installed processing capacity of 600 thousand liters of UHT milk and 100 thousand liters of cream, cocoa flavored milk and yogurt-based dairy product. In 2024, we processed 159.2 million liters of raw milk at the Chivilcoy facility. Furthermore, we invested throughout the year in the construction of a new warehouse for our finished products to improve our sales flexibility and storage capacity as we expand our product portfolio and our presence in the retail market.
Our Morteros industrial facility is located in the city of Morteros, in the province of Córdoba, and produces powdered milk and semi-hard cheese primarily for the export market. Morteros plant has an installed processing capacity of 950 thousand liters per day (650 thousand liters for powdered milk and 300 thousand liters for cheese), and it has an installed milk reception capacity of 1.2 million liters per day. In 2024, we processed 195.3 million liters of raw milk at the Morteros facility. The following table sets forth, for the years indicated, the total volume of raw milk processed at each of our facilities:

|  | Year Ended December 31
Dairy Processed Volumes |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | Thousand liters of raw milk
Chivilcoy |  | 159,224 |  |  | 147,472 |  |  | 128,328 |
Morteros |  | 195,233 |  |  | 204,282 |  |  | 231,107 |
Total Milk Processed |  | 354,457 |  |  | 351,754 |  |  | 359,435 |

The tables below set forth our processing capacity in dairy facilities as of December 31, 2024:

Chivilcoy Facility |  | Nominal
Reception Capacity (thousand liters/day) |  | 1,200
Processing Capacity (thousand liters/day) |  | 700
Storage Capacity (thousand liters)(1) |  | 7,290

Morteros Facility |  | Nominal
Reception Capacity (thousand liters/day) |  | 1,200
Processing Capacity (thousand liters/day) |  | 950
Storage Capacity (thousand liters) (1) |  | 27,300

(1) Morteros facility accounts for 27.3 million liters of fluid milk (equivalent to 2,500 tons of powdered milk and 650 tons of cheese), while Chivilcoy accounts for 7.3 million liters of fluid milk.
Dairy Sales
In 2024, 90% of our raw milk production was destined to our processing facilities, while the majority of the balance was sold to two dairy producers. We negotiate the price of raw milk on a monthly basis in accordance with domestic supply and demand. The price of the milk we sell is mainly based on the percentage of fat and protein that it contains and the temperature at which it is cooled. The price of milk also rises or falls based on the content of bacteria and somatic cells. We are one of the top 10 dairy processors in Argentina, considering our free-stall production of almost 550,000 liters per day and the raw milk we source from 145 farmers (140 in Morteros and 5 in Chivilcoy).
As of December 31, 2024, 24% of our Dairy sales are destined to the export market, with the reminder being sold in Argentina. Within exports, our main destinations include Brazil (43% of export sales), Algeria (28%) and Chile (13%), among others. Our sales in the Argentine retail market accounted for 47% of the segment’s sales in 2024, which are done through our three trademarks and private labels, which collectively have a 20% market share. Our ten largest costumers for the retail market accounted for approximately 75% of the retail sales. The balance of our Dairy sales (29%) include the raw milk produced in our free stalls and sold to other dairy producers, the sale of the electricity produced by our biodigesters, as well as tolling services provided to third-parties.
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Dairy comprised 20%, 14% and 17% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The table below sets forth our total diary sales for the years indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31
Dairy Sales |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In thousands of $)
Sales |  | 301,317 |  |  | 180,119 |  |  | 235,012 |

Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business
Sugarcane
Sugarcane is a tropical grass that grows best in locations with stable, warm temperatures and high humidity, although cold and dry winters are an important factor for the sucrose concentration of sugarcane. The climate and topography of the center-south region of Brazil is ideal for the cultivation of sugarcane and accounts for approximately 90% of Brazil’s sugarcane production. Sugarcane is the most efficient agricultural raw material used in the production of sugar and ethanol. Ethanol produced from sugarcane is highly regarded as an environmentally friendly biofuel with the following characteristics.
Renewable: Sugarcane ethanol, unlike coal or oil, which can be depleted, is produced from sugarcane plants that grow back year after year, provided that they are replanted every five to seven years.
Sustainable: Sugarcane only needs to be replanted every five to seven years, as a semi-perennial crop. It can be harvested without uprooting the plant, and therefore its cultivation has less of an impact on the soil and the surrounding environment. The mechanization of the harvesting and planting process further improves sustainable agricultural management.
Energy Efficient: Sugarcane is highly efficient in converting sunlight, water and carbon dioxide into stored energy. The energy output of sugarcane is equal to nine times the energy input used in the production process, whereas the energy output of corn ethanol is only about 1.9 to 2.3 times the energy input used in its production process. Sugarcane produces seven times more energy compared to corn used for ethanol production.
Low Carbon Emissions: Compared to gasoline, sugarcane ethanol reduces greenhouse gases by more than 61.0%, which is the greatest reduction of any other liquid biofuel produced today in large quantities. Ethanol made from sugarcane is deemed an advanced biofuel by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Synergies: The main raw material used in the production of electricity in sugar mills is bagasse, which is a by-product of the sugarcane milling process, allowing for a renewable source of co-generated electricity.
As of December 31, 2024, our sugarcane plantations consisted of 212,996 hectares of sugarcane planted in Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil. Approximately 95% of our sugarcane is planted over land leased through agricultural partnerships. Under these agreements, our partners lease land to us for periods of between one and two sugarcane cycles, equivalent to periods of seven to fourteen years, on which we cultivate the sugarcane. Lease payments are based on the market value of the sugarcane set forth by the regulations of the State of São Paulo Sugarcane, Sugar and Alcohol Growers Council (Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-de-Açúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo) or “Consecana”. We planted and harvested approximately 91% of the total sugarcane we milled during 2024, with the remaining 9% purchased directly from third parties at prices also determined by the Consecana system, based on the sucrose content of the cane and the prices of sugar and ethanol. The following table sets forth a breakdown during the time periods indicated of the amount of sugarcane we milled that was grown on our owned and leased land or purchased from third parties:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In tons)
Grown on our owned and leased land |  | 11,668,117 |  | 11,685,815 |  | 10,117,148
Purchased from third parties |  | 1,094,480 |  | 811,608 |  | 367,740
Total |  | 12,762,597 |  | 12,497,423 |  | 10,484,888

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Sugarcane Harvesting Cycle
The annual sugarcane harvesting period in the center-south region of Brazil begins in March/April and ends in November/December of each year. In Mato Grosso do Sul, where our cluster is located, the weather pattern is less seasonal than in Sao Paulo. Our wet season is dryer and our dry season is more humid than traditional sugarcane regions. As a consequence of this weather pattern, the sugar content, measured by the total recoverable sugar, or “TRS”, gap between the beginning and the end of the year compared to the peak of the harvest is much smaller than in São Paulo. This allows us to grow and harvest sugarcane year-round with a minimal impact on TRS.
Since the beginning of the 2016/2017 harvest year, we have implemented a “non-stop” or “continuous” harvest model. This means that we will harvest and crush sugarcane year-round, without stopping during the traditional off-season. This strategy allows us to increase annual sugarcane milling and sugar, ethanol and energy production by approximately 10%. Another benefit of the system is that we produce ethanol in the off-season, when market prices usually have a high premium to prices at harvest. In addition, cogeneration efficiency is related to harvested volumes and unrelated to TRS, enabling us to utilize our cogeneration potential during the whole year. Considering that approximately 86% of total costs are fixed, this model has resulted not only in higher revenues but also in the dilution of our fixed costs.
We plant several sugarcane varieties, depending on the quality of the soil, the local microclimate and the estimated date of harvest of such area. Once planted, sugarcane can be harvested, once a year, up to six to eight consecutive years. With each subsequent harvest, agricultural yields decrease. The plantations must be carefully managed and treated during the year in order to continue to attain sugar yields similar to a newly-planted crop.
We believe we own one of the most mechanized harvesting operations in Brazil. Our sugarcane harvesting process is currently 100% mechanized. Mechanized harvesting does not require burning prior to harvesting, significantly reducing environmental impact when compared to manual harvesting. In addition, the leaves that remain on the fields after the sugarcane has been harvested mechanically create a protective cover for the soil, reducing evaporation and protecting it from sunlight and erosion. This protective cover of leaves decomposes into organic material over time, which increases the fertility of the soil. Mechanized harvesting is more time efficient and has lower costs when compared to manual harvesting. Sugarcane is ready for harvesting when the crop’s sucrose content is at its highest level. Sucrose content and sugarcane yield (tons of cane per hectare) are important measures of productivity for our harvesting operations. Geographical factors, such as soil quality, topography and climate, as well as agricultural techniques that we implement, affect our productivity. Since most sugar mills produce both sugar and ethanol in variable mixes, the industry has adopted a conversion index for measuring sugar and ethanol production capacity, the TRS index, which measures the amount of kilograms of sugar per ton of sugarcane.
During the 2024 harvest, our mills harvested sugarcane with an average TRS content of 132 kg/ton and an average yield of 70 tons of sugarcane per hectare, compared to 132 kg/ton and 80 tons per hectare in 2023, respectively.
Once sugarcane is harvested, it is transported to our mills for inspection and weighing. We utilize our own trucks and trailers for transportation purposes. The average transportation distance from the sugarcane fields to the mills is approximately 30 kilometers at the UMA mill and 33 kilometers at the Angélica and Ivinhema mills.
Our Sugar Mills
We currently own three sugar mills in Brazil—UMA, Angélica and Ivinhema. Our mills produce sugar, ethanol and energy, and have the flexibility to adjust the production mix between sugar and ethanol, to take advantage of more favorable market demand and prices at given points in time. As of December 31, 2024, our mills had a total installed crushing capacity of 14.2 million tons of sugarcane, of which 13.0 million tons correspond to our sugarcane cluster in Mato Grosso do Sul (Angélica and Ivinhema). As of December 31, 2024, we concluded the 2024 harvest crushing an aggregate volume of 12.8 million tons of sugarcane.
The UMA mill is located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and has a sugarcane crushing capacity of 1.2 million tons per year (assuming an average of 4,800 milling hours). As of December 31, 2024, UMA has capacity to produce up to 99,622 tons of sugar, 63,396 cubic meters of ethanol and 74,880 MWh of energy exports. It has an associated sugar brand, Açúcar Monte Alegre, with a strong presence in the regional retail market. We plant and harvest 96.0% of the sugarcane milled at UMA, with the remaining 4.0% acquired from third parties.
Angélica and Ivinhema are two modern mills, which were built in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, located 45 kilometers apart, and form a cluster surrounded by one large sugarcane plantation. Angélica is an advanced mill, completed in 2010, with a current sugarcane crushing capacity of 5.6 million tons per year (assuming an average of 5,333 milling hours). As
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of December 31, 2024, it has capacity to produce up to 422,724 tons of sugar, 422,724 cubic meters of ethanol and 504,000 MWh of energy exports. It is equipped with two modern high pressure boilers and three turbo-generators with the capacity to generate approximately 110 MW of electricity through the use of sugarcane bagasse. The energy produced through this process is used to power the mill with an excess of 70 MW available for sale to the power grid. Ivinhema mill has a current sugarcane crushing capacity of 7.4 million tons per year (assuming an average of 5,920 milling hours). It is equipped with state-of-the-art technology including full cogeneration capacity, flexibility to produce sugar and ethanol and fully mechanized agricultural operations. It has capacity to produce up to 402,421 tons of sugar, 402,421 cubic meters of ethanol and 612,000 MWh of energy exports. In terms of energy produced, it is used to power the mill with an excess of 85 MW available for sale to the power grid.
The following table sets forth a breakdown of our production volumes by product for the years indicated in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Sugar (tons) (1) |  | 832,389 |  |  | 805,608 |  |  | 481,919 |
Ethanol (cubic meters) |  | 532,715 |  |  | 522,508 |  |  | 540,231 |
Energy (MWh exported) |  | 743,488 |  |  | 694,259 |  |  | 608,964 |

(1) Includes 3,561 tons of organic sugar in 2023 and 3,701 tons in 2022.
Our Main Products
Sugar
As of December 31, 2024, our sugar production capacity was approximately 3,550 tons per day which, after 17,549 hours of milling, resulted in a maximum production capacity of over 924,767 tons of sugar.
There are essentially five steps in the sugar manufacturing process. First, we crush the sugarcane to extract the sugarcane juice. We then treat the juice to remove impurities. The residue is used to make an organic compost used as fertilizer in our sugarcane fields. The juice is then boiled until the sugar crystallizes, and sugar is then separated from the molasses (glucose which does not crystallize) by centrifugation. The resulting sugar is dried and sent to storage and/or packaging. We use molasses in our production of ethanol.
On average, one metric ton of sugarcane contains 140 kilograms of TRS. While a mill can produce either sugar or ethanol, the TRS input requirements differ between these two products. On average, 1.045 kilograms of TRS equivalent are required to produce 1.0 kilogram of sugar, while the amount of TRS required to produce one liter of ethanol is 1.691 kilograms.
We produce three types of sugar: very high polarization, or “VHP” sugar, standard raw sugar and white crystal sugar. VHP sugar, a raw sugar with a minimum polarization of 99.00 degrees and a maximum polarization of 99.49 degrees of sucrose content, is similar to the type of sugar traded in major commodities exchanges, including the standard NY11 contract. The main difference between VHP sugar and NY11 raw sugar is the sugar content of VHP sugar, and it therefore commands a price premium over NY11 raw sugar. Crystal sugar is a non-refined white sugar (color 150 ICUMSA) produced directly from sugarcane juice.
Sugar sales comprised 25.8%, 32.3% and 14.0% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Ethanol
As of December 31, 2024, our ethanol production capacity was approximately 3,350 cubic meters per day which, after 17,549 hours of milling, resulted in a maximum production capacity of over 888,541 cubic meters of ethanol.
Ethanol is produced through the fermentation of sugarcane juice or diluted molasses. Initially, we process the sugarcane used in ethanol production the same way that we process it for sugar production. The molasses resulting from this process is mixed with clear juice and then with yeast in fermentation vats, and the resulting wine has an ethanol content of approximately 8% to 10%. After the fermentation is complete, the yeast is separated for recycling in the ethanol production process. We distill the wine to obtain hydrous ethanol. In order to produce anhydrous ethanol, hydrous ethanol undergoes a dehydration process in a molecular sieve. We produce both hydrous and anhydrous ethanol at our Angelica and Ivinhema mills whereas at our UMA mill we only have the industrial capacity to produce hydrous ethanol.
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Ethanol sales comprised 17.5%, 19.0% and 28.7% of our total consolidated sales in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Since 2020, we have been selling carbon credits or “CBios” under the RenovaBio program. The RenovaBio program was designed by the Brazilian government to cut carbon emissions by discouraging fossil fuel consumption while encouraging the production of renewable energy. Under this program, a carbon credit market is established in which sellers of fossil fuels have to acquire a mandatory quota of carbon credits set based on the amount of non-renewable fuels sold by them in the prior year. Issuers of CBios are biofuel producers whose mills have been certified by the ANP and awarded a score based on how “green” their mill operation is. This score acts as a multiplier for the amount of CBios the mill can issue for every cubic meter of ethanol it sells. CBios, in turn, are financial instruments traded on the B3. Prices are based on the supply of and demand for those credits.
Cogeneration
Sugarcane is composed of water, fibers, sucrose and other sugars and minerals. When the sugarcane goes through the milling process, we separate the water, sugar and minerals from the fibers or sugarcane bagasse. Bagasse is an important subproduct of sugarcane, and it is used as fuel for the boilers in our mills. Sugarcane bagasse is burned in our state-of-the-art boilers to produce high-pressure steam (68 atm) which is used in our high-efficiency turbo-generators to generate electricity to power our mills. The excess electricity, about 71% of production, is sold to the national power grid.
As of December 31, 2024, total installed cogeneration capacity reached 246 MW. Our cluster has an installed capacity of 230 MW, out of which 155 MW are available to sell to the market, while UMA mill has an installed capacity of 16 MW, with 12 MW available to sell. The ability to generate electricity from the by-product of the sugarcane crushing process on a large enough scale to fully power a mill with excess electricity being available is referred to as having full cogeneration capacity. Our three mills are duly licensed by the Brazilian Electricity Agency (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica, or “ANEEL”) to generate and sell electricity.
The following flow chart demonstrates the sugar, ethanol and cogeneration production process:
The main advantages of energy generated by sugarcane bagasse are:
•it is a clean and renewable energy;
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•it complements hydropower, the main source of Brazilian energy, as it is generated during the sugarcane harvest period (April to December) when water reservoirs are at their lowest level;
•it requires a short period of time to start operations; and
•it requires only a small investment in transmission lines when plants are located close to consumer centers.
We believe that there is a high potential for growth in the generation of electricity, and we are prepared to make investments to the extent economically viable.
The following table sets forth our sales for each of the sugarcane by-products we produce for the years indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In thousands of $)
Sugar |  | 391,738 |  |  | 419,858 |  |  | 188,769 |
Ethanol |  | 265,154 |  |  | 247,008 |  |  | 387,124 |
Energy |  | 33,795 |  |  | 34,844 |  |  | 33,060 |
CBios |  | 9,685 |  |  | 9,595 |  |  | 11,045 |
Other |  | 7,582 |  |  | 11,002 |  |  | 10,762 |
Total |  | 707,954 |  |  | 722,307 |  |  | 630,760 |

Furthermore, we continue developing and adopting technologies to become more efficient sugarcane producers and further reduce our carbon footprint. In 2017, we developed proprietary technology to produce biogas from vinasse, a subproduct of the ethanol production process, and built a biogas unit in our Ivinhema mill. Biogas can be used in the production of renewable energy or converted into biomethane to replace diesel consumption. We use vinasse in a concentrated form as input in a biodigester where microorganisms act on organic matter and produce biogas. Biogas, in turn, once cleaned and compressed is converted into biomethane which can be used as biofuel in adapted vehicles, such as trucks, lorries and cars.
We are currently expanding our installed capacity by five times via the construction of two additional biodigesters. Once completed (expected in 2027), we will be able to produce the equivalent of 15 million liters of diesel annually. In order to undergo this project, we secured financing from the Brazilian Funding Authority for Studies and Projects (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, or “FINEP”) for the total expected amount (R$226 million; equivalent to $41 million) due in 16 years (including 4 years of grace period).
We are optimistic about this project, which enhances the sustainability of our operations, has the potential to create an additional revenue stream and will enable us to replace our diesel consumption. Concurrently, and independently from its use in biogas production, we also use concentrated vinasse as potassium biofertilizer in our sugarcane plantation.
Storage and Conditioning for the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business
Our sugar and ethanol storage and conditioning facilities are located at our mill sites and enable us to deliver our products when they are ready to be commercialized with no third-party involvement. Having such facilities at mill sites allows us to (i) reduce storage and conditioning costs; (ii) reduce freight costs since we only commence moving the product once the final destination is determined, whether locally or to a port; and (iii) capitalize on fluctuations in the prices of sugar and ethanol. The following table sets forth the nominal storage capacity of sugar and ethanol at each of our locations as of December 31, 2024:

Nominal Storage Capacity |  | Cluster |  | UMA |  | Total
Ethanol (cubic meters) |  | 240,000 |  | 16,500 |  | 256,500
Sugar (tons) |  | 110,000 |  | 28,000 |  | 138,000

Marketing, Sales and Distribution for the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business
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Sugar. We sell sugar both in domestic and international markets. Domestic sales are processed by our own brand “Açúcar Monte Alegre,” which is based in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Through this brand, we sell conventional and organic sugar, allowing us to have a competitive advantage amongst our peers. Prices for the sugar we export are set in accordance with international market prices, which are in turn determined in accordance with ICE # 11 futures contracts. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our largest three customers in this segment accounted for approximately 70% of our total export sales, and the remaining 30% was dispersed among several customers.
Ethanol. We sell ethanol both to domestic and international markets. During 2024, all our ethanol sales were destined to the domestic Brazilian market. Approximately 34% of our domestic ethanol sales are made through formal agreements. The remainder is sold through daily sales orders through specialized brokerage firms and/or directly with distribution companies and the prices for these transactions are set using the CEPEA/ESALQ hydrous ethanol index as a reference. Our largest five customers by volume accounted for approximately 87% of our sales for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Cogeneration. We also sell electricity cogenerated at our sugar and ethanol mills to the grid. Sales are made to commercialization companies, in the spot market, to distributors and through government auctions in long-term contracts. Our largest six customers accounted for approximately 82% of our sales revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024.
ANEEL has organized yearly auctions for alternative energy and for renewable sources at favored rates. As a hedging strategy, we sell the electricity production of our mills through long-term contracts adjusted for inflation by reference to the “IPCA”.
In 2009, Angélica sold energy in a public auction carried out by the Brazilian Electricity Sales Chamber (Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica, or the “CCEE,”) and entered into a 15-year agreement with CCEE for the sale of 87,600 MWh per year at a rate of R$378.23 per MWh (for 2024). In August 2010, Angélica participated in a public auction, whereupon Angélica entered into a 15-year agreement with CCEE starting in 2011 for the sale of 131,400 MWh per year at a rate of R$340.07 per MWh (for 2024). The delivery period is April to December for the first auction and March to November for the second auction. The rates under both agreements are adjusted annually for inflation by reference to the IPCA.
Our Approach to Land Transformation
We believe we are one of the most active players in the land business in South America. We acquire farmland that we believe is undeveloped or underutilized. By implementing cutting-edge production technology and agricultural best practices, we render this land suitable for more productive uses, enhance yields and increase its overall value. We seek to promote environmentally responsible agricultural production and a balance between production and ecosystem preservation. We do not operate in heavily wooded areas or wetland areas. Moreover, from time to time, we seek to recycle our capital by selling a portion of our fully developed farms. This allows us to monetize capital gains generated by our land transformation activities and allocate our capital to acquire land with higher transformation potential or to deploy it in other businesses, thereby enhancing return on invested capital. Since our inception, we have successfully identified multiple opportunities for the acquisition of undeveloped or undermanaged farmland with high potential for transformation.
Before commencing the transformation process, we perform environmental impact studies to evaluate the potential impact on the local ecosystem, thereby supporting sustainable land use. The transformation process for undeveloped and undermanaged land requires us to make initial investments during a period of one to up to three years, and the land reaches stable productive capability the third to seventh year following commencement of the land transformation activities.
The metric we use to track the level and analyze the progress of the transformation process is the level and tendency of crop yields and the number of years the land has been under crop production. Consequently, the process of land transformation is evidenced by the results of the activities within our other business segments, primarily our crops, rice and sugarcane segments. Accordingly, the costs associated with the transformation process described above are allocated within these other business segments. As a result, there may be variations in our results from one season to the next according to the amount of farmland undergoing transformation and the amount of land sold and our ability to identify and acquire new farmland.
Our land transformation activities seek not only to profit from crop and rice cultivation, but also from the opportunistic disposition of successfully transformed farmland. We strategically sell farms that have reached productive maturity with marginal potential for further productivity increases (years three to seven after commencing the land transformation process) to realize and monetize the capital gains arising from the land transformation process.
These capital gains are generated by three main factors:
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(i) the acquisition of land at opportunistic prices below the market value or fair value of the land;
(ii) the land transformation and ongoing land transformation process described above enhances the productivity and profitability of land, ultimately increasing the value of the land; and
(iii) general market appreciation of land driven by increase in commodity prices and supply and demand dynamics in the land market. The value of the farms we sold as well as our overall land portfolio, has mostly been positively impacted by this external factor.
The following table sets forth our acquisitions and divestitures since our inception:

|  | Acquisition |  | Divestitures |  | Total Land Holdings
Year Ended December 31, |  | (in hectares)
2002 |  | 74,898 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,898 |
2003 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,898 |
2004 |  | 34,659 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,557 |
2005 |  | 22,262 |  |  | — |  |  | 131,819 |
2006 |  | 5,759 |  |  | 3,507 |  |  | 134,071 |
2007 |  | 113,197 |  |  | 8,714 |  |  | 239,274 |
2008 |  | 43,783 |  |  | 4,857 |  |  | 278,200 |
2009 |  | — |  |  | 5,005 |  |  | 273,195 |
2010 |  | 14,755 |  |  | 5,086 |  |  | 282,864 |
2011 |  | 12,992 |  |  | 2,439 |  |  | 293,417 |
2012 |  | — |  |  | 9,475 |  |  | 283,942 |
2013 |  | — |  |  | 14,176 |  |  | 269,766 |
2014 |  | — |  |  | 12,887 |  |  | 257,036 |
2015 |  | — |  |  | 10,905 |  |  | 246,139 |
2016 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 246,139 |
2017 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 246,139 |
2018 |  | — |  |  | 14,427 |  |  | 231,712 |
2019 |  | — |  |  | 6,082 |  |  | 225,630 |
2020 |  | — |  |  | 5,444 |  |  | 220,186 |
2021 |  | — |  |  | 336(*) |  | 219,850 |
2022 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 219,850 |
2023 |  | — |  |  | 6,302 |  |  | 213,548 |
2024 |  | — |  |  | 3,177 |  |  | 210,371 |

(*) 336 hectares of industrial parks in Brazil were excluded from the calculation, although not technically divested.
Property, Plant and Equipment
Our Farms
The table below sets forth the name, location, size and current use of our owned farms:
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Farm |  | State, Country |  | Gross Size (Hectares) |  | Current Use
Las Horquetas |  | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  | 2,086 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
San Carlos |  | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  | 4,215 |  |  | Grains
La Carolina(1) |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 4,306 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
El Orden(1) |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 3,506 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
La Rosa |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 4,087 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
San Joaquín |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 37,273 |  |  | Rice, Grains & Cattle
Carmen |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 10,021 |  |  | Grains
Abolengo |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 6,662 |  |  | Grains
Santa Lucia |  | Santiago del Estero, Argentina |  | 17,495 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
El Colorado |  | Santiago del Estero, Argentina |  | 4,960 |  |  | Grains
La Guarida (2) |  | Santiago del Estero, Argentina |  | 7,880 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
La Garrucha (2) |  | Salta, Argentina |  | 1,839 |  |  | Grains
Los Guayacanes (2) |  | Salta, Argentina |  | 3,693 |  |  | Grains
Ombú |  | Formosa, Argentina |  | 18,321 |  |  | Grains & Cattle
Oscuro |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | 33,429 |  |  | Rice, Grains & Cattle
Itá Caabó |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | 22,888 |  |  | Rice, Grains & Cattle
Doña Marina |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | 14,755 |  |  | Rice
Bela Manhã |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 381 |  |  | Sugarcane
Ouro Verde |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 679 |  |  | Sugarcane
Don Fabrício |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 3,302 |  |  | Sugarcane
Takuarê |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 298 |  |  | Sugarcane
Agua Branca |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 1,614 |  |  | Sugarcane
Nossa Senhora Aparecida |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 540 |  |  | Sugarcane
Sapálio |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 6,140 |  |  | Sugarcane
Total |  |  |  | 210,371 |  |  |

(1) In December 2015, we completed the sale of a 49% interest in Global Acamante S.L.U, Global Calidon S.L.U, Global Carelio S.L.U, and Global Mirabilis S.L.U, whose main underlying assets are El Orden and La Carolina farms.
(2) In June 2014, we completed the sale of a 49.0% interest in Global Anceo S.L.U and Global Hisingen S.L.U, two Spanish subsidiaries that owned the La Guarida, La Garrucha and Los Guayacanes farms.
A substantial portion of our assets consists of rural real estate. The agricultural real estate market in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay is particularly characterized by volatility and illiquidity. As a result, we may experience difficulties in immediately adjusting our portfolio of rural properties in response to any alterations in the economic or business environments. The volatility of the local market could affect our ability to sell and receive the proceeds from such sales, which could give rise to a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industries—A substantial portion of our assets is farmland that is highly illiquid.”
Appraisal of Farms. In September 2024, to assess the market value of rural properties in Brazil and Argentina, we requested an appraisal by Cushman & Wakefield Argentina S.A., an independent real estate valuation firm with experience in the agricultural industry and the local real estate market. As part of these appraisals, the value of each of our properties was determined using the sales comparison approach taking into account current offerings and prices buyers had recently paid for comparable sites, adjusted for the differences between comparable properties and the subject property to arrive at an estimate of the value. The major elements of comparison used to value the properties included the property rights conveyed, the financial terms incorporated into the transaction, the conditions or motivations surrounding the sale, changes in market conditions since the sale, the location of the real estate and the physical characteristics of the property.
These valuations assumed good and marketable title to subject properties, which were assumed to be free and clear of all liens and encumbrances. The valuation did not include site measurements and no surveys of the subject properties were
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undertaken. In addition, the valuations also assumed (a) responsible ownership and competent management of the subject properties; (b) there were no hidden or unapparent conditions of the subject properties, subsoil or structures that render the subject properties more or less valuable; (c) full compliance with all applicable federal, state and local zoning and environmental regulations and laws; and (d) all required licenses, certificates of occupancy and other governmental consents were or can be obtained and renewed for any use on which the value opinion contained in the appraisals is based. Unless otherwise stated in the appraisals, the existence of potentially hazardous or toxic materials that may have been used in the construction or maintenance of the improvements or may be located at or about the subject properties was not considered in arriving at the appraisal of value. These materials (such as formaldehyde foam insulation, asbestos insulation and other potentially hazardous materials) may adversely affect the value of the subject properties.
Cushman & Wakefield has informed us their assessment of the market value of our farmland as of September 30, 2024. According to Cushman & Wakefield, the market value of our farmland totaled US$734.0 million as of that date. Net of non-controlling interests in certain Argentine farms, the market value of our farmland totaled US$682.6 million. These valuations are only intended to provide an indicative approximation of the market value of our farmland property as of September 30, 2024 based on current market conditions. This information is subject to change based on a host of variables and market conditions.
Land Leasing and Agriculture Partnerships. We enter into operating lease agreements based on criteria regarding the quality and projected profitability of the property, as well as our production and yield objectives in the short or medium term. Generally, we become aware of farms available for lease directly through the owners of farms near our farms and in some cases through regional brokers.
In the case of our Sugar, Ethanol & Energy business, we lease land for our sugarcane production primarily because leases in this sector are long term, lasting between one or two sugarcane cycles (with each cycle generally lasting seven years), which allows us to implement and reap the productivity benefits of our land transformation strategies. Sugarcane lease payments are established depending on the productivity of the land in terms of tons per hectare and sucrose content per hectare and also on the distance from the land to the mill. Sugarcane prices are based on the market value of the sugarcane set forth by Consecana regulations. Given the strategic location of our mills in the region and the inherent inefficiency of growing crops other than sugarcane in this region, we expect to be able to renew our leases for the sugarcane farmland with minimal issues.
With respect to our Farming business, the initial duration of lease agreements is generally one harvest-year. Leases of farmland for production of grains include agreements with both fixed and variable lease payments in local currency or U.S. dollars per hectare.
Land Management. We manage our land through an executive committee composed of a country manager, a regional manager, a farm manager and members of our technical groups, which meet on a monthly basis. We delegate individual farm management to farm managers, who are responsible for farm operations and receive advisory support from our technical groups to analyze and determine the most suitable and efficient technologies to be applied. Our executive committee establishes commercial and production rules based on sales, market expectations and risk allocation, and fulfilling production procedures and protocols.
Following an acquisition of property, we make investments in technology in order to improve productivity and to increase its value. Occasionally when we purchase property, a parcel of the property is subutilized or the infrastructure may be in need of improvement, including traditional fencing and electrical fencing, irrigation equipment and machinery, among others.
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Our Industrial Facilities
In addition to our farmland, we also own the following principal industrial facilities:

Facility |  | Province, Country |  | Relevant Operational Data |  | Current Use
“Christophersen” |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 12,500 tons of storage capacity; 120 tons per hour of drying capacity |  | Seedbed and stockpiling plant (1)
"Las Horquetas" |  | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  | 24,500 tons of storage capacity; 240 tons per hour of drying capacity for grains (120 LPG; 120 natural gas) |  | Storage, handling and conditioning
“Semillero Itá Caabó” |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | Processing capacity of 7,500 tons of rice seeds annually |  | Rice genetic improvement program
“Molino Ala — Mercedes” |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 116,000 tons per year; Processing capacity of 78,180 tons of white rice/year; Storage Capacity of 28,000 tons |  | Rice processing and drying plant
“Molino Ala — San Salvador” |  | Entre Ríos, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 86,000 tons per year; Processing capacity of 69,600 tons of white rice/year; Storage Capacity of 70,000 tons |  | Rice processing and drying plant
Molino Franck |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 80,000 tons per year; Processing capacity of 83,088 tons of white rice/year; Storage Capacity of 30,000 tons |  | Rice processing and drying plant
Molino Paso de los Libres |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 125,000 tons per year; Processing capacity of 97,716 tons of white rice/year; Storage Capacity of 42,000 tons |  | Rice processing and drying plant
Molino Paso Dragon |  | Durazno, Uruguay |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 75,000 tons per year; Processing capacity of 83,088 tons of white rice/year; Storage Capacity of 35,000 tons |  | Rice processing and drying plant
Molino Melo |  | Tacuarembó, Uruguay |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 60,000 tons per year; Processing capacity of 83,088 tons of white rice/year; Storage Capacity of 39,500 tons |  | Rice processing and drying plant
“Oscuro” |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 59,000 tons per year; Storage Capacity of 3,000 tons |  | Rice conditioning facility
“Ita Ibate” |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 65,000 tons per year; Storage Capacity of 27,000 tons |  | Rice conditioning facility
“Bonpland” |  | Corrientes, Argentina |  | Husk rice drying capacity of 33,000 tons per year; Storage Capacity of 30,000 tons |  | Rice conditioning facility
Free-Stall I, II, III and IV |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | Production capacity of more than 190 million liters of raw milk 14,400 dairy cows |  | Raw milk production
Biodigester |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 1.4 MW capacity |  | Energy generation
Biodigester II |  | Santa Fe, Argentina |  | 2.0 MW capacity |  | Energy generation
Morteros Facility |  | Córdoba, Argentina |  | Production capacity of 950,000 liters per day Reception capacity of 1.2 million liters per day Storage capacity of 27.3 million liters |  | Milk processing facility producing powdered milk and semi-hard cheese. Sells products to the export market.

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Chivilcoy Facility |  | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  | Production capacity of 700,000 liters per day Reception capacity of 1.2 million liters per day Storage capacity of 7.3 million liters of fluid milk |  | Milk processing facility, producing UHT milk, cream and flavored milk. Sells products to the domestic market.
"Maní del Plata" |  | Córdoba, Argentina |  | Shelling capacity of 80,000 tons, blanching capacity of 36,000 tons. Storage capacity of 70,000 tons of in-shell and 10,000 tons of finished product |  | Peanut processing facility producing raw and blanched peanuts. Sells mainly to the export market.
"Girasoles del Plata" |  | Buenos Aires, Argentina |  | Processing capacity of 20,000 tons/year of confectionary and 20,000 tons/year of bakery. Storage capacity of 13,200 tons of confectionary. |  | Sunflower processing facility producing confectionary and bakery sunflower. Sells mainly to the export market.
“Angélica Agroenergía” |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | Installed milling capacity of 5.6 million tons of sugarcane per annum, 422,724 tons of sugar, 422,724 cubic meters of ethanol, and over 504,000 MWh of energy exported. |  | Sugar and ethanol mill producing hydrous and anhydrous ethanol and VHP sugar. Sells energy to local network.
“Ivinhema Agroenergía” |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | Installed milling capacity of 7.4 million tons of sugarcane per annum, 402,421 tons of sugar, 402,421 cubic meters of ethanol, and over 612,000 MWh of energy exported. |  | Sugar and ethanol mill producing hydrous and anhydrous ethanol and VHP sugar. Sells energy to local network.
“Monte Alegre” |  | Minas Gerais, Brazil |  | Installed milling capacity of 1.2 million tons of sugarcane per annum, 99,622 tons of sugar, 63,396 cubic meters of ethanol, and over 74,800 MWh of energy exported. |  | Sugar and ethanol mill producing hydrous ethanol, VHP sugar and organic sugar. Sells energy to local the network.
Biodigester |  | Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil |  | 500 Nm3 of biogas per hour; 275 Nm3 of biomethane per hour |  | Produces biogas which is then converted into biomethane to replace diesel consumption

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)Classification of wheat and soybean seeds.
For information on environmental issues that may affect the use of our assets, see “Environmental Aspects.”
For additional information regarding our property, plant and equipment, see Note 12 of the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Competition
The farming sector is highly fragmented. Although we are one of South America’s leading producers, due to the atomized nature of the farming sector, our overall market share in some of the industries in which we participate is insubstantial. Our production volume, however, improves our ability to negotiate favorable supply, transportation and delivery logistics with our suppliers, third-party transporters, ports and other facilities, and customers. Although competition in agriculture varies considerably by product and sector, in general, there are a large number of producers, and each one of them controls only a small portion of the total production. Therefore, individual producers often have little influence on the market and cause little or no effect on market prices as a result of their individual strategies, explaining why producers are price takers and not price makers. In many cases, the price is established in international market exchanges. As the majority of agricultural products are commodities, which stifles product differentiation, the principal competition factors are cost of production and volume efficiency gains. In addition, agricultural producers face strong foreign competition, and with this competition the factors are often more difficult to identify.
The majority of farming producers in developed countries can rely on specific protectionist policies and subsidies from their governments in order to maintain their position in the market. In general, we have been able to obtain discounts for the
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acquisition of supplies and excess prices for our production in the farming sector. In this sector, we view SLC Agrícola S.A., BrasilAgro - Companhia Brasileira de Propriedades Agrícolas, Cresud SACIF y A, MSU S.A. and Los Grobo Agropecuaria, among others, as our competitors. We also compete in Argentina with retailers of agricultural products, including other branded rice products, such as Molinos Río de la Plata S.A., Dos Hermanos S.H., Sagemüller S.A. and Cooperativa Arroceros Villa Elisa Ltda; as well as in branded dairy products, such as Mastellone Hermanos S.A. and Savencia.
The sugar and ethanol industries are highly competitive. In Brazil, we compete with numerous small- and medium-sized sugar and ethanol producers. Despite increased consolidation, the Brazilian sugar and ethanol industries remain highly fragmented, with more than 370 sugar mills. Some of the largest industry players with whom we compete are Raizen, Biosev, Atvos, Tereos, São Martinho, Jalles Machado, Bunge, Santa Terezinha, Lincoln Junqueira and Coruripe. We also face competition from international sugar producers, such as those in the U.S. and the European Union, where local regulators have historically implemented tariffs, agriculture subsidies and/or other governmental incentive programs, of which some remain, to protect local sugar producers from foreign competition.
The following table describes the Brazilian competitive landscape:

| Brazil
Number of Mills | 372
Sugarcane crushed (million tons) | 678.7 |
Ethanol Production (million cubic meters) (1) | 28.9
Sugar Production (million tons) | 44.0 |

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) Only considers ethanol produced from sugarcane. It does not include 7.2 million cubic meters of ethanol produced from corn.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and CONAB
With respect to farmland, there have historically been few companies competing to acquire and lease farmland for the purpose of benefiting from land appreciation and optimization of yields in different commercial activities. However, we believe that new companies may become active players in the acquisition of farmland and the leasing of sown land, which would add competitors to the market in coming years.
Supplies and Suppliers
Our principal supplies for our Farming business are seeds, fertilizers, phytosanitary products and fuel, which represented 8.2%, 8.6%, 15.0% and 2.7%, respectively, of our total direct costs (including leasing cost) in 2024. Further, these supplies represented 31.2% of our total cost of production (including manufacturing and administrative expenses) in 2024. As we use direct sowing in 99.0% of our planted area, without requiring soil preparation, fuel represents only 2.4% of the total cost of production for 2024.
Our principal supplies for our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business are diesel, lubricants and fertilizers, which collectively represented 17.6% of our total cost of production (including manufacturing and administrative expenses) in 2024. We have an extensive network of suppliers for each of our business segments and for each required input within each segment, resulting in lower reliance on any particular supplier. Our 10 largest suppliers account for 27.2% of our total expenditures for supplies in 2024. While we value the relationships we have developed with each of our suppliers given the quality we have come to expect, we do not consider any single supplier to be key to our production.
We have been able to obtain lower prices particularly due to the volume that derives from our large-scale operations.
Seasonality
Our business activities are inherently seasonal. We generally harvest and sell corn, soybean, rice, peanut and sunflower between February and August, and wheat from December to January. We implement a "continuous harvest method” in sugarcane production at our facilities to stabilize production and counter seasonality during the year; however, the typical harvesting period in Brazil begins between April and May and ends between November and December. Sales of ethanol are generally concentrated during off-season to capture higher seasonal prices. Sales in other business segments, such as in our Dairy segment, tend to be more stable. However, milk sales are generally higher during the fourth quarter, when weather conditions are more favorable for production. As a result of the above factors, there may be significant variations in our results of operations from one quarter to another, since planting activities may be more concentrated in one quarter compared to another. In addition, our quarterly results may vary as a result of the effects of fluctuations in commodity prices and production yields and costs related to the “Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce” line item. See Note 32 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Sustainability
Our production model is based on sustainability standards that seek to produce food and renewable energy on a long-term basis. Those standards include best practices and certifications that promote development and health, customer satisfaction and stakeholders’ interest, neighboring community welfare, food care and food safety, and environmental protection. Accordingly, our sustainable approach to farming requires that we take into account not only economic, but also social and environmental aspects specifically adapted to local circumstances. We believe we accomplish these goals through a team committed to our values: trust, transparency, efficiency, innovation, safety and sustainability.
In 2024, we continued to work towards integrating environmental, social, and governance or “ESG" criteria, into our business model. On this path towards the triple generation of value, we worked with our ESG committee holding four meetings over the year.
In 2024, we analyzed in-depth our ESG performance and strategy, including short and mid-term roadmaps for our sustainable business model. We focused on our ESG communications with a better understanding of our stakeholders’ requirements. During 2024, we worked on environmental aspects such as continued disclosure of carbon intensity, carbon balance and water management, and on social aspects including the analysis and design of our gender diversity target for 2030.
Going forward, we will continue to innovate, be transparent, and report on our progress to accelerate our vision for a better and more sustainable future.
Personnel
The development, health and safety of our personnel is important to us. We promote enhanced working conditions, while we support training and internal education programs to improve skills and educate with the newest technologies and business practices. We implement and constantly revise our health and safety programs in each of our businesses. Our Occupational Health and Safety Management System is applied to all Adecoagro employees and facilities.
Standardized and Scalable Agribusiness Model
We have adopted an agribusiness model that allows us to engage in large-scale farming activities in an efficient and sustainable manner. Our agribusiness model consists of developing a specialized workforce and defining standard protocols to track crop development and control production variables, thereby enhancing efficient decision making and facilitating continuous improvement. This approach allows us to grow in scale, execute our expansion plan and efficiently manage various production units spread across different regions by effectively replicating our productive model. Process standardization also helps us assure compliance with local laws and regulations and reduce social and environmental risks.
We continue to develop and implement crop protocols. The purpose of these protocols is to coordinate and consolidate the knowledge on crop management for each area in order to standardize the execution of our operational processes. The protocols contain all the technical information for managing crops. This information is constantly reviewed by agricultural teams and their advisors, making it possible to preserve the technical knowledge of the company and at the same time improve agricultural production and make decisions pursuant to the company’s guidelines. Based on the results of the application of these protocols, we conduct an annual review of the techniques used and their results. This evaluation is done by means of crop campaign analysis, in which all teams review and discuss the last harvest-year’s productive performance and the technological package for the new harvest year. When processes and protocols are defined, they can be audited and certified by qualified third parties.
We have previously been certified under ISO 9000, and as part of our continuous improvement efforts, we continue to implement its guidelines to enhance our management practices. Our two dairy biodigesters are both certified under ISO 14001, reinforcing our commitment to environmental sustainability. We are also certified under RTRS and Certified Responsible Soya (CRS) for soybean cultivation in some of our operations. In addition, we hold Farm Sustainability Assessment (FSA) SAI Platform certifications for rice, peanut, wheat, and corn. In our dairy farms, we have obtained an animal welfare certification covering 100% of our own milk production from the International Agricultural Organization (Organización Internacional Agropecuaria or “OIA,” for its acronym in Spanish).
In order to achieve efficient scales of production, we have redesigned our field sizes by removing useless cattle infrastructure such as fencing. Larger fields reduce the overlapping of farm works, enhancing operating efficiency, reducing the use of inputs and achieving agronomic timing (planting or harvesting on time). The goal is to reduce operative time and to improve efficiency in the use of inputs. Large-scale production also requires the implementation of advanced technology such as Global Positioning System, or “GPS,” Geographic Information System or “GIS”, and modern machinery as well.
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We are also adopting operational protocols and procedures in our industrial facilities to improve control of processing variables. Both of our milk processing facilities have been certified under the FSSC 22000 standard (Food Safety System Certification), and our Morteros facility has also obtained Halal certification. We have also certified four of our six rice mills under FSSC 22000, and two of our mills have obtained kosher certification. In our Crops business, our peanut processing facility was certified as kosher and obtained the BRC standard for food safety, and our sunflower processing facility obtained the FSSC 22000 standard and kosher certification. Most of our industrial facilities are either implementing or have been audited by the Sedex Members Ethical Trade Audit, which validates our compliance with health, safety and human rights practices, together with applicable environmental legislation. Similarly, in 2021, we were subjected to audits under specific standards of our clients at our Chivilcoy milk processing plant, which covered topics such as asset security and corporate social responsibility. We were successful in these audits, which enabled us to continue with the relevant commercial relationships.
We continue to adopt operational protocols and procedures in our industrial facilities to enhance the control of processing variables. All our operations certified under FSSC 22000 (Food Safety System Certification) have expanded their scope as new processes are incorporated. This includes both of our milk processing facilities, as well as four of our six rice mills and our sunflower processing facility. Our Morteros facility continues to hold Halal certification. Additionally, two of our rice mills and our sunflower processing facilities maintained kosher certification. Our peanut processing facility also holds BRC Global Standard food safety certification.
Most of our industrial facilities have been audited by the Sedex Members Ethical Trade Audit, which validates our compliance with health, safety, and human rights practices, as well as with applicable environmental legislation. In 2023, our Chivilcoy milk processing plant successfully passed an asset security audit requested by a client. Additionally, we continued to undergo various client audits, including those focused on corporate social responsibility and others based on our clients' proprietary standards. Compliance with these audits has allowed us to maintain key commercial relationships.
When market conditions provide price premiums for certified grains or oilseeds, we evaluate the feasibility of implementing specific certifications. Some examples of this are RTRS and EPA certifications for sustainable soybeans in Argentina. In Brazil, we have the following certifications reflecting the safety and quality of our products, services and social standards: Bonsucro, Renovabio, FSSC 22000, Halal, ISSC Corsia Plus, and Great Place to Work.
Contractors
Contractors play a significant role in our Farming business model. If cost competitive, we seek to outsource most of the typical farm work, such as planting, spraying and harvesting. Outsourcing allows us to reduce our investments in heavy machinery and equipment such as tractors or harvesters, enhancing the efficient allocation of our capital in our core productive activities. Notwithstanding, we are constantly reviewing the contractor model and comparing it with the use of own machinery in some of our crops and rice operations. We are developing our own equipment-based model where efficiencies can be enhanced.
The contractor model in the Argentine humid pampas region has existed for years and has developed into a highly competitive market. Contractors have gained extensive expertise and skill in the management of agricultural machinery and have access to modern advanced technology. When working with them, we seek to develop win-win relationships by considering them as part of our production team and providing constant technical training and support through the activities of the Adecoagro Production Teams. We strive to have a number of contractors associated with each farm to generate competition and allow benchmarking to enhance operational efficiency and ensure high-quality service.
In regions where this model is not fully developed, we use a mixed system where we hire the most experienced contractors in the region and we also operate our own machinery. We promote the development of new contractors by providing training and selling them our used machinery. We also promote the movement of selected contractors from developed regions into new marginal regions by offering them an opportunity to grow their businesses. In other regions where there is no established contractor system or there is specific farm work (rice land leveling for instance), we own the majority of the machinery. In our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business, we own or lease and operate all the agricultural equipment and machinery needed for sugarcane planting, crop protection and harvesting operations. The performance of such model has exceeded our expectations, and we are implementing it in our Farming businesses, where we have recently incorporated some additional planters and harvesters. Our main goal is to achieve high-quality farm works, both when selecting any contractor and when using our own machinery. In Brazil, we only employ the contractor model for specific tasks, such as land leveling, and aerial spraying, among others.
Adecoagro Technical Groups
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From time to time, we gather internal groups formed by agronomists, farm managers, technology experts, external advisors, contractors, trainees and suppliers, whose main goal is to excel in production management by providing constant technical and technological education and analysis regarding production technologies. Although these groups are focused on developing such knowledge under common criteria for the whole company, they also evaluate different production systems, such as crops, rice and dairy in Argentina and Uruguay, and sugarcane in Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. To achieve their goals, these groups meet regularly to analyze and discuss technical aspects of the farming production processes.
The technical groups participate in the design of the most efficient and productive land use strategies and the definition of the optimal crop production mix for each farm and region, and supervise and evaluate the implementation of the most profitable and sustainable technologies to be adapted and applied in each region. Additionally, these groups promote specific external training courses, facilitate participation in external technical groups, organize technical farm tours, offer support in establishing the crop planting plan and deliver a full-season analysis for each crop annually. This analysis is essential in order to allow technical improvements to be implemented for the following crop season.
Since the groups are involved in different regions, they play a relevant role in spreading best practices among productive regions, including “no-till” and precision agriculture in lesser-developed areas. In order to evaluate and adapt the proper technologies locally, a vast network of test plots in agrochemicals, seeds, and farm-works are carried out under specific technical guidelines. Some of those test plots are carried out by our own agronomists, and others by third parties. Such development is performed to make the necessary technological adjustments in respect of fertilizer levels, the choice of the best product varieties for each crop, the determination of optimal planting periods, and the improvement in crop management and agricultural mechanization, resulting in higher yields coupled with reduced costs.
In order to continually improve our technical development, we participate in specialized industry groups, such as CREA and AAPRESID in Argentina, with which we share values and goals. “CREA” is a 60-year-old farmers’ association focused on developing and supporting technical excellence with local farmers. “AAPRESID” is a technical association of highly innovative farmers specializing in no-till development. We participate in certain CREA and AAPRESID discussion groups in which we share and evaluate common technical matters. We take advantage of their vast network of test plots and we constantly exchange technological knowledge for implementation in our farms. We are also part of the RIA Group, an agricultural innovation network consisting of 11 enterprises, with the goal of increasing innovation in our sustainable production model.
In addition, the technical groups are focusing their resources on pursuing improvements through implementing advanced techniques. Such techniques comprise variable inputs usage by type of soil based on precision agriculture technology, intensification techniques relating to soil occupation times and diversified crop rotations, adjusting “minimum-till” in rice production, developing sugarcane production technologies involving agricultural mechanization and minimum tillage, among others.
By implementing all these education programs and development activities, these groups provide the company with a network that focuses on the fine-tuning and optimization of the efficiencies throughout all the production processes of each business line.
Technology and Best Practices
We have consistently used innovative production techniques to ensure we are at the forefront of technological improvements and standards in our industry, especially based on regenerative agriculture concepts. For example, we use the “no-till” technology and crop rotation to improve our crop yields from the outset. We also use second harvests or double cropping where conditions allow, which enables us to plant and harvest a second crop from the same farmland in the same harvest-year. Our crop production model is based on balanced fertilization, integrated pest and weed management, and crop intensification. We use the silo bag storage method in our rice and crops businesses, which enables us to time the entry of our crop production into the market at optimal price points. Additionally, we believe we were the first company in South America to implement the innovative free-stall infrastructure in dairy operations resulting in increased raw milk production compared to our peers. The free-stall method enables better control over production variables by housing dairy cows into large barns, which are equipped with state-of-the-art technology to enhance cow comfort, such as sand beds, water spray cooling systems and fans. In 2024, we were re-certified with the animal welfare standard of the OIA as a result of our good practices promoting animal welfare in production. In addition, installations are equipped with indoor corrals and a mechanical advanced milking system on a rotary platform, which enables us to use production efficiencies and increase milk production volumes while maximizing our land use, resulting in significantly higher conversion rates of animal feed into milk.
Moreover, our sugarcane harvesting is practically 100% mechanized, which has significantly improved operating efficiency, thereby reducing operating costs. We have modern facilities in the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business, including
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advanced sugar and ethanol mills with high-pressure boilers, which achieve one of the highest ratios of energy produced per ton of cane milled, according to the Cane Technology Center Benchmark program. Our Angélica sugar plant was the first continuously operative facility in Brazil, requiring no production stoppages between sugar harvests.
No-Till
“No-till” is the cornerstone of our crop production technology and the key to maintaining and even increasing the value and productivity of our land assets. “No-till”—often called zero tillage or direct sowing— is a technology developed more than 40 years ago to grow crops from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage, and arose as an opposition to conventional tillage. We have been implementing No Till since we began operations more than 20 years ago.
Conventional farming consists of using plows to turn and till the soil to remove weeds, mix in soil additives such as fertilizers, and prepare the surface for seeding. Soil tillage leads to unfavorable effects such as soil compaction, loss of organic matter, degradation of soil components, death or disruption of microorganisms, evaporation of soil humidity and soil erosion where topsoil is blown or washed away by wind or rain.
“No-till” farming avoids these negative effects by excluding the use of tillage. The “no-till” technology consists of leaving crop plant residues on the surface of the soil after harvesting a crop. These residues form a mulch or permanent cover protecting the soil from erosion risks caused by heavy rains and strong winds. This protective cover also helps natural precipitation and irrigation water infiltrate the soil effectively while decreasing water loss from evaporation. Absence of tillage helps prevent soil compaction, allowing the soil to absorb more water and roots to grow deeper into the soil. Furthermore, “no-till” reduces the emergence of weeds and enhances biological processes that positively impact soil properties, conserving and even improving the presence of organic matter and microorganisms and associated nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous, etc.). The combination of these advantages results in important cost reductions due to the reduced need for inputs, mainly diesel and fertilizers, and higher crop yields, thus increasing the profitability of our business. These benefits are achieved in the medium to long term, resulting in a continuous increase of land productivity and thus its value. From an operational standpoint, “no-till” farming facilitates the timely performance of most operations, such as planting, spraying and harvesting, which enhances the development of large-scale operations and especially improves the probability of planting each crop at the optimal moment.
Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. Crop rotation allows us to better control the buildup of harmful weeds and reduces the incidence of plagues and diseases that often occur when the same commodity is continuously cropped. Crop rotation also allows us to balance the fertility demands of various crops to avoid the excessive depletion of soil nutrients, contributing to a more efficient use of fertilizers and a sustainable use of herbicides and phytosanitary products. Crop rotation results in increased yields and reduced production costs, providing a high rate of return. Our crop rotation model is tailored to each of our farming regions based on climatic and soil conditions. For example, in Argentina’s Humid Pampas, our three-year crop rotation cycle involves the planting of a wheat crop followed by a soybean double-crop in the first year, a corn crop in the second year, and a soybean crop in the third year. In some areas of the Argentine Humid Pampas with adequate agro-climatic conditions, we enhance our crop rotation by introducing some industrial crops such as peanut and confectionary sunflower.
Second Harvest - Double Cropping
Second harvest, also known as double cropping, is the practice of consecutively producing two crops on the same land within the same growing year. Double cropping is possible only in regions with long growing seasons, which is determined mainly by climate conditions such as rain and temperature. Double cropping allows us to increase the profitability of our land, diversify our production and commercial risk and enhance operational efficiencies through the better utilization of machinery, freight, labor and other resources, resulting in a dilution of our fixed costs. Double cropping has important agronomical advantages as well, such as having crops on the land for a longer period of time, which, enhanced by “no-till” and crop rotation practices, results in the improvement of the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the long term. We implement and adapt different double cropping systems for each of our productive regions in Argentina and Uruguay, with the most frequent being wheat/soybean, wheat/corn, sunflower/soybean, corn/soybean and sunflower/corn.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Integrated pest management, or “IPM,” involves a deep analysis of agronomical, economic and environmental aspects with the goal of determining the most efficient way to control the pests. It simultaneously achieves three main goals: (i)
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enhancing crop productivity, (ii) reducing use of phytosanitary products and (iii) decreasing the risk of contamination. The first stage of IPM is to train the people who will be involved in phytosanitary products usage. The phytosanitary products to be applied is selected considering local regulations (only locally approved phytosanitary products are used) and the minimum resulting environmental risks due to its chemical classification. Additionally, when selecting biotechnologically developed crops, we evaluate the potential reduction of phytosanitary products uses that may be achieved. The doses of phytosanitary products are defined by vendor recommendations and adjusted through agronomical expertise (specific to a crop and a pest). We assess the environmental impact of such phytosanitary products by implementing the use of the Environmental Impact Quotient developed by Cornell University. The timing of phytosanitary products application is based on an economic threshold that takes into account the crop situation (growing stage, climate conditions), the potential damage of the pest (type, population, growing stage), the presence of “beneficial” pests, and finally, the price relationship between grains and phytosanitary products. We also use integrated management to control pests, which entails the use of biological and chemical products. The relevance of the pest is measured through the implementation of specific defense methodologies adapted to large-scale agriculture. Control is carried out by trained employees who supervise the entire sugar cane area on a weekly basis. Based on the indicators resulting from monitoring, biological and chemical products are recommended to be applied. For biological pest control, natural enemies of the pest in question are released, as is the case with the borer pest in sugarcane. The doses of phytosanitary products are applied and localized by high-tech machinery, most of which is outsourced. Agricultural machines are precisely calibrated to increase the efficiency of the applications and reduce any potential risk of contamination. Climatic conditions are carefully taken into account when determining the ideal time for spraying to avoid risks of drifting and evaporation and to ensure successful application.
Balanced Fertilization
Balanced fertilization consists of determining an optimum use of fertilizers at the proper grades and in the proper amounts to supply the correct ratio of nutrients and to ensure that the soil will sustain high crop yields over time, consequently decreasing contamination risks. At the beginning of each crop season, we perform extensive soil studies in each of our farms to monitor the amount of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels in each field. Based on this analysis and considering the potential yield for each field, the crop rotation, and relative prices between fertilizers and agricultural products, we determine the optimum amount of fertilizer to be applied to maximize the economic response of the crop.
Water Management
Since crops need sufficient water to achieve their potential yields, we engage in techniques that are designed to increase the efficiency of water usage and at the same time decrease soil erosion risks. In that regard, “no-till” farming presents strong advantages since it improves rainfall infiltration and increases the soil’s water storage capacity. In areas that may be subject to excess water, we are developing terraces, soil leveling and other techniques intended to decrease runoff and erosion risks. In some of the jurisdictions in which we operate, the use of water for irrigation requires obtaining special permits. For certain irrigated crops such as rice – which represents most of our aggregate water consumption –, we focus on the design and operation of rainwater harvesting, which is the collection of water from rain in semi-natural reservoirs destined for future irrigation. In addition, we have developed a water recycling system for each farm where excess water (derived from drainage and rainfall) can be reused, instead of being drained out of the farm. Channels that move the water and drain the fields are developed by experts in order to deliver water in the most efficient manner. We have an advanced precision leveling system (with zero or controlled grade level) in most of our rice farms to increase productivity and reduce production costs. This technique involves a precise leveling of the land based on GPS technology. When fields are accurately leveled, water irrigation requirements are reduced, thus lowering the cost of labor and energy. Efficient management of irrigation also has a positive impact on crop yields.
We have in place different technologies that help us reduce water consumption in our rice fields. For example, we have implemented polypipe irrigation systems in our most hilly rice fields. This technology consists of deploying plastic pipes to move irrigation water from a big channel to the fields, thereby reducing water consumption, and the area devoted to infrastructure. In addition, we use satellite imagery and drones to assess water levels during the rice irrigation season. This high-precision surveillance method, allows us to enhance water management, which improves potential crop yields and reduces water consumption. Drones use different cameras to detect water levels even when dense canopies cover the fields. In addition to drones, we use satellite images that measure the normalized difference vegetation index (“NDVI”) of land for a rapid and efficient analysis of irrigation including speed and depth. In addition to higher water use efficiency and optimization, satellite images help in the prevention of weed proliferation, the reduction of phytosanitary products and the achievement of higher yields. Other crops, such as corn and sunflower seed, are irrigated by highly efficient pivot spraying systems. This type of irrigation system allows us to distribute water uniformly throughout the field, improving the use of water in terms of total millimeters per year. We conduct soil moisture sampling to identify the best moment and amount of water to be used for irrigation in each plot.
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Mechanization
We incorporate all available mechanization technology into our business that we consider to be cost-effective. We believe that by employing mechanization technology, we improve our operating efficiency and are better able to reach desired economies of scale in our operations. Mechanization also enables us to adopt new associated technologies faster and hastens our development efforts. In our Farming business, we use cutting-edge mechanized technology for planting, spraying, harvesting and irrigating and for soil preparation and management. We also employ advanced mechanization technology in our logistics and product processing operations, including transportation, drying operations and grain sorting and storage. We have developed mechanization technology to benefit sugarcane planting and harvesting, which traditionally have not benefited from such mechanization. We believe that by incorporating modern mechanization we have improved access to employment for women and other demographics, enabling us to expand our talent pool across operations while also enhancing workforce diversity.
Synergies
The technologies we employ are very closely linked, and the joint implementation of a number of them is expected to result in positive synergies for our entire production system. For example, implementation of the “no-till” technology can be enhanced by crop rotations, due to the positive biological effects generated by the different types of roots from each crop in the soil. Benefits of integrated pest management are improved when combined with the “no-till” and crop rotation strategies, since the crop stubble that remains on the soil can be a barrier to some plagues, and because some other pests are specific to a particular crop and the crop rotation can be sufficient to control them. The use of machinery technology for selective spraying also complements our no-till system. We consider these synergies when we develop our crop seeding schedule. In the case of the reuse of residues, we benefited from our experience in sugarcane, where almost everything is reused and no residues are generated. As an example, by implementing such ideas to our dairy operations, we have been reusing the manure from our cows to generate renewable electricity through two diary biodigesters since 2017.
Agtech (Agricultural, Digital-Based Technology)
Since inception, we have been introducing cutting-edge technologies to increase our production efficiency. As digital and information-based technologies are rapidly advancing, we are currently devoting time and effort to work closely with local and international agtech startups, funds, research associations and other key players that could bring solutions to our operational processes.
Industrial Technology
In recent years, we have incorporated several industrial facilities to our portfolio and have been actively enhancing their performance using technology. In our dairy industry, we replaced LPG gas with natural gas as a source of energy in the facility of Morteros, thereby reducing both the cost of production and the environmental impact. At Morteros, we also incorporated technology to produce fat filled (powdered milk that contains vegetable fats instead of butterfat), a product that helps us enhance our operational efficiency and access new markets. At the Chivilcoy facility, we have incorporated technology to produce and package UHT cream and cacao milk. These advances help us enhance our milk-based product portfolio. All these new products are based on our own formulas and are developed by our production and quality team.
Information Technology
We employ the Oracle eBusiness Suite ERP and Oracle Hyperion to standardize and integrate our processes throughout the Company and improve controls and information accuracy and consolidation. The Oracle eBusiness Suite allows us to fulfill our local accounting and fiscal needs while facilitating operational coordination across our geographic areas and lines of business, reducing our operational costs and minimizing duplication and inefficiencies. It also provides our management with consolidated results in a timely manner.
Cybersecurity
In accordance with the growing risks in cybersecurity like ransomware, malware, viruses, trojans, system vulnerabilities, hackers and other types of attacks, we have adopted a series of security measures designed to mitigate these risks. We are constantly implementing new technologies and solutions to assist in the prevention of potential and attempted cyberattacks, as well as protective measures and contingency plans in the event of an existing attack. We analyze the risks we face on an ongoing basis and, accordingly, strengthen our information technology infrastructure, update our policies, and raise awareness among our employees to enhance our ability to prevent and respond to such risks.
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We carry out a continuous improvement process and have contracted a third-party provider specialized in cybersecurity to help us validate and develop our plans to grow our cybersecurity system as well as to perform annual penetration and vulnerability tests on all our on-premise and cloud infrastructure. One of those providers is also our 24x7 security operation center (SOC), which receives and analyzes the alerts from our monitoring system. This has allowed us to continue increasing the security at our facilities, as part of our commitment and decision to continue reinforcing our security systems, and to improve our contingency plans.
Additionally, we continue using an awareness tool to train all our employees how to approach different types of cyber-attacks, such as phishing, smishing, spoofing and vishing.
Environmental Aspects
We implement a production model that reflects a strong commitment to the environment. Our responsibility to the environment begins with complying with local regulations. To become better stewards of the environment, we implement environmental management plans for our operations. Those plans involve different stages, which include training our own and outsourced staff, monitoring ecological parameters, preventing negative effects, and correcting deviations. Natural resources such as land, water, air and biodiversity are taken into account when we evaluate the development and operation of new and ongoing production projects and operations. In that regard, we are constantly evaluating best practices in our operations. See “—Technology and Best Practices.” With land being one of the most relevant natural resources in our operations, we have developed a sustainable land use strategy that considers factors beyond the requirements of local laws and regulations. There are ecosystems that we do not consider appropriate for agricultural development, such as heavy forests and key wetlands. We evaluate development of other areas only after carrying out an environmental impact assessment. In addition to such evaluations, we analyze the agricultural potential of the land in respect of the soil, the climate, crop productivity and available technology, among other factors. Using this approach, we aim to grow the most suitable crop in each region and be the lowest-cost producer in the sector. We then consolidate our analysis into a land transformation plan, which includes the best land use option and implements best practices based on regenerative agriculture such as “no-till” technology, crop rotations, integrated pest and weed management, balanced fertilization, responsible phytosanitary products usage and water management. In addition, in 2024, we planted 65,349 hectares of cover crops. Cover crops help prevent water and wind erosion, function as biological fallows, reduce the need to apply phytosanitary products and provide roots that increase soil porosity. We sow these crops and adapt the species to the agro-ecological environmental condition.
These best practices aim to increase resource efficiency and decrease the risk of contamination and waste production and are consolidated into an environmental management plan, which includes biodiversity management when applicable. We aim to properly implement our sustainable production model to enhance land productivity and therefore increase land value. With respect to phytosanitary products contamination risks, we implement a responsible phytosanitary products use program, which includes personnel training, personnel protection elements, application recommendations, phytosanitary products selection criteria, phytosanitary products handling and storage and after-use phytosanitary products packages (which are specifically cleaned, collected and stored for recycling purposes under third-party programs). In 2021, we began to implement the “Environmental Impact Quotient” indicator, which allows us to assess the potential risk of the application of phytosanitary products and the impact caused by them. Further, in 2024, we used selective spray equipment in more than 23,000 hectares of crops and sugarcane to reduce the doses of phytosanitary products and apply them only where necessary, which resulted in a reduction of up to 80% in the application of phytosanitary products in those areas. In addition, we periodically train our personnel in our rice fields to raise awareness about the responsible use of phytosanitary products.
Additionally, in some regions where biodiversity matters are relevant, we implement biodiversity management plans, which mainly consist of periodically monitoring flora and fauna, detecting significant variations of their populations, and proposing measures to reduce any potential threats to local species. As a result, we prohibit hunting on our farms and create environmental private protection areas (where natural vegetation is protected by implementing sustainable production practices). As environmental matters require specific expertise and an understanding of complex relationships, we hire highly qualified consultants and enter into cooperative arrangements and agreements with educational institutions.
In Brazil, the Brazilian Forest Code (Código Florestal Brasileiro) is the main source of our environmental guidelines. In accordance with the Brazilian Forest Code, we analyze and identify all natural areas within our own farms and within leased areas and draw up a development plan that defines actions for their preservation. We are strongly committed to preserving forests and only develop areas for agriculture if they have previously been used for agricultural purposes. We do not operate in massive forests, permanent preservation areas, legal reserves, large wetlands or areas with high biodiversity value. We are
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concerned with the protection of riverbanks and the surrounding areas of streams and springs, as they are important for soil conservation and as refuges for native fauna. In that regard, we endeavor to monitor native fauna and flora and water resources.
In respect to our industrial processing activities, we focus on energy-efficient processes that increase productivity with minimum waste disposal. At the same time, we seek to promote the reuse of any by-product or residue within industrial processes when feasible, or in the fields when the economic analysis is sensible. A successful example of this approach is the use of manure to produce electricity and the use of biofertilizers to grow crops in our dairy farms. Another success story is the use of all sugar and ethanol industrial by-products (vinasse, filter cake and composted ashes) as biofertilizers in our cane fields.
Since November 2017, we have produced renewable electricity through our first biodigester at our dairy farm. The biodigester transforms cow manure into biogas with high methane content, which then fuels a cogeneration facility that generates renewable electricity. The electricity produced is sold to the grid under a long-term contract with an Argentine federal utility. Additionally, as this project allows us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we have registered the project under the Verified Carbon Standard to deliver carbon credits from the biodigester. In 2011, we received a grant from the Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Initiative of the Inter-American Development Bank in order to carry out the pre-feasibility assessment. We also received a grant from the National Agency of Scientific and Technologic Promotion (Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica), an agency that promotes technological innovation, to partially fund the investment. In July 2016, we participated in Argentina’s “RenovAr” renewable energy auction and entered into a 20-year contract to supply up to 9,145 MWh per year at an average price of US$158.92 per MWh plus bonuses. In 2023, we also inaugurated our second biodigester in our free stalls. The incorporation of this second biodigester allows us to process 100% of our cow manure, increase the annual generation of bioelectricity to a total power capacity of 3.4 MW, and keep contributing to our sustainable development model. In 2024, our two dairy biodigesters generated 16,477 MWh.
At Usina Ivinhema, in Mato Grosso do Sul, we produce biogas from concentrated vinasse, a by-product of ethanol production. We purify biogas to produce biomethane and use it as fuel in our internal fleet, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. These projects not only improve our efficiency but help us reduce GHG emissions. In 2021, we certified our biogas unit as the first renewable gas plant in Brazil, which allows us to issue and sell carbon credits (Gas-recs). Since 2020, we have issued CBios under the RenovaBio program, becoming the first company in Brazil to do so in the local markets. In 2024, we sold more than 601,000 CBios. The better the environmental performance of our operations, the greater the number of CBios we could issue, which drives us to enhance our performance year after year.
Social Programs
In addition to complying with local labor regulations, we seek to promote the personal and professional development of our employees by offering them an adequate working environment with proper health and safety protections. We aim to develop a transparent relationship with local authorities. One of our main goals is to contribute positively to the social development of the communities in which we operate, creating new jobs, preserving the environment, providing training opportunities through our internship program and assisting with social development. In order to implement our social development programs, we analyze the areas in which we operate and give special attention to education and poverty rates, possible alliances with other social actors, and potential synergies with local government programs. In addition to social development programs, we contribute to community organizations in each area where we operate, such as hospitals, schools, daycare centers and fire stations, among others. In Argentina, we also have a voluntary matching program where Adecoagro matches each donation from our employees at a 2:1 ratio. In 2024, 15 organizations participated as recipients of our matching program and received monthly donations.
Education
Our main initiatives are aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 4 – Quality Education. Our operations have a significant economic impact in the communities where we are located, and we have developed a social action program in various municipalities. In 2005, we started a partnership with Cimientos, a non-profit organization that promotes equal educational opportunities for children and youth from low-income families in Argentina. In 2024, we participated in Cimientos’ “Futuros Egresados” program, granting scholarships to 47 high-school students in Mercedes and Ita Ibate (Corrientes). In 2016, we started another program together with Conciencia (a local non-governmental organization) through which we support our employees’ children to complete their education. In 2024, 20 high-school and higher-education students from San Salvador (Entre Ríos) and Las Lajitas (Salta) participated in this program.
In 2019, we made a new alliance with the Reciduca Foundation with the aim of providing scholarships for young people from the community of Pilar to finish their secondary studies, expand their employment opportunities and promote environmental care. We have supported the program since its inception, and in 2022, we decided to include the community of
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San Isidro as well, increasing the total number of scholarships granted to 20, which we maintained since then. We also have granted five additional scholarships to tertiary education students from the Victor Navajas Centeno Agrotechnical Institute at Virasoro (Corrientes).
We keep participating in the Escola Nota 10 Project at the municipalities of Angélica, Ivinhema and Novo Horizonte do Sul, in Mato Grosso do Sul. Through this project, we aim to contribute towards educational development by providing training sessions for teachers. This approach helps build long-term capacity among educators, who, in turn, pass on their knowledge to students, creating a multiplier effect. In 2023, we decided to restructure the program to offer better and stronger support for educators. In 2024, we provided continuous professional development for more than 160 teachers and educators from first to fifth grade, through online and in-person training sessions.
Moreover, we participated in the Território do Saber project with the objective of improving the quality of teaching and learning processes in schools through the promotion of reading. In 2024, we inaugurated two new municipal libraries in Ivinhema and Glória de Dourados (Mato Grosso do Sul) with a collection of over 850 books.
Nutrition
In Argentina, we work in partnership with two main organizations: the Conin Foundation and Food Banks Argentina organization. The Conin Foundation fights malnourishment in children, focusing its actions on three main areas: education, assistance and research. Food Banks Argentina is a non-profit distribution enterprise that serves the community by receiving donated food and making it available to people in need through a network of community agencies. These agencies include school feeding programs, food pantries, soup kitchens, hospices, substance abuse clinics, after-school programs and other non-profit organizations. In 2024, we donated nearly 238 tons of rice and dairy products to more than 100 organizations, including 15 Conin centers and nine food banks.
Additionally, since 2007 we have collaborated with local organizations such as Solidagro, an alliance between rural corporate institutions and civic organizations that seek to solve famine and malnutrition problems, to which we donate our rice on a monthly basis.
We also collaborate with Haciendo Camino, a non-governmental organization fighting malnourishment in children in Santiago del Estero. We have supported the organization for the last several years and made contributions to finance the early childhood program in Los Juries. In 2024, the program assisted 60 children aged zero to five years.
Prevention of Violence
We seek to train leaders and teams on this topic to understand all aspects of workplace violence. Our “Proteger” program aims to prevent violence, as it seeks to guide and inform employees and the community about possible ways to report and prevent sexual abuse, the exploitation of children and adolescents, rape culture, violence against women and sexual or workplace harassment, while mobilizing society to contribute to this effort.
This program reinforces the idea that we do not accept, under any circumstance, the practice of any type of child labor, including by third-party suppliers and others with whom we may interact. In 2024, 100% of our employees in Brazil received training in violence prevention through our Proteger program.
We also collaborate with Childhood Brazil, an organization dedicated to defending children’s rights and improving the living conditions of children in vulnerable situations. Through this partnership, we supported the training of community service professionals in three municipalities in Mato Grosso do Sul and in 2024 we held several virtual meetings with Childhood Brazil to design and develop customized care protocols tailored to each municipality’s specific needs.
Internship and Young Talent Program
The purpose of our internship and young talent program is to promote the development of highly qualified professionals from the community by providing first-time work experience, good-quality training and access to highly technology-oriented operations. We seek to facilitate interns’ future access to the job market while detecting potential key employees. The interns actively participate in the TAG training program, which includes monthly technical meetings, external training and farm tours. In order to accomplish these goals, we promote institutional relationships with local and international universities and high schools. In 2024, 206 interns and young talents participated in our program, 81 of which were subsequently incorporated into our teams.
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Material Agreements
For a description of the material agreements entered into by the Company in connection with the Offer, see “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—B. Related Party Transactions”.
For a description of the material agreements relating to our indebtedness, please see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects— B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Indebtedness and Financial Instruments.”
Brazil
Sugar Sale Agreements
In 2024, our largest three customers in this segment comprised approximately 70% of our sugar sales agreements. We entered into sugar sales agreements with Louis Dreyfus Commodities Suisse S.A., Viterra B.V. (formerly known as Glencore Agriculture B.V.) and BTG Pactual, pursuant to which we agreed to supply approximately 820,000 metric tons of Brazilian VHP sugar. This specific amount of sugar was delivered during the 2024 harvest-year through the ports of Paranaguá and Santos, and the price was fixed in reference to the ICE Sugar #11 Futures.
Electric Energy Agreements
In 2008 Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. entered into an agreement for the sale of energy to CCEE. This agreement is the result of a public auction by the Brazilian federal government conducted in May 2008, carries a term of 15 years, and requires Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. to supply CCEE with 87,600 MWh annually during the harvest period each year (April to December), at a rate of R$378.23/MWh. The price of energy under the contract is adjusted annually according to inflation.
In August 2010, Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. participated in a public auction by the Brazilian federal government. As a result of this auction, Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. entered into a second 15-year agreement with CCEE starting in 2011, for the sale of 131,400 MWh per year at a rate of R$340.07/MWh. The price of energy under the contract is adjusted annually according to inflation.
In August 2013, Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. participated in another public auction by the Brazilian federal government. As a result of this auction, Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. entered into a second 25-year agreement with CCE starting in 2018, for the sale of 87,600 MWh per year at a rate of R$250.05/MWh. The price of energy under the contract is adjusted annually according to inflation.
Intellectual Property
As of April 2025, we owned 56 trademarks registered with the Argentine National Intellectual Property Institute, 30 trademarks registered in Brazil and one patent registered with the Brazilian National Industrial Property Institute (“INPI”). Adecoagro Uruguay S.A. has seven trademarks registered in Uruguay.
In Argentina, we are required to renew our trademark registrations when they expire at the end of their respective terms. Under the Argentine Trade and Service Marks Law No. 22,362, the term of duration of a registered trademark is 10 years from its issue date, and a trademark may be indefinitely renewed for equal periods thereafter if, within the five-year period prior to each expiration, the trademark was used in the marketing of a product, in the rendering of a service or as the designation of an activity.
In Brazil, title to a trademark is acquired only once its valid registration has been issued by the INPI. During the registration process, the person requesting the trademark merely has an expectation of the right to use the trademark to identify its products or services. Under Law No. 9,279, of May 14, 1996 (the Brazilian Industrial Property Law), the holder of a trademark has the right to its exclusive use throughout Brazil. The term of duration of a registered trademark is 10 years from its issue date, and a trademark may be indefinitely renewed for equal periods thereafter. Within a five-year period from the issue date, the owner has an obligation to use the trademark in the marketing of a product, in the rendering of a service or as the designation of an activity. If the owner does not use the trademark within such a five-year period, it may be subject to a forfeiture process, upon request of any third party with legitimate interest in the trademark. The same forfeiture process may
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occur if the owner fails to use the trademark continuously for any five-year period. If the trademark is declared forfeited, the trademark rights are terminated.
Insurance
The type and level of insurance coverage we obtain is determined based on consultation with leading insurance brokers. We carry policies with leading U.S., European, and local insurance companies, and we are currently insured against a variety of risks, including losses and damages relating to our plants, equipment and buildings. We believe our level of insurance coverage is customary and appropriate for a company of our size and with respect to our activities. Our insurance currently covers only part of the losses we may incur and does not cover losses on crops due to hail storms, fires or similar risks.
Legal and Administrative Proceedings
In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to certain contingent liabilities with respect to existing or potential claims, lawsuits and other proceedings, including those involving tax, social security, labor lawsuits and other matters. We accrue liabilities when it is probable that future costs will be incurred and such costs can be reasonably estimated. See “Item 8. Financial Information —A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal and Administrative Proceedings.”
Environmental Regulations and Compliance
Our businesses in the various emerging market countries in which we operate are subject to comprehensive national, state and municipal laws and regulations relating to the preservation and protection of the environment to which those businesses must adhere. These laws and regulations require some of our businesses to obtain permits or licenses that have to be renewed periodically in order to allow us to continue to operate. If such permits or licenses lapse or are not renewed or if we fail to obtain any required environmental licenses and permits, or if we do not comply with any other requirements or obligations established under applicable environmental laws and regulations, we may be subject to administrative, civil or criminal liability (including fines, partial or total suspension of operations, suspension or cancellation of environmental licenses and permits and indemnification and penalties for any damage caused). In addition, our businesses that hold debt with banks, and multilateral lenders in particular, are typically required to adhere to environmental standards that exceed those of the country in which such businesses operate (e.g., World Bank standards).
In Brazil, the Brazilian Forest Code (Código Florestal Brasileiro) is the main source of our environmental guidelines. In accordance with the Brazilian Forest Code, we analyze and identify all natural areas within our own farms and within leased areas and draw up a development plan that defines actions for their preservation. We are strongly committed to preserving forests and only develop areas for agriculture if they have previously been used for agricultural purposes. We do not operate in massive forests, permanent preservation areas, legal reserves, large wetlands or areas with high biodiversity value. We are concerned with the protection of riverbanks and the surrounding areas of streams and springs, as they are important for soil conservation and as refuges for native fauna. In that regard, we carry out monitoring of native fauna and flora and water resources.
We are currently in compliance with all applicable environmental laws and environmental licenses and permits. In 2024, we obtained the renewal of the UMA operating license, valid until November 28, 2030, which authorizes us to crush 1.2 million tons of sugarcane per year. Regarding the Angélica mill operating license, we requested its renewal on November 18, 2022, which was valid until March 29, 2023. Our application for a new license is currently under analysis by the environmental agency and the new license should be issued to us during 2025, authorizing us to crush up to 6.5 million tons of sugarcane per year. The Ivinhema mill operating license is valid until July 19, 2027 and authorizes us to crush up to 7.2 million tons of sugarcane per year. In addition to the operating license, we have also obtained other licenses and authorizations related to the Ivinhema plant for other matters, such as expansion to organic fertilizer formulations, water collection and consumption, gas pipeline, expansion and operation of gas stations and expansion of biomethane production. Failure to obtain any of the required environmental licenses may limit our operations, prevent us from operating and subject us to penalties and fines.
Our operating businesses use or adhere to all required environmental monitoring, equipment and procedures, and we utilize third-party contractors to conduct regular environmental audits. Our environmental expenses relate to consultants that we use to perform environmental impact studies for our development projects and control and monitoring procedures. However, as environmental regulations are expected to become more stringent in some of the countries in which we operate, our environmental compliance costs are likely to increase due to the cost of compliance with any future environmental regulations. While we are not aware of any material environmental liabilities related to our ongoing operations, we may be subject to clean-up costs, which we do not expect to be material.
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Regulation and Control of Agri-Food Production in Argentina
As of February 25, 2011, the National Office of Commercial Agriculture and Livestock Control (“Oficina Nacional de Control Comercial Agropecuario” or “ONCCA”) was dissolved pursuant to Decree No. 192/2011. The powers previously held by the ONCCA were transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing (Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, or the “Ministry of Agriculture”) of Argentina and to the Internal Consumer Subsidy Coordination and Evaluation Unit (Unidad de Coordinación y Evaluación de Subsidios al Consumo Interno or “UCESCI,” after its acronym in Spanish), an entity created by means of Decree No. 193/2011. Such entity was then dissolved by means of Decree No. 444/2017, which transferred the powers granted to the UCESCI to the Ministry of Agriculture. As a result, the Ministry of Agriculture is the authority responsible for enforcing the regulations issued by the ONCCA. After the distribution of tasks established in Decree No. 8/2023 issued on December 11, 2023, under the Administration of President Javier Milei, the Ministry of Economy is in charge of monitoring agricultural compliance with commercialization regulations. Ever since, this entity has been the one in charge of promoting strategies to improve market access conditions for agricultural products, in coordination with other areas of the National Public Administration with competence in this area.
Under applicable regulations, all persons involved in the commercialization and manufacturing of grains and dairy products must be registered with the Registry of Operators of the Agro-industrial Chain (Registro Único de Operadores de la Cadena Agroindustrial or “RUCA” after its acronym in Spanish), which provides for the registration of any individual or company involved in the trade and industrialization of food products in the markets for grains, livestock and dairy products and their by-products and derivatives, pursuant to Resolution No. 302/2012, as amended, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. According to annex I of Resolution No. 21/2017, last amended by Resolution No. 82/2024 of the Federal Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, the RUCA has no expiration date, as long as the conditions and requirements established in connection with its granting and validity are met by the operator, and it complies with the obligations imposed by current and future regulations. Grain producers must stock grains at facilities and maintain a record of the grain stock stored at such facilities to be filed with the RUCA. Registration with the RUCA is a mandatory requirement to engage in any of the activities it regulates. Moreover, under the organizational chart approved by Decree No. 293/2024, RUCA is currently coordinated by the Undersecretariat for Agricultural Markets and International Negotiations. Agricultural companies may have additional registration obligations depending on the characteristics of grain purchase operations, such as the ones regulated for grain buyers in Resolution No. 438/2023 of the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Fishing.
On February 26, 2014, the Public Income Federal Administration (“Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos” or “AFIP”) issued Resolution No. 3,593/14, which became effective on April 1, 2014. This resolution established a Systematic Registration of Movements and Grain Stocks Regime (Régimen de Registración Sistemática de Movimientos y Existencias de Granos), which requires all producers involved in the commercialization and manufacturing of grains and dairy products registered in the RUCA to report the stock and stock variations (including locations, transportation between the producer facilities, etc.) of all grains other agricultural products (other than those to be applied to sowing) held by them or on behalf of a third party.
Violations of any applicable regulations may result in the application of sanctions, including fines, suspensions and the cancellation of the registration, which may, in turn, result in an immediate cessation of activities and closure of facilities.
On April 15, 2021, the Ministry of Agriculture issued Resolution No. 60/2021, which was published in the Official Gazette on April 19, 2021. This resolution specifies that dairy and grain exporters who did not register an establishment in the RUCA must provide additional information.
The Argentine Grain Stabilization Fund (Fondo Estabilizador del Trigo Argentino), created by Decree No. 132/2022 to contribute to the mitigation of the increase in the price per ton of grain bought by Argentine windmills as a result of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, was repealed by Resolution No. 142/2024 of the Ministry of Economy, which revoked the relevant trust agreement and ordered the liquidation of this Fund.
Recent Developments
Tether offer
On March 26, 2025, we entered into a Transaction Agreement with Tether, an El Salvador corporation and a member of the Tether Group which includes the issuer of USDT, the world’s largest stablecoin.
Pursuant to the terms of the Transaction Agreement, on March 28, 2025, Tether commenced a tender offer (the “Offer”) to acquire up to 49,596,510 common shares of the Company at a price in cash of $12.41 per common share
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(representing, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase, dated March 28, 2025. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain closing conditions, including there being validly tendered and not validly withdrawn a number of common shares that, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, represents at least 51% of the outstanding common shares on a fully diluted basis.
The Offer is scheduled to expire at 12:00 midnight, New York City time, on April 24, 2025, unless Tether extends the period of time during which the Offer is open in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Agreement, in which event the Offer will expire at a later date. Provided that the closing conditions of the Offer are satisfied, we expect the Offer to close by April 30, 2025. Nonetheless, there can be no assurance that the conditions for the Offer will be satisfied and thus no assurance that the Offer will be closed.
For an additional discussion of the Offer and its terms, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Corporate Development.”
Loans to related parties
During February 2025, Adeco Agropecuaria S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary, granted a loan to senior management of the company for a total amount of up to USD 20 million for a period of one year and with a 2.17% annual interest rate. Under this line of credit, on February 24, 2025, an amount of USD 15.9 million has been disbursed. This credit line is guaranteed by the shares of the company Río Porá S.A. Adeco Agropecuaria has a lease agreement of a farm signed with Río Porá.
C.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Corporate Structure
We are a corporation organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg under the form of a société anonyme. As of April 2024, we held approximately 100% of the limited partnership interests in Adecoagro LP S.C.S., a société en commandite simple organized under Luxembourg law (representing 99.9999% of interests in Adecoagro LP S.C.S.) with the unlimited partnership interest in Adecoagro LP S.C.S. (representing 0.0001% of interests in Adecoagro LP S.C.S.) being owned by Adecoagro GP S.à r.l, a société à responsibilité limitée organized under Luxembourg law and our substantially wholly-owned subsidiary. Adecoagro LP S.C.S. is a holding company with operating subsidiaries owning farmland and facilities throughout Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. For a diagram of our Organizational structure as of April 2024, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—History.”
As of April 2025 our principal shareholders were Tether Holdings, S.A. de C.V., Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn, Route One Investment Co LP, Helikon Investments Limited, Route One Investment Company, L.P., Banco Santander, S.A and Directors, Executive Officers and Company’s employees as a group. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. Major Shareholders.”
D.PROPERTY, PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT
See “B. Business Overview—Land Transformation Activities — Our Farms”; “—Property, Plant and Equipment.”
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 20-F discusses the Company’s operating and financial review and prospects as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For a discussion of the Company’s operating and financial review and prospects as of and for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see "Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results— For the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to year ended December 31, 2022,” and “—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources,” included in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on April 26, 2024 which are incorporated herein by reference.
Overview
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We are engaged in agricultural, manufacturing and land transformation activities. Our agricultural activities consist of harvesting certain agricultural products, including crops (soybeans, corn, wheat, peanuts, sunflower, etc.), rough rice, and sugarcane, for sale to third parties and for internal use as inputs in our various manufacturing processes, and producing fluid milk. Our manufacturing activities consist of (i) selling manufactured products, including processed peanuts, sunflower rice, sugar, ethanol and energy, among others, (ii) in our milk facilities we produce UHT and UP milk, powder milk and semi-hard cheese, among others; and (iii) providing services, such as grain warehousing and conditioning and handling and drying services, among others. Our land transformation activities consist of the acquisition of farmlands or businesses with underdeveloped or underutilized agricultural land and implementing production technology and agricultural best practices to enhance yields and increase the value of the land. See also “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors —Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate—Laws on the foreign ownership of rural properties may adversely affect our results of operations and future investments in rural properties.”
We are organized into two main lines of business: Farming; and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy. These lines of business consist of four reportable operating segments, which are evaluated by the chief operating decision-maker based upon their economic characteristics, the nature of the products they offer, their production processes and their type and class of customers and distribution methods. Our Farming business is comprised of three reportable operating segments: Crops, Rice and Diary Segments. Our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy line of business is also a reportable operating segment. See “—Operating Segments” for a discussion of our four operating reportable segments.
There are significant economic differences between our agricultural and manufacturing activities. In addition to our agricultural activities, we perform manufacturing activities in the Crops (including peanut and sunflower products), Dairy, Rice and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segments. The table below sets forth our agricultural and manufacturing activities by segment.

Segment |  | Agricultural Product |  | Manufactured Product and Services Rendered
Crops |  | Soybean, Corn, Wheat, Sunflower and Peanuts among others |  | Industrialized peanuts and sunflower, grain drying and conditioning
Rice |  | Rough rice |  | White rice and brown rice and snacks
Dairy |  | Fluid milk |  | UHT and UP milk, powder milk and semi-hard cheese, among others
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Sugarcane |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy

Manufacturing Activities
The gross profit of our manufacturing activities is a function of our sales of manufactured products and services rendered and the related costs of manufacturing those products or delivering those services. We recognize an amount of revenue representing the actual dollar amount collected or to be collected from our customers. Our principal costs consist of raw materials, labor and social security expenses, maintenance and repairs, depreciation, lubricants and other fuels, among others. We obtain our raw materials principally from our own agricultural activities and, to a lesser extent, from third parties.
Agricultural Activities
Our agricultural activities involve the management of the biological transformation of biological assets into agricultural produce for sale to third parties, or into agricultural products that we use in our manufacturing activities. We measure our biological assets and agricultural produce in accordance with IAS 41 "Agriculture." IAS 41 requires biological assets to be measured on initial recognition and at each balance sheet date at their fair value less cost to sell, with changes in fair value recognized in the statement of income as they occur. As market prices are generally not available for biological assets while they are growing, we use the present value of expected net cash flows as a valuation technique to determine fair value, as further discussed below in Note 32 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. In addition, agricultural produce at the point of harvest is measured at fair value less cost to sell, which is generally determined by reference to the quoted market price in the relevant market. Consequently, the gains and losses arising on initial recognition and changes in fair value of our biological assets and the initial recognition of our agricultural produce at the point of harvest are accounted for in the statement of income in the line item "Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce."
After agricultural produce is harvested, we may hold it in inventory at net realizable value up to the point of sale, which includes market selling price less direct selling expenses, with changes in net realizable value recognized in the statement of income when they occur. When we sell our inventory, we sell at the prevailing market price and we incur direct selling expenses.
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We generally recognize the agricultural produce held in inventory at net realizable value with changes recognized in the statement of income as they occur. Therefore, changes in net realizable value represent the difference in value from the last measurement through the date of sale on an aggregated basis.
We consider gains and losses recorded in the line items of the statement of income "Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce" and "Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest" to be realized only when the related produce or manufactured product is sold to third parties and, therefore, converted into cash or other financial assets. Therefore, "realized" gains or losses mean that the related produce or product has been sold and the proceeds are included in revenues for the year. See Note 32 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of the accounting treatment, financial statement, presentation and disclosure related to our agricultural activities.
Land Transformation activities
Our Land Transformation activities generally include two types of activities. We generally acquire on of farmlands or businesses with underdeveloped or underutilized agricultural land (land which we have identified as capable of being transformed into more productive farmland by enhancing yields and increasing its future value). When we acquire a farmland business for an acquisition price below its estimated fair value, we recognize an immediate gain (a "purchase bargain gain"). The land acquired is recognized at its fair value at the acquisition date and is subsequently recorded under the revaluation model based on periodic, but at least annual, valuations prepared by an external independent expert.
We also may realize the value of fully developed and transformed farmland through their strategic disposition. Once we believe certain land has reached full growth potential, we may decide to realize such incremental value through the disposition of the land.
The results of these two activities (purchase bargain gains as a result of opportunistic acquisitions of businesses with underdeveloped or underutilized land below fair market value, and gains on dispositions reflecting the ultimate realization of cash value on dispositions of transformed farmlands) are included in the segment of which farms operate (meaning rice or crops).
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A. OPERATING RESULTS
Trends and Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations
Effects of Yield Fluctuations
The occurrence of severe adverse weather conditions, especially droughts, hail, floods or frost, are unpredictable and may have a potentially devastating impact on agricultural production and may otherwise adversely affect the supply and prices of the agricultural commodities that we sell and use in our business. The effects of severe adverse weather conditions may also reduce yields at our farms. Yields may also be affected by plague, disease or weed infection and operational problems, such as Spiroplasma disease, which affected corn yield during the 2023/2024 harvest season. See “Item—3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industries—Unpredictable weather conditions, including as a result of climate change, pest infestations and diseases may have an adverse impact on agricultural production.”
The following table sets forth our average crop, rice and sugarcane yields per hectare for the periods indicated:

| 2023/2024 |  | 2022/2023 |  | 2021/2022 |  | % Change
| Harvest Year |  | Harvest Year |  | Harvest Year |  | 2023/2024 -2022/2023 |  | 2022/2023 -2021/2022
Corn (1) | 5.2 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | (20.3) | %
Soybean | 2.8 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 55.6 | % |  | (28.0) | %
Wheat (2) | 3.1 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 34.8 | % |  | (23.3) | %
Peanut | 3.6 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 80.0 | % |  | (28.6) | %
Sunflower | 1.7 |  |  | 1.8 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | (5.6) | % |  | 5.9 | %
Rice | 6.1 |  |  | 6.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | (4.7) | % |  | (5.9) | %
Sugarcane (3) | 69.8 |  |  | 79.7 |  |  | 66.5 |  |  | (12.4) | % |  | 19.8 | %

(1) Includes sorghum and chia.
(2) Includes barley, rye, oats, chickpea and black pea.
(3) Does not consider harvested area for planting activities.
Effects of Fluctuations in Production Costs
We experience fluctuations in our production costs due to the fluctuation in the costs of fertilizers, agrochemicals, seeds, fuel, farm leases and labor. The use of advanced technology, however, allows us to increase our efficiency, in large part mitigating the fluctuations in production costs. Some examples of how the implementation of production technology has allowed us to increase our efficiency and reduce our costs include the use of no-till technology (also known as “direct sowing,” which involves farming without the use of tillage, leaving plant residues on the soil to form a protective cover which positively impacts costs, yields and the soil), crop rotation, second harvest in one year, integrated pest management, and balanced fertilization techniques to increase the productive efficiency in our farmland. Increased mechanization of harvesting and planting operations in our sugarcane plantations and utilization of modern, high-pressure boilers in our sugar and ethanol mills has also yielded higher rates of energy production per ton of sugarcane milled. In addition, we reuse all the waste from our sugar cane processing, which together with the ashes from the boilers, and the filter cake, undergo a composting process and are used as organic fertilizer to grow sugarcane, allowing us to reduce chemical fertilizer consumption, while contributing to the environment. We also use manure in our dairy farms to generate electricity with biodigesters.
Effects of Fluctuations in Commodities Prices
Commodity prices have historically experienced substantial fluctuation. For example, between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2024, sugar prices decreased by 7.8%, according to Intercontinental Exchange of New York (“ICE-NY”) data, and ethanol prices increased by 41.1%, according to Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (“ESALQ”) data. Also, based on Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”) data, from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024, soybean prices decreased 21.6% and corn prices decreased by 1.1%. Commodity price fluctuations affect our consolidated statements of income, as they have an effect over:
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•the initial recognition and changes in the fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce in respect of unharvested biological assets undergoing biological transformation;
•changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce for inventory carried at its net realizable value; and
•sales of manufactured products and agricultural produce to third parties.
The following graphs show the spot market price of some of our main products between December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2024, highlighting the period between January 1 and December 31, 2024:

(1) Source: CBOT
(2) Source: ICE-NY
(3) Source: ESALQ
Fiscal Year and Harvest Year
Our fiscal year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of each year. However, our production is based on the harvest-year for each of our crops and rice. A harvest-year varies according to the crop or rice plant and the climate in which it is grown. Due to the geographic diversity of our farms, the planting period for a given crop or rice may start earlier on one farm than on another, causing differences for their respective harvesting periods. The presentation of production volume (tons) and production area (hectares) in this report in respect of the harvest-years for each of our crops and rice starts with the first day of the planting period at the first farm to start planting in that harvest-year to the last day of the harvesting period of the crop or rice planting on the last farm to finish harvesting that harvest-year.
On the other hand, production volumes for dairy, processed rice and production volume and production area for sugar, ethanol and energy business, along with the financial results in respect of our products are presented on a fiscal-year basis.
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Effects of Fluctuations of the Production Area
Our results of operations also depend on the size of the production area. The size of our owned and leased area devoted to crop, rice and sugarcane production fluctuates from period to period in connection with the purchase and development of new farmland, the sale of developed farmland, the lease of new farmland and the termination of existing farmland lease agreements. Lease agreements are usually settled following the harvest season, from July to September for crops and rice, and from May to April for sugarcane. The length of the lease agreements is usually one year for crops, one to five years for rice and seven years for one-cycle sugarcane or 14 years for a two-cycle of sugarcane. Regarding crops, the production area can be planted and harvested once or twice per year. For example, wheat can be planted in July and harvested in December. Once harvested, soybean can be planted in the same area and harvested in April. As a result, planted and harvested areas can maximize their production in any given year. The production area for sugarcane can exceed the harvested area in one year. Grown sugarcane can be left in the fields and then harvested the following year.
The following table sets forth the production area for the periods indicated:

| Year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Chg (%) 2024-2023 |  | Chg (%) 2023-2022
|  |  | Hectares |  |  |  |  |  |
Crops (1) | 196,777 |  |  | 194,225 |  |  | 194,236 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | — | %
Rice | 64,477 |  |  | 58,452 |  |  | 60,857 |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | (4.0) | %
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy | 212,996 |  |  | 198,747 |  |  | 192,987 |  |  | 7.2 | % |  | 3.0 | %

(1) Does not include second crop and forage area.
The increase in sugar, ethanol and energy production area in 2024 is explained by an increase in the leased space to ensure the sufficiency of our sugarcane supply during the entire year in accordance with our long-term growth plan, as well as in our rice operations, in which we continue allocating investments towards area expansion and increasing our leased space to support our growth strategy.
Macroeconomic Developments in Emerging Markets
We generate nearly all of our revenue from the production of food and renewable energy in emerging markets. Therefore, our operating results and financial condition are directly impacted by macroeconomic and fiscal developments, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates, inflation and interest rate fluctuations, in those markets. The emerging markets where we conduct our business (including Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay) remain subject to such fluctuations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate—Our results of operations and financial condition are dependent upon economic conditions in the emerging countries in which we operate” and “—Economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, and the perception of these conditions in international markets, may adversely impact our business, our access to the capital and debt markets, and our results of operations and financial condition.”
Moreover, economic conditions of the countries in which we operate may be impacted by inflation over domestic prices, which may result in higher costs and affect our revenues. High inflation rates may undermine the conditions that allow us to grow in those countries and induce to macroeconomic volatility, affecting overall competitiveness, increasing social and economic inequality, reducing employment, consumption and the level of economic activity and undermining confidence in the banking system, which could further limit domestic and international credit availability. In 2024, inflation in local currency in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay was 117.8%, 4.8% and 5.5%, respectively. We present our results of operations adjusted by the effect of hyperinflationary accounting policies and translation for our Argentine operations according to IAS 29 (see “Presentation of Financial and Other Information—Financial reporting in a hyperinflationary economy). For further detail on the impact of inflation, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate—Inflation in some of the countries in which we operate, along with governmental measures to curb inflation, may have a significant negative effect on the economies of those countries and, as a result, on our financial condition and results of operations.”
In addition, government policies enacted in the countries in which we operate may have a material impact, or could materially affect, the Company’s operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks related to Our Business and Industries—Governmental policies reducing the amount of ethanol required to be added to gasoline, or eliminating tax incentives for flex-fuel vehicles, may adversely affect our business” and “—Our business is subject to significant governmental
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regulation, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.” See also “Item 4—Information on the Company—B. Business Overview,” for additional information concerning macroeconomic events.
Effects of Export Taxes on Our Products
The following table shows the export taxes applicable to our products for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Product | Export tax | Cap per dollar exported
Soybean and derivatives | 33% | — |
Corn | 12% | — |
Wheat | 12% | — |
Peanut | —% | — |
Sunflower | —% | — |
Cotton | 5% | — |
Rice | —% | — |
UHT Milk | —% | — |
Powdered Milk | —% | — |
Cheese | —% | — |

As local prices are determined by taking into consideration export parity references, any increase or decrease in export taxes would affect our results of operations.
Effects of Foreign Currency Fluctuations
Each of our Argentine, Brazilian and Uruguayan subsidiaries use local currency as its functional currency. A significant portion of our operating costs in Argentina are denominated in Argentine Pesos and most of our operating costs in Brazil are denominated in Brazilian Reais. For each of our subsidiaries’ statements of income, foreign currency transactions are translated to local currency, as such subsidiaries’ functional currency, using the exchange rates prevailing as of the dates of the relevant specific transactions. Exchange differences resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in the statement of income under “finance income” or “finance costs,” as applicable. Our Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in U.S. dollars, and foreign exchange differences that arise in the translation process are disclosed in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income.
As of December 31, 2024, the Argentine Peso-U.S. dollar exchange rate was Ps. 1,032.0 per U.S. dollar as compared to Ps. 808.5 per U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the Real-U.S. dollar exchange rate was R$6.19 per U.S. dollar as compared to R$4.84 per U.S. dollar as of December 31, 2023.
The following graph shows the Argentine Peso-U.S. dollar rate and the real-U.S. dollar rate of exchange between December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2024, highlighting the period between January 1 and December 31, 2024:
(1) Source: Bloomberg
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Our principal foreign currency fluctuation risk involves changes in the value of the Brazilian Reais and the Argentine Peso relative to the U.S. dollar. Periodically, we evaluate our exposure and consider opportunities to mitigate the effects of currency fluctuations by entering into currency forward contracts and other hedging instruments.
Seasonality
Our business activities are inherently seasonal. We generally harvest and sell corn, soybean, rice, peanut and sunflower between February and August, and wheat from December to January. With the implementation of the "continuous harvest method,” sugarcane production is more stable during the year; however, the typical harvesting period in Brazil begins between April and May and ends between November and December. Sales of ethanol are generally concentrated during off-season to capture higher seasonal prices. Sales in other business segments, such as in our Dairy segment, tend to be more stable. However, milk sales are generally higher during the fourth quarter, when weather conditions are more favorable for production. As a result of the above factors, there may be significant variations in our results of operations from one quarter to another, since planting activities may be more concentrated in one quarter compared to another. In addition, our quarterly results may vary as a result of the effects of fluctuations in commodity prices and production yields and costs related to the “Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce” line item. See Note 32 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Capital Expenditures and Other Investments
Capital expenditures totaled US$274.2 million, US$250.2 million and US$229.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our capital expenditures during the last three years consisted mainly of expenses related to (i) transforming and increasing the productivity of our land, (ii) planting sugarcane and (iii) expanding and upgrading our production facilities, such as our biogas project in Brazil and the expansion of our renewable energy generation capacity in that country; along with capital investments aimed at enhancing processing capacity in our dairy facilities in Argentina.
Effects of Corporate Taxes on Our Income
We are subject to a variety of taxes on our results of operations. The following table shows the applicable income tax rates in effect for 2024:

| Tax Rate (%)
Argentina (1) | 35
Brazil | 34
Uruguay | 25
Spain | 25
Luxembourg | 24.94
Chile | 27

________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)Includes the Social Contribution on Net Profit (Contribuição Social Sobre o Lucro Líquido).
Operating Segments
The Company is engaged in agricultural, manufacturing and land transformation activities. Our agricultural activities consist of harvesting certain agricultural products, including crops, rough rice, and sugarcane, for sale to third parties and for internal use as inputs in our various manufacturing processes, and producing fluid milk. The manufacturing activities consist of (i) selling manufactured products, including processed peanuts, sunflower rice, sugar, ethanol and energy, among others, (ii) in producing UHT and UP milk, powdered milk and semi-hard cheese, among other dairy products; and (iii) providing services, such as grain warehousing and conditioning and handling and drying services, among others. The land transformation activities consist of the acquisition of farmlands or businesses with underdeveloped or underutilized agricultural land and implementing production technology and agricultural best practices on the Group’s farmlands to enhance yields and increase their value for potential realization through sale.
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According to IFRS 8, operating segments are identified based on the ‘management approach’. Operating segments are components of an entity about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company’s CODM is the Management Committee. IFRS 8 stipulates external segment reporting based on the Company’s internal organizational and management structure and on internal financial reporting to the CODM.
Based on the foregoing, the Company operates in two major lines of business, Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy.
–The “Farming” is further comprised of three reportable segments:
•“Crops” segment, which consists of the planting, harvesting and sale of grains, oilseeds and fibers (including wheat, corn, soybeans, peanuts, cotton and sunflowers, among others), and to a lesser extent the provision of grain warehousing/conditioning and handling and drying services to third parties. Each underlying crop in this segment does not represent a separate operating segment. Management seeks to maximize the use of the land through the cultivation of one or more type of crops. Types and surface amount of crops cultivated may vary from harvest-year to harvest-year depending on several factors, some of them out of our control. Management is focused on the long-term performance of productive land, and to that extent, our performance is assessed considering the aggregated combination, if any, of crops planted in the land. A single manager is responsible for the management of operating activity of all crops rather than for each individual crop.
•“Rice” segment, which consists of the planting, harvesting, processing and marketing of rice, and the genetic development of seeds; and
•“Dairy” segment, which consists of the production and sale of raw milk and industrialized products, including UHT and UP milk, cheese and powdered milk among others.
–The “Sugar, Ethanol and Energy” business is also a segment which consists of cultivating sugarcane which is processed in owned sugar mills, transformed into ethanol, sugar and electricity, in addition to biomethane and then marketed;
To evaluate the economic performance of our businesses on a monthly basis, the results of operations of our Argentine subsidiaries are based on monthly data adjusted for inflation and converted into the average exchange rate of the U.S. dollar for each month. These converted figures are not readjusted and reconverted subsequently. We also employ this methodology to translate the results of operations of our subsidiaries in countries without hyperinflationary economies, as it allows for a more accurate analysis of the integral economic performance of their businesses.
Key Financial and Operating Data
The following tables present selected sales, volumes, processing, planted areas and land use data solely for the periods indicated below:
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|  | For the year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | Chg (%) 2024-2023 |  |
Sales |  | (In thousands of $) |  |  |  |
Farming Business |  | 810,953 |  |  | 576,564 |  |  |  |  | 40.7 | % |  |
Crops |  | 249,196 |  |  | 166,253 |  |  |  |  | 49.9 | % |  |
Soybean (1)(2) |  | 79,445 |  |  | 42,610 |  |  |  |  | 86.4 | % |  |
Corn (3) |  | 56,125 |  |  | 22,490 |  |  |  |  | 149.6 | % |  |
Wheat (4) |  | 22,942 |  |  | 7,984 |  |  |  |  | 187.3 | % |  |
Peanut |  | 59,310 |  |  | 63,646 |  |  |  |  | (6.8) | % |  |
Sunflower |  | 10,769 |  |  | 15,396 |  |  |  |  | (30.1) | % |  |
Cotton Lint |  | 3,893 |  |  | 8,383 |  |  |  |  | (53.6) | % |  |
Other crops (5) |  | 16,712 |  |  | 5,744 |  |  |  |  | 190.9 | % |  |
Rice (6) |  | 260,440 |  |  | 230,192 |  |  |  |  | 13.1 | % |  |
Dairy (7) |  | 301,317 |  |  | 180,119 |  |  |  |  | 67.3 | % |  |
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business |  | 707,954 |  |  | 722,307 |  |  |  |  | (2.0) | % |  |
Sugar |  | 391,738 |  |  | 419,858 |  |  |  |  | (6.7) | % |  |
Ethanol |  | 265,154 |  |  | 247,008 |  |  |  |  | 7.3 | % |  |
Energy |  | 37,029 |  |  | 35,985 |  |  |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |
Other (8) |  | 14,033 |  |  | 19,456 |  |  |  |  | (27.9) | % |  |
Total |  | 1,518,907 |  |  | 1,298,871 |  |  |  |  | 16.9 | % |  |

(1) Includes soybean, soybean oil and soybean meal.
(2) 2023/2024 does not include soybean planted in Brazil as cover crop during the implementation of the agricultural technique known as meiosis. Revenues corresponding to the sale of this product are booked in the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business.
(3) Includes sorghum, chia and bean.
(4) Includes barley, rye, oats, chickpea and vetch.
(5) Includes seeds and farming services.
(6) Includes sales of processed rice including rough rice purchased from third parties and processed in our own facilities, rice seeds and services.
(7) Includes sales of energy from our biodigester, which produces biogas from effluents of our cows.
(8) Includes operating leases and other services.
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|  |  |  | 2023/2024 |  | 2022/2023 |  | 2021/2022 |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Harvest |  | Harvest |  | Harvest |  | Chg (%) 2023/2024-2022/2023 |  | Chg (%) 2022/2023-2021/2022
Production |  |  |  | Year (1) |  | Year (1) |  | Year (1) |  |
Farming Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Crops (tons)(2) |  |  |  | 743,514 |  |  | 483,855 |  |  | 769,524 |  |  | 53.7 | % |  | (37.1) | %
Soybean (tons) (3) |  |  |  | 234,064 |  |  | 123,827 |  |  | 177,963 |  |  | 89.0 | % |  | (30.4) | %
Corn (tons) (4) |  |  |  | 310,497 |  |  | 192,615 |  |  | 342,621 |  |  | 61.2 | % |  | (43.8) | %
Wheat (tons) (5) |  |  |  | 88,207 |  |  | 83,290 |  |  | 137,953 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | (39.6) | %
Peanut (tons) |  |  |  | 87,586 |  |  | 39,306 |  |  | 62,433 |  |  | 122.8 | % |  | (37.0) | %
Sunflower (tons) |  |  |  | 18,500 |  |  | 32,565 |  |  | 39,054 |  |  | (43.2) | % |  | (16.6) | %
Cotton Lint (tons) |  |  |  | 2,207 |  |  | 6,224 |  |  | 4,262 |  |  | (64.5) | % |  | 46.0 | %
Others |  |  |  | 2452 |  | 6,029 |  |  | 5,238 |  |  | (59.3) | % |  | 15.1 | %
Rice (tons) (6) |  |  |  | 357,980 |  |  | 354,128 |  |  | 416,735 |  |  | 1.1 | % |  | (15.0) | %

(1) The table reflects the production in respect of harvest-years as of December 31.
(2) Crop production does not include 320,839 tons, 288,137 tons and 314,000 tons of forage produced as of December 31, in the 2023/2024, 2022/2023 and 2021/2022 harvest-years, respectively.
(3) 2021/2022 does not include soybean planted in Brazil as cover crop during the implementation of the agricultural technique known as meiosis. Revenues corresponding to the sale of this product are booked in the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business.
(4) Includes sorghum.
(5) Includes barley, rye, oats, chickpea and vetch.
(6) Expressed in tons of white rice equivalent produced on owned and leased farms. The white rice equivalent we produce, along with additional rice we purchase from third parties, is ultimately processed and constitutes the product sold in respect of the rice business.

|  | For the year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | Chg (%) 2024-2023 |  |
Processed rice (1) (tons) |  | 277,164 |  |  | 280,246 |  |  |  |  | (1.1) | % |  |
Dairy(2) (thousand liters) |  | 199,096 |  |  | 199,913 |  |  |  |  | (0.4) | % |  |
Processed Milk (3) (thousand liters) |  | 354,457 |  |  | 351,754 |  |  |  |  | 0.8 | % |  |
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sugar (tons) |  | 832,389 |  |  | 805,608 |  |  |  |  | 3.3 | % |  |
Ethanol (cubic meters) |  | 532,715 |  |  | 522,508 |  |  |  |  | 2.0 | % |  |
Energy (4) (MWh) |  | 743,488 |  |  | 694,259 |  |  |  |  | 7.1 | % |  |

(1) Includes rough rice purchased from third parties and processed in our own facilities. Expressed in tons of rough rice (one ton of processed rice is approximately equivalent to 1.6 tons of rough rice).
(2) Raw milk produced at our dairy farms.
(3) Consists of our and third parties` raw milk processed in our industrial facilities of Morteros and Chivilcoy.
(4) Energy exported to grid.
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|  | 2024/2025 |  | 2023/2024 |  | 2022/2023 |  |  |  | Chg (%) 2024/2025-2023/2024 |  | Chg (%) 2023/2024-2022/2023
|  | Harvest |  | Harvest |  | Harvest |  |  |  |
Planted Area |  | Year (1) |  | Year |  | Year |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | (Hectares) |  |  |  |  |  |
Farming Business (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Crops |  | 252,380 |  |  | 232,852 |  |  | 223,296 |  |  |  |  | 8.4 | % |  | 4.3 | %
Soybean (2) |  | 92,419 |  |  | 88,691 |  |  | 81,770 |  |  |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 8.5 | %
Corn (2)(3) |  | 46,836 |  |  | 59,812 |  |  | 41,411 |  |  |  |  | (21.7) | % |  | 44.4 | %
Wheat (4) |  | 47,818 |  |  | 28,142 |  |  | 35,789 |  |  |  |  | 69.9 | % |  | (21.4) | %
Peanut |  | 25,353 |  |  | 24,282 |  |  | 19,813 |  |  |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 22.6 | %
Sunflower |  | 12,614 |  |  | 10,832 |  |  | 18,131 |  |  |  |  | 16.5 | % |  | (40.3) | %
Cotton |  | 4,890 |  |  | 5,199 |  |  | 10,075 |  |  |  |  | (5.9) | % |  | (48.4) | %
Others |  | 10,850 |  |  | 3,692 |  |  | 2,657 |  |  |  |  | 193.9 | % |  | 38.9 | %
Forage |  | 11,599 |  |  | 12,202 |  |  | 13,650 |  |  |  |  | (4.9) | % |  | (10.6) | %
Rice |  | 64,477 |  |  | 58,452 |  |  | 55,648 |  |  |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 5.0 | %
Total Planted Area |  | 316,857 |  |  | 291,304 |  |  | 278,944 |  |  |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 4.4 | %
Second Harvest Area |  | 44,004 |  |  | 26,587 |  |  | 32,763 |  |  |  |  | 65.5 | % |  | (18.9) | %
Leased Area |  | 162,218 |  |  | 153,040 |  |  | 130,463 |  |  |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | 17.3 | %
Owned Croppable Area (5) |  | 99,036 |  |  | 99,637 |  |  | 102,127 |  |  |  |  | (0.6) | % |  | (2.4) | %

(1) Represents the planting plan for the 2024/2025 harvest-year. As of February 23, 2025, 99.8% of the planting plan is seeded.
(2) Includes hectares planted in the second harvest.
(3) Includes sorghum.
(4) Includes barley, rye, oats, chickpea and vetch.
(5) Does not include potential croppable areas being evaluated for transformation and does not include forage area.

|  | For the year ended December 31, |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |  |  | Chg (%) 2024-2023 |  |
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sugarcane plantation |  | 212,996 |  |  | 198,747 |  |  |  |  | 7.2 | % |  |
Owned land |  | 12,951 |  |  | 10,024 |  |  |  |  | 29.2 | % |  |
Leased land |  | 200,045 |  |  | 188,723 |  |  |  |  | 6.0 | % |  |

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For the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to year ended December 31, 2023
The following table sets forth certain financial information with respect to our consolidated results of operations for the years indicated.

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Chg (%) 2024-2023
| (In thousands of $) |
Revenue | 1,518,907 |  |  | 1,298,871 |  |  | 16.9 | %
Cost of revenue | (1,198,715) |  |  | (973,180) |  |  | 23.2 | %
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 143,081 |  |  | 87,858 |  |  | 62.9 | %
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (28,437) |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | (1,647.2) | %
Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses | 434,836 |  |  | 415,387 |  |  | 4.7 | %
General and administrative expenses | (103,880) |  |  | (70,320) |  |  | 47.7 | %
Selling expenses | (153,482) |  |  | (129,092) |  |  | 18.9 | %
Other operating income, net | 4,824 |  |  | 25,590 |  |  | (81.1) | %
Profit from operations | 182,298 |  |  | 241,565 |  |  | (24.5) | %
Finance income | 16,808 |  |  | 157,100 |  |  | (89.3) | %
Finance costs | (166,441) |  |  | (122,087) |  |  | 36.3 | %
Other financial results - Net gain / (loss) of inflation effects on monetary items | 2,421 |  |  | 28,816 |  |  | (91.6) | %
Financial results, net | (147,212) |  |  | 63,829 |  |  | (330.6) | %
Profit before income tax | 35,086 |  |  | 305,394 |  |  | (88.5) | %
Income tax benefit / (expense) | 57,015 |  |  | (78,673) |  |  | (172.5) | %
Profit for the year | 92,101 |  |  | 226,721 |  |  | (59.4) | %

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Sales of Goods and Services Rendered

For the year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | 249,196 |  |  | 260,440 |  |  | 301,317 |  |  |  |  | 707,954 |  |  | 1,518,907 |
2023 | 166,253 |  |  | 230,192 |  |  | 180,119 |  |  |  |  | 722,307 |  |  | 1,298,871 |

Sales of goods and services rendered increased 16.9%, from US$1.30 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$1.52 billion for the same period in 2024, primarily as a result of:
•a US$121.2 million increase in our Dairy segment mainly due to (i) an increase in domestic market sales with higher value added products, mainly driven by a 13.3% and 16.7% increase in UHT cream and chocolate milk, from US$3.0 and US$1.2 per liter during the year ended December, 31, 2023 to US$3.4 and US$1.4 per liter during the same period in 2024, respectively; (ii) a positive impact of US$17.2 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a negative impact of US$66.8 million during the same period in 2023.
•a US$82.9 million increase in our Crops segment driven by: (i) a 107.3% increase in the volume of soybean, from 108,942 tons for the year ended December 31, 2023, to 225,725 tons during the same period in 2024, a 88.5% and 77.7% increase in the volume of corn and wheat sold, respectively, from 160,522 and 60,019 tons during the year ended December 31, 2023, to 302,459 and 106,643 tons during the same period in 2024, principally due to the normalization of weather conditions during 2024; partially offset by a 10.0% decrease in soybean prices; and (ii) a positive impact of US$13.1 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a negative impact of US$50.7 million for the same period in 2023;
The following table sets forth the breakdown of sales for the years indicated.

| Year ended December 31, |  | Year ended December 31, |  | Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Chg |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Chg |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | % Chg
| (In millions of $) |  | (In thousands of tons) |  | (In $ per ton)
Soybean | 79.4 |  |  | 42.6 |  |  | 86.4 | % |  | 225.7 |  |  | 108.9 |  |  | 107.3 | % |  | 352.0 |  |  | 391.1 |  |  | (10.0) | %
Corn (1) | 56.1 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | 149.3 | % |  | 302.5 |  |  | 160.5 |  |  | 88.5 | % |  | 185.6 |  |  | 140.1 |  |  | 32.5 | %
Wheat | 22.9 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 186.3 | % |  | 106.6 |  |  | 60.0 |  |  | 77.7 | % |  | 215.1 |  |  | 133.0 |  |  | 61.7 | %
Peanut | 59.3 |  |  | 63.6 |  |  | (6.8) | % |  | 36.4 |  |  | 49.7 |  |  | (26.8) | % |  | 1,631.3 |  |  | 1,280.0 |  |  | 27.4 | %
Sunflower | 10.8 |  |  | 15.4 |  |  | (29.9) | % |  | 15.6 |  | 34.6 |  | (54.9) | % |  | 690.0 |  |  | 444.3 |  |  | 55.3 | %
Others | 20.6 |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | 46.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total | 249.2 |  |  | 166.3 |  |  | 49.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1) Includes sorghum.
•a US$30.2 million increase in our Rice segment, mainly driven by: (i) a 17.7% increase in the price of white rice, from US$679.2 per ton for the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$799.1 per ton for the same period in 2024, partially offset by a 144.1% increase in inventories, from 31.5 thousand tons for the year ended December 31, 2023, to 76.9 thousand tons for the same period in 2024; and (ii) a positive impact of US$12.2 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a negative impact of US$26.2 million for the same period in 2023.
These effects were partially offset by:
•a US$14.4 million decrease in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, mainly due to: (i) a 12.2% decrease in average sugar price, from US$527.3 per ton for the year ended December 31, 2023 to US$463.2 per ton for the same
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period in 2024, a 10.1% decrease in average ethanol price, from US$536.1 per ton for the year ended December 31, 2023 to US$ 481.8 per ton for the same period in 2024;
The following table sets forth the breakdown of sales of manufactured products for the years indicated.

| For the year ended December 31, |  | For the year ended December 31, |  | For the year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Chg % |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Chg % |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | Chg %
| (in millions of $) |  | (in thousand units) |  | (in dollars per unit)
Ethanol (cubic meters) | 265.2 |  |  | 247.0 |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | 550.3 |  |  | 460.7 |  |  | 19.4 | % |  | 481.8 |  |  | 536.1 |  | (10.1) | %
Sugar (tons) | 391.7 |  |  | 419.9 |  |  | (6.7) | % |  | 845.8 |  |  | 796.3 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 463.2 |  |  | 527.3 |  |  | (12.2) | %
Energy (MWh) | 37.0 |  |  | 36.0 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 844.7 |  |  | 834.4 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 43.8 |  |  | 43.1 |  |  | 1.6 | %
Others | 14.0 |  |  | 19.5 |  |  | (28.2) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TOTAL | 708.0 |  |  | 722.4 |  |  | (2.0) | % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

The following chart sets forth the variables that impact our Sugar and Ethanol sales:
The following chart sets forth the variables that impact our Energy sales:
(*) On average, one metric ton of sugarcane contains 140 kilograms of TRS. While a mill can produce either sugar or ethanol, the TRS input requirements differ between these two products. On average, 1.045 kilograms of TRS are required to produce 1.0 kilogram of sugar, while 1.691 kilograms of TRS are required to produce one liter of ethanol.
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Cost of Goods Sold and Services Rendered

For the year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | (226,333) |  |  | (218,295) |  |  | (255,247) |  |  |  |  | (498,840) |  |  | (1,198,715) |
2023 | (143,879) |  |  | (170,258) |  |  | (154,473) |  |  |  |  | (504,570) |  |  | (973,180) |

Agricultural produce sold to third parties (i.e., soybean, corn, wheat and fluid milk), the value of Cost of Goods Sold and Services Rendered is equal to the value of Sales and Services Rendered. The profit of these products is fully recognized under the line items “Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce” and “Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest.” When the agricultural produce is sold to third parties, we do not record any additional profit as the gain or loss has already been recognized.
The profit of our manufactured products sold to third parties (i.e., sugar, ethanol, energy, white rice, processed milk and peanut) is recognized when products are sold. The Cost of Goods and Services Rendered of these products includes, among others, the cost of the agricultural produce (i.e., harvested sugarcane and rough rice), which is the raw material used in the industrial process and is transferred internally from the farm to the industry at fair market value.
Cost of manufactured products sold, and services rendered increased 23.2%, from US$0.9 billion during the 12-month period ended December 31, 2023, to US$1.2 billion for the same period in 2024. This increase was primarily due to:
•a US$100.8 million increase in our Dairy segment, mainly driven by a 5.0% increase in raw milk prices purchases (from 0.40 in 2023 to 0.42 USD per liter in 2024); coupled with a negative impact of US$13.5 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a positive impact of US$54.9 million for the same period in 2023;
•a US$82.5 million increase in our Crops segment, mainly due to a 49.9% increase in sales driven by a recovery in yields versus previous year which suffered La Niña weather event in Argentina and Uruguay; coupled with a negative impact of US$12.4 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a positive impact of US$45.1 million for the same period in 2023.
•a US$48.0 million increase in our Rice segment, mainly driven by higher rough rice prices; coupled with a negative impact of US$10.0 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a positive impact of US$8.1 million for the same period in 2023;
These effects were partially offset by:
•a US$5.7 million decrease in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, mainly due to lower input costs and improved operational efficiencies, despite a higher volume of TRS sold; coupled with the impact of a 9% depreciation of the Brazilian real, from 4.97 brl per usd for the year ended December 31, 2023, to an average of 5.43 brl per usd during the same period in 2024.
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Initial Recognition and Changes in Fair Value of Biological Assets and Agricultural Produce

Year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | 33,050 |  |  | 53,436 |  |  | 15,429 |  |  |  |  | 41,166 |  |  | 143,081 |
2023 | (10,327) |  |  | (4,301) |  |  | 8,050 |  |  |  |  | 94,436 |  |  | 87,858 |

Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce increased 62.8%, from US$87.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$143.1 million for the same period in 2024. This increase was mainly due to:
- a US$57.7 million increase in our Rice segment, from a loss of US$4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (US$1.5 million of which were realized losses) to a gain of US$53.4 million for the same period in 2024 (US$27.1 million of which were realized gains). This increase was in turn due to:
•a US$33.7 million increase in the recognition at fair value of harvested rice at the point of harvest, as adjusted for sales costs, from US$0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a gain of US$34.7 million for the same period in 2024, mainly driven by a 17.7% increase in white rice prices; coupled with a positive impact of US$7.7 million due to hyperinflation accounting and translation for our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a negative impact of US$1.8 million for the same period in 2023; and a US$14.5 million increase in our non-harvested rice, from a US$3.5 million loss for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a gain of US$11.1 million for the same period in 2024, mainly driven by better than expected yields.
- a US$43.4 million increase in our Crops segment from a loss of US$10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (US$9 million of which were realized losses) to a gain of US$33.1 million for the same period in 2024 (US$18.2 million of which were realized gains). This increase was in turn primarily due to:
•a positive impact of US$4.7 million resulting from the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a negative impact of US$5.5 million for the same period in 2023, coupled with the recognition at fair value of harvested crops, as adjusted for sales costs, which increased US$35.6 million, from a loss of US$6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a gain of US$28.4 million for the same period in 2024, which was mainly driven by a general recovery in yields;
- a US$7.4 million increase in our Dairy segment, from US$8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (from US$26.7 million of realized gains) to US$15.4 million for the same period in 2024 (from US$45.0 million of realized gains). This increase was due to:
•a decrease in cow nutrition costs mainly driven by the recovery for the year ended December 31, 2024 from La Niña weather event and an increase in supply of corn silages as compared to the same period in 2023, coupled with a positive impact of US$0.9 million due to the application of hyperinflation accounting and translation to our Argentine operations for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to a negative impact of US$6.0 million in the same period in 2023.
These effects were partially offset by:
- a US$53.3 million decrease in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment from US$94.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 (US$15.4 million of which were unrealized gains) to US$41.2 million for the same period in 2024 (including US$23.9 million of unrealized losses). This decrease was mainly due to:
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•a US$9.2 million decrease in the recognition at fair value of non-harvested sugarcane, from a loss of US$14.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a loss of US$23.9 million in the same period in 2024, mainly driven by lower than expected sugarcane productivity levels between years, coupled with a US$41.0 million decrease in the recognition at fair value of harvested sugarcane, from US$108.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$67.1 million for the same period in 2024, mainly due to 4% lower sugarcane prices for the period.
Changes in Net Realizable Value of Agricultural Produce after Harvest

Year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | (22,436) |  |  | (6,555) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 554 |  |  | (28,437) |
2023 | 1,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (156) |  |  | 1,838 |

Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest is mainly comprised of: (i) profit or loss from commodity price fluctuations during the period the agricultural produce is in inventory, which has an impact over its fair value; (ii) profit or loss from the valuation of forwards contracts related to agricultural produce in inventory; and (iii) profit from direct exports.
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest decreased US$30.3 million, from a gain of US$1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a loss of US$28.4 million for the same period in 2024, as a result of a decrease in crop prices after harvest, which resulted in a lower fair value of our crops held in inventories, adjusted by local inflation in Argentina, for the year ended December 31, 2024.
General and Administrative Expenses

Year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | (20,139) |  |  | (18,280) |  |  | (12,687) |  |  |  |  | (25,179) |  |  | (27,595) |  | (103,880)
2023 | (9,913) |  |  | (11.273) |  |  | (6,955) |  |  |  |  | (25,591) |  |  | (16,588) |  | (70,320)

Our general and administrative expenses increased 47.7%, from US$70.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$103.9 million during the same period in 2024. This increase was primarily driven by higher depreciation expenses, which increased significantly, mainly due to higher capital investments made during the year, coupled with higher costs in dollar terms in our operations in Argentina, impacted by higher inflation rates which outpaced the local currency devaluation.
Selling Expenses
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Year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | (18,300) |  |  | (32,506) |  |  | (29,593) |  |  |  |  | (73,804) |  |  | 721 |  |  | (153,482) |
2023 | (16,114) |  |  | (26,449) |  |  | (17,176) |  |  |  |  | (69,155) |  |  | (198) |  |  | (129,092) |

Selling expenses increased 18.9%, from US$129.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$153.5 million for the same period in 2024. This increase is mainly explained by a proportional increase in our Farming sales, coupled with higher costs in dollar terms in our operations in Argentina, impacted by higher inflation rates which outpaced the local currency devaluation.
Other Operating Income, Net

For the year ended December 31, | Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
2024 | (5,052) |  |  | (18,340) |  |  | 4,614 |  |  |  |  | 23,303 |  |  |  |  | 299 |  |  | 4,824 |
2023 | 15,285 |  |  | 7,218 |  |  | 912 |  |  |  |  | 2,463 |  |  |  |  | (288) |  |  | 25,590 |

Other operating income decreased from US$25.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to US$4.8 million for the same period in 2024, primarily due to:
•a US$25.6 million decrease in our Rice segment mainly related to a US$22.0 million loss due to investment property in our rice operations during 2024.
•a US$20.3 million decrease in our Crops segment mainly driven by a US$14.0 million loss for a fire in a warehouse cell in our Peanut facility located in the Province of Cordoba, which damaged the inventory stored therein. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately US$12.0 million and US$2.0 million for inventories and property, plant and equipment, respectively.
These effects were partially offset by a US$20.8 million increase in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment due to the recognition of tax credits, coupled with the mark-to-market effect of our sugar hedge positions.
Financial Results, Net
Our financial results, net decreased from a gain of US$63.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a loss of US$147.2 million for the same period in 2024. The net foreign exchange loss primarily reflects the depreciation of functional currencies—such as the Argentine Peso and the Brazilian Real—against the U.S. dollar, which increased the value of our foreign currency-denominated liabilities in local currency terms, thereby negatively impacting our financial results. Additionally, the loss may also reflect the revaluation of foreign currency-denominated assets that decreased in value due to exchange rate fluctuations.Moreover, the line of Net gain of inflation effects on the monetary items decreased from a gain of US$28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, to a gain of US$2.4 million for the same period in 2024. These reflects the results derived from the exposure of our net monetary position to inflation in Argentina. Monetary assets generate a loss when exposed to inflation while monetary liabilities generate a gain when inflation reduces their outstanding balances in real terms. The positive results are primarily driven by the impact of inflation on our accounts payables and short-term debt in local currency. Inflation rates in Argentina stood at 117.8% and 211.4% in 2024 and 2023, respectively.
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The following table sets forth the breakdown of financial results for the periods indicated.

| Year ended December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
| (In thousand of $) |  | % Change
Interest income | 16,048 |  |  | 7,134 |  |  | 125.0 | %
Interest expense | (40,869) |  |  | (31,906) |  |  | 28.1 | %
Finance Cost - Right-of-use Assets | (32,937) |  |  | (40,203) |  |  | (18.1) | %
Foreign exchange gain/(losses), net | (37,569) |  |  | 90,930 |  |  | (141.3) | %
Cash flow hedge – transfer from equity | (28,650) |  |  | (36,863) |  |  | (22.3) | %
Gain from interest rate /foreign exchange rate derivative financial instruments | (9,347) |  |  | 3,501 |  |  | (367.0) | %
Taxes | (7,572) |  |  | (5,473) |  |  | 38.4 | %
Other Income | (8,735) |  |  | 47,893 |  |  | (118.2) | %
Other financial results - Net gain of inflation effects on the monetary items | 2,421 |  |  | 28,816 |  |  | (91.6) | %
Total Financial Results | (147,210) |  |  | 63,829 |  |  | (330.6) | %

Income Tax benefit / (expense)
Current income tax totaled a benefit of US$57.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to an expense of US$78.7 million for the same period in 2023.
In 2024, income tax calculated at the tax rates applicable in the countries where we operate amounted to an expense of US$8.7 million. Income tax expense has been adjusted for (i) a US$37 million gain related to the application of IAS 29 to the shareholders’ equity of our Argentine Subsidiaries; (ii) non-taxable income of US$15.2 million related to a supplementary law in Brazil (Lei Complementar or “Supplementary Law”) which provides for ICMS tax benefits granted by the Brazilian Government with the objective of subsidizing investments by excluding such grants from the calculation of tax benefits; and (iii) the recognition of unused tax losses for US$9.9 million, mainly by our Argentine subsidiaries resulting from tax inflation adjustments (See Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements).
In 2023, income tax calculated at the tax rates applicable in the countries where we operate amounted to an expense of US$103.9 million. Income tax expense has been adjusted for (i) a US$30 million loss related to the application of IAS 29 to the shareholders’ equity of our Argentine Subsidiaries; (ii) a US$1.3 million gain due to changes in the statutory income tax in Argentina and (iii) a US$1.6 million loss related to non-deductible items, partially offset by (a) the recognition of unused tax losses for US$39 million, mainly by our Argentine subsidiaries resulting from Tax inflation adjustment (See Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements), and (b) non-taxable income in the amount of US$20.0 million related to the Supplementary Law, which provides for ICMS tax benefits granted by the Brazilian Government with the objective of subsidizing investments by excluding such grants from the calculation of tax benefits.
Profit for the Year
As a result of the foregoing, our net income total increased US$92.1 million and US$226.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Year Ended December 31, 2023, as compared to year ended December 31, 2022
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See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023 for a comparative discussion for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Reconciliation of non-IFRS measures:
Below are reconciliations of non-IFRS measures related to our consolidated statements of income. See “Presentation of Financial And Other Information—Non-IFRS Financial Measures.”
The following tables show a reconciliation of Adjusted Segment EBITDA to our segments’ profit / (loss) from operations before financing and taxation, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, and a reconciliation of Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA to our net profit (loss) for the year, the most directly comparable IFRS financial measure, for each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

| For the year ended December 31, 2024
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  | Farming Subtotal |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
Adjusted Segment EBITDA (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit/(Loss) from Operations as per Segment Information | (10,380) |  |  | 17,250 |  |  | 21,504 |  |  | 28,374 |  |  | 175,154 |  |  | (24,422) |  |  | 179,106 |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property as per Segment Information | 588 |  |  | 18,137 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,725 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,725 |
Reverse of revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets before taxes | 9,024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,024 |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire | 14,162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,162 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,162 |
Adjusted Segment EBIT (unaudited)(1) | 13,394 |  |  | 35,387 |  |  | 21,504 |  |  | 70,285 |  |  | 175,154 |  |  | (24,422) |  |  | 221,017 |
Depreciation of Property, plant and equipment and amortization of Intangible Assets as per Segment Information | 5,698 |  |  | 14,798 |  |  | 12,219 |  |  | 32,715 |  |  | 189,006 |  |  | 1,523 |  |  | 223,244 |
Adjusted Segment EBITDA (unaudited)(1) | 19,092 |  |  | 50,185 |  |  | 33,723 |  |  | 103,000 |  |  | 364,160 |  |  | (22,899) |  |  | 444,261 |
Reconciliation to Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92,101 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (57,015) |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,821 |
Foreign exchange, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37,569 |
Other financial results - Net (gain) of inflation effects on the monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,421) |
Other financial results, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,243 |
Combined effects of IAS 29 and IAS 21 of the Argentine subsidiaries of Profit from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,192) |
Revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets before taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,024 |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property as per Segment Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,725 |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,162 |
Adjusted Consolidated EBIT (unaudited) (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 221,017 |
Depreciation of Property, Plant and Equipment and amortization of Intangible Assets as per Segment Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 223,244 |
Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 444,261 |

(1)See “Presentation of Financial and Other Information” for the definitions of “Adjusted Segment EBIT,” “Adjusted Consolidated EBIT,” “Adjusted Segment EBITDA” and “Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA.”
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| For the year ended December 31, 2023
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Farming Subtotal |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
Adjusted Segment EBITDA (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit/(Loss) from Operations as per Segment Information | 8,603 |  |  | 33,891 |  |  | 17,572 |  |  |  |  | 60,066 |  |  | 219,734 |  |  |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | 256,125 |
Net (gain) from Fair value adjustment of investment property | (10,199) |  |  | (1,176) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (11,375) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (11,375) |
Reverse of revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets before taxes | 20,245 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,245 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 20,245 |
Adjusted Segment EBIT (unaudited)(1) | 18,649 |  |  | 32,715 |  |  | 17,572 |  |  |  |  | 68,936 |  |  | 219,734 |  |  |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | 264,995 |
Depreciation and amortization | 8,330 |  |  | 15,154 |  |  | 10,913 |  |  |  |  | 34,397 |  |  | 175,903 |  |  |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | 211,575 |
Adjusted Segment EBITDA (unaudited)(1) | 26,979 |  |  | 47,869 |  |  | 28,485 |  |  |  |  | 103,333 |  |  | 395,637 |  |  |  |  | (22,400) |  |  | 476,570 |
Reconciliation to Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 226,721 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 78,673 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,772 |
Foreign exchange, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (90,930) |
Other financial results - Net loss of inflation effects on the monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (28,816) |
Other financial results, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,145 |
Combined effects of IAS 29 and IAS 21 of the Argentine subsidiaries of Profit from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,560 |
Revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets before taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,245 |
Net (gain) from Fair value adjustment of investment property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (11,375) |
Adjusted Consolidated EBIT (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 264,995 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 211,575 |
Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 476,570 |

(1)See “Presentation of Financial and Other Information” for the definitions of “Adjusted Segment EBIT,” “Adjusted Consolidated EBIT,” “Adjusted Segment EBITDA” and “Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA.”
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| For the year ended December 31, 2022
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Farming Subtotal |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
| (In thousands of $)
Adjusted Segment EBITDA (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit/(Loss) from Operations as per Segment Information | 18,733 |  |  | 19,792 |  |  | 21,385 |  |  |  |  | 59,910 |  |  | 212,850 |  |  |  |  | (23,806) |  |  | 248,954 |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition as per Segment Information | — |  |  | (10,070) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (10,070) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (10,070) |
Net loss from fair value adjustment of investment property | 2,184 |  |  | 580 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,764 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,764 |
Adjusted Segment EBIT (unaudited)(1) | 20,917 |  |  | 10,302 |  |  | 21,385 |  |  |  |  | 52,604 |  |  | 212,850 |  |  |  |  | (23,806) |  |  | 241,648 |
Depreciation and amortization | 8,017 |  |  | 12,215 |  |  | 10,075 |  |  |  |  | 30,307 |  |  | 160,920 |  |  |  |  | (22) |  |  | 191,205 |
Adjusted Segment EBITDA (unaudited)(1) | 28,934 |  |  | 22,517 |  |  | 31,460 |  |  |  |  | 82,911 |  |  | 373,770 |  |  |  |  | (23,828) |  |  | 432,853 |
Reconciliation to Profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 108,606 |
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 26,758 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44,256 |
Foreign exchange, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19,278) |
Other financial results - Net (gain) of inflation effects on the monetary items |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,144 |
Other financial results, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87,314 |
Combined effects of IAS 29 and IAS 21 of the Argentine subsidiaries of Profit from operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (846) |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition as per Segment Information |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,070) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,764 |
Adjusted Consolidated EBIT (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 241,648 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 191,205 |
Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA (unaudited)(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 432,853 |

(1)See “Presentation of Financial and Other Information” for the definitions of “Adjusted Segment EBIT,” “Adjusted Consolidated EBIT,” “Adjusted Segment EBITDA” and “Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA.”

Adjusted Net Income |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  | (In thousands of $)
Profit for the year |  | 92,101 |  |  | 226,721 |  |  | 108,606 |
Foreign exchange gains, net |  | 37,569 |  |  | (90,930) |  |  | (19,278) |
Cash flow hedge – transfer from equity |  | 28,650 |  |  | 36,863 |  |  | 40,195 |
Other financial results - Net (gain) / loss of inflation effects on monetary items |  | (2,421) |  |  | (28,816) |  |  | 2,144 |
Net (gain) / loss from fair value adjustment of investment property |  | 23,375 |  |  | (10,620) |  |  | 2,961 |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire |  | 14,259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,107) |
Revaluation surplus of farmland sold |  | 9,024 |  |  | 20,245 |  |  | — |
Adjusted Net income |  | 202,557 |  |  | 153,463 |  |  | 124,521 |

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Adjusted Free Cash Flow | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands of $) |  |  |  |
Net cash generated from operating activities | 328,331 |  |  | 434,907 |  |  | 370,026 |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (231,565) |  |  | (111,552) |  |  | (299,264) |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid | (24,629) |  |  | (55,476) |  |  | (44,788) |  |  |  |  |
Lease payments | (98,478) |  |  | (104,097) |  |  | (91,175) |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest | (736) |  |  | — |  |  | (358) |  |  |  |  |
Short-term investments | (14,510) |  |  | (35,610) |  |  | 98,010 |  |  |  |  |
Reversal of Expansion Capital expenditures (unaudited) | 104,067 |  |  | 67,119 |  |  | 70,786 |  |  |  |  |
Other financial income | (238) |  |  | (54,687) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for operating Activities | 102,797 |  |  | 16,383 |  |  | 38,043 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for investing Activities - less the effect over gains on bond arbitrage transactions included in Other financial income | 7,273 |  |  | 10,635 |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for Interest Paid | (9,395) |  |  | 8,253 |  |  | (77) |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 acquisition of short-term investments | (2,034) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations (unaudited) | 160,883 |  |  | 175,875 |  |  | 141,286 |  |  |  |  |
Expansion Capital expenditures (unaudited) | (104,067) |  |  | (67,119) |  |  | (70,786) |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow (unaudited) | 56,816 |  |  | 108,756 |  |  | 70,500 |  |  |  |  |

Indebtedness | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands of $) |  |  |  |
Net Debt (unaudited) | 522,215 |  |  | 502,531 |  |  | 777,099 |  |  |  |  |
Net Debt / Adjusted Consolidated EBITDA (unaudited) | 1.18 x |  | 1.05 x |  | 1.56 x |  |  |  |

Reconciliation - Net Debt | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands of $) |  |  |  |
Total Borrowings | 779,556 |  |  | 904,949 |  |  | 1,007,752 |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | (211,244) |  |  | (339,781) |  |  | (230,653) |  |  |  |  |
Restricted short-term investments | (46,097) |  |  | (62,637) |  |  | (98,571) |  |  |  |  |
Net Debt (unaudited) | 522,215 |  |  | 502,531 |  |  | 678,528 |  |  |  |  |

Reconciliation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow to Net increase/(decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands of $) |  |  |  |
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (177,234) |  |  | 114,612 |  |  | 47,189 |  |  |  |  |
Interest Paid | (24,629) |  |  | (55,476) |  |  | (44,788) |  |  |  |  |
Lease Payments | (98,478) |  |  | (104,097) |  |  | (91,175) |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest | (736) |  |  | — |  |  | (358) |  |  |  |  |
Restricted short-term investment | (14,510) |  |  | (35,610) |  |  | 98,010 |  |  |  |  |
Other financial income | (238) |  |  | (54,687) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | 274,000 |  |  | 208,743 |  |  | 23,573 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for operating activities | 102,797 |  |  | 16,383 |  |  | 38,043 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for investing activities | 7,273 |  |  | 10,635 |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for interest paid | (9,395) |  |  | 8,253 |  |  | (77) |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 acquisition of short-term investments | (2,034) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow (unaudited) | 56,816 |  |  | 108,756 |  |  | 70,500 |  |  |  |  |

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Reconciliation of Adjusted Free Cash Flow from operations to Net increase/(decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
| (In thousands of $) |  |  |  |
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (177,234) |  |  | 114,612 |  |  | 47,189 |  |  |  |  |
Expansion Capital Expenditures (unaudited) | 104,067 |  |  | 67,119 |  |  | 70,786 |  |  |  |  |
Interest Paid | (24,629) |  |  | (55,476) |  |  | (44,788) |  |  |  |  |
Lease payments | (98,478) |  |  | (104,097) |  |  | (91,175) |  |  |  |  |
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest | (736) |  |  | — |  |  | (358) |  |  |  |  |
Restricted short-term investment | (14,510) |  |  | (35,610) |  |  | 98,010 |  |  |  |  |
Other financial income | (238) |  |  | (54,687) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in financing activities | 274,000 |  |  | 208,743 |  |  | 23,573 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for operating activities | 102,797 |  |  | 16,383 |  |  | 38,043 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for investing activities | 7,273 |  |  | 10,635 |  |  | 83 |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 effect for interest paid | (9,395) |  |  | 8,253 |  |  | (77) |  |  |  |  |
IAS 29 & IAS 21 acquisition of short-term investments | (2,034) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Adjusted Free Cash Flow from operations (unaudited) | 160,883 |  |  | 175,875 |  |  | 141,286 |  |  |  |  |

B.LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our liquidity and capital resources are and will be influenced by a variety of factors, including:
•our ability to generate cash flows from our operations;
•the level of our outstanding indebtedness and the interest that we are obligated to pay on such outstanding indebtedness;
•our capital expenditure requirements, which consist primarily of investments in new farmland, in our operations, in equipment and plant facilities and maintenance costs; and
•our working capital requirements.
Our principal sources of liquidity have traditionally consisted of shareholders’ contributions, short and long term borrowings and proceeds received from the disposition of transformed farmland or subsidiaries.
We believe that our working capital will be sufficient during the next 12 months to meet our liquidity requirements.
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Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023
The table below reflects our statements of Cash Flow for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
|  | (in thousands of $)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year |  | 339,781 |  |  | 230,653 |  |  |
Net cash generated from operating activities | (1) | 328,331 |  |  | 434,907 |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (2) | (231,565) |  |  | (111,552) |  |  |
Net cash used from financing activities | (3) | (274,000) |  |  | (208,743) |  |  |
Effect of exchange rate changes and inflation on cash and cash equivalents | (4) | 48,697 |  |  | (5,484) |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year |  | 211,244 |  |  | 339,781 |  |  |

The table below reflects the combined effect of IAS 29 and IAS 21 of our Argentine subsidiaries on each of the following line items for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023; numbered with relevant footnotes:

|  | Year ended December 31,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023
|  | (in thousands of $)
(1) | Operating activities | (102,797) |  |  | (16,383) |
(2) | Investing activities | (7,168) |  |  | (41,179) |
(3) | Financing activities | 71,386 |  |  | 45,933 |
(4) | Effects of exchange rate changes and inflation on cash and cash equivalents | 38,579 |  |  | 11,629 |

Operating Activities
Year ended December 31, 2024
For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash generated by operating activities was $328.3 million. During this year, we generated a net gain of $92.1 million that included non-cash charges relating primarily to depreciation of Property, plant and equipment and Right of use assets for $304.0 million, interest and other financial expenses, net of $68.3 million, $28.7 million loss as a result of the reclassification from Equity to Financial results, net in connection with the cash flow hedge accounting, foreign exchange losses of $37.6 million and unrealized losses in initial recognition and changes in fair value of non-harvested biological assets of $18.3 million. All these effects were partially offset by a benefit of $57.0 million in income tax and $19.5 million gain in tax credit recognized in Brazil.
In addition, other changes in operating asset and liability balances resulted in a net decrease in cash of $179.4 million, primarily due to a decrease in trade and other payables, an increase in biological assets and an increase in trade and other receivables. For the year ended December 31, 2024, income tax paid totaled $7.3 million.
The net cash generated by operating activities in 2024 includes a $102.8 million negative combined effect resulting from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 by our Argentine subsidiaries.
Year ended December 31, 2023
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash generated by operating activities was $434.9 million. During this year, we generated a net gain of $226.7 million that included non-cash charges relating primarily to depreciation of Property, plant and equipment and Right of use assets for $274.1 million, interest and other financial expenses, net of $16.4 million, $36.9 million loss as a result of the reclassification from Equity to Financial results, net in connection with the cash flow hedge accounting and unrealized losses in initial recognition and changes in fair value of non-harvested biological assets of $17.7 million. All these effects were partially offset by a gain of $8.6 million as a result of our derivative financial instruments position, foreign exchange gains of $90.9 million, and a $28.8 million gain resulting from inflation effects on the monetary items.
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In addition, other changes in operating asset and liability balances resulted in a net decrease in cash of $70.8 million, primarily due to a decrease in trade and other payables and an increase in biological assets. For the year ended December 31, 2023, income tax paid totaled $1.3 million.
The net cash generated by operating activities in 2023 includes a $16.4 million negative combined effect resulting from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 by our Argentine subsidiaries.
Investing Activities
Year ended December 31, 2024
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $231.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily due to an investment of $132.9 million related to the renewal and expansion of our sugarcane plantation, a $146.6 million investment for the purchase of agricultural and industrial equipment, related to harvesting machinery in our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business, payment of the last installment of our acquisition of Viterra’s mill in Argentina and Uruguay and the construction of a new warehouse for our dairy products at our Chivilcoy facility. Net inflows from investing activities were related to proceeds from the sale of farmlands and other assets for $25.6 million and disposals of short term investment, net of acquisition for $15.5 million.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2024 includes a $7.2 million negative combined effect resulting from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 by our Argentine subsidiaries.
Year ended December 31, 2023
Net cash used in investing activities totaled $111.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to an investment of $133.3 million related to the renewal and expansion of our sugarcane plantation, a $113.3 million investment for the purchase of agricultural and industrial equipment, related to small projects including the construction of our second biodigester in order to increase our biogas production, which later is converted into biomethane and is used to replace our diesel consumption in Brazil, and the conclusion of the construction of our second biodigestor and the upgrade of our cheese equipment to enhance our product portfolio offering in our Dairy business. Net inflows from investing activities were related to financial gains on bond arbitrage transactions for $54.7 million, $37.3 million collected from the sale of farmland and other assets and disposals of short term investment, net of acquisition for $35.6 million.
Net cash used in investing activities in 2023 includes a $41.2 million negative combined effect resulting from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 by our Argentine subsidiaries, of which $30.5 million is related to financial gains on bond arbitrage transactions.
Financing Activities
Year ended December 31, 2024
Net cash used in financing activities was $274.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2024, mainly due to lease payments for $98.5 million related to an increase in the planted area and price per hectare, also there was a distribution of $101.9 million to our shareholders via the repurchase of 6.5 million shares, that equaled a total of $66.9 million and the payment cash dividends for an amount of $35.0 million. In addition, payments, net of proceeds of long and short term borrowings totaled $49.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2024, interest paid totaled $24.6 million.
Net cash used in financing activities includes a $71.4 million negative combined effect resulting from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 by our Argentine subsidiaries, $9.4 million of which is over interest paid.
Year ended December 31, 2023
Net cash used in financing activities was $208.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, mainly due to lease payments for $104.1 million related to an increase in the planted area and price per hectare, also there was a distribution of $61.2 million to our shareholders via the repurchase of 2.7 million shares, that equaled a total of $26.2 million and the payment cash dividends for an amount of $35.0 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, interest paid totaled $55.5 million. All these effects were partially offset by proceeds, net of payments of long and short-term borrowings totaled $11.9 million.
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Net cash used in financing activities includes a $45.9 million negative combined effect resulting from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 by our Argentine subsidiaries, $8.3 million of which is over interest paid.
Capital Expenditure Commitments
As of December 31, 2024, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Historically, since our cash flows from operations were insufficient to fund our working capital needs and investment plans, we funded our operations with proceeds from short-term and long-term indebtedness and capital contributions from existing and new private investors. In 2011, we raised $421.8 million from an Initial Public Offering (“IPO”) and simultaneous private placement. As of December 31, 2024, our cash and cash equivalents amounted to $211.2 million.
However, we may need additional cash resources in the future to continue our investment plans. Also, we may need additional cash if we experience a change in business conditions or other developments. We also might need additional cash resources in the future if we find and wish to pursue opportunities for investment, acquisitions, strategic alliances or other similar investments. If we ever determine that our cash requirements exceed our amounts of cash and cash equivalents on hand, we might seek to issue debt or additional equity securities or obtain additional credit facilities or realize the disposition of transformed farmland and/or subsidiaries. Any issuance of equity securities could cause dilution for our shareholders. Any incurrence of additional indebtedness could increase our debt service obligations and cause us to become subject to additional restrictive operating and financial covenants, and could require that we pledge collateral to secure those borrowings, if permitted to do so. It is possible that, when we need additional cash resources, financing will not be available to us in amounts or on terms that would be acceptable to us or at all.
Indebtedness and Financial Instruments
For a description of our indebtedness and main financial instruments, see Note 26 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
In addition, we maintain lines of credit with several banks in order to finance our working capital requirements. We believe that we will continue to be able to obtain additional credit to finance our working capital needs in the future based on our past track record and current market conditions.
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C. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, PATENTS AND LICENSES, ETC.
In our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, we have effectively implemented state-of-the-art technologies such as high-pressure boilers for high cogeneration capacity, full mechanization of agricultural operations with online GPS tracking systems on all vehicles (trucks, combines, planters), and concentrated vinasse system among others. To optimize the fertilization of sugarcane, we are currently enriching the vinasse with different nutrient concentrations, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, boron and zinc. We are also using drones in our plantations to improve operational efficiencies such as planting quality, biological control, weed monitor and phytosanitary products spraying, among others.
In recent years, we have been developing a seedling production method called “MPB” (Muda Pre Brotada or Pre-Sprout Seedling). This method consists of making the seedling sprout in a greenhouse and planting it directly on the fields, instead of the traditional planting of billets (sugarcane stalk pieces). Two main goals are pursued through this technique: the quick introduction of new promising and healthy varieties of seeds and the reduction of planting cost, by using much less volume of planting seedling per hectare. In addition, and because of this, more land can be used for sugarcane milling, instead of using sugarcane for seedling purposes. In 2023, we produced 24 million MPB inputs, enough to plant 2,062 hectares of sugarcane. In 2024, we reached 26 million MPB inputs, used to plant 1,992 hectares of sugarcane.
We are also developing vinasse-to-biogas technology in our cluster in Mato Grosso do Sul (for more detail, see “Item 4. Information of the Company—A. Business Overview—Operations and Principal Activities—Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business”). In 2017, we obtained a patent to produce biogas from sugarcane vinasse, which is owned together with Methanum Engenharia Ambiental. After years of successful trials, we are scaling biomethane production, which could be used as an alternative source of fuel for adapted vehicles. We are also doing some tests in our sugar freights and exploring the possibility of producing biodiesel. In the industry, we have recently implemented artificial intelligence (“AI”) alongside an automation process, which is based on real-time optimization. By assessing mass balance and measuring key performance indicators every 10 seconds, the system helps us enhance our efficiency all along the industrial processes. We use data analysis tools powered by internet-of-things (“IoT”) devices, with information stored in the cloud to build a database that leverages AI to identify operational optimization points with the purpose of increasing productivity and reducing costs.
Regarding our Rice business in Argentina, we are involved in the breeding and development of new traits. We seek to improve all processes related to the selection of better rice materials. Our objective is to obtain superior cultivars with better yields, industrial performance, commercial quality, and culinary parameters as driven by the market demand. To that end, we engage in crossbreeding with multiple varieties to achieve new seeds with superior features. We do so for different types of rice, such as long-grain, short-grain and round-grain rice. At the field level, we seek to breed new varieties and rice hybrids adapted to local conditions and production parameters. At the lab level, we are working with molecular markers that help us identify specific DNA details and improve quality parameters of the seed, such as purity.
In connection with these efforts, we have entered into agreements with selected research and development institutions such as Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria in Argentina, Instituto Riograndense do Arroz in Brazil, Híbridos de Arroz para América Latina in Colombia, Fondo Latinoamericano para Arroz de Riego in Colombia, Empresa de pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina in Brazil, and companies such as BASF in Germany. In addition, we are working with the National University of the Northeast of Argentina to develop double-haploid seeds, which will help us to reduce the selection process from five years to one.
Since 2008, we have developed and released four new varieties of rice on the market. The SCS121 CL was developed in collaboration with BASF and includes Clearfield® technology which makes it tolerant to herbicides that control harmful weeds. In 2020, we registered a new variety, Ita Caabo 109, which is best suited for the center-south rice region in Argentina. Currently, we have an additional cultivar under registration with the relevant Argentine authorities and with respect to the intellectual property of our seeds, we operate under the standards of Argentine Association of Plant Variety Protection.
As it relates to pest management, we are testing the use of biological treatments that enable us to control diseases and replace chemical products. We have extended the use of Trichoderma and Bacillus, examples of these biological solutions, to over 21 thousand hectares during the 2023/24 harvest season.
In the field, we have developed zero grade level technology in most of our farms, which helps us reduce water and energy consumption. For hilly farms, we are implementing a Polypipe irrigation system which also helps us save on water and energy. Additionally, for all of our farms, we are developing an irrigation surveillance system using drones, water sensors connected through the IoT and digital platforms, all of which are improving water management efficiencies and enhancing our rice yields. Finally, since 2018 we have been increasing the number of harvesters with stripper heads, a device jointly developed in a
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partnership with Green Footprint Agricultural Solutions (G-FAS). This allowed us to double the speed and capacity of our harvesters and reduce the use of diesel fuel by 40%.
In our Crops segment, we are also developing special digital features for each crop to enhance efficiencies in our operations. Currently, we are building precision agricultural solutions, such as crop yield estimation and soil quality classification, to improve our farming accuracy. We are also we are running tests on selective spraying applications based on AI in partnership with several companies. We believe that these applications could result in cost savings of up to 70% regarding our use of certain chemicals.
Regarding our peanuts crops, we have created a new blanched peanut processing line, entirely made with local engineering and purchased a self-driving oven. Additionally, we have added laser technology to our peanut plant to perform the electronic selection and to continue optimizing the quality and safety of our products. We developed our own traceability app, through which peanut customers can scan a QR code on each bag of peanuts to access information regarding the traceability and data of our goods.
In addition, we are working on digital platforms for both our Rice and Crops businesses, to create data centers and visualize the information in real-time dashboards including indicators such as seeding, planting date, fertilizers, irrigation, farm works, harvest, and monitoring of all grain stored in silo bags, among others. All this information is available online through computers and mobile phones. See “Item 4. Information of the Company—A. Business Overview—Technology and Best Practices."
In our Dairy segment in Argentina, we have successfully adapted and implemented a sustainable free-stall model that prioritizes both operational efficiency and animal welfare. Additionally, manure is converted into renewable energy through two diary biodigesters. In terms of R&D, we continuously explore and test new technologies aimed at enhancing health, feeding and other operational practices. Our core objective is to improve animal welfare, milk quality, and overall productivity, supporting the continued growth of our Dairy operations. As part of this effort, we are constantly evaluating genetic technologies to refine the cow-selection process and strengthen herd development. In addition, we are evaluating advanced solutions such as precision cow monitoring systems, innovative health treatments, and new feeding possibilities (See “Item 4. Information of the Company—A. Business Overview—Operations and Principal Activities—Dairy Business”).
In addition to traditional R&D activities, we are constantly fostering creativity and ongoing improvement across teams, businesses and regions. We seek to adopt and develop innovative solutions that we can introduce into our day-to-day operations, changing the way we perform our work and boosting both efficiency and profitability. We have teams in Brazil and Argentina involved in the adoption of new technology, while we also engage other companies, start-ups and entrepreneurs to explore, run, test, enhance and jointly develop technologies. We constantly research and analyze all available technologies that could be applied to our operations. While we strive to select the best technologies and techniques, we are also strongly involved in their adoption process, and we provide feedback and suggestions to enhance such technologies.
There are also R&D initiatives to explore ideas, unlock value potential and develop new business units. Our internal research group is composed of interdisciplinary teams (agronomists, veterinarians, industrial engineers, technicians and finance and commercial personnel). The group offers support to all business lines and through different levels, from the optimization of current operations, evaluation of new technologies, development of new products, to the assessment of a whole new production system.
In addition, we are actively involved in a network with start-ups, funds, research associations and other key players in the agtech (agricultural, digital-based technology) ecosystems to find, develop and engage in strategic opportunities. Particularly for startups, we identify high-potential companies that could provide alternative solutions for our operations and for the market as a whole, and evaluate potential investments if their business models fit our business. So far, we have invested in four startups focused on reducing chemical usage, improving labor productivity and enhancing logistics, among others. See “Item 4. Information of the Company—A. Business Overview—Technology and Best Practices.”
We do not own any registered patents, industrial models or designs, apart from those described in this section.
D.TREND INFORMATION
See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—A. Operating Results—Trends and Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations.”
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E CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES
Our critical accounting estimates are consistent with those described in note 32 to our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees
A.DIRECTORS AND SENIOR MANAGEMENT
Board of Directors
The following table sets forth information for our directors as of the date of this annual report:

Name | Position (*) | Date of appointment | Age | Year term expires
Plínio Musetti | Chairman | 2023 | 71 | 2026
Mariano Bosch | Director /CEO | 2023 | 55 | 2026
Alan Leland Boyce | Director | 2022 | 65 | 2025
Andrés Velasco Brañes | Director | 2022 | 64 | 2025
Daniel González | Director | 2023 | 55 | 2026
Guillaume Van der Linden | Director | 2024 | 65 | 2027
Manuela Vaz Artigas | Director | 2024 | 49 | 2027
Ivo Andrés Sarjanovic | Director | 2024 | 59 | 2027
Ana Cristina Russo | Director | 2022 | 58 | 2025

Plínio Musetti, Alan Leland Boyce, Guillaume van der Linden, Manuela Vaz Artigas, Andrés Velasco Brañes, Daniel González , Ivo Andrés Sarjanovic and Ana Cristina Russo qualify as independent directors in accordance with NYSE standards.
A description of the main tasks currently performed by each director as well as a description of each director’s employment history and education follows:
Plínio Musetti. Mr. Musetti has been a member of the Company's Board of Directors since 2011 and an observer since 2010. Mr. Musetti is the owner and Managing Partner of FHM Investimentos e Assessoria, where he manages real estate investments and provides business advisory to companies in Brazil. From 2010 to 2024, he was a partner at Janos Holding and Pragma Gestão de Patrimonio and was responsible for long term private equity investments. From 2008 to 2009, Mr. Musetti served as the Chief Executive Officer of Satipel Industrial S.A., leading the company's initial public offering process, and leading its expansion plan and merger with Duratex S.A. From 2002 to 2008, Mr. Musetti served as a partner at JP Morgan Partners and Chief Executive Officer of Vitopel S.A. (JP Morgan Partners' portfolio company), where he led its private equity investment department for Latin America. Mr. Musetti has also served as a Director of Diagnósticos de America S.A. from 2002 to 2009. From 1992 to 2002, Mr. Musetti served as the Chief Executive Officer of Elevadores Atlas, during which time he led the company's operational restructuring, initial public offering process and the sale to the Schindler Group. In addition, Mr. Musetti currently serves as a Board member of Raia Drogasil S.A. Mr. Musetti holds a degree in Civil Engineering and Business Administration from Mackenzie University and attended the Program for Management Development at Harvard Business School in 1989. Mr. Musetti is a Brazilian citizen.
Mariano Bosch. Mr Bosch is a co-founder of Adecoagro. Since the beginning he has been our CEO and is also a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. In 1995 he founded and was the CEO of BLS Agribusiness, an agricultural consulting, technical management, and administration company. He has a degree in Agricultural Engineering from the University of Buenos Aires and has over 25 years of experience in agribusiness development. He is involved in business organizations such as IDEA, AEA, YPO, AACREA, FPC and AAPRESID. Mariano was distinguished by Endeavor as Entrepreneur of the Year (2019) and received the Konex award for Businessman of the Year in 2018. Mr. Bosch is an Argentinean citizen.
Alan Leland Boyce. Mr. Boyce has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2011. Mr. Boyce is Chairman of Materra LLC, a California-based farmland owner and operator with 15,000 acres of farmland where they grow pistachios, dates, citrus and organic vegetables. Since 1985, Mr. Boyce has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Boyce Land Co. Inc., a farmland management company that runs 10 farmland limited partnerships in the United States. Mr. Boyce is also the co-founder and CEO of Westlands Solar Farms, the only farmer-owned utility scale solarPV developer in California and recently co-founded Prairie Harvest, which is developing hemp processing technologies to efficiently separate CBD in the field. Mr. Boyce formerly served as the director of special situations at Soros Fund Management from 1999 to 2007, where he managed an asset portfolio of the Quantum Fund and had principal operational responsibilities for the fund’s investments in South America. Mr. Boyce also served as managing director at the Community Reinvestment Act at Bankers Trust from 1986
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to 1999 where he was in charge of fixed-income arbitrage proprietary trading, the bank’s mortgage portfolio and compliance. In addition, Mr Boyce was senior managing director for investment strategy at Countrywide Financial from 2007 to 2008, and worked at the U.S. Federal Reserve Board from 1982 to 1984. He holds a degree in Economics from Pomona College, and has a Master’s in Business Administration from Stanford University. Mr. Boyce is an American citizen.
Andres Velasco Brañes. Mr. Velasco has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2011. Mr. Velasco was the Minister of Finance of Chile between March 2006 and March 2010, and was also the president of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association from 2005 to 2007. Prior to working for the government, Mr. Velasco was Sumitomo-FASID Professor of International Finance and Development at the Harvard Kennedy School, an appointment he had held since 2000. From 1993 to 2000, he was Assistant and then Associate Professor of Economics and the director of the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at New York University. From 1988 to 1989, he was Assistant Professor at Columbia University. Currently Mr. Velasco serves as Dean of the School of Public Policy at the London School of Economics. Mr. Velasco holds a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University and was a postdoctoral fellow in political economy at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He also received an B.A. in economics and philosophy and an M.A. in international relations from Yale University. Mr. Velasco is a Chilean citizen.
Daniel C. Gonzalez. Mr. Gonzalez has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2014. He currently serves as the Vice Minister of Energy and Mining of Argentina. Before this current role, Mr. Gonzalez served as the Executive Director of IDEA (Instituto para el Desarrollo Empresarial Argentino), a not-for-profit business council in Argentina. Previously, Mr. Gonzalez was the Chief Executive Officer of YPF Sociedad Anónima, Argentina’s largest corporation, from 2018 to 2020, where he previously served as Chief Financial Officer from 2012 to 2018. He served for 14 years at the investment banking division of Merrill Lynch & Co in Buenos Aires and New York, where he held the positions of Head of Mergers and Acquisitions for Latin America and President for the Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile, Peru and Uruguay), among others. While at Merrill Lynch, Mr. Gonzalez played a leading role in several of the most important investment banking transactions in the region and was an active member of the firm’s global fairness opinion committee. He remained as a consultant to Bank of America Merrill Lynch after his departure. Mr. Gonzalez holds a degree in Business Administration from the Argentine Catholic University. Mr. González is an Argentinean citizen.
Guillaume van der Linden. Mr. van der Linden has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2011. Since 2007, Mr. van der Linden has also been a Senior Investment Manager at PGGM Vermogensbeheer B.V., where he is responsible for investments in emerging market debt. Previously, from 1993 to 2007, Mr. van der Linden worked for ING Bank in various roles, including in the risk management and derivatives trading department. From 1988 to 1993, Mr. van der Linden was employed as a management consultant by KPMG. From 1985 to 1988, he was a corporate finance analyst for Bank Mees & Hope. Mr. van der Linden holds Master’s degrees in Economics from Erasmus University Rotterdam and Business Administration from the University of Rochester. Mr. van der Linden is a Dutch citizen.
Manuela Vaz Artigas. Mrs. Artigas is an independent board member of LWSA, Pague Menos SA, Solar Coca Cola and Banco BMG, where she participates and leads a series of committees. In these companies, she has worked on strategy, organization, restructuring, IPO and M&A matters. Her previous roles include CEO of Calila Investimentos, board member of JCC and Sistema Jangadeiro and partner of McKinsey & Company. Mrs. Artigas holds a degree in Economics from Unicamp with an MBA from the Anderson Business School at the University of California Los Angeles, where she graduated as a member of the Anderson Business Society and received the Fred Weston Excellence Finance Award. Mrs. Artigas is a Brazilian citizen.
Ivo Andrés Sarjanovic. Mr. Sarjanovic has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2018. Mr. Sarjanovic is also currently serving as non-executive Board member of Sucafina S.A and Minerva Foods. Further, Mr. Sarjanovic is a a lecturer at the University of Geneva’s Master in Commodities program, and at Universidad Di Tella’s Master of Finances program and is an Associated Fellow at the Erasmus Commodity & Trade Centre in Rotterdam. Mr. Sarjanovic served as the Chief Executive Officer of Alvean until 2017, during which time he led the company to become the biggest sugar trader in the world. Previously, Mr. Sarjanovic served for more than 25 years at Cargill International, where he commenced his career as trader in the Grain and Oilseeds business. From 2011 to 2014 Mr. Sarjanovic held the position of Vice-president and World Manager of Cargill Sugar Operations, playing a leading role in the radical transformation of the organization that led to the strategic decision to spin-off the sugar business of Cargill in 2014, creating Alvean Sugar SL, a joint venture with Copersucar, Brazil. Between 2007 and 2011, he was also the Africa and Middle East General Manager of Agriculture at Cargill. While in Cargill he also held the position of Vice-president and Global Trading Manager of Oilseeds in Geneva between 2000 and 2011, coordinating worldwide trading and crushing activities. Mr. Sarjanovic holds a B.A. in Economic Sciences, with a major in Accounting, from the National University of Rosario, Argentina and a Master’s in Economics from Universidad Francisco Marroquin, in Spain. Additionally, he completed executive studies at IMD in Lausanne, Oxford University and Harvard Business School. Mr. Sarjanovic is an Argentine, Italian and Swiss citizen.
Ana Cristina Russo. Ms. Russo has been a member of the Company’s Board of Directors since 2022. Ms. Russo also serves as the Chief Financial Officer of Patria Investments since October 2022, the leading alternative investment firm focused on LATAM. Since 1996, Mrs. Russo also built a highly successful career within the Philip Morris group, where she has served
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as Treasurer, Comptroller, Director Financial Planning Easter Europe, Middle East & Africa, Finance Director Central America and Brasil, Chief Financial Officer for Latin America & Canada and Chief Corporate Auditor for different subsidiaries. From
2017 to 2022, she also served as a Managing Director for Central America, Dominican Republic and the Caribbean within the group, with direct presence in nine countries and indirect presence in 24 other countries. In 1996, Mrs. Russo joined Kraft’s financial planning and analysis unit. Before then, in 1994, she joined Remy Cointreau, where she was the Chief Financial Officer for Brazil early in her career, being responsible for the finance, HR, IT, legal, and export/import departments. Previously, in 1989, Mrs. Russo worked for Unilever in the financial planning of the Food Division as Marketing and Category Accountant supporting the definition of strategic plans, marketing and sales programs. Mrs. Russo holds a degree in Business Administration from Fundação Getúlio Vargas, São Paulo, Brazil as well a post-graduation from the same university. Mrs. Russo is a Brazilian and Italian citizen.
Executive Officers
The following table shows certain information with respect to our senior management as of the date of this annual report:

Name |  | Position |  | Year Designated |  | Age
Mariano Bosch |  | Chief Executive Officer & Co-founder |  | 2002 |  | 55
Emilio F. Gnecco |  | Chief Financial Officer |  | 2023 |  | 49
Renato Junqueira Santos Pereira |  | Director of Sugar and Ethanol Operations |  | 2014 |  | 48
Mario José Ramón Imbrosciano |  | Director of Business Development |  | 2003 |  | 55
Leonardo Berridi |  | Country Manager for Brazil |  | 2004 |  | 65
Ezequiel Garbers |  | Country Manager for ARG/URU & Co-founder |  | 2004 |  | 58

Mariano Bosch. See “—Board of Directors.”
Emilio Federico Gnecco. Mr. Gnecco is our Chief Financial Officer and a member of Adecoagro’s Senior Management since 2005. He is responsible for overseeing finance, administrative and legal departments. Before he became the CFO, he was the Chief Legal Officer of Adecoagro, since the inception of the Company in 2002. He was responsible of all corporate matters, compliance, mergers and acquisitions and financing structures. He specialized in project financing, structured finance, corporate financing, private equity, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions and corporate law and business contracts at Marval, O’Farrell & Mairal. Prior to that, he worked at the National Civil Court of Appeals of the City of Buenos Aires for four years. Mr. Gnecco has a law degree from the University of Buenos Aires, where he graduated with honors.
Renato Junqueira Santos Pereira. Renato Junqueira Santos Pereira is the VP of Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business and has been a member of the senior management team since 2014. He began working at Adecoagro in 2010 as the Operations Manager for our Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business and has vast experience in the Brazilian sugarcane industry. Before joining Adecoagro, he served as the CFO of Moema Group, one of the largest sugarcane clusters in Brazil. His main responsibilities at Moema included designing the optimal capital structure to finance the construction of five greenfield mills, preparing the company for an IPO and coordinating the M&A process which culminated in a $1.5 billion dollar sale to Bunge Ltda. Previously, Mr. Pereira held responsibilities as Mill Director and Agricultural Manager in Moema’s mills. He is an Agricultural Engineer from Universidade de Sao Paulo and holds an MBA from the University of California, Davis.
Mario José Ramón Imbrosciano. Mr. Imbrosciano is the head of our Business Development Department for all operations in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay where he oversees all new business initiatives, and a member of Adecoagro’s Senior Management since 2003. He has over 30 years of experience in farm management and agriculture production. In addition, from 2022 he is in charge of the development of the Consumer Goods area within the company. Prior to joining Adecoagro, Mr. Imbrosciano was the Chief Operating Officer of Beraza Hnos. S.C., a farming company that owns farms in the humid pampas region of Argentina. He was in charge of production, commercialization and logistics for a 60,000 hectare operation. Mr. Imbrosciano has also worked as a private consultant for various clients. Mr. Imbrosciano received a degree in Agricultural Production Engineering from the Argentine Catholic University and holds a Masters in Business Administration from the Instituto de Altos Estudios of the Universidad Austral.
Leonardo Raúl Berridi. Mr. Berridi is our VP of Business Development and, prior to the Reorganization, had been Adecoagro’s Country Manager for Brazil since the beginning of its operations in Brazil and a member of Adecoagro’s Senior Management since 2004. Mr. Berridi has over 37 years of international experience in agricultural business. Prior to joining us, Mr. Berridi was Vice President of Pago Viejo S.A., a company dedicated to agriculture production and dairy farming in Argentina. He also worked for Trans-Continental Tobacco Corporation as Chief Operating Officer of Epasa (Exportadora de Productos Agrarios S.A.), a company dedicated to producing, processing and exporting tobacco in the northeast and northwest
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of Argentina, and Production Manager of World Wide Tobacco España S.A. in the Caceres and Zamora provinces in Spain. Mr. Berridi holds a degree in Forestry Engineering from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Ezequiel Garbers. Mr. Garbers is VP for Crops and Rice Business for Argentina and Uruguay. He is a co-founder and a member of the Company’s senior management. He coordinates all of our production and human resource development activities in Argentina and Uruguay. Mr. Garbers has over 30 years of experience in integrated agroindustrial and food chains. Prior to joining the Company, he was the Chief Operating Officer of an agricultural consulting and investment company he co-founded, where he developed crop-production, cattle and dairy business projects both in Argentina and abroad. Mr. Garbers holds a degree in Agronomic Engineering from the University of Buenos Aires and a Master’s in Business Administration from the Instituto de Altos Estudios of the Austral University.
Our managers supervise our day-to-day operations so as to ensure that all of our general strategic objectives are carried out, and they report to our Board of Directors.
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B.COMPENSATION
Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers
The compensation of the Company’s directors is approved annually at the ordinary general shareholders’ meeting. In 2024, the aggregate compensation earned by our directors amounted to a total of 46,968 restricted stock shares and $580 thousand in cash. These figures do not include Mr. Mariano Bosch’s compensation in cash nor in restricted shares, which he declined. In 2025, the aggregate compensation expected to be proposed for approval to the annual general shareholders’ meeting amounts to a total of 41,240 restricted stock shares and $580 thousand in cash. These figures do not include Mr. Mariano Bosch’s compensation in cash nor in restricted shares, which he declined.
In regards to our executive officers, the compensation package is divided into fixed compensation, namely base salary (27% of total) and variable compensation (73% of total). Within the variable compensation, 30% is cash bonus (short term incentive) and 70% is restricted shares (long term incentive). The cash bonus can be settled in cash or in restricted shares. The aggregate variable compensation package of our executive officers for year 2024 amounted to $280,264 in cash and 444,880 restricted shares granted to our senior management. These grants were made under the Adecoagro Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan, as amended. See “—E. Share Ownership—Share Options and Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan.” Annual cash bonuses are designed to incentivize our named executive officers at a variable level of compensation based on the Company’s financial and operating performance and each executive’s individual performance. Annual executive cash bonuses and stock unit awards are based on seniority and individual executive performance. 60% of variable performance is related to achievement of financial targets consisting of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Free Cash Flow from Operations, and Return on Invested Capital; in addition to ESG variables, namely carbon intensity and participation of women in our workforce (both metrics amount for 10% of variable compensation). Additionally, a 20% is based on the long term share value, associated with the quote of AGRO’s share. The remaining 10% correspond to the qualitative targets as stated on an annual basis.
Actual bonus amounts are determined shortly after fiscal year end. Our Chief Executive Officer presents the final calculation of the annual cash bonuses for our named executives to the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. The Compensation Committee then reviews and determines the amount payable.
We do not pay or set aside any amounts for pension, retirement or other similar benefits for our officers and directors.
On November 10, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the adoption of a Compensation Recoupment “Clawback” Policy, to comply with the requirements of Section 10D of the Exchange Act and Section 303A.14 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual. The Compensation Recoupment “Clawback” Policy sets forth the terms and conditions for the prompt recoupment or “clawback” of certain executive compensation in the event of an accounting restatement resulting from material noncompliance with financial reporting requirements under U.S. federal securities laws, as further described therein. The Company’s Compensation Recoupment “Clawback” Policy is incorporated by reference as an Exhibit to this annual report.
C.BOARD PRACTICES
Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, the Board of Directors must be composed of between 3 and 11 members. The number of directors is determined and the directors are appointed at the general meeting of shareholders (except in case of a vacancy in the office of a director because of death, retirement, resignation, dismissal, removal or otherwise, the remaining directors may fill such vacancy and appoint a successor in accordance with applicable Luxembourg law).
Currently, the Board of Directors has nine members. The directors are appointed by the general meeting of shareholders for a period of up to three years; provided, however, the directors shall be elected on a staggered basis, with one-third of the directors being elected each year and provided further that such three-year term may be exceeded by a period up to the annual general meeting held following the third anniversary of the appointment. Directors may be removed with or without cause (ad nutum) by the general meeting of shareholders by a simple majority of votes cast at a general meeting of shareholders. The directors are eligible for re-election indefinitely.
There are no agreements with majority shareholders, customers, suppliers or others governing the selection of any of the directors or members of senior management. None of our non-executive directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of employment.
The Board of Directors is empowered to manage Adecoagro and carry out our operations. The Board of Directors is vested with the broadest powers to manage the business of the Company and to authorize and/or perform all acts of disposal,
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management and administration falling within the purposes of Adecoagro and all powers not expressly reserved by Luxembourg law or by our articles of incorporation to the general meeting of shareholders is within the competence of the Board of Directors.
Accordingly, within the limitations established by Luxembourg law and in particular the Luxembourg law of August 10, 1915 on commercial companies (as amended) and our articles of incorporation, the Board of Directors can take any action (by resolution or otherwise) it deems necessary, appropriate, convenient or fit to implement the purpose of the Company, including without limitation:
a.execute any acts or contracts on our behalf aimed at fulfilling our corporate purpose, including those for which a special power of attorney is required;
b.carry out any transactions;
c.agree, establish, authorize and regulate our operations, services and expenses;
d.delegate special tasks to directors, regulate the formation and operation of committees and fix the remuneration and compensation of expenses of advisors and/or staff with special duties, with a charge to overhead;
e.appoint, suspend or remove agents or employees, establish their duties, remuneration, and bonuses and grant them the powers that it deems advisable;
f.grant signature authorization to directors and officers, grant general or special powers of attorney, including those to prosecute;
g.call annual, ordinary and extraordinary shareholders’ meetings and establish agendas, submit for the shareholders’ approval our inventory, annual report, balance sheet, statement of income and exhibits, propose depreciation, amortization and reserves that it deems advisable, establish the amount of gains and losses, propose the distribution of earnings and submit all this to the shareholders’ meeting for consideration and resolution;
h.fix the date for the payment of dividends established by the shareholders’ meeting and make their payment; and
i.make decisions relating to the issuance, subscription or payment of shares part of our authorized share capital pursuant to our articles of incorporation and decision of the regular or special shareholders’ meetings.
As of the date of this annual report, the chairman of the Board of Directors is Mr. Plínio Musetti. The Board of Directors has the following five committees and one sub-committee: Audit Committee, Talent Management & Compensation Committee, Risk and Commercial Committee, Strategy Committee and ESG Committee; and Nominating Sub-Committee of the Talent Management & Compensation Committee.
Audit Committee
The Company’s articles of incorporation provide that the Board of Directors may set up an audit committee. The Board of Directors has set up an Audit Committee comprised of independent directors and has appointed Mr. Andrés Velasco Brañes (Chairman), Mrs. Manuela Vaz Artigas and Mrs. Ana Cristina Russo as members of its audit committee, pursuant to Board resolutions dated May 14, 2024.
The Company’s articles of incorporation provide that the audit committee shall (a) assist the Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities relating to the integrity of the Company’s financial statements, including periodically reporting to the Board of Directors on its activity and the adequacy of the Company’s systems of internal controls over financial reporting; (b) make recommendations for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of, and consider the independence of, the Company’s external auditors; (c) review material transactions (as defined in the articles) between the Company or its subsidiaries with related parties (other than transactions that were reviewed and approved by the independent members of the Board of Directors as defined in the articles of the Company) or other governing body of any subsidiary of the Company or through any other procedures as the Board of Directors may deem substantially equivalent to the foregoing) to determine whether their terms are consistent with market conditions or are otherwise fair to the Company and its subsidiaries;
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and (d) perform such other duties imposed on it by the laws and regulations of the regulated market(s) on which the shares of the Company are listed, applicable to the Company, as well as any other duties entrusted to it by the Board of Directors.
In addition, the charter of the audit committee sets forth, among others, the audit committee’s purpose and responsibilities.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. During 2024, the Audit Committee held meetings on March 7 and 11, May 10 and 13, August 5 and November 6. All members of the Audit Committee were present at all meetings held.
Talent Management & Compensation Committee
The Company has a Talent Management & Compensation Committee (referred to indistinctively as Talent Management & Compensation Committee or Compensation Committee) that reviews and approves the compensation and benefits of the executive officers and other key employees, and makes recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding principles for compensation, performance evaluation, and retention strategies. It is responsible for administering our share option plans and our restricted share and restricted stock unit plan for executive officers and other key employees. See “—E. Share Ownership—Share Options and Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan.” The committee has the discretion to interpret and amend the Plan, and delegate to the Chief Executive Officer the right to award equity-based compensation to executive officers and other key employees.
The committee is also in charge of the interpretation, implementation, control and enforcement of the Company’s Compensation Recoupment or “Clawback” Policy, which sets forth the terms and conditions for the prompt recovery of erroneously awarded incentive-based compensation granted to certain officers of the Company in the event of a restatement of the Company’s financial statements.
The committee meets at least once a year and as needed on the initiative of the Chief Executive Officer or at the request of one of its members. The members of the Compensation Committee, appointed pursuant to board resolutions dated May 19, 2019, are Mr. Daniel González (Chairman), Mr. Guillaume van der Linden, and Mr. Plínio Musetti.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. During 2024, the Compensation Committee held meetings on March 11, May 13, August 6 and November 4. All members were present at all meetings held.
Nominating Sub-Committee
As part of the Talent Management & Compensation Committee, the Company has a Nominating Sub-Committee that selects and recommends to the board the best candidates to fill in vacant board seats, develops and recommends criteria for selecting qualified director candidates to the board, evaluates committee member qualifications, designations and removals, recommend the implementation of corporate governance guidelines, and oversees the evaluation of the board of directors and each committee.
The sub-committee meets at least once a year and as needed on the initiative of the Chief Executive Officer or at the request of one of its members. The members of the sub-committee, appointed pursuant to board resolutions dated March 11, 2022, are Mr. Guillaume van der Linden, Mr. Daniel González and Mr. Plínio Musetti.
Risk and Commercial Committee
The Company has a Risk and Commercial Committee (referred to in distinctively as Risk Committee or Risk and Commercial Committee) that has the duty to (i) make such inquiries as are necessary or advisable to understand and evaluate material business risks and risk management processes as they evolve from time to time; (ii) review with the Board of Directors and management the guidelines and policies to govern the process for assessing and managing risks; (iii) discuss and review with the Board of Directors management’s efforts to evaluate and manage the Company’s business from a risk perspective; (iv) request input from the Board of Directors, management and operating staff, as well as from outside resources, as it may deem necessary; (v) discuss with the Board of Directors and management which elements of enterprise risk are most significant, the prioritization of business risks, and make recommendations as to resource allocation for risk management and risk mitigation strategies and activities; (vi) oversee the development of plans for risk mitigation in any area which it deems to be a material
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risk to the Company; and (vii) monitor management’s implementation of such plans, and the effectiveness generally of its risk mitigation strategies and activities.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. The members of the Risk Committee appointed by the board meeting held on May 14, 2024 are Mr. Ivo Andrés Sarjanovic (Chairman), Mrs. Manuela Vaz Artigas and Mrs. Ana Cristina Russo.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. During 2024, the Risk Committee held meetings on March 6, May 13, August 5 and November 7. All members were present at all meetings held.
Strategy Committee
The Company’s Strategy Committee has the duty to: (i) discuss and review with the board management’s identification and setting of strategic goals; including potential acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic alliances and dispositions; (ii) make recommendations to the Board of Directors as to the means of pursuing strategic goals; and (iii) review with the board management’s progress in implementing its strategic decisions and suggest appropriate modifications to reflect changes in market and business conditions.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. The members of the Strategy Committee appointed by the board meetings held on May 5, 2022 are Mr. Plínio Musetti (Chairman), Mr. Alan Leland Boyce, Mr. Daniel Gonzalez and Mr. Ivo Andrés Sarjanovic.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. During 2024, the Strategy Committee held meetings on March 11, May 13, June 19, August 5 and November 6. All members were present at all meetings held.
ESG Committee
The Company has an ESG Committee created as part of the efforts to bring Environmental, Social and Governance ("ESG") to the forefront of its agenda and continue integrating these aspects into the overall strategy. The ESG Committee's main duties include (i) discussing and reviewing the company's operations in order to identify potential opportunities to improve our ESG performance; (ii) defining ESG strategies; and (iii) analyzing alternatives to enhance our ESG communication to stakeholders and expand our investor base.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. The members of ESG Committee appointed by the board meetings held on May 5, 2022 are Mr. Guillaume van der Linden (Chairman), Mr. Alan Leland Boyce and Mr. Andres Velasco.
The committee meets at least four times a year and as often as deemed necessary or appropriate in its judgment. During 2024, the ESG Committee held meetings on March 11, May 13, August 5 and November 6. All members were present at all meetings held.
D.EMPLOYEES
Employees
As of December 31, 2024, we had 10,320 employees, 89.5% of whom were unionized. In addition, approximately 9% of our workforce is comprised of temporary workers. We strive to comply with all labor laws. Historically, we have had a positive relationship with labor unions.
The following table sets forth our number of employees by each of our business segments:
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| As of December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Farming | 2,807 |  |  | 2,395 |  |  | 2,441 |
Sugar, Ethanol and Energy | 6,263 |  |  | 6,256 |  |  | 6,229 |
Administrative | 1,250 |  |  | 1,111 |  |  | 1,106 |
Total | 10,320 |  |  | 9,762 |  |  | 9,776 |

The following table sets forth our number of employees by each country where we operate:

| As of December 31,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Argentina | 3,115 |  |  | 2,651 |  |  | 2,697 |
Brazil | 7,013 |  |  | 6,924 |  |  | 6,914 |
Uruguay | 191 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 165 |
Spain | 1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Total | 10,320 |  |  | 9,762 |  |  | 9,776 |

We do not have any severance agreements with our senior executive directors and managers.
Benefits
The benefits granted to our employees follow the market standard, including health plans and Spanish, English and Portuguese language lessons. In some cases, depending on the working location, we also provide meal, transportation, parking or financial aid for junior employees who are still in college. For senior management, we also provide vehicles.
E.SHARE OWNERSHIP
Share Ownership
The total number of shares of the Company beneficially owned by our directors, executive officers and employees as a group, as of the date of this annual report, was 6,887,628 which represents 6.5% of the total shares of the company. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—A. Major Shareholders” for information regarding share ownership by our directors and executive officers.
Share Options and Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan
Adecoagro/IFH 2004 Stock Incentive Option Plan
The Company maintains the Adecoagro/IFH 2004 Incentive Option Plan (formerly, the International Farmland Holdings, LLC 2004 Incentive Option Plan, and referred to herein as the “2004 Plan”). Initially, the 2004 Plan provided for the grant of options to purchase ordinary units of IFH. In connection with the Reorganization, the Option Plans were amended and restated to provide for the grant of options to purchase common shares of the Company, and all then-outstanding options to purchase IFH ordinary units were converted into options to purchase the Company’s common shares.
The number of common shares reserved and available for issuance under the 2004 Plan are 1,269,422, respectively. Shares subject to awards that become forfeited, canceled, expired, withheld upon exercise, reacquired by the Company prior to vesting or otherwise terminated will again be available for future awards under the Option Plans.
Administration and Eligibility
The Option Plans are administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Committee”). The Committee has general authority to, among others, select individuals for participation, determine the time and amount of grants, and interpret the plans and awards. The Committee determines the vesting requirements of the awards. The Option Plans require that the exercise price of any future grants shall be no less than the greater of the fair market value of our common shares on the date of grant and the par value per common share.
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Individuals eligible to receive options under the 2004 Plan include officers and employees.
Amendment and Termination
The Board of Directors may amend or terminate the Option Plans in its discretion, and the Committee may amend any outstanding options in its discretion, except participant consent will be needed if a participant’s rights are adversely affected. If not previously terminated by the Board of Directors, the Option Plans will terminate on the 10th anniversary of its adoption. The 2004 Plan was amended to extend the term to the 20th anniversary of its adoption. On August 15, 2023, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the amendment and restatement of the A2004 Plan now known as the Second Amended and Restated Adecoagro/IFH 2004 Stock Incentive Option Plan to extend for an additional ten years the period to exercise the awards granted under the plan.
Granted Options
Under the 2004 Plan, options to purchase 2,402,228 common shares were granted and the weighted average exercise price of all granted options was $6.67.
Outstanding options under the 2004 Plan vested in three equal installments on the first three anniversaries of the date of grant. Vesting under this Option Plans is generally subject to the participant’s continued service as of each applicable vesting date, and all options terminate 30 years from the date of grant. No further option under both plans will be granted.
Adecoagro S.A. Amended and Restated Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan
On November 11, 2011, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the amendment and restatement of the Adecoagro S.A. Restricted Share Plan, now known as the Amended and Restated Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan (as amended from time to time, the “Plan). On December 16, 2020, the Board of Directors of the Company amended the Plan to extend the expiration date to October 28, 2030.
The Plan provides for awards of restricted shares or restricted stock units to employees, officers, members of the Board of Directors and other service providers of the Company. The purpose of the Plan is to further align the interests of participants with those of the shareholders by providing participants with long-term incentive compensation opportunities tied to the performance of the Company’s common shares.
On March 7, 2023 and March 12, 2024, the Plan was again amended by the Board of Directors to increase the number of common shares available for issuance with respect to which awards may be made by 543,800 and 569,500 common shares, respectively. On March 11, 2025 the Board of Directors amended the Plan to increase the number of common shares available for issuance with respect to which awards may be made by 1,120,832 additional common shares. Currently, the maximum number of common shares with respect to which awards may be made under the Plan is equal to 10,349,627 common shares inclusive of such Shares that are subject to outstanding grants of awards. To the extent any award under the Plan is canceled, expired, forfeited, surrendered, settled in cash, or otherwise terminated without delivery of shares the shares retained by or returned to the Company will again be available for future awards under the Plan. The shares available for issuance as well as outstanding awards under the Plan are subject to adjustment in the event of a reorganization, stock split, merger or similar change. Under the Plan, as of the date of this annual re port, 9,705,188 common shares had been issued to directors, senior management and employees.
Administration and Eligibility
The Plan is administered by the Talent Management & Compensation Committee. This Committee has general authority to grant awards, determine the recipients of awards and prescribe the terms of awards, as well as authority to interpret and apply the terms of the Plan and individual awards. The Committee determines the amount and the vesting requirements of the awards.
Terms of Awards
A grant of restricted shares represents common shares that are issued subject to vesting requirements and transfer restrictions, as determined by the Committee in its discretion. The vesting requirements may be based on the continued employment or service of the participant for a specified time period or on the attainment of specified business performance goals established by the Committee. Subject to the transfer restrictions and vesting requirements of the award, the participant will have the rights of a stockholder of the Company, including voting rights and the right to receive dividends.
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The number of restricted shares or restricted stock units awarded to individuals each year will be based on Company performance. Once awarded, the restricted shares or restricted stock units are subject to a service-based vesting schedule and vest in three equal annual installments on the first three anniversaries of the date of grant, subject only to the participant’s continued service to the Company as of each applicable vesting date. Restricted stock units are payable following the vesting of an award in shares.
Amendment and Termination
The Board of Directors may amend, modify, suspend or terminate the Plan in its discretion, except participant consent will be needed if participants’ rights are adversely affected. If not previously terminated by the Board of Directors, the Plan will terminate on the 20th anniversary of its adoption.
Share Options and Restricted Shares
The total number of ordinary and restricted shares to be issued upon exercise of the options to directors and executive officers as a group under our Option Plans is 1,634,220 in the aggregate. The range of exercise prices per common share under our 2004 Plan is $5.83 to $8.62 (1,492,890 options). Upon the exercise of all options the only employee that would exceed the 1% holding is Mariano Bosch, who would reach 1.6%.
F.DISCLOSURE OF A REGISTRANT’S ACTION TO RECOVER ERRONEOUSLY AWARDED COMPENSATION
Not applicable.
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions
A.MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS
The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of our shares for each person known to us to own beneficially at least 5% of our common shares and our directors and executive officers, based on the information most recently available to the Company, as of April 4, 2025. The holders listed below have the same voting rights as all other holders of our shares.
As of April 4, 2025, we had 99,993,156 outstanding shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we have included shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days from April 4, 2025, including through the exercise of any option. These shares, however, are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

| Number |  | Percent
Principal Shareholders: |  |  |
Tether Holdings, S.A. de C.V. (1) | 20,398,699 |  |  | 20.4 | %
Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn (2) | 15,531,385 |  |  | 15.5 | %
Helikon Investments Limited (3) | 12,037,204 |  |  | 12.0 | %
Route One Investment Company, L.P. (4) | 8,900,438 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Banco Santander S.A (5) | 7,817,000 |  |  | 7.8 | %
Jennison Associates LLC (6) | 5,133,846 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Directors, Executive Officers and Company's employees as a Group* | 7,370,482 |  |  | 7.4 | %

________________________________________________________________________________________________
* No single shareholder beneficially owns more than 1% based on the total number of outstanding shares, except for Mariano Bosch and Alan Boyce, each of whom beneficially owns 1.6% and 1.2%, respectively.
(1)The address of Tether Holdings, S.A.de C.V. is Final Av. La Revolucion, Edif. Centro, Corporativo Presidente Plaza, Nivel 12 San Salvador, H3, 00000. Includes 20,398,699 shares held by Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V., a wholly owned subsidiary of Tether Holdings, S.A. de C.V. Mr. Giancarlo Devasini has a greater than 50% voting interest in Tether Holdings, S.A. de C.V. This information is based on a Schedule 13D/A filed with the SEC on March 28, 2025.
(2)The address of Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn is P.O. BOX 4001 NL-3700 KA Zeist The Netherlands.
(3)The address of Helikon Investments Limited (“Helikon UK”) is 17 Waterloo Place, SW1Y 4AR, London, United Kingdom. Consists of shares held by Helikon Long Short Equity Fund Master ICAV, a fund managed by Helikon UK. This information is based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on April 4, 2025.
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(4)The address of Route One Investment Company, L.P. (“Route One”) is 1 Letterman Drive, Building D, Suite 200, San Francisco, CA 94129, United States. Consists of shares with shared voting and dispositive power held by Route One and Route One Offshore Master Fund, L.P. ROIC, LLC is the general partner of Route One. William F. Duhamel, Jr. and Jason E. Moment are the control persons of Route One, ROIC, LLC and the General Partner. This information is based on a Schedule 13F filed with the SEC on February 14, 2025.
(5)The address of Banco Santander S.A is Avenida de Cantabria, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain. This information is based on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 6, 2025.
(6)The address of Jennison Associates is 466 Lexington Avenue, Floor 18, New York, NY 10017, United States. Includes 5,133,846 shares held by Jennison Associates LLC. Prudential Financial, Inc. is a Parent Holding Company and the indirect parent of Jennison Associates LLC. This information is based on a Schedule 13F filed with the SEC on January 24, 2025.
Significant Changes in Ownership
According to a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on August 13, 2024, EMS Capital LP no longer beneficially owns more than 5% of our outstanding common shares.
According to a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on November 14, 2024, Al Gharrafa Investment Company no longer beneficially owns more than 5% of our outstanding common shares.
To our knowledge, and based on Section 13 filings with the SEC, other than as disclosed in the table above, our other filings with the SEC and this Annual Report, there have been no other significant changes in the percentage ownership held by any major shareholder during the past three years.
Holders
As of April 4, 2025, 45,037,740 shares were held by United States record holders, representing 45.1% of our outstanding common shares.
Change in Control Arrangements
The purpose of the Offer is to enable Tether to acquire at least a majority of the Common Shares on a fully diluted basis, and thus control of Adecoagro. For an additional discussion of the Offer and its terms, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—Corporate Development.”
B.RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
The following is a description of certain related party transactions we have entered into since January 1, 2024 with any of our executive officers, directors or their affiliates and holders of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities in the aggregate, which we refer to as related parties, other than compensation arrangements which are described under “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees.”
Transaction Agreement
On March 26, 2025, we entered into the Transaction Agreement with Tether. The Transaction Agreement provides for the commencement of the Offer by Tether. Tether’s obligation to accept for payment and to pay for any of our common shares that are tendered in the Offer is subject to the satisfaction or waiver, if permitted under the Transaction Agreement, of each of the conditions to the Offer, including there being validly tendered and not validly withdrawn a number of common shares that, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, represents at least 51% of the outstanding common shares on a fully diluted basis. The Transaction Agreement provides that effective upon the time at which common shares are first accepted for payment under the Offer, Tether shall be entitled to designate, to serve on our Board of Directors, the number of directors, rounded up to the next whole number, determined by multiplying: (i) the total number of directors on our Board of Directors (giving effect to any increase in the size of our Board of Directors effected pursuant to this paragraph); by (ii) a fraction having a numerator equal to the aggregate number of our common shares then beneficially owned by Tether (including all our common shares accepted for payment pursuant to the Offer), and having a denominator equal to the total number of our common shares then issued and outstanding, and Tether shall have the right to cause one of the directors so designated by it to serve as our Executive Chairman. The Transaction Agreement is incorporated by reference as an Exhibit to this annual report.
Registration Rights Agreement
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Pursuant to the Transaction Agreement, we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with Tether that grants Tether certain customary registration rights, including demand registration rights and piggyback registration rights, with respect to registrable securities Tether holds. We agreed to pay certain fees and expenses in connection with such registration, subject to certain exceptions. The Registration Rights Agreement is incorporated by reference as an Exhibit to this annual report.
Other Related Party Transactions
To see a summary of the balances and transactions with related parties, please see Note 31 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
C.INTERESTS OF EXPERTS AND COUNSEL
Not applicable.
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Item 8. Financial Information
A.CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS AND OTHER FINANCIAL INFORMATION.
See "Item 18. Financial Statements" and pages F-1 through F-89 for our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Legal and Administrative Proceedings
We are subject to several laws, regulations and business practices of the countries in which we operate. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to certain contingent liabilities with respect to existing or potential claims, lawsuits and other proceedings, including those involving tax, social security, labor lawsuits and other matters. We accrue liabilities when it is probable that future costs will be incurred and such costs can be reasonably estimated. Currently, we are not engaged in any material litigation or arbitration and no material litigation or claims are known to us to be pending or threatened against us which, either alone or on a combined basis, may result in an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, or cash flows.
In Argentina and Brazil we are engaged in several legal proceedings, including tax, social security, labor, civil, environmental, administrative and other proceedings, for which we have established provisions in an aggregate amount of $3.8 million as of December 31, 2024. In addition, there are currently certain legal proceedings pending in which we are involved for which we have not established provisions. In the opinion of our management, the ultimate disposition of any threatened or pending matters, either individually or on a combined basis, will not have a material adverse effect on our combined financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations other than as described below.
José Valter Laurindo de Castilhos, Companhia Rio de Janeiro Agropecuária Ltda. and other former owners of the Rio de Janeiro and Conquista Farms have filed suit against us for the payment of a supplementary amount of $12 million (approximately $43.9 million in updated value), as well as indemnity for moral and material damages, as a result of the alleged breach of the purchase agreement entered into by the parties. The lower court ruled in our favor, allowing us to keep possession of the Rio de Janeiro Farm. This decision has been appealed by Mr. Castilhos to the Superior Court of Justice (Superior Tribunal de Justiça). The Brazilian Superior Court of Justice dismissed the appeal. The merits of the case are pending judgment by the court of first instance. This decision can be appealed by Mr. Castilhos. We have not made any provision for this claim based on legal counsel’s view that the risk of an unfavorable decision in this matter is remote. If this proceeding is decided adversely to us, our results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.
Dividend Policy
The amount and payment of dividends will be determined by a simple majority vote at a general shareholders’ meeting, typically but not necessarily, based on the recommendation of our Board of Directors. All shares of our capital stock rank pari passu with respect to the payment of dividends. Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, the Board of Directors has the power to distribute interim dividends in accordance with applicable Luxembourg law. Dividends may be lawfully declared and paid if our net profits and distributable reserves are sufficient under Luxembourg law.
Under Luxembourg law, at least 5% of our net profits per year must be allocated to the creation of a legal reserve until such reserve has reached an amount equal to 10% of our issued share capital. If the legal reserve subsequently falls below the 10% threshold, at least 5% of the annual net profits again must be allocated toward the reserve. The legal reserve is not available for distribution.
On November 9, 2021, the Board of Directors approved the implementation of a distribution policy as of 2022 (the “Distribution Policy”) to distribute annually a minimum of 40% of the Adjusted Free Cash from Operations generated during the previous year, subject to the conditions set forth by Luxembourg law. The Distribution Policy consists of a cash dividend distribution in a minimum amount of US$30 million per year, and share repurchases under the existing program from time to time as deemed appropriate. Subject to the conditions set forth by Luxembourg law and notably subject to the Company having sufficient distributable reserves, any dividend distribution will be resolved upon either by the general meeting of the shareholders of the Company or the Board of Directors (through a declaration of advances on dividends). Subject to the decision of the general meeting of the shareholders of the Company or the Board of Directors, dividend payments will be made twice a year, in or around May and November of each year.
On March 11, 2025 the Board of Directors noting that the conditions under applicable law for the distribution of an interim dividend were satisfied, resolved to approve the interim accounts and declared the distribution of an interim dividend of USD 17.5 million (the “Interim Dividend”), to be paid out of the share premium account of the Company to the shareholders as of the date of record (May 2, 2025), and that such Interim Dividend shall be payable on May 17, 2025. The Board further
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resolved to propose to the annual general meeting of shareholders to declare a dividend of an amount of USD 35 million in two installments, part to cover the Interim Dividend and also to provide for the balance of USD 17.5 million to be paid in November 2025, and to delegate power to the Board of Directors to determine the record date and the payment date therefor.
Adecoagro is a holding company and has no material assets other than its ownership of partnership interests in Adecoagro LP SCS. As a result, it is a holding entity with no material assets other than its indirect ownership of shares in operating subsidiaries in foreign countries. If we were to distribute a dividend at some point in the future, we would cause the operating subsidiaries to make distributions to Adecoagro LP SCS, which in turn would make distributions to Adecoagro in an amount sufficient to cover any such dividends.
Our subsidiaries in Argentina and Brazil are subject to certain restrictions on their ability to declare or pay dividends. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Indebtedness and Financial Instruments” and “—Risks Related to our Business and Industries—The terms of our indebtedness and that of certain of our subsidiaries impose significant restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility.”
B.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
Except as otherwise disclosed in this annual report, there has been no undisclosed significant change since the date of the annual Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 9. The Offer and Listing
A.OFFER AND LISTING DETAILS
Our common shares have been listed on the NYSE under the symbol “AGRO” since January 28, 2011. As of the date of this report, our issued share capital amounts to $167.1 million, represented by 111,381,815 shares (of which 11,388,659 were treasury shares) with a nominal value of $1.50 each. All issued shares are fully paid up.
B.PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
Not applicable.
C.MARKETS
Our common shares have been listed on the NYSE under the symbol “AGRO” since January 28, 2011. See “—A. Offer and Listing Details.”
D.SELLING SHAREHOLDERS
Not applicable.
E.DILUTION
Not applicable.
F.EXPENSES OF THE ISSUE
Not applicable.
Item 10. Additional Information
A.SHARE CAPITAL
Not applicable.
B.MEMORANDUM AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
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The following is a summary of some of the terms of our common shares, based in particular on our articles of incorporation and the Luxembourg law of August 10, 1915 on commercial companies as amended.
Adecoagro’s shares are governed by Luxembourg law and its articles of incorporation. More information concerning shareholders’ rights can be found in the Luxembourg law on commercial companies dated August 10, 1915, as amended and the articles of incorporation.
The following is a summary of the rights of the holders of our shares that are material to an investment in our common shares. These rights are set out in our articles of incorporation or are provided by applicable Luxembourg law, and may differ from those typically provided to shareholders of U.S. companies under the corporation laws of some states of the United States. This summary does not contain all information that may be important to you. For more complete information, you should read our updated articles of incorporation, which are attached as an exhibit to this annual report.
General
Adecoagro is a Luxembourg société anonyme (a joint stock company). The Company’s legal name is “Adecoagro S.A.” Adecoagro was incorporated on June 11, 2010 and on October 26, 2010 all the outstanding shares of Adecoagro were acquired by IFH LLC.
On October 30, 2010, the members of IFH LLC transferred pro rata approximately 98% of their membership interests in IFH LLC to Adecoagro in exchange for common shares of Adecoagro. In a series of transactions during 2012, we transferred shares of Adecoagro to certain limited partners of IFH in exchange for their residual interest in IFH, increasing our interest in IFH to approximately 100%.
On January 28, 2011, Adecoagro completed the IPO of its shares on the NYSE. The shares are traded under the symbol “AGRO.”
On March 27, 2015, Adecoagro commenced a series of transactions for the purpose of transferring the domicile of Adecoagro LP to Luxembourg. In connection with the Adecoagro LP redomiciliation, Adecoagro merged IFH into Adecoagro LP with Adecoagro LP as the surviving entity and Adecoagro GP S.à r.l., a société à responsabilité limitée organized under the laws of Luxembourg, became the general partner of Adecoagro LP on April 1, 2015. On April 2, 2015, Adecoagro completed the redomiciliation of Adecoagro LP (Delaware) out of Delaware to Luxembourg and Adecoagro LP, without dissolution or liquidation, continued its corporate existence as Adecoagro LP S.C.S., a société en commandite simple organized under Luxembourg law, effective April 2, 2015. For a detailed description of the Adecoagro LP redomiciliation please see “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company—History. Since that date the affairs of Adecoagro LP S.C.S. have been governed by its articles of incorporation and Luxembourg law.
Adecoagro is registered with the Luxembourg Registry of Trade and Companies under number B153681. Adecoagro has its registered office at 28 Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411 Luxembourg since April 30, 2024.
The corporate purpose of Adecoagro, as stated in Article 4 of our articles of incorporation (Purpose Object), is the following: The object of Adecoagro is the holding of participations, in any form whatsoever, in Luxembourg and foreign companies, or other entities or enterprises, the acquisition by purchase, subscription, or in any other manner as well as the transfer by sale, exchange or otherwise of stock, bonds, debentures, notes and other securities or rights of any kind including interests in partnerships, and the holding, acquisition, disposal, investment in any manner (in), development, licensing or sub licensing of, any patents or other intellectual property rights of any nature or origin as well as the ownership, administration, development and management of its portfolio. Adecoagro may carry out its business through branches in Luxembourg or abroad.
Adecoagro may borrow in any form and proceed to the issuance by private or public means of bonds, convertible bonds and debentures or any other securities or instruments it deems fit.
In a general fashion it may grant assistance (by way of loans, advances, guarantees or securities or otherwise) to companies or other enterprises in which Adecoagro has an interest or which form part of the group of companies to which Adecoagro, belongs or any entity as Adecoagro may deem fit (including upstream or cross stream), take any controlling, management, administrative and/or supervisory measures and carry out any operation which it may deem useful in the accomplishment and development of its purposes.
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Finally, Adecoagro can perform all commercial, technical and financial or other operations, connected directly or indirectly in all areas in order to facilitate the accomplishment of its purpose.
Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation
Following the consummation of the Offer, Tether will and will cause any of its affiliates holding our shares to vote in favor of and approve an amended and restated Articles of Incorporation in the form set forth in Exhibit B to the Transaction Agreement (the “Amended Articles”). The Amended Articles will implement certain governance provisions negotiated by us and Tether, including the following provisions:
•Company Board Representation. Following and the satisfaction or, to the extent waivable by Tether, waiver by Tether of the conditions to the Offer, Tether will, (i) after the expiration of the Offer, as promptly as practicable (and in any event within one business day), or if proration is required in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Offer, after the final proration factor is determined, accept for payment all our shares validly tendered (and not validly withdrawn) pursuant to the Offer (the time of such acceptance, the “Acceptance Time”), if any shareholder (including Tether) controls greater than 50% of our outstanding shares, such shareholder shall be entitled to nominate a number of directors to our board of directors (the “Company Board”), rounded up to the next whole number, determined by multiplying: (i) the total number of directors on the Company Board by (ii) a fraction having a numerator equal to the aggregate number of our shares then beneficially owned by the relevant shareholder (and evidenced to us), and having a denominator equal to the total number of shares then issued and outstanding, provided that such number of candidates shall be reduced in order to comply with the requirement that a minimum of three directors be independent directors.
•Acquisition Restrictions. Shareholders are prohibited from acquiring more than 80% of our Shares unless they make a public offer to acquire all of our outstanding shares.
•Restrictions on Related Party Transactions. Any Related Party Transaction (as defined in Item 7.B of SEC Annual Report on Form 20-F) will require the prior approval of a majority of the independent directors.
•Independent Directors. At any given time following the Acceptance Time, the Company will have no fewer than three directors on the Company Board who are each “independent” (as defined in the Amended Articles).
•Supermajority Approval Requirements. Any direct or indirect amendment to certain provisions in the Amended Articles that are intended to protect the rights of continuing minority shareholders will require the approval of a 90% majority of the outstanding voting rights of the Company.
The foregoing summary and description of the Amended Articles does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Amended Articles, which is attached to the Transaction Agreement, which is filed as an exhibit to this annual report.
Share Capital
As of December 31, 2024, our issued share capital amounted to $167,072,722.50, represented by 111,381,815 shares in issue (of which 11,328,038 were treasury shares) with a nominal value of $1.50 each. All issued shares are fully paid up. Consequently, there were 100,053,777 common shares outstanding.
We have an authorized share capital of $220,287,267, including the issued share capital as of December 31, 2023 of $167,072,722.50, and are authorized to issue up to 146,858,178 shares of a nominal value of $1.50 each (taking into account the shares issued as of the date hereof) out of such authorized share capital. Our authorized unissued share capital as of December 31, 2024 is $53,214,544.50. The authorization of our Board of Directors in connection with our current authorized share capital expired on April 15, 2025 but the Company intends to request its renewal at the next general meeting of shareholders.
Our articles of incorporation authorize the Board of Directors to issue shares within the limits of the authorized unissued share capital at such times and on such terms as the Board or its delegates may decide for a period ending on April 15, 2025 (unless it is extended, amended or renewed and we currently intend to seek renewals and/or extensions as required from time to time). Accordingly, the Board may issue shares within the limits of the authorized (unissued) share capital against contributions in cash, contributions in kind or by way of incorporation of available reserves at such times and on such terms and
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conditions, including the issue price, as the Board of Directors or its delegate(s) may in its or their discretion resolve while reserving a preemptive subscription right to existing shareholders for any issue of shares. Such authorization expired on April 15, 2025 but the Company intends to request its renewal at the next general meeting of shareholders.
Our authorized share capital is determined (and may be increased, reduced or extended) by our articles of incorporation, as amended from time to time, by the decision of our shareholders at an extraordinary general shareholders’ meeting with the necessary quorum and majority provided for the amendment of our articles of incorporation. See “—Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation” and “—General Meeting of Shareholders”.
Under Luxembourg law, existing shareholders benefit from a preemptive subscription right on the issuance of shares for cash consideration (which may however be waived).
Form and Transfer of Shares
Our shares are issued in registered form only and are freely transferable. Luxembourg law does not impose any limitations on the rights of Luxembourg or non-Luxembourg residents to hold or vote our shares.
Under Luxembourg law, the ownership of registered shares is evidenced by the inscription of the name of the shareholder, the number of shares held by him or her in the register of shares of the Company. Each transfer of shares in the share register shall be effected by written declaration of transfer to be recorded in the register of shares, such declaration to be dated and signed by the transferor and the transferee, or by their duly appointed agents. We may accept and enter into the share register any transfer effected pursuant to an agreement or agreements between the transferor and the transferee, true and complete copies of which have been delivered to us.
We may appoint registrars in different jurisdictions, each of whom may maintain a separate register for the shares entered in such register. We have appointed Computershare as our New York registrar and transfer agent. The holders of our shares may elect to be entered in one of the registers and to be transferred from time to time from one register to another register provided that our Board of Directors may however impose transfer restrictions for shares that are registered, listed, quoted, dealt in, or have been placed in certain jurisdictions in compliance with the requirements applicable therein. The transfer to the register kept at the Company’s registered office may always be requested by a shareholder.
In addition, our articles of incorporation provide that our shares may be held through a securities settlement system or a professional depository of securities. Shares held in such manner have the same rights and obligations as shares recorded in our shareholder register(s) (subject to complying with certain formalities). Shares held through a securities settlement system or a professional depository of securities may be transferred in accordance with customary procedures for the transfer of securities in book-entry form.
Issuance of Shares
Pursuant to Luxembourg law of August 10, 1915 on commercial companies as amended, the issuance of shares in Adecoagro requires the approval by the general meeting of shareholders at the quorum and majority provided for the amendment of our articles of incorporation. See “—Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation” and “—General Meeting of Shareholders.” The general meeting of shareholders may however approve an authorized unissued share capital and authorize the Board of Directors to issue shares up to the maximum amount of such authorized unissued share capital for a maximum period of five years. The general meeting may amend, renew or extend such authorized share capital and authorization to the Board of Directors to issue shares.
We have currently an authorized share capital of $220,287,267, including the issued share capital as of April 20, 2024 of $167,072,722.50, and are authorized to issue up to 146,858,178 shares of a nominal value of $1.50 each (taking into account currently issued shares) out of such authorized share capital. As of April 2024 the authorized unissued share capital was $53,214,544.50. Our Board has been authorized to issue shares within the limits of the authorized unissued share capital at such times and on such terms as the board or its delegates may decide for a period ending on April 15, 2025 (unless it is extended, amended or renewed and we currently intend to seek renewals and/or extensions as required from time to time). The authorization of our Board of Directors in connection with our authorized share capital expired on April 15, 2025 but the Company intends to request its renewal at the next general meeting of shareholders.
Our articles provide that no fractional shares may be issued.
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Our shares have no conversion rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to our common shares.
Preemptive Rights
Holders of our shares have a pro rata preemptive right to subscribe for any new shares issued for cash consideration or by way of incorporation of available reserves. Our articles provide that in the event of an increase of the issued share capital by the Board of Directors within the limits of the authorized unissued share capital preemptive rights shall always be reserved.
Repurchase of Shares
We cannot subscribe for our own shares.
We may, however, repurchase issued shares or have another person repurchase issued shares for our account, subject in particular to the following conditions (except in limited circumstances set forth by law)
•the prior authorization of the general meeting of shareholders (at the quorum and majority for ordinary resolutions), which authorization sets forth the terms and conditions of the proposed repurchase and in particular the maximum number of shares to be repurchased, the duration of the period for which the authorization is given (which may not exceed five years) and, in the case of repurchase for consideration, the minimum and maximum consideration per share, must have been obtained;
•the repurchase may not reduce our net assets on a non-consolidated basis to a level below the aggregate of the issued share capital increased by the reserves that we must maintain pursuant to Luxembourg law or its articles of incorporation; and
•only fully paid up shares may be repurchased.
The general meeting of shareholders has authorized that the Company, and/or any wholly-owned subsidiary (and/or any person acting on their behalf), may purchase, acquire, receive or hold shares in the Company under article 430-15 of the Luxembourg law of August 10, 1915, as amended, from time to time up to 10% of the issued share capital, on the following terms and on such terms as referred to below and as shall further be determined by the Board of Directors of the Company, such authorization being valid (subject to renewal) for a period of five years from January 10, 2011. Such period was thereafter extended to end on April 21, 2026.
Acquisitions may be made in any manner including without limitation, by tender or other offers, buyback programs, over the stock exchange or in privately negotiated transactions or in any other manner as determined by the Board of Directors (including derivative transactions or transactions having the same or similar economic effect than an acquisition).
In the case of acquisitions for value:
(i) in the case of acquisitions other than in the circumstances set forth under (ii), for a net purchase price being (x) no less than 50% of the lowest stock price and (y) no more than 50% above the highest stock price, in each case being the closing price, as reported by the New York City edition of the Wall Street Journal, or, if not reported therein, any other authoritative source to be selected by the Board of Directors of the Company (hereafter, the closing price), over the ten (10) trading days preceding the date of the purchase (or as the case may be the date of the commitment to the transaction);
(ii) in case of a tender offer (or if deemed appropriate by the Board of Directors, a buyback program),
a. in case of a formal offer being published, for a set net purchase price or a purchase price range, each time within the following parameters: no less than 50% of the lowest stock price and (y) no more than 50% above the highest stock price, in each case being the closing price over the ten (10) trading days preceding the publication date, provided however that if the stock exchange price during the offer period fluctuates by more than 10%, the Board of Directors may adjust the offer price or range to such fluctuations;
b. in case a public request for sell offers is made, a price range may be set (and revised by the Board of Directors as deemed appropriate) provided that acquisitions may be made at a price which is no less than 50% of the lowest stock price and (y) no more than 50% above the highest stock price, in each case being the closing price over a period determined by the Board
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of Directors provided that such period may not start more than five (5) trading days before the sell offer start date of the relevant offer and may not end after the last day of the relevant sell offer period.
In addition, pursuant to Luxembourg law the Board of Directors may repurchase shares without the prior approval of the general meeting of shareholders if necessary to prevent serious and imminent harm to us or if the acquisition of shares has been made in view of the distribution thereof to the employees.
A share repurchase program was approved by the Board of Directors of the Company on September 12, 2013 to acquire up to 5% of the total outstanding share capital of the Company to be held as treasury shares (the “Share Repurchase Program”). The Share Repurchase Program was implemented in compliance with the authorization granted by the general meeting of shareholders of the Company, any applicable law, rules or regulations described above and the following limits approved by the Board of Directors of the Company. The Share Repurchase Program was approved for a period of 12 months from September 23, 2014 (the date of its announcement) or until reaching the maximum number of shares authorized under the Share Repurchase Program, whichever occurs first. In April 4, 2017, the Board of Directors amended the Share Repurchase Program to include repurchases under Open Market Transactions, in reliance on the “safe harbor” from liability for manipulation provided by Rule 10b-18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Securities Exchange Act”) and in privately negotiated transactions. The Share Repurchase Program was renewed by decision of the Board of Directors on December 11, 2024 for an additional period of 12 months, ending on December 31, 2025, or until the maximum number of shares authorized under the Program are repurchased, whatever occurs first.
Capital Reduction
The articles of incorporation provide that the issued share capital may be reduced, subject to the approval by the general meeting of shareholders at the quorum and majority provided for the amendment of our articles of incorporation. See “—Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation” and “—General Meeting of Shareholders”.
General Meeting of Shareholders
In accordance with Luxembourg law and our articles of incorporation, any regularly constituted general meeting of shareholders of Adecoagro represents the entire body of shareholders of the Company. It shall have the broadest powers to order, carry out or ratify acts relating to the operations of the Company.
The annual general meeting of shareholders of Adecoagro as well as any other meetings of shareholders shall be held in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg at such place and time as indicated in the notice of the meeting.
Each of our shares entitles the holder thereof to attend our general meeting of shareholders, either in person or by proxy, to address the general meeting of shareholders, and to exercise voting rights, subject to the provisions of our articles of incorporation. Each share entitles the holder to one vote at a general meeting of shareholders, subject to our articles of incorporation. There is no minimum shareholding required to be able to attend or vote at a general meeting of shareholders.
A shareholder may act at any general meeting of shareholders by appointing another person (who need not be a shareholder) as his proxy, which proxy shall be in writing and comply with such requirements as determined by our board with respect to the attendance to the general meeting, and proxy forms in order to enable shareholders to exercise their right to vote. All proxies must be received by us (or our agents) no later than the day preceding the fifth (5th) working day before the date of the general meeting except if our Board of Directors decides to change such a time frame.
Our articles of incorporation provide that in the case of shares held through the operator of a securities settlement system or depository, a holder of such shares wishing to attend a general meeting of shareholders must receive from such operator or depository a certificate certifying the number of shares recorded in the relevant account on the blocking date and certifying that the shares in the account shall be blocked until the close of the general meeting. Such certificates should be submitted to us no later than the day preceding the fifth working day before the date of the general meeting unless our board fixes a different period.
Our Board of Directors may determine a date preceding a general meeting as the record date for admission to such general meeting. When convening a general meeting of shareholders, we will publish the convening notice (which must be published at least 15 days before the meeting) in the Recueil Électronique des Sociétés et Associations, and in a Luxembourg newspaper and in the case the shares of the Company are listed on a regulated market, in accordance with the publicity requirements of such regulated market applicable to the Company. If all of the shareholders are present or represented at a
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general meeting of shareholders, the general meeting may be held without prior notice or publication. These convening notices must contain the agenda of the meeting and set out the conditions for attendance and representation at the meeting.
All materials relating to a general meeting of shareholders (including the notice) will be available at the website of Adecoagro at www.adecoagro.com and will be filed with the SEC on Form 6-K. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in, and does not constitute a part of, this annual report.
Luxembourg law provides that the Board of Directors is obliged to convene a general meeting of shareholders if shareholders representing, in the aggregate, at least 10% of the issued share capital so require in writing with an indication of the agenda. In such case, the general meeting of shareholders must be held within one month of the request. If the requested general meeting of shareholders is not held within one month, shareholders representing, in the aggregate, at least 10% of the issued share capital, may petition the competent president of the district court in Luxembourg to have a court appointee convene the meeting. Luxembourg law provides that shareholders representing, in the aggregate, at least 10% of the issued share capital may request that additional items be added to the agenda of a general meeting of shareholders. That request must be made by registered mail sent to the registered office at least five days before the holding of the general meeting of shareholders.
Voting Rights
Each share of our shares entitles the holder thereof to one vote at a general meeting of shareholders.
Luxembourg law distinguishes between “ordinary” general meetings of shareholders and “extraordinary” general meetings of shareholders.
Extraordinary general meetings of shareholders are convened to resolve in particular upon an amendment to the articles of incorporation and certain other limited matters including those described below and are generally subject to the quorum and majority requirements described below. All other general meetings of shareholders are ordinary general meetings of shareholders.
Ordinary General Meetings of Shareholders. At an ordinary general meeting of shareholders there is no quorum requirement, and resolutions are adopted by a simple majority of the votes validly cast, irrespective of the number of shares represented. Abstentions are not considered “votes”.
Extraordinary General Meetings of Shareholders. An extraordinary general meeting of shareholders convened for the purpose of in particular (a) an increase or decrease of the authorized or issued share capital, (b) a limitation or exclusion of preemptive rights, (c) approving a legal merger or de-merger of Adecoagro, (d) dissolution of the Company or (e) an amendment of the articles of incorporation must generally have a quorum of at least 50% of our issued share capital except in limited circumstances provided for by Luxembourg law. If such quorum is not reached, the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders may be reconvened, pursuant to appropriate notification procedures, at a later date with no quorum requirement applying.
Irrespective of whether the proposed actions described in the preceding paragraph will be subject to a vote at the first or a subsequent extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, such actions are generally subject to the approval of at least two-thirds of the votes validly cast at such extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (except in limited circumstances provided for by Luxembourg law). Abstentions are not considered “votes”.
Appointment and Removal of Directors. Members of the Board of Directors may be elected by a simple majority of the votes validly cast at any general meeting of shareholders. Under the articles of incorporation, all directors are elected for a period of up to three years with such possible extension as provided therein provided however the directors shall be elected on a staggered basis, with one third (1/3) of the directors being elected each year and provided further that such three year term may be exceeded by a period up to the annual general meeting held following the third anniversary of the appointment. Any director may be removed with or without cause by a simple majority vote at any general meeting of shareholders. The articles of incorporation provide that in case of a vacancy the remaining directors may co-opt a director and fill such vacancy.
Neither Luxembourg law nor our articles of incorporation contain any restrictions as to the voting of our shares by non-Luxembourg residents.
Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation
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Luxembourg law requires an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders to resolve upon an amendment to the articles of incorporation. The agenda of the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders must indicate the proposed amendments to the articles of incorporation.
An extraordinary general meeting of shareholders convened for the purpose of amending the articles of incorporation must generally have a quorum of at least 50% of our issued share capital. If such a quorum is not reached, the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders may be reconvened at a later date with no quorum according to the appropriate notification procedures. Irrespective of whether the proposed amendment will be subject to a vote at the first or a subsequent extraordinary general meeting of shareholders, the amendment is generally subject to the approval of at least two-thirds of the votes cast at such extraordinary general meeting of shareholders.
Any resolutions to amend the articles of incorporation must be taken before a Luxembourg notary and such amendments must be published in accordance with Luxembourg law.
Merger and Division
A merger by absorption whereby a Luxembourg company, after its dissolution without liquidation transfers to another company all of its assets and liabilities in exchange for the issuance to the shareholders of the company being acquired of shares in the acquiring company, or a merger effected by transfer of assets to a newly incorporated company, must, in principle, be approved by an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders of the Luxembourg company to be held before a notary. Similarly the de-merger of a Luxembourg company is generally subject to the approval by an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders.
Liquidation
In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of Adecoagro, the assets remaining after allowing for the payment of all liabilities will be paid out to the shareholders pro rata to their respective shareholdings. The decision to voluntarily liquidate, dissolve or wind-up require the approval by an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders of the Company to be held before a notary.
No Appraisal Rights
Neither Luxembourg law nor our articles of incorporation provide for any appraisal rights of dissenting shareholders.
Distributions
Subject to Luxembourg law, each share is entitled to participate equally in distributions if and when if declared by the general meeting of shareholders out of funds legally available for such purposes. Pursuant to the articles of incorporation, the general meeting of shareholders may approve distributions and the Board of Directors may declare interim distribution, to the extent permitted by Luxembourg law.
Declared and unpaid distributions held by us for the account of the shareholders shall not bear interest. Under Luxembourg law, claims for unpaid distributions will lapse in our favor five years after the date such distribution has been declared.
Annual Accounts
Each year the Board of Directors must prepare annual accounts, that is, an inventory of the assets and liabilities of Adecoagro together with a balance sheet and a profit and loss account. The Board of Directors must also prepare, each year, consolidated accounts and management reports on the annual accounts and consolidated accounts. The annual accounts, the management report and the auditor’s reports (inter alia) must be available for inspection by shareholders at the registered office of Adecoagro at least eight calendar days prior to the date of the annual general meeting of shareholders.
The annual accounts and the consolidated accounts, after approval by the annual general meeting of shareholders, will need to be filed with the Luxembourg registry of trade and companies within one month after the approval and no more than seven months after the close of the financial year.
Information Rights
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Luxembourg law gives shareholders limited rights to inspect certain corporate records eight calendar days prior to the date of the annual general meeting of shareholders, including the annual accounts with the list of directors and auditors, the notes to the annual accounts, a list of shareholders whose shares are not fully paid-up, the management reports, the auditor’s report and in case of amendments to the articles, the text of the proposed amendments and the draft of the resulting consolidated articles.
Any registered shareholder is entitled to receive a copy of the annual accounts, the auditor’s reports and the management reports free of charge eight calendar days prior to the date of the annual general meeting of shareholders upon request.
Under Luxembourg law, it is generally accepted that a shareholder has the right to receive responses to questions concerning items on the agenda for a general meeting of shareholders, if such responses are necessary or useful for a shareholder to make an informed decision concerning such agenda item, unless a response to such questions could be detrimental to our interests.
One or more shareholders representing at least 10% of the share capital or 10% of the votes attached to all existing securities may ask the Board of Directors written questions on one or more management operations (opérations de gestion) of the company and, as the case may be, of subsidiaries it controls. In the latter case, the request must be assessed in view of the interest of the companies included within the consolidation. In the absence of response within a period of one month, these shareholders may apply to the court for the appointment of experts instructed to submit a report on the management operations targeted in the question.
Board of Directors
The management of Adecoagro is vested in a Board of Directors. Our articles of incorporation provide that the board must comprise at least three members and no more than 11 members. The number of directors is determined and the directors are appointed at the general meeting of shareholders (except in case of a vacancy in the office of a director because of death, retirement, resignation, dismissal, removal or otherwise, the remaining directors may fill such vacancy and appoint a successor in accordance with applicable Luxembourg law).
The directors are appointed for a period of up to three years; provided however the directors shall be elected on a staggered basis, with one-third of the directors being elected each year and provided further that such three year term may be exceeded by a period up to the annual general meeting held following the third anniversary of the appointment. Directors may be removed with or without cause (ad nutum) by the general meeting of shareholders by a simple majority of votes cast at a general meeting of shareholders. The directors shall be eligible for re-election indefinitely. The general shareholders’ meeting may dismiss one or more directors at any time, with or without cause by a resolution passed by simple majority vote, irrespective of the number of shares present at such general shareholders’ meeting.
Currently our board has nine members (see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management—Board of Directors”). The board meets as often as required by our interests.
A majority of the members of the board in office (and able to vote) present or represented at a board meeting constitutes a quorum, and resolutions are adopted by the simple majority vote of the board members present or represented (and able to vote). The board may also take decisions by means of resolutions in writing signed by all directors.
Our board may delegate the daily management of the business of Adecoagro, as well as the power to represent Adecoagro in its day-to-day business, to individual directors or other officers or agents of the Company (with power to sub-delegate). In addition, the Board of Directors may delegate the daily management of the business of Adecoagro, as well as the power to represent Adecoagro in its day-to-day business to an executive or other committee as it deems fit. The Board of Directors shall determine the conditions of appointment and dismissal as well as the remuneration and powers of any person or persons so appointed.
Currently the Board of Directors has appointed the officers listed under “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management.”
The Board of Directors may (but shall not be obliged to unless required by law) establish one or more committees (including without limitation an audit committee, a risk and commercial committee, a strategy committee and a compensation committee) and for which it shall, if one or more of such committees are set up, appoint the members (who may be but do not
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need to be board members), determine the purpose, powers and authorities as well as the procedures and such other rules as may be applicable thereto (subject as to the audit committee as set forth therein).
Currently our Board has set up five committees and one sub-committee: the Audit Committee, the Talent Management & Compensation Committee, the Risk and Commercial Committee, the Strategy Committee and the ESG Committee; and the Nominating Sub-Committee of the Talent Management & Compensation Committee. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
No director or member of any committee shall, solely as a result of being a director, be prevented from contracting with us, either with regard to his tenure of any office or place of profit or as vendor, purchaser or in any other manner whatsoever, nor shall any contract in which any director or member of any committee is in any way interested be liable to be avoided, in account of his position as director or member of any committee nor shall any director or member of any committee who is so interested be liable to account for us or the shareholders for any remuneration, profit or other benefit realized by the contract by reason of the director or member of any committee holding that office or of the fiduciary relationship thereby established.
Any director or, as the case may be, member of any committee having a direct or indirect interest in a transaction conflicting with our interest, which has to be considered by the Board of Directors or the relevant committee, as the case may be, shall be obliged to advise the board or the committee thereof and to cause a record of his statement to be included in the minutes of the meeting. He may not take part in these deliberations nor in the vote of the resolution. At the next following general meeting or Board of Directors’ meeting, before any resolution is put to vote, a special report shall be made on any transactions in which any of the directors or members of any committee may have had an interest conflicting with our interest.
No shareholding qualification for directors is required.
Directors and other officers, past and present, are entitled to indemnification from us to the fullest extent permitted by law against liability and all expenses reasonably incurred by him in connection with any claim, action, suit or proceeding in which he is involved by virtue of his being or having been a director. We may purchase and maintain for any director or other officer insurance against any such liability.
No indemnification shall be provided to any Director or officer against any liability to us or our shareholders by reason of willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of his office. No indemnification will be provided in the event of a settlement (unless approved by a court of competent jurisdiction or the board), nor will indemnification be provided in proceedings in which that director or officer has been finally adjudicated to have acted in bad faith and not in the interest of the Company.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common shares is Computershare. The holders of our shares may elect to be entered in one of the registers and to be transferred from time to time from one register to another register provided that our Board of Directors may however impose transfer restrictions for shares that are registered, listed, quoted, dealt in, or have been placed in certain jurisdictions in compliance with the requirements applicable therein. The transfer to the register kept at the registered office of the Company in Luxembourg may always be requested by a shareholder.
C.MATERIAL CONTRACTS
See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Material Agreements.”
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D.EXCHANGE CONTROLS
On March 28, 1991, Law No. 23,928 (“Ley de Convertibilidad” or the “Convertibility Law”), established a fixed exchange rate of Peso 1 per US$ in December 2001, Argentina experienced a period of severe political, economic, and social crisis, and on January 6, 2002, the Argentine Congress enacted Law No. 25,561 (“Ley de Emergencia Pública” or the “Public Emergency Law”) after more than ten years of fixed Peso - US$ parity. After devaluing the Peso and setting the official exchange rate at Peso 1.40 per US$, on February 11, 2002, the Argentine government allowed the Peso to float. The shortage of U.S. dollars and their heightened demand caused the Peso to further devalue significantly in the first half of 2002, reaching its lowest valuation on June 25, 2002, when the exchange rate was at Pesos 3.90 per US$. Due to the deterioration of the economic and financial situation in Argentina during 2001 and 2002, in addition to the abandonment of the Peso - US$ parity, the Argentine government established several monetary and currency exchange control measures, including a partial freeze on bank deposits, the suspension of the payments of its sovereign foreign debt, restrictions on the transfer of funds out of, or into, Argentina, and the creation of the Single Free Foreign Exchange Market (“Mercado Único y Libre de Cambios,” which now is called “Mercado Libre de Cambios”) through which FX Market all purchases and sales of foreign currency must be made. Although since 2003 these restrictions were progressively eased to some extent, as a consequence of the increase in the demand in Argentina for U.S. dollars and the capital flow out of Argentina, the Argentine government imposed during 2011 some additional restrictions on the transfer of funds from Argentina and reduced the time required to comply with the mandatory transfer of funds into Argentina. Most foreign exchange restrictions and the restrictions on the transfer of funds into and out of Argentina that had been enacted since 2011, were lifted by Macri’s administration in December 2015, reestablishing Argentine residents’ rights to purchase and remit outside of Argentina's foreign currency with no maximum amount and without specific allocation or prior approval.
Due to the foreign exchange crisis that occurred in Argentina after the primary elections in August 2019, on September 1, 2019, by means of Executive Decree No. 609/2019 (“Decreto de Control de Exportaciones” or the “Export Controls Decree”), the Argentine national government reinstated foreign exchange controls. As the regulatory authority in charge of administering the FX Market, on the same date, the BCRA issued Communication “A” 6770, through which it established, inter alia, the cases in which prior BCRA approval is required for the purchase of foreign currency in the FX Market and its transfer abroad. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Countries in Which We Operate—Economic and political conditions in the countries in which we operate, and the perception of these conditions in international markets, may adversely impact our business, our access to the capital and debt markets, and our results of operations and financial condition.”
Later, the effective date of these regulations was extended indefinitely by the government of Alberto Fernández through Decree No. 91/2019 and Communication "A" 6854 and "A" 6856 of the BCRA.
Since Javier Milei’s was elected to office, his administration has made progress in lifting exchange controls for individuals, as well as in easing other aspects of the foreign exchange controls regime that remains in place. While the current administration is not expected to impose further foreign exchange controls, but rather to eventually eliminate those still in effect, there are no guarantees that new foreign exchange controls will not be implemented in the future by this or any subsequent government.
Since the issuance of the Export Controls Decree, the BCRA has periodically issued several regulations to regulate the inflow and outflow of funds through the FX Market, which are all unified under the consolidated text of foreign exchange available at the BCRA’s website: http://www.bcra.gob.ar/Pdfs/Texord/t-excbio.pdf. Any information contained on or linked from such website is not part of nor incorporated by reference into this annual report. The most recent and comprehensive communication by the BCRA is Communication “A” 8227, issued on April 10, 2025.
Current foreign exchange controls in Argentina affect the ability of both Argentine and non-Argentine residents to access the FX Market at the so-called official exchange rate to acquire and/or transfer foreign currency to and from Argentina. They affect all industries and cover a wide variety of matters, including, among others, trading activities, imports and exports of goods and services, financial indebtedness, payment of profits and dividends, and repatriation of investments of non-Argentine residents.
Main Features of the Argentine Foreign Exchange Controls Affecting Our Activities and Transactions
Exports of Goods
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, collections of foreign currency from exports of goods, formalized as of September 2, 2019, are subject to mandatory transfer into Argentina and conversion into Argentine Pesos in the FX Market at the official exchange rate within a maximum term ranging from 30 to 365 calendar days, to be calculated from the date of the
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customs clearance granted by the Customs Authority, depending on the goods exported and the relationship with the importer. Regardless of the applicable maximum term, upon collection of the export, the proceeds thereof must be repatriated no later than 20 consecutive days from the date of collection.
Furthermore, amounts collected in foreign currency for insurance claims related to the exported goods must also be repatriated and settled in Pesos in the FX Market, up to the amount of the exported goods insured.
Additionally, the exporter must appoint a financial entity to track each export transaction. The obligation of repatriation and settlement of foreign currency through the FX Market corresponding to a shipping permit will be considered satisfied when the entity designated for tracking purposes certifies that repatriation and settlement has taken place.
Imports of Goods
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, financial entities may grant requesting individuals or entities in Argentina immediate access to the FX Market, without the need for prior approval from the BCRA, for the payment of new imports of goods with customs entry registration as from April 14, 2025, provided that the applicable regulatory requirements are met as of and from the date of customs entry registration.
With respect to payments for imports of goods with pending customs entry registration, prior approval from the BCRA will be required, subject to certain exceptions. An exception is also made for payments related to capital goods imports with pending customs entry registration, provided that: (i) the total amount of advance payments made under this exception does not exceed 30% of the FOB value of the goods to be imported; (ii) the total amount of advance payments, at sight payments, and commercial debt without customs entry registration under this exception does not exceed 80% of the FOB value of the goods to be imported; and (iii) the tariff classifications of the goods to be imported do not fall under certain categories listed in the applicable exchange controls regulations.
We cannot ensure you that additional limitations to import goods and services to Argentina will not be reestablished in the future. In this sense, we are unable to estimate the economic and financial impact on our business, or the possibility of other economic effects on the stock market, foreign exchange rates and otherwise. Any such negative impact could result in a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial conditions and results of operations, as well as our ability to achieve our previously disclosed expectations for future years.
Exports of Services
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, generally all foreign currency proceeds from services provided by residents to non-residents must be transferred to Argentina and sold for Pesos in the FX Market at the official exchange rate within 20 consecutive days of collection.
Imports of Services
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, access to the FX Market to pay for services rendered by non-residents or accrued since April 14, 2025 is permitted as follows: (i) if the service is provided by a counterparty not related to the resident, payment may be made from the date of provision or accrual of the service, provided that all other applicable regulatory requirements are met; or (ii) if the service is provided by a counterparty related to the resident, payment may be made only after 90 calendar days have elapsed from the date of provision or accrual of the service, provided that all other applicable regulatory requirements are met.
Complementary Requirements to Access the FX Market
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, in order to access the FX Market for any type of payment to non-Argentine residents, Argentine residents must, among other requirements:
•Submit an affidavit stating, among others, that (i) all their holdings of foreign currency in Argentina are deposited at a local financial institution; (ii) they do not hold “liquid external assets” and/or Argentine deposit certificates representative of foreign companies (“Certficados de Depósitos Argentinos” or “CEDEARs”) exceeding US$100,000, subject to certain exceptions in the event that the client has liquid external assets available and/or CEDEARs in an amount exceeding the aforementioned amount; and (iii) they commit to repatriate to Argentina and settle in Pesos in the FX Market, within five business days of their availability, any funds received abroad originating
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from the repayment of loans granted to third parties, the collection of fixed-term deposits, or the sale of any asset, provided that the asset was acquired, the deposit was made, or the loan was granted after May 28, 2020, subject to certain exceptions.
•Submit an affidavit confirming that they have not executed any of the following excluding transactions (the “Excluded Transactions”) with securities and other assets through the FX Market within the previous 90 calendar days, and committing to refrain from executing them in the subsequent 90 calendar days—only regarding transactions executed as of April 21, 2023: (i) sale of securities in Argentina with settlement in foreign currency, (ii) swaps of Argentine securities for foreign assets, (iii) transfer of securities to a foreign depositary, (iv) acquisition of foreign securities in the country with settlement in Pesos, (v) acquisition of CEDEARs, (vi) acquisition of private debt securities issued in foreign jurisdictions, (vii) delivery of funds in local currency or other local assets (excluding funds in foreign currency deposited in local financial institutions) to any individual or entity receiving as consideration, either directly or indirectly, or through a related, controlled or controlling entity, external assets, crypto assets or securities deposited abroad. Pursuant to Communication "A" 8226, individuals are exempted from the requirements set forth in the immediately preceding paragraph.
•Moreover, if the client is a legal entity, they must identify its direct controllers and submit an affidavit stating whether it has delivered any funds in local currency or other liquid assets to any of its direct controllers in Argentina within the previous 90 calendar days—only regarding securities transactions executed as of April 21, 2023, except for usual transactions involving the acquisition of goods or services between Argentine residents. If so, an additional affidavit must be submitted by such direct controllers stating that they have not executed any of the Excluding Transactions mentioned above in the previous 90 calendar days, and commit to refrain from executing them in the subsequent 90 calendar days.
Payments of debt securities subscribed abroad and Foreign Financial Indebtedness
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, financial entities may grant access to the FX Market to individuals/entities for purposes of making payments of principal or interest on publicly registered foreign debt securities, other external financial indebtedness, and publicly registered domestic debt securities denominated in foreign currency and fully subscribed abroad. Unless an exception applies, companies may access the FX Market for these payments, provided that the conditions under the applicable foreign exchange regulations are met, which include: (i) that the debtor evidences the inflow and settlement of foreign currency in the FX Market for an amount equivalent to the nominal value of the financial indebtedness; (ii) that the transaction is duly reported by the debtor, if applicable, in its most recent submission as described in “—Reporting Foreign Assets and Liabilities Regime”; and (iii) access to the FX Market by the debtor takes place no more than three business days prior to the due date of the corresponding principal or interest payment.
Obligations between Argentine residents in foreign currency
Pursuant to the regulations of the BCRA, access to the FX Market is restricted for the purchase of foreign currency to pay debts and other obligations between Argentine residents originated (“c oncertadas”) as of September 1, 2019, excluding, among others, any obligations registered in public registries or deeds prior to August 30, 2019.
Distribution of Profits and Dividends
Pursuant to Communication "A" 8226, in Argentina entities are allowed to access the FX Market to remit foreign currency abroad in the form of profits and dividends to non-resident shareholders, in accordance with the provisions of section 3.4 of the FX Regulations, provided such profits correspond to distributable earnings derived from realized gains recorded in regular, audited annual financial statements for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025.
In any other event, prior approval from the BCRA is required to access the FX Market to exchange foreign currency for the distribution of profits and dividends to non-resident shareholders, unless the following requirements are complied with:
a Dividends must be the result of closed and audited balance sheets.
b The total amount paid to non-resident shareholders as dividends shall not exceed the corresponding amount denominated in Pesos, as determined by the shareholders’ meeting.
c If applicable, the Reporting of Foreign Assets and Liabilities Regime shall have been complied with.
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d The company meets all of the conditions stipulated in each case, including, among others, recording direct investment contributions settled as of January 17, 2020. In this case, (i) the total amount of transfers made through the FX Market to pay dividends to non-resident shareholders may not exceed 30% of the total value of the capital contributions made in the relevant local company that entered and settled through the FX Market as of January 17, 2020; (ii) access will only be granted after a period of not less than thirty calendar days as of the date of the settlement of the last capital contribution that is considered for determining the aforementioned 30% cap has elapsed; and (iii) evidence of the definitive capitalization of capital contributions must be provided or, if not available, evidence of filing of the process of registration of the capital contribution before the public registry shall be provided within 365 calendar days from the date of such initial filing.
As it relates to commercial debts incurred prior to December 12, 2023, dividends and retained payments of commercial and financial debt services with related parties, on April 11, 2025, the BCRA confirmed the launch of the fourth series of the Bonds for the Reconstruction of a Free Argentina (‘Bonos para la Reconstrucción de una Argentina Libre’ or BOPREAL) aimed at organizing the payment of such debts.
Blue-Chip Swaps
Blue chip-swap transactions are capital markets transactions made at the so-called implied rate (tipo de cambio implícito). As of April 21, 2025, there is a spread between the US$-Peso official exchange rate (i.e., approximately, US$1-Peso 1,070) and the implicit exchange rate applicable to blue chip swap transactions (i.e., approximately, US$1- Peso 1,155). Blue chip swap transactions could be implemented in different ways, both for the inflow and outflow of funds. The execution of outbound blue-chip swaps may have an impact on our ability to access the FX Market to conduct our daily operations for a certain period. These transactions are made through broker-dealers (“sociedades de bolsa”). Blue chip swaps are regulated by the Argentine Securities Commission (CNV) requiring certain transactions to comply with a minimum holding period of the securities (except in the case of individuals), among others.
Reporting of Foreign Assets and Liabilities Regime
Argentine residents must report their foreign assets as well as their financial and commercial indebtedness to the BCRA pursuant to Communication “A” 6401, as amended, according to the timetables therein. Compliance with this information regime is a requirement that must be met to access the FX Market and make payments abroad.
Investment Promotion Regime for Exports
Executive Decree No. 234/2021 created the Investment Promotion Regime for Exports (“Régimen de Fomento de Inversión para las Exportaciones”) (the “Investment Promotion Regime”) to promote economic growth and development in the country. Pursuant to the decree, certain investments exceeding US$100 million destined to the initiation of new productive projects in forestry-industrial, mining, hydrocarbon, manufacturing and agro-industrial activities, as well as for the expansion of existing business units that require investment in order to increase their production, will benefit from a freely applicable amount of up to 20% of any foreign currency obtained from exports related to the project, to the extent that certain conditions are met (for example, the benefit may not exceed an annual maximum amount equal to 25% of the gross amount of the foreign currency obtained through the FX Market to finance the development of the project, which benefit may only be applied after the first anniversary of the transfer of the foreign currency into Argentina), in order to pay principal and interest on commercial or financial liabilities abroad and profits and dividends corresponding to finalized and audited financial statements, or to repatriate non-resident direct investments. Pursuant to Executive Decree No. 836/2021, the Investment Promotion Regime introduced an additional incentive for investments exceeding US$500 million and US$1,000 million, which sets forth that for each calendar year that the benefit is not used, during the two consecutive years to follow, the beneficiary will enjoy a freely applicable amount of up to 40% or up to 60% for investments exceeding US$500 million and $1,000 million, respectively, of the foreign currency obtained from exports related to the project, to the extent that certain conditions are met (for example, the benefit may not exceed annual maximum amounts equal to 40% and 60% for investments exceeding US$500 million and $1,000 million, respectively, of the gross amount of foreign currency obtained through the FX Market to finance the development of the project, and may be applied after the second anniversary of the first transfer of the foreign currency into Argentina), in order to pay principal and interest on commercial or financial liabilities abroad and profits and dividends that correspond to finalized and audited financial statements, or to repatriate non-resident direct investments.
Sanctions
The breach of foreign exchange rules is subject to sanctions under Law No. 19,359 (as restated by Decree No. 480/95 and as further amended) and supplementary regulations (the “Criminal Exchange Regime”). The Criminal Exchange Regim e
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establishes that any act or omission that violates the exchange regulations shall be subject to sanctions under such regime. Sanctions include fines of up to ten times the amount of the infringing transaction, temporary suspensions, and disqualification, or criminal liability in the event of recidivism. However, fines under the Criminal Exchange Act may not exceed ten times the amount of the largest of the infringing transactions charged within the same summary proceeding. In addition, the Criminal Exchange Regime is applied not only to legal entities, but also to their legal representatives, directors, agents, managers and trustees.
For additional information regarding all current foreign exchange restrictions and exchange control regulations in Argentina, investors should consult their legal advisors and read the applicable rules mentioned herein, as well as any amendments and supplementary regulations, which are available at the Argentine Ministry of Treasury’s website: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia; and the BCRA’s website: www.bcra.gob.ar. Any information contained on or linked from such websites is not part of nor incorporated by reference into this annual report.
E.TAXATION
MATERIAL LUXEMBOURG TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR HOLDERS OF COMMON SHARES
The following is a summary discussion of certain Luxembourg tax considerations of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of your shares that may be applicable to you if you acquire our shares. This does not purport to be a comprehensive description of all of the tax considerations that may be relevant to any of the Company’s common shares, and does not purport to include tax considerations that arise from rules of general application or that are generally assumed to be known to holders. This discussion is not a complete analysis or listing of all of the possible tax consequences of such transactions and does not address all tax considerations that might be relevant to particular holders in light of their personal circumstances or to persons that are subject to special tax rules.
It is not intended to be, nor should it be construed to be, legal or tax advice. This discussion is based on Luxembourg laws and regulations as they stand on the date of this annual report and is subject to any change in law or regulations or changes in interpretation or application thereof (and which may possibly have a retroactive effect). Prospective investors should therefore consult their own professional advisers as to the effects of state, local or foreign laws and regulations, including Luxembourg tax law and regulations, to which they may be subject.
As used herein, a “Luxembourg individual” means an individual resident in Luxembourg who is subject to personal income tax (impôt sur le revenu) on his or her worldwide income from Luxembourg or foreign sources, and a “Luxembourg corporate holder” means a company (that is, a fully taxable entity within the meaning of Article 159 of the Luxembourg Income Tax Law) resident in Luxembourg subject to corporate income tax (impôt sur le revenu des collectivités) on its worldwide income from Luxembourg or foreign sources. For purposes of this summary, Luxembourg individuals and Luxembourg corporate holders are collectively referred to as “Luxembourg Holders." A “non-Luxembourg Holder” means any investor in shares of Adecoagro other than a Luxembourg Holder.
Tax regime applicable to realized capital gains
Luxembourg Holders
Luxembourg resident individual holders
Capital gains realized by Luxembourg resident individuals who do not hold their shares as part of a commercial or industrial business and who hold no more than 10% (together with his or her spouse and underage children) directly or indirectly of the share capital of the Company will only be taxable if they are realized on a sale of shares that takes place before their acquisition or within the first six months following their acquisition.
Luxembourg resident corporate holders
Capital gains realized upon the disposal of shares by a fully taxable resident corporate holder will in principle be subject to corporate income tax and municipal business tax. The combined applicable rate (including an unemployment fund contribution) is 23.87% for the fiscal year ending 2025 for a corporate holder established in Luxembourg-City. An exemption from such taxes may be available to the holder pursuant to article 166 of the Luxembourg Income Tax Law subject to the fulfillment of the conditions set forth therein. The scope of the capital gains exemption can be limited in the cases provided by the Grand Ducal Decree of December 21, 2001.
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Non-Luxembourg Holders
An individual who is a non-Luxembourg Holder of shares (and who does not have a permanent establishment, a permanent representative or a fixed place of business in Luxembourg) will only be subject to Luxembourg taxation on capital gains arising upon disposal of such shares if such holder has (together with his or her spouse and underage children) directly or indirectly held more than 10% of the capital of Adecoagro at any time during the past five years, and either (i) such holder has been a resident of Luxembourg for tax purposes for at least 15 years and has become a non-resident within the last five years preceding the realization of the gain, subject to any applicable tax treaty, or (ii) the disposal of shares occurs within six months from their acquisition (or prior to their actual acquisition), subject to any applicable tax treaty.
A corporate non-Luxembourg Holder (that is, an entity within the meaning of Article 159 of the Luxembourg Income Tax Law), which has a permanent establishment, a permanent representative or a fixed place of business in Luxembourg to which shares are attributable, will bear corporate income tax and municipal business tax on a gain realized on a disposal of such shares as set forth above for a Luxembourg corporate holder. However, gains realized on the sale of the shares may benefit from the full exemption provided for by Article 166 of the Luxembourg Income Tax Law and by the Grand Ducal Decree of December 21, 2001 subject in each case to fulfillment of the conditions set out therein.
A corporate non-Luxembourg Holder, which has no permanent establishment in Luxembourg to which the shares are attributable, will bear corporate income tax on a gain realized on a disposal of such shares under the same conditions applicable to an individual non-Luxembourg Holder, as set out above.
Tax regime applicable to distributions
Withholding tax
Distributions imputed for tax purposes on newly accumulated profits are subject to a withholding tax of 15%. The rate of the withholding tax may be reduced pursuant to double tax avoidance treaty existing between Luxembourg and the country of residence of the relevant holder, subject to the fulfillment of the conditions set forth therein.
Exemption from withholding tax may apply if the distribution is made to (i) a Luxembourg resident corporate holder (that is, a fully taxable entity within the meaning of Article 159 of the Luxembourg Income Tax Law), (ii) an undertaking of collective character which is resident of a Member State of the European Union and is referred to by article 2 of the Council Directive of 2011/96 concerning the common fiscal regime applicable to parent and subsidiary companies of different member states of November 20, 2011 (the "Parent Subsidiary Directive"), (iii) a corporation or a cooperative company resident in Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein and subject to a tax comparable to corporate income tax as provided by the Luxembourg Income Tax Law, (iv) an undertaking with a collective character subject to a tax comparable to corporate income tax as provided by the Luxembourg Income Tax Law which is resident in a country that has concluded a tax treaty with Luxembourg, (v) a Luxembourg permanent establishment of one of the aforementioned categories or (vi) a corporation company resident in Switzerland which is subject to corporate income tax in Switzerland without benefiting from an exemption, provided that at the date of payment, the holder holds or commits to hold directly or through a tax transparent vehicle, during an uninterrupted period of at least 12 months, shares representing at least 10% of the share capital of Adecoagro or acquired for an acquisition price of at least EUR 1,200,000, and provided that the dividend recipient is not excluded to benefit from the Parent Subsidiary Directive under its mandatory general anti-avoidance rule, as implemented in Luxembourg.
Luxembourg Holders
With the exception of a Luxembourg corporate holder benefiting from the exemption referred to above, Luxembourg individual holders, and Luxembourg corporate holders subject to Luxembourg corporation taxes, must include the distributions paid on the shares in their taxable income, 50% of the amount of such dividends being exempted from tax. The applicable withholding tax can, under certain conditions, entitle the relevant Luxembourg Holder to a tax credit.
Net wealth tax
Luxembourg Holders
Luxembourg net wealth tax will not be levied on a Luxembourg Holder with respect to the shares held unless (i) the Luxembourg Holder is a legal entity subject to net wealth tax in Luxembourg; or (ii) the shares are attributable to an enterprise or part thereof which is carried on through a permanent establishment, a fixed place of business or a permanent representative in Luxembourg.
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Net wealth tax is levied annually at the rate depending on the amount the net wealth of enterprises resident in Luxembourg or, a reduced rate of 0.05% for the portion of the net wealth exceeding EUR 500 million, as determined for net wealth tax purposes (i.e. 0.5% on an amount up to EUR 500 million and 0.05% on the amount of taxable net wealth exceeding EUR 500 million). The shares may be exempt from net wealth tax subject to the conditions set forth by Paragraph 60 of the Law of October 16, 1934 on the valuation of assets (Bewertungsgesetz), as amended.
Non-Luxembourg Holders
Luxembourg net wealth tax will not be levied on a non-Luxembourg Holder with respect to the shares held unless the shares are attributable to an enterprise or part thereof which is carried on through a permanent establishment or a permanent representative in Luxembourg.
United States Federal Income Taxation of the Company
Our business assets and properties are located, and all of our employees and executives are based outside the United States. Our business is directly conducted through operating companies organized under the laws of countries other than the United States. These non-U.S. operating companies are indirectly owned by Adecoagro LP SCS, a holding company which is a société commandite simple organized under the laws of Luxembourg. As a partnership that is not engaged in a trade or business within the United States within the meaning of section 864 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), Adecoagro LP SCS is not itself subject to U.S. federal net income taxes. We acquired approximately 98 percent of Adecoagro LP SCS’s, predecessor company, IFH, prior to undertaking the IPO in exchange for our stock.
Under rules to prevent expatriation of and by U.S. corporations and certain U.S. partnerships under section 7874(b) of the Code, we would be treated as a U.S. domestic corporation if for this purpose (i) we were deemed to have acquired substantially all of the assets constituting the trade or business of a U.S. domestic partnership and (ii) former members of IFH were deemed to own at least 80% of our stock by reason of the transfer of those trade or business assets (ignoring stock issued in the IPO for purposes of the 80% threshold) and (iii) we were found not to conduct substantial business activities in Luxembourg. In that event, we would be subject to U.S. federal net income tax on our worldwide income and dividends we pay to non-U.S. shareholders would be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a 30% rate (subject to reduction, to the extent the beneficial owner of the dividend is entitled to claim a reduced rate of withholding under an applicable income tax treaty).
We believe that the restructuring transactions executed prior to or in connection with the IPO should not be subject to section 7874(b) of the Code. Accordingly, we do not believe that we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our worldwide income nor do we anticipate paying dividends subject to U.S. federal withholding tax. However, the relevant rules are unclear in certain respects and there is limited guidance on the application of the rules to acquisitions of partnerships or partnership assets constituting a trade or business. Accordingly, we can provide no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will not seek to assert that we are a U.S. domestic corporation, which assertion, if successful could materially increase our U.S. federal income tax liability. Holders of our common shares who are non-United States persons should also note that, in that event, we would generally be required to withhold tax from any dividends we pay to holders of our common shares who are not United States persons within the meaning of section 7701(a)(30) of the Code (subject to any applicable income tax treaties applicable to such holders).
Shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors about the possible application of section 7874 of the Code. The remainder of this discussion assumes that we are not treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders
The following is a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the purchase, ownership and disposition of our common shares. This discussion applies only to beneficial owners of common shares that are “U.S. Holders” (as defined below), who have purchased our common shares in the open market and that hold our common shares as “capital assets” for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment). This discussion is based on the Code, its legislative history, final, temporary and proposed Treasury regulations, administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions, and the income tax treaty between Luxembourg and the United States (the “Treaty”), all as of the date hereof, and all of which are subject to change and to differing interpretations (possibly with retroactive effect). No ruling has been sought from the IRS with respect to any U.S. federal income tax consequences described below, and there can be no assurance that the IRS or a court will not take a contrary position.
This discussion does not address all U.S. federal income tax considerations that may be relevant to a particular holder based on its particular circumstances with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our common shares, and
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holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding their specific tax situations. For example, the discussion does not address the tax considerations that may be relevant to U.S. Holders in special tax situations, such as:
•insurance companies;
•tax-exempt entities, “individual retirement accounts” or “Roth IRAs”;
•brokers or dealers in securities or currencies and traders in securities that elect to mark-to- market;
•banks and financial institutions;
•partnerships or other pass-through entities (or a person holding our common shares through a partnership or other pass-through entity or arrangement treated as such);
•real estate investment trusts and regulated investment companies;
•companies that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax;
•persons who acquire common shares through the exercise of employee share options or other compensation: arrangements;
•S corporations;
•accrual-method taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code;
•holders whose functional currency for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;
•holders that hold shares through non-U.S. brokers of other non-U.S. intermediaries;
•certain former U.S. citizens or residents or U.S. expatriates;
•holders that hold our common shares as part of a straddle, conversion or other integrated transaction;
•holders that hold our common shares in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States;
•holders that purchase or sell our common shares as part of a wash sale for U.S. federal income tax purposes; or
•holders that own, directly, indirectly, or constructively, 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of our common shares.
If a partnership (or an entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) owns our common shares, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. A partnership that owns our common shares, and partners in such a partnership, should consult their own tax advisors regarding their specific tax situations.
This discussion does not address the alternative minimum tax consequences of owning common shares or the indirect consequences to holders of equity interests in partnerships or other entities that own our common shares. Moreover, this discussion does not address the state, local and foreign tax consequences of acquiring, owning, or disposing of our common shares, or any aspect of U.S. federal tax law (such as the estate, generation-skipping and gift tax) other than U.S. federal income taxation.
As used herein, a “U.S. Holder” is a person that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a beneficial owner of our common shares and:
•an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;
•a corporation, or any other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any State thereof, including the District of Columbia; or
•an estate or trust the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source.
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Taxation of Dividends
Subject to the passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) rules discussed below, under the U.S. federal income tax laws distributions with respect to our common shares (other than certain pro rata distributions of common shares) made to U.S. Holders will, to the extent made from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes that are taxable to the U.S. Holders. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of a U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in the common shares and thereafter as capital gain from the sale or exchange of the common shares. We do not currently maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Unless and until these calculations are made, distributions should be presumed to be taxable dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As used below, the term “dividend” means a distribution that constitutes a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Dividends (including amounts withheld on account of foreign taxes) paid with respect to our common shares generally will be includible in the gross income of a U.S. Holder as ordinary income on the day on which the dividends are actually or constructively received by the U.S. Holder. Dividends with respect to our common shares will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to U.S. corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations or certain foreign corporations.
Subject to applicable limitations, dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders may be eligible for taxation as “qualified dividend income” and therefore may be taxable at rates applicable to long-term capital gains, provided that our common shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. In order to qualify for qualified dividend income treatment, U.S. Holders must meet certain holding period requirements, and we must not be a PFIC for the taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding year. The NYSE, on which our common shares are listed, is an established securities market in the United States, and we expect that our common shares should qualify as readily tradable, although there can be no assurances in this regard. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the availability of the preferential rates of taxation with respect to dividends in light of their own particular situations, including related restrictions and special rules. Corporate U.S. Holders are taxed on dividend income at the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate whether or not the dividend income is qualified dividend income.
The amount of any cash dividend paid in foreign currency will equal the U.S. dollar value of the dividend, calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date the distribution is includible in the gross income of the U.S. Holder, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted to U.S. dollars at that time. A U.S. Holder should not recognize any foreign currency gain or loss in respect of such dividend distribution if such foreign currency is converted into U.S. dollars on the date the dividend distribution is includible in the U.S. Holder’s gross income. If the foreign currency is not converted into U.S. dollars on the date the dividend distribution is includible in the U.S. Holder’s gross income; however, gain or loss may be recognized upon a subsequent conversion of the foreign currency to U.S. dollars. Such foreign currency gain or loss, if any, generally will be U.S.-source ordinary income or loss and will not be eligible for the preferential tax rate applicable to qualified dividend income. The amount of any distribution of property other than cash will be the fair market value of such property on the date of distribution.
Dividends will be foreign-source and will include any amount withheld by us in respect of Luxembourg income taxes. Subject to applicable limitations, some of which vary depending upon the U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, and the discussion below regarding certain Treasury regulations, non-refundable Luxembourg income taxes withheld from dividends (at a rate not exceeding any applicable rate provided by the Treaty in the case of U.S. Holders eligible for the Treaty) will be creditable against the U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex. For example, under Treasury regulations, in the absence of an election to apply the benefits of an applicable income tax treaty, in order for foreign income taxes to be creditable, the relevant foreign income tax rules must be consistent with certain U.S. federal income tax principles, and we have not determined whether the Luxembourg income tax system meets these requirements. However, the IRS released notices that provide relief from certain of the provisions of the Treasury regulations described above for taxable years ending before the date that a notice or other guidance withdrawing or modifying the temporary relief is issued (or any later date specified in such notice or other guidance). U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the use of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances. In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit, U.S. Holders may, at their election, deduct foreign taxes, including any Luxembourg income tax, in computing their taxable income, subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming foreign tax credits applies to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year.
Taxation of Capital Gains
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Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, gain or loss realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of common shares will be subject to U.S. federal income taxation as capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar value of the amount realized (including the gross amount of the proceeds before the deduction of any foreign tax) on the sale or other taxable disposition and such U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis, determined in U.S. dollars, in the common shares. Capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders derived with respect to capital assets held for more than one year generally are eligible for the preferential rates of taxation applicable to long-term capital gains. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations under the Code.
Capital gain or loss, if any, realized by a U.S. Holder on the sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of a common share generally will be treated as U.S.-source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the use or deductibility of any Luxembourg taxes imposed on a sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of common shares.
Passive Foreign Investment Company (“PFIC”) Rules
U.S. Holders generally will be subject to a special, generally adverse tax regime that would differ in certain material respects from the tax treatment described above if we are, or were to become, a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
In general, we will be a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder if, for any taxable year in which the U.S. Holder owns our common shares, either (i) at least 75% of our gross income for the taxable year is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value (generally determined on the basis of a quarterly average) of our assets during such taxable year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, “passive income” generally includes, among other things and subject to certain exceptions, dividends, interest, royalties, rents, annuities, gains from securities transactions, net foreign currency gains, net gains from assets that produce passive income and commodities income, with certain exceptions for active business income, including an exception for certain active business commodities income (the “commodities exception”). If a foreign corporation owns at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation, the foreign corporation is treated for purposes of the PFIC tests as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation, and as receiving directly its proportionate share of the other corporation’s income.
Whether we will be a PFIC for the current or future tax year will depend on our assets and income over the course of each such tax year and, as a result, cannot be predicted with certainty as of the date of this annual report. In particular, our PFIC status may depend, in large part, upon the extent to which our revenue from sales is considered to be commodities income and the extent to which such revenue is considered to be active business gains from the sales of commodities for purposes of the commodities exception, the application of which may not be entirely clear in all cases. Moreover, under circumstances where our cash is not deployed for active purposes, our risk of becoming a PFIC may increase. Although the determination of whether a corporation is a PFIC is made annually, and thus may be subject to change, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our most recently completed taxable year. However, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year.
If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder owns our common shares, unless the U.S. Holder makes a timely “mark-to-market” election electing to be taxed annually on a mark-to-market basis with respect to such U.S. Holder’s common shares, or makes a timely “qualified electing fund” election electing to be taxed annually on the earnings and gains of the PFIC attributable to such U.S. Holder’s common shares (irrespective of distributions), gain recognized by such U.S. Holder on a sale or other disposition (including certain pledges) of its common shares would be allocated ratably over such U.S. Holder’s holding period in the common shares and would be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for each such year to which the gain was allocated, together with an interest charge in respect of the tax attributable to each such year except for the current year. In addition, distributions that the U.S. Holder receives from us will not be eligible for the preferential tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income if we are treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder either in the taxable year of the distribution or the preceding taxable year, but instead will be taxable at the tax rates applicable to ordinary income, and to the extent they are treated as “excess distributions” under the PFIC rules, they will also be subject to the PFIC interest charge described above. We do not intend to provide the information necessary to enable U.S. Holders to make a “qualified electing fund” election.
A U.S. Holder generally will be required to make an annual filing with the IRS if such holder owns common shares in any year in which we are a PFIC. With certain exceptions, our common shares will continue to be treated as stock in a PFIC with respect to a particular U.S. Holder if we are a PFIC at any time during such U.S. Holder’s holding period in our common shares even if we no longer meet the threshold requirements for PFIC status in a later year.
The U.S. federal income tax rules relating to PFICs are complex. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the application of the PFIC rules to their investment in our common shares.
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Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
In general, dividends on common shares, and payments of the proceeds of a sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of common shares, paid within the U.S. or through certain U.S. related financial intermediaries to a U.S. Holder are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding unless the holder is an exempt recipient or, in the case of backup withholding, provides an accurate taxpayer identification number and certifies under penalty of perjury that the holder is a U.S. person and is not subject to backup withholding.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules generally will be allowed as a refund or a credit against a U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
Certain U.S. Holders who hold interests in “specified foreign financial assets” (as defined in section 6038D of the Code) are generally required to file an IRS Form 8938 as part of their U.S. federal income tax returns to report their ownership of such specified foreign financial assets, which may include our common shares, if the total value of those assets exceeds certain thresholds. Financial assets that are held through a U.S. financial institution are not subject to this reporting requirement. Investors who fail to report this required information could become subject to substantial penalties. In addition, in the event a U.S. Holder that is required to file IRS Form 8938 does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such holder for the related tax year may not close until three years after the date that the required information is filed. U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding their tax reporting obligations.
F.DIVIDENDS AND PAYING AGENTS
Not applicable.
G.STATEMENT BY EXPERTS
Not applicable.
H.DOCUMENTS ON DISPLAY
We are required to file annual and special reports and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any documents filed by the Company at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov which contains reports and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC.
I.SUBSIDIARY INFORMATION
Not applicable.
J.ANNUAL REPORT TO SECURITY HOLDERS
If we are required to provide an annual report to security holders in response to the requirements of Form 6-K, we will submit the annual report to security holders in electronic format in accordance with the EDGAR Filer Manual.
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to commodity price and interest rate risks, primarily related to our crop production activities and changes in exchange rates and interest rates. We manage our exposure to these risks through the use of various financial instruments, none of which are entered into for trading purposes. We have established policies and procedures governing the use of financial instruments, specifically as they relate to the type and volume of such financial instruments. Our use of financial derivative instruments is associated with our core business and is regulated by internal control policies. For further information on our market risks, please see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities
A.DEBT SECURITIES
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Not applicable.
B.WARRANTS AND RIGHTS
Not applicable.
C.OTHER SECURITIES
Not applicable.
D.AMERICAN DEPOSITORY SHARES
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies
Not applicable.
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
Item 15. Controls and Procedures
a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our company’s management, with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation pursuant to Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2024. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based on this evaluation, our company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.
b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Company’s Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer that: (i) pertains to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets; (ii) provides reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements for external reporting in accordance with IFRS, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorization of the Company’s management and directors; and (iii) provides reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedure may deteriorate. The Company, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024.
We assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). As a result of this assessment, the Company’s management has determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.
c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Price Waterhouse & Co S.R.L, an independent registered public accounting firm, our independent auditor, as stated in their report which is included herein on pages F-2 to F-4 of our Consolidated Financial Statements.
d) Changes in internal control over financial reporting
As required by Rule 13a-15(d), under the Exchange Act, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting to determine whether any change occurred during the period covered since the last report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on this evaluation, it has been determined that there has been no
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change during the period covered by this annual report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Item 16.
Item 16 A.Audit Committee Financial Expert
Our audit committee shall consist of three independent directors: Mr. Andrés Velasco Brañes, Mrs. Manuela Vaz Artigas and Mrs. Ana Cristina Russo. Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Andrés Velasco Brañes has the attributes of an “audit committee financial expert” and is independent within the meaning of this Item 16A and satisfies the financial literacy requirements of the NYSE.
Item 16 B.Code of Ethics
We have adopted a code of ethics and business conduct that applies to our directors, executive officers and all employees. The text of our code of ethics is posted on our web site at: www.adecoagro.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference in, and does not constitute a part of, this annual report.
Item 16 C.Principal Accountant Fees and Services
The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L., an independent registered public accounting firm, for the periods indicated. Except as set forth below, we did not pay any other fees to our auditors during the periods indicated below.

| For the year ended December 31,
| (in thousands of $)
| 2024 |  | 2023
Audit Fees(1) | 1,705 |  |  | 1,375 |
Total | 1,705 |  |  | 1,375 |

(1)“Audit fees” means the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our Consolidated Financial Statements and internal control over financial reporting of the Company, the statutory financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries, and any other audit services required for the SEC or other regulatory filings.
During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, no non-audit-related services were provided by our principal auditors.
Audit Committee Approval Policies and Procedures
The Audit Committee has adopted pre-approval policies and procedures requiring that all audit and non-audit services performed by our independent auditors must be pre-approved by the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee annually reviews and pre-approves the services that may be provided by the independent auditors without obtaining specific pre-approval from the Audit Committee. Any service proposals submitted by external auditors that are not pre-approved services need to be discussed and approved by the Audit Committee during its meetings. Once the proposed service is approved, we or our subsidiaries formalize the engagement of services.
The Audit Committee or its Chairman, or any member of the Audit Committee to whom such authority is delegated, may approve in advance any permitted audit or permitted non-audit services and fees up to a predetermined amount. The Audit Committee is authorized to establish other policies and procedures for the pre-approval of such services and fees. The Audit Committee approved all of the non-audit services described above and determined that the provision of such services is compatible with maintaining the independence of Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L.
Item 16 D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees
Not applicable.
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Item 16 E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

| (a) Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) | (b) Average Price Paid per Share | (c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | (d) Maximum Number of Shares that may yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
09/1/2013-12/31/2013 | 654,454 | 7.71 | 654,454 | 5,861,397
1/1/2014-8/31/2014 | 1,692,139 | 7.81 | 1,692,139 | 4,591,949
9/1/2015-10/31/2015 | 37,500 | 7.96 | 37,500 | 6,025,916
9/1/2016-12/31/2016 | 456,732 | 10.67 | 456,732 | 5,929,278
1/1/2017-12/31/2017 | 3,849,445 | 10.29 | 3,849,445 | 5,010,777
1/1/2018-4/26/2018 | 1,613,584 | 9.07 | 1,613,584 | 1,658,228
1/1/2019-9/30/2019 | 297,732 | 5.83 | 297,732 | 5,530,053
10/1/2019-12/31/2019 | 398,466 | 6.33 | 398,466 | 5,475,760
1/1/2020-9/30/2020 | 772,615 | 5.08 | 772,615 | 4,703,145
12/1/2020-12/31/2020 | 66,716 | 6.63 | 66,716 | 5,800,224
1/1/2021-9/24/2021 | 5,773,260 | 9.28 | 5,773,260 | 26,964
9/24/2021-12/31/2021 | 1,635,742 | 7.89 | 1,635,742 | 3,998,776
1/1/2022-9/23/2022 | 3,088,816 | 8.07 | 3,088,816 | 909,960
9/23/2022-12/31/2022 | 1,493,811 | 7.97 | 1,493,811 | 3,978,648
1/1/2023-9/23/2023 | 2,004,892 | 9.03 | 2,004,892 | 1,973,756
9/24/2023-12/31/2023 | 740,806 | 10.98 | 740,806 | 4,591,097
1/1/2024-7/10/2024(2) | 4,511,645 | 10.04 | 4,511,645 | 79,452
7/11/2024-12/31/2024 | 2,035,875 | 10.60 | 2,035,875 | 3,068,944
1/1/2025-3/31/2025 | 1,057,858 | 9.65 | 1,057,858 | 3,944,831
Total | 32,182,088 | 9.09 | 32,182,088 |

(1) The total number of shares purchased set forth above were purchased pursuant to the Company’s Repurchase Program adopted on September 12, 2013. See “Item 10—Additional Information—Repurchase of Shares”.
(2) In July, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved the renewal of the Company’s existing buyback program until December 31, 2024, to repurchase up to an additional 5% of the Company's equity.
Item 16 F.Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant
Not applicable.
Item 16 G.Corporate Governance
Our corporate governance practices are governed by Luxembourg law (particularly the law of August 10th, 1915 on commercial companies) and our articles of incorporation. As a Luxembourg company listed on the NYSE, we are not required to comply with all of the corporate governance listing standards of the NYSE. We, however, believe that our corporate governance practices meet or exceed, in all material respects, the corporate governance standards that are generally required for controlled companies by the NYSE. The following is a summary of the significant ways that our corporate governance practices differ from the corporate governance standards required for listed U.S. companies by the NYSE (provided that our corporate governance practices may differ in non-material ways from the standards required by the NYSE that are not detailed here):
Majority of Independent Directors
Under NYSE standards, U.S. listed companies must have a majority of independent directors. There is no legal obligation under Luxembourg law to have a majority of independent directors on the Board of Directors.
Non-management Directors’ Meetings
Under NYSE standards, non-management directors must meet at regularly scheduled executive sessions without management present and, if such group includes directors who are not independent, a meeting should be scheduled once per
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year including only independent directors. Neither Luxembourg law nor our articles of incorporation require the holding of such meetings and we do not have a set policy for these meetings. Our articles of incorporation provide, however, that the board shall meet as often as required by the best interest of the Company. For additional information, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—A. Directors and Senior Management.”
Communication with Non-Management Directors
NYSE-listed companies are required to provide a method for interested parties to communicate directly with the non-management directors as a group. Shareholders may send communications to the Company’s non-management directors by writing to Mr. Plínio Musetti at Rua Amauri, 255 - 17th Floor, Jardim Europa, São Paulo, SP 01448-000, Brazil, telephone: (5511) 3035-1588. Communications will be referred to the Presiding Director for appropriate action. The status of all outstanding concerns addressed to the Presiding Director will be reported to the Board of Directors as appropriate.
Audit Committee
Under NYSE standards, listed U.S. companies are required to have an audit committee composed of independent directors that satisfies the requirements of Rule 10A-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act of 1934. Our articles of incorporation provide that the Board of Directors may set up an audit committee. The Board of Directors has set up an Audit Committee and has appointed Mr. Andres Velasco Brañes, Mrs. Manuela Vaz Artigas and Mrs. Ana Cristina Russo as members of its audit committee. In accordance with NYSE standards, we have an audit committee entirely composed of independent directors. For additional information, see “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices.”
Under NYSE standards, all audit committee members of listed U.S. companies are required to be financially literate or must acquire such financial knowledge within a reasonable period and at least one of its members shall have experience in accounting or financial administration. In addition, if a member of the audit committee is simultaneously a member of the audit committee of more than three public companies, and the listed company does not limit the number of audit committees on which its members may serve, then in each case the board must determine whether the simultaneous service would prevent such member from effectively serving on the listed company’s audit committee and shall publicly disclose its decision. No comparable provisions on audit committee membership exist under Luxembourg law or our articles of incorporation.
Standards for Evaluating Director Independence
Under NYSE standards, the board is required, on a case by case basis, to express an opinion with regard to the independence or lack of independence of each individual director. Neither Luxembourg law nor our articles of incorporation require the board to express such an opinion. In addition, the definition of “independent” under the rules of the NYSE differs in some non-material respects from the definition contained in our articles of incorporation.
Audit Committee Responsibilities
Pursuant to our articles of incorporation, the audit committee shall assist the Board of Directors in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities relating to the integrity of the Company’s financial statements, including periodically reporting to the Board of Directors on its activity and the adequacy of the Company’s system of internal controls over financial reporting. As per the audit committee charter, as amended, the audit committee shall make recommendations for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of, and consider the independence of, the company’s external auditors. The audit committee is required to review material transactions (as defined by the articles of incorporation) between us or our subsidiaries with related parties, perform such other duties imposed to it by laws and regulations of the regulated market(s) on which the shares of the Company are listed, and also perform the other duties entrusted to it by the board.
The NYSE requires certain matters to be set forth in the audit committee charter of U.S. listed companies. Our audit committee charter provides for many of the responsibilities that are expected from such bodies under the NYSE standard; however, due to our equity structure and holding company nature, the charter does not contain all such responsibilities, including provisions related to setting hiring policies for employees or former employees of independent auditors.
Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee
The NYSE requires that a listed U.S. company have a nominating/corporate governance committee of independent directors and a committee charter specifying the purpose, duties and evaluation procedures of the committee. We have a
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Nominating Sub-Committee, which is part of the Talent Management & Compensation Committee, which consists of three independent directors: Mr. Plínio Musetti, Mr. Daniel González and Mr. Guillaume van der Linden.
Shareholder Voting on Equity Compensation Plans
Under NYSE standards, shareholders of U.S. listed companies must be given the opportunity to vote on equity compensation plans and material revisions thereto, except for employment inducement awards, certain grants, plans and amendments in the context of mergers and acquisitions, and certain specific types of plans. Neither Luxembourg corporate law nor our articles of incorporation require shareholder approval of equity based compensation plans. Luxembourg law only requires approval of the Board of Directors for the adoption of equity based compensation plans.
Disclosure of Corporate Governance Guidelines
NYSE-listed companies must adopt and disclose corporate governance guidelines. Neither Luxembourg law nor our articles of incorporation require the adoption or disclosure of corporate governance guidelines. Our Board of Directors follows corporate governance guidelines consistent with our equity structure and holding company nature, but we have not codified them and therefore do not disclose them on our website.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Under NYSE standards, listed companies must adopt and disclose a code of business conduct and ethics for directors, officers and employees, and promptly disclose any waivers of the code for directors or executive officers. Neither Luxembourg law nor our articles of incorporation require the adoption or disclosure of such a code of conduct.
We have adopted a code of ethics and business conduct that applies to our directors, executive officers and all employees. The text of our code of ethics is posted on our web site at: www.adecoagro.com. And substantially complies with the NYSE’s requirements under the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.
Chief Executive Officer Certification
A chief executive officer of a U.S. company listed on NYSE must annually certify that he or she is not aware of any violation by the company of NYSE corporate governance standards. In accordance with NYSE rules applicable to foreign private issuers, our chief executive officer is not required to provide NYSE with this annual compliance certification. However, in accordance with NYSE rules applicable to all listed companies, our chief executive officer must promptly notify NYSE in writing after any of our executive officers becomes aware of any noncompliance with any applicable provision of NYSE’s corporate governance standards. In addition, we must submit an executed written affirmation annually and an interim written affirmation each time a change occurs to the board or the audit committee.
Item 16 H.Mine Safety Disclosure
Not applicable.
Item 16 I.Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.
Not applicable.
Item 16 J.Insider Trading Policies
We have adopted an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale, and other dispositions of our securities by directors, senior management, and employees that we believe are reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules, and regulations, and NYSE listing standards. A copy of our insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 11.1 to this annual report.
Item 16 K.Cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity Risk Management
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Cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our Security Information Plan. Our cybersecurity risk management program has been developed to align with our Information Security Policy and with norms based on ISO 27001, the Sarbanes-Oxley framework and the data protection laws for each country in which we operate (e.g., in Brazil, Law No. 13,709/2018; in Argentina, Law No. 25,326; and in Uruguay, Law No. 18,331). Using industry best practices and third-party services, our cybersecurity risk management program provides a framework for handling cybersecurity threats and incidents, including threats and incidents associated with the use of applications developed internally and externally. Under the framework, we conduct vulnerability assessments and tests of our critical infrastructure, as well as coordinate cybersecurity measures across different departments of the Company, such as the segregation of user profiles with certain privileges and the application of multi-factor authentication to validate identity. The framework also includes procedures for assessing the severity of a cybersecurity threat, identifying the source of such threat, including whether the cybersecurity threat is associated with a third-party service provider, implementing cybersecurity countermeasures and mitigation strategies and informing our Information Security Committee and our board of directors of material cybersecurity threats and incidents.
Our Information Security team also engages third-party security experts for risk assessment and system enhancements. In addition, our Information Security team provides training to all employees annually using one of the largest integrated platforms for security awareness training, which offers simulated phishing attacks.
Our board of directors has overall responsibility for our cybersecurity risk program and delegates cybersecurity risk management to the Information Security Committee. The Information Security Committee, through our Information Security Leader, is responsible for ensuring that management has processes in place designed to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks to which the Company is exposed. It implements processes and programs to manage cybersecurity risks and mitigate cybersecurity incidents. The Information Security Committee also reports material cybersecurity risks to our full board of directors. The Information Security Leader is responsible for identifying, considering and assessing material cybersecurity risks on an ongoing basis, establishing processes to ensure that such potential cybersecurity risk exposures are monitored, putting in place appropriate mitigation measures and maintaining cybersecurity programs. Our cybersecurity programs are under the direction of our Information Security Leader, who receives reports from our Information Security team and monitors the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents.
Our Information Security Leader (who is the Chief Information Security Officer) and dedicated personnel are certified and experienced information systems security professionals. The Information Security Leader has more than ten years of experience in the agricultural industry, and has more than five years of experience in information security and cybersecurity. He has a diploma in Information Security Management from the National Technological University (“Universidad Tecnológica Nacional”) and a diploma in Cybersecurity in Operation Technology by the Northern University of Santo Tomás de Aquino (“Universidad del Norte de Santo Tomás de Aquino”).
In 2024, we did not identify any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. However, there can be no assurance that we can eliminate all risks from cybersecurity threats or provide assurances that we have not experienced an undetected cybersecurity incident. For more information about these risks, see “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industries—Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our technology infrastructure and information and expose us to processes disruption and liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.”
PART III
Item 17. Financial Statements
We have responded to Item 18 in lieu of responding to this item.
Item 18. Financial Statements.
See pages F-1 through F-89 of this annual report.
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Item 19. Exhibits

Exhibit Number |  | Description
1.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Association of Adecoagro S.A. dated April 20, 2022, previously filed as exhibit 1.1 to the Company’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2022 and incorporated by reference herein.
1.2 |  | Form of Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, included as Exhibit B to the Transaction Agreement filed as Exhibit 4.44 with this report and incorporated by reference herein.
2.1* |  | Description of Capital Stock
4.14 |  | English translation of Second Amendment to Financing Agreement BNDES Repasse, dated March 4, 2010, between Angélica Agroenergia Ltda. and a syndicate of banks, previously filed as exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.16 |  | Unit Issuance Agreement, dated February 16, 2006, between International Farmland Holdings LLC and Usina Monte Alegre S.A., previously filed as exhibit 10.13 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.17 |  | Share Purchase and Sale Agreement, dated February 16, 2006, between International Farmland Holdings LLC and Usina Monte Alegre S.A., previously filed as exhibit 10.14 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.18 |  | Right of First Offer Agreement, dated February 16, 2006, between International Farmland Holdings LLC and Usina Monte Alegre S.A., previously filed as exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.26 |  | English translation of Reserve Power Agreement, dated February 6, 2009, between Angélica Agroenergia Ltda. and Câmara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica, previously filed as exhibit 10.23 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.28 |  | English translation of Energy Distribution Contract, dated June 3, 2008 between Angélica Agroenergia Ltda. and Empresa Energética do Mato Grosso do Sul., previously filed as exhibit 10.25 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.29 |  | English translation of First Amendment to Energy Distribution Contract, dated April 6, 2009 between Angélica Agroenergia Ltda. and Empresa Energética do Mato Grosso do Sul., previously filed as exhibit 10.26 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.30 |  | English translation of Second Amendment to Energy Distribution Contract, dated May 1, 2010 between Angélica Agroenergia Ltda. and Empresa Energética do Mato Grosso do Sul., previously filed as exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.35 |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement between Adecoagro S.A. and certain shareholders, previously filed as exhibit 10.33 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.
4.39 |  | Stock Subscription Agreement, dated January 6, 2011, between Adecoagro S.A. and Al Gharrafa Investment Company, previously filed as exhibit 10.41 to the Company’s registration statement on Form F-1 and incorporated by reference herein.

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4.43 |  | Indenture dated as of September 21, 2017 by and among Adecoagro S.A., as issuer, Adeco Agropecuaria S.A., Pilaga S.A., Adecoagro Brasil Participações S.A., Adecoagro Vale Do Ivinhema S.A., Usina Monte Alegre Ltda., as Subsidiary guarantors, and The Bank of New York Mellon, as Trustee, Registrar, and Paying Agent. Previously filed as Exhibit 4.43 to the Company’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference.
4.44 |  | Transaction Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2025, by and between Adecoagro S.A. and Tether Investments, S.A de C.V., previously filed as Exhibit (d)(1) to the Schedule TO filed by Adecoagro S.A. with the SEC on March 28, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference.
4.45 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of March 26, 2025, by and between Adecoagro S.A. and Tether Investments, S.A. de C.V., previously filed as Exhibit (d)(2) to the Schedule TO filed by Adecoagro S.A with the SEC on March 28, 2025 and incorporated herein by reference.
8.1* |  | Subsidiaries of Adecoagro S.A. as of April 2 4, 2025.
11.1* |  | Insider Trading Policy
12.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
12.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
13.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
15.1* |  | Consent of Cushman & Wakefield Argentina S.A.
15.2* |  | Consent of Price Waterhouse & Co. S.R.L.
97.1 |  | Compensation Recoupment or “Clawback” Policy, previously filed as Exhibit 97.1 to the Company’s annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 and incorporated herein by reference.
101.INS** |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF** |  | Inline Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE** |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104** |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted as Inline XBRL with applicable taxonomy extension.31information contained in Exhibits 101)

* Filed with this report
** In accordance with Rule 402 of Regulation S-T, the information in these exhibits shall not be deemed to be “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, and shall not be incorporated by
157

Table of conten ts
reference into any registration statement or other document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing
158

Table of conten ts
SIGNATURES
The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

Adecoagro S.A.
/s/ Mariano Bosch
Name: Mariano Bosch
Title: Chief Executive Officer

Date: April 24, 2025
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Table of conten ts

Table of contents Financial Statements
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1349) | 2
Legal Information | 5
Consolidated Statements of Income | 6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | 7
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position | 8
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity | 9
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 12
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 14
1. General Information | 14
2. Financial risk management | 14
3. Segment information | 22
4. Sales | 31
5. Cost of goods sold and services rendered | 32
6. Expense by nature | 34
7. Salaries and social security expenses | 36
8. Other operating income, net | 37
9. Financial results, net | 37
10. Taxation | 37
11. Earnings per share | 42
12. Property, plant and equipment | 43
13. Right of use assets | 44
14. Investment property | 45
15. Intangible assets | 46
16. Biological assets | 47
17. Financial instruments by category | 52
18. Trade and other receivables, net | 55
19. Inventories | 57
20. Cash and cash equivalents | 57
21. Acquisitions and disposals | 58
22. Shareholder's contributions | 59
23. Equity-settled share-based payments | 61
24. Legal and other reserves | 62
25. Trade and other payables | 63
26. Borrowings | 63
27. Lease Liabilities | 66
28. Payroll and social security liabilities | 67
29. Provisions for other liabilities | 67
30. Group companies | 69
31. Related-party transactions | 70
32. Critical accounting estimates and judgments | 70
33. Summary of significant accounting policies | 76
34. Subsequent events | 89

160

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Financial Statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Adecoagro S.A.
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Adecoagro S.A. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.
Basis for Opinions
The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made
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only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Valuation of Level 3 Biological Assets
As described in Notes 16, 32 (b) and 33.11 to the consolidated financial statements, the total aggregated fair value of the Company’s level 3 biological assets related to sown land – crops, sown land – rice and sown land – sugarcane was US$ 239 million as of December 31, 2024. The fair value of these level 3 biological assets is determined by management using a discounted cash flow model which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including significant unobservable inputs. The discounted cash flow model included significant judgements and assumptions relating to management’s cash flow projections including future market prices, estimated yields at the point of harvest, estimated production cycle, future costs of harvesting and other costs and estimated discount rate.
The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the level 3 biological assets related to sown land – crops, sown land – rice and sown land – sugarcane is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value measurement; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgement, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s cash flow projections and significant assumptions related to future market prices, estimated yields at the point of harvest, estimated production cycle, future costs of harvesting and other costs and estimated discount rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to the valuation of the level 3 biological assets related to sown land – crops, sown land – rice and sown land – sugarcane. These procedures also included, among others evaluating the significant assumptions and methods used by management in developing the fair value measurement including future market prices, estimated yields at the point of harvest, estimated production cycle, future costs of harvesting and other costs and estimated discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions involved evaluating whether these assumptions were reasonable considering the consistency with external information and past records and testing management’s sensitivity analysis of certain significant assumptions. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in the evaluation of certain significant assumptions, including estimated yields at the point of harvest and estimated production cycle.
Net Assets Impairment Assessment – Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy Business
As described in Notes 32 and 33.10 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company´s net assets balance was US$ 1.4 billion as of December 31, 2024. At each statement of financial position date, management reviews the carrying amount of its net assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets may be impaired. If any such indication exists, such as when the carrying value of the net assets is higher than the market capitalization of the Company, the recoverable amount of the net assets is estimated using the value-in-use in order to determine if there is a potential impairment. The value-in-use is estimated by management using a discounted cash flow model. Management´s cash flow projections for the Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business included
F-3

significant judgments and assumptions related to perpetuity growth rate, projected operating income, and discount rate.
The principal consideration for our determination that performing procedures relating to the net assets impairment assessment of the Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the value-in-use estimate of the Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgement, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management´s significant assumptions related to perpetuity growth rates, projected operating income, and discounted rate; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management´s net assets impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business. These procedures also included, among others (i) testing management´s process for developing the value-in-use estimate; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model used by management; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the discounted cash flow model; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to perpetuity growth rates, projected operating income, and discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to perpetuity growth rates and projected operating income involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy business; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model and (ii) the reasonableness of the discount rate assumption.
/s/ PRICE WATERHOUSE & CO. S.R.L.
/s/ Eduardo Alfredo Loiácono (Partner)
Eduardo Alfredo Loiácono
Buenos Aires, Argentina.
April 24, 2025.
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008.
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Legal information
Name as specified in charter: Adecoagro S.A.
Legal address: 28, Boulevard F.W. Raiffeisen, L-2411, Luxembourg
Company activity: Agricultural and agro-industrial
Date of registration: June 11, 2010
Expiration of company charter: No term defined
Number of register (RCS Luxembourg): B153.681
Issued Capital Stock: 111,381,815 common shares
Outstanding Capital stock: 100,053,777 common shares
Treasury shares: 11,328,038 common shares
F-5

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Income
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Note | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenue | 4 | 1,518,907 |  |  | 1,298,871 |  |  | 1,347,724 |
Cost of revenue | 5 | (1,198,715) |  |  | (973,180) |  |  | (1,075,747) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 16 | 143,081 |  |  | 87,858 |  |  | 215,941 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest |  | (28,437) |  |  | 1,838 |  |  | (22,293) |
Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses |  | 434,836 |  |  | 415,387 |  |  | 465,625 |
General and administrative expenses | 6 | (103,880) |  |  | (70,320) |  |  | (84,287) |
Selling expenses | 6 | (153,482) |  |  | (129,092) |  |  | (143,515) |
Other operating income, net | 8 | 4,824 |  |  | 25,590 |  |  | 1,870 |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition | 21 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,107 |
Profit from operations |  | 182,298 |  |  | 241,565 |  |  | 249,800 |
Finance income | 9 | 16,808 |  |  | 157,100 |  |  | 25,308 |
Finance costs | 9 | (166,441) |  |  | (122,087) |  |  | (137,600) |
Other financial results - Net gain / (loss) of inflation effects on monetary items | 9 | 2,421 |  |  | 28,816 |  |  | (2,144) |
Financial results, net | 9 | (147,212) |  |  | 63,829 |  |  | (114,436) |
Profit before income tax |  | 35,086 |  |  | 305,394 |  |  | 135,364 |
Income tax benefit / (expense) | 10 | 57,015 |  |  | (78,673) |  |  | (26,758) |
Profit for the year |  | 92,101 |  |  | 226,721 |  |  | 108,606 |
Attributable to: |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity holders of the parent |  | 92,340 |  |  | 226,291 |  |  | 108,138 |
Non-controlling interest |  | (239) |  |  | 430 |  |  | 468 |
Earnings per share attributable to the equity holders of the parent during the year: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share | 11 | 0.900 |  |  | 2.113 |  |  | 0.982 |
Diluted earnings per share | 11 | 0.896 |  |  | 2.105 |  |  | 0.979 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 6

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Profit for the year | 92,101 |  |  | 226,721 |  |  | 108,606 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
- Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translation of foreign operations | 396,416 |  |  | (222,166) |  |  | 98,741 |
Cash flow hedge, net of income tax | 17,124 |  |  | 27,748 |  |  | 16,060 |
- Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |
Revaluation surplus net of income tax (Note 12) | (268,415) |  |  | 122,793 |  |  | (46,903) |
Other comprehensive income / (loss) for the year | 145,125 |  |  | (71,625) |  |  | 67,898 |
Total comprehensive income for the year | 237,226 |  |  | 155,096 |  |  | 176,504 |
Attributable to: |  |  |  |  |
Equity holders of the parent | 234,166 |  |  | 155,044 |  |  | 174,705 |
Non-controlling interest | 3,060 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 1,799 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 7

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position
as of December 31, 2024 and 2023
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Note | 2024 |  | 2023
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Non-Current Assets |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment, net | 12 | 1,548,589 |  |  | 1,549,565 |
Right of use assets | 13 | 373,846 |  |  | 406,713 |
Investment property | 14 | 33,542 |  |  | 33,364 |
Intangible assets, net | 15 | 37,231 |  |  | 27,519 |
Biological assets | 16 | 43,418 |  |  | 23,706 |
Deferred income tax assets | 10 | 15,507 |  |  | 9,777 |
Trade and other receivables, net | 18 | 38,510 |  |  | 39,060 |
Derivative financial instruments | 17 | 5,482 |  |  | 18,001 |
Other assets |  | 3,761 |  |  | 1,515 |
Total Non-Current Assets |  | 2,099,886 |  |  | 2,109,220 |
Current Assets |  |  |  |
Biological assets | 16 | 250,527 |  |  | 204,331 |
Inventories | 19 | 289,664 |  |  | 256,051 |
Trade and other receivables, net | 18 | 213,356 |  |  | 179,055 |
Derivative financial instruments | 17 | 4,114 |  |  | 13,819 |
Short-term investments | 17 | 46,097 |  |  | 62,637 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 20 | 211,244 |  |  | 339,781 |
Total Current Assets |  | 1,015,002 |  |  | 1,055,674 |
TOTAL ASSETS |  | 3,114,888 |  |  | 3,164,894 |
SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY |  |  |  |
Capital and reserves attributable to equity holders of the parent |  |  |  |
Share capital | 22 | 167,073 |  |  | 167,073 |
Share premium | 22 | 659,399 |  |  | 743,810 |
Cumulative translation adjustment |  | (413,757) |  |  | (603,861) |
Equity-settled compensation |  | 17,264 |  |  | 18,654 |
Cash flow hedge | 2 | — |  |  | (17,124) |
Other reserves |  | 151,261 |  |  | 150,677 |
Treasury shares |  | (16,989) |  |  | (8,062) |
Revaluation surplus |  | 245,261 |  |  | 317,598 |
Reserve from the sale of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries |  | 41,574 |  |  | 41,574 |
Retained earnings |  | 518,064 |  |  | 418,789 |
Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent |  | 1,369,150 |  |  | 1,229,128 |
Non-controlling interest |  | 38,951 |  |  | 36,520 |
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY |  | 1,408,101 |  |  | 1,265,648 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |
Non-Current Liabilities |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables | 25 | 767 |  |  | 1,008 |
Borrowings | 26 | 680,005 |  |  | 697,843 |
Lease liabilities | 27 | 287,679 |  |  | 325,569 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 10 | 330,336 |  |  | 376,331 |
Payroll and social security liabilities | 28 | 1,454 |  |  | 1,570 |
Derivatives financial instruments | 18 | 3,983 |  |  | — |
Provisions for other liabilities | 29 | 2,244 |  |  | 2,871 |
Total Non-Current Liabilities |  | 1,306,468 |  |  | 1,405,192 |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables | 25 | 206,907 |  |  | 190,730 |
Current income tax liabilities |  | 3,471 |  |  | 5,023 |
Payroll and social security liabilities | 28 | 32,735 |  |  | 37,357 |
Borrowings | 26 | 99,551 |  |  | 207,106 |
Lease liabilities | 27 | 54,351 |  |  | 52,941 |
Derivative financial instruments | 17 | 1,796 |  |  | 169 |
Provisions for other liabilities | 29 | 1,508 |  |  | 728 |
Total Current Liabilities |  | 400,319 |  |  | 494,054 |
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  | 1,706,787 |  |  | 1,899,246 |
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY AND LIABILITIES |  | 3,114,888 |  |  | 3,164,894 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 8

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Attributable to equity holders of the parent |  |
| Share capital (Note 22) | Share premium (Note 22) | Cumulative translation adjustment | Equity-settled compensation | Cash flow hedge | Other Reserves | Treasury shares | Revaluation surplus | Reserve from the sale of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries | Retained earnings | Subtotal | Non- controlling interest | Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 183,573 |  | 851,060 |  | (514,609) |  | 16,073 |  | (60,932) |  | 106,172 |  | (16,909) |  | 289,982 |  | 41,574 |  | 115,735 |  | 1,011,719 |  | 36,111 |  | 1,047,830 |
Profit for the year | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 108,138 |  | 108,138 |  | 468 |  | 108,606 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
–Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translating foreign operations | — |  | — |  | 58,580 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 35,367 |  | — |  | — |  | 93,947 |  | 4,794 |  | 98,741 |
Cash flow hedge (*) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 16,060 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 16,060 |  | — |  | 16,060 |
–Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revaluation surplus (**) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (43,440) |  | — |  | — |  | (43,440) |  | (3,463) |  | (46,903) |
Other comprehensive income for the year | — |  | — |  | 58,580 |  | — |  | 16,060 |  | — |  | — |  | (8,073) |  | — |  | — |  | 66,567 |  | 1,331 |  | 67,898 |
Total comprehensive income for the year | — |  | — |  | 58,580 |  | — |  | 16,060 |  | — |  | — |  | (8,073) |  | — |  | 108,138 |  | 174,705 |  | 1,799 |  | 176,504 |
Reduction of issued share capital of the company (Note22) | (16,500) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 16,500 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Reserves for the benefit of government grants (1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 21,531 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (21,531) |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Employee share options (Note 23) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Exercised | — |  | 2,432 |  | — |  | (778) |  | — |  | — |  | 470 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,124 |  | — |  | 2,124 |
Restricted shares (Note 23): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Value of employee services | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,563 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 7,563 |  | — |  | 7,563 |
- Vested | — |  | 4,647 |  | — |  | (4,066) |  | — |  | 1,243 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,824 |  | — |  | 1,824 |
- Forfeited | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 85 |  | (85) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
- Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (2,106) |  | 2,106 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of own shares (Note 22) | — |  | (29,970) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6,874) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (36,844) |  | — |  | (36,844) |
Dividends to shareholders (Note 22) | — |  | (35,000) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,000) |  | — |  | (35,000) |
Dividends to non-controlling interest | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (358) |  | (358) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 167,073 |  | 793,169 |  | (456,029) |  | 18,792 |  | (44,872) |  | 126,925 |  | (4,792) |  | 281,909 |  | 41,574 |  | 202,342 |  | 1,126,091 |  | 37,552 |  | 1,163,643 |

(*) Net of ($7,337) of income tax.
(**) Net of ($25,307) of Income tax.
(1) Correspond to the presumed credit of ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) over the sale values in our Sugar, ethanol and energy business. (see Note 24).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 9

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Attributable to equity holders of the parent |  |
| Share capital (Note 22) | Share premium (Note 22) | Cumulative translation adjustment | Equity-settled compensation | Cash flow hedge | Other Reserves | Treasury shares | Revaluation surplus | Reserve from the sale of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries | Retained earnings | Subtotal | Non- controlling interest | Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 167,073 |  | 793,169 |  | (456,029) |  | 18,792 |  | (44,872) |  | 126,925 |  | (4,792) |  | 281,909 |  | 41,574 |  | 202,342 |  | 1,126,091 |  | 37,552 |  | 1,163,643 |
Profit for the year | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 226,291 |  | 226,291 |  | 430 |  | 226,721 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
–Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translating foreign operations | — |  | — |  | (147,832) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (63,523) |  | — |  | — |  | (211,355) |  | (10,811) |  | (222,166) |
Cash flow hedge (*) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 27,748 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 27,748 |  | — |  | 27,748 |
–Items that will not be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revaluation surplus (**) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 112,360 |  | — |  | — |  | 112,360 |  | 10,433 |  | 122,793 |
Reserve of the revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets (***) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (13,148) |  | — |  | 13,148 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other comprehensive (loss) / income for the year | — |  | — |  | (147,832) |  | — |  | 27,748 |  | — |  | — |  | 35,689 |  | — |  | 13,148 |  | (71,247) |  | (378) |  | (71,625) |
Total comprehensive income for the year | — |  | — |  | (147,832) |  | — |  | 27,748 |  | — |  | — |  | 35,689 |  | — |  | 239,439 |  | 155,044 |  | 52 |  | 155,096 |
Reserves for the benefit of government grants (1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 22,992 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (22,992) |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Employee share options (Note 23): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Exercised | — |  | 236 |  | — |  | (77) |  | — |  | — |  | 55 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 214 |  | — |  | 214 |
Restricted shares and restricted units (Note 23): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Value of employee services | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,084 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 6,084 |  | — |  | 6,084 |
- Vested | — |  | 7,528 |  | — |  | (6,145) |  | — |  | 1,554 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,937 |  | — |  | 2,937 |
- Forfeited | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 30 |  | (30) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
- Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (824) |  | 824 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of own shares (Note 22) | — |  | (22,123) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (4,119) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (26,242) |  | — |  | (26,242) |
Dividends to shareholders (Note 22) | — |  | (35,000) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,000) |  | — |  | (35,000) |
Dividends to non-controlling interest | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (1,084) |  | (1,084) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 167,073 |  | 743,810 |  | (603,861) |  | 18,654 |  | (17,124) |  | 150,677 |  | (8,062) |  | 317,598 |  | 41,574 |  | 418,789 |  | 1,229,128 |  | 36,520 |  | 1,265,648 |

(*) Net of $(8,498) of Income tax.
(**) Net of $62,988 of Income tax.
(***) Net of $10,492 of Income tax.
(1) Correspond to the presumed credit of ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) over the sale values in our Sugar, ethanol and energy business. (see Note 24).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 10

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Attributable to equity holders of the parent |  |
| Share capital (Note 22) | Share premium (Note 22) | Cumulative translation adjustment | Equity-settled compensation | Cash flow hedge | Other reserves | Treasury shares | Revaluation surplus | Reserve from the sale of non-controlling interests in subsidiaries | Retained earnings | Subtotal | Non- controlling interest | Total shareholders’ equity
Balance at January 1, 2024 | 167,073 |  | 743,810 |  | (603,861) |  | 18,654 |  | (17,124) |  | 150,677 |  | (8,062) |  | 317,598 |  | 41,574 |  | 418,789 |  | 1,229,128 |  | 36,520 |  | 1,265,648 |
Profit for the year | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 92,340 |  | 92,340 |  | (239) |  | 92,101 |
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exchange differences on translating foreign operations | — |  | — |  | 190,104 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 180,252 |  | — |  | — |  | 370,356 |  | 26,060 |  | 396,416 |
Cash flow hedge (*) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17,124 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 17,124 |  | — |  | 17,124 |
- Items will not be reclassified to profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revaluation surplus (**) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (245,654) |  | — |  | — |  | (245,654) |  | (22,761) |  | (268,415) |
Reserve of the revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets (***) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (6,935) |  | — |  | 6,935 |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Other comprehensive income/ (loss) for the year | — |  | — |  | 190,104 |  | — |  | 17,124 |  | — |  | — |  | (72,337) |  | — |  | 6,935 |  | 141,826 |  | 3,299 |  | 145,125 |
Total comprehensive income/ (loss) for the year | — |  | — |  | 190,104 |  | — |  | 17,124 |  | — |  | — |  | (72,337) |  | — |  | 99,275 |  | 234,166 |  | 3,060 |  | 237,226 |
Reserves for the benefit of government grants (1) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Employee share options (Note 23): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Exercised | — |  | 115 |  | — |  | (38) |  | — |  | — |  | 22 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 99 |  | — |  | 99 |
Restricted shares (Note 23): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
- Value of employee services | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,759 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,759 |  | — |  | 4,759 |
- Vested | — |  | 7,540 |  | — |  | (6,111) |  | — |  | 1,456 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,885 |  | — |  | 2,885 |
- Forfeited | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 34 |  | (34) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
- Granted | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (906) |  | 906 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Purchase of own shares (Note 22) | — |  | (57,066) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9,821) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (66,887) |  | — |  | (66,887) |
Dividends to shareholders (Note 22) | — |  | (35,000) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (35,000) |  | — |  | (35,000) |
Dividends to non-controlling interest | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (629) |  | (629) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 167,073 |  | 659,399 |  | (413,757) |  | 17,264 |  | — |  | 151,261 |  | (16,989) |  | 245,261 |  | 41,574 |  | 518,064 |  | 1,369,150 |  | 38,951 |  | 1,408,101 |

(*) Net of $(7,092) of Income tax.
(**) Net of $144,971 of Income tax.
(***) Net of $2,265 of Income tax.
(1) Correspond to the presumed credit of ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) over the sale values in our Sugar, ethanol and energy business. (see Note 24).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 11

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Note | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Profit for the year |  | 92,101 |  |  | 226,721 |  |  | 108,606 |
Adjustments for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Income tax (benefit) / expense | 10 | (57,015) |  |  | 78,673 |  |  | 26,758 |
Depreciation | 12 | 223,843 |  |  | 198,288 |  |  | 188,775 |
Amortization | 15 | 2,314 |  |  | 1,730 |  |  | 2,265 |
Depreciation of right of use assets | 13 | 77,867 |  |  | 74,085 |  |  | 63,339 |
Loss / (gain) from the disposal of other property items | 8 | 2,408 |  |  | (4,747) |  |  | (3,718) |
Gain from the sale of farmland and other assets | 8 | (6,050) |  |  | (6,334) |  |  | — |
Impairment due to fire | 8 | 14,259 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,107) |
Net loss / (gain) from the fair value adjustment of Investment properties | 8 | 23,375 |  |  | (10,620) |  |  | 2,961 |
Equity settled share-based compensation granted | 7 | 6,680 |  |  | 8,581 |  |  | 10,227 |
(Gain) / loss from derivative financial instruments and forwards | 8, 9 | (1,153) |  |  | (8,605) |  |  | 13,685 |
Interest, finance cost related to lease liabilities and other financial expense, net | 9 | 68,315 |  |  | 16,428 |  |  | 83,130 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of non-harvested biological assets (unrealized) |  | 18,301 |  |  | 17,663 |  |  | (44,935) |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) |  | 7,327 |  |  | (2,599) |  |  | (72) |
Provision and allowances |  | (1,820) |  |  | 654 |  |  | 999 |
Tax credits recognized | 8 | (19,486) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net (gain) / loss of inflation effects on the monetary items | 9 | (2,421) |  |  | (28,816) |  |  | 2,144 |
Foreign exchange losses / (gain), net | 9 | 37,569 |  |  | (90,930) |  |  | (19,278) |
Cash flow hedge – transfer from equity | 9 | 28,650 |  |  | 36,863 |  |  | 40,195 |
Subtotal |  | 515,064 |  |  | 507,035 |  |  | 464,974 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
(Increase) / decrease in trade and other receivables |  | (68,299) |  |  | 3,683 |  |  | (60,753) |
Decrease / (increase) in inventories |  | 3,089 |  |  | (12,410) |  |  | 45,437 |
Increase in biological assets |  | (38,861) |  |  | (23,393) |  |  | (3,686) |
Increase in other assets |  | (2,054) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (1,056) |
Decrease / (increase) in derivative financial instruments |  | 21,820 |  |  | (11,181) |  |  | (9,661) |
Decrease in trade and other payables |  | (100,346) |  |  | (43,925) |  |  | (64,502) |
Increase in payroll and social security liabilities |  | 4,093 |  |  | 15,674 |  |  | 7,681 |
Increase / (decrease) in provisions for other liabilities |  | 1,110 |  |  | 803 |  |  | (290) |
Net cash generated from operating activities before taxes paid |  | 335,616 |  |  | 436,249 |  |  | 378,144 |
Income tax paid |  | (7,285) |  |  | (1,342) |  |  | (8,118) |
Net cash generated from operating activities | (a) | 328,331 |  |  | 434,907 |  |  | 370,026 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 12

Adecoagro S.A.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued)
for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)

| Note | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Acquisition of subsidiaries net of cash and cash equivalents acquired | 21 | (16,184) |  |  | (3,193) |  |  | 1,120 |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment | 12 | (260,211) |  |  | (241,623) |  |  | (217,776) |
Purchase of cattle and non-current biological assets | 16 | (1,928) |  |  | (511) |  |  | (9,096) |
Purchases of intangible assets | 15 | (1,190) |  |  | (1,291) |  |  | (3,350) |
Interest received and others (*) | 9 | 7,847 |  |  | 62,120 |  |  | 5,199 |
Proceeds from disposal of other property items |  | 2,332 |  |  | 4,094 |  |  | 2,770 |
Proceeds from the sale of farmland and other assets | 21 | 23,259 |  |  | 33,242 |  |  | 9,879 |
Proceeds from the sale of subsidiary | 21 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,000 |
Acquisition of short-term investment | 17 (b) | (47,886) |  |  | (106,897) |  |  | (98,010) |
Disposals of short-term investment | 17 | 62,396 |  |  | 142,507 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (c) | (231,565) |  |  | (111,552) |  |  | (299,264) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from long-term borrowings | 26 | 126,757 |  |  | 7,739 |  |  | 41,082 |
Payments of long-term borrowings | 26 | (105,749) |  |  | (24,105) |  |  | (14,012) |
Proceeds from short-term borrowings | 26 | 169,901 |  |  | 448,532 |  |  | 347,928 |
Payments of short-term borrowings | 26 | (239,947) |  |  | (420,276) |  |  | (192,648) |
Interest paid | (d) | (24,629) |  |  | (55,476) |  |  | (44,788) |
Proceeds from exercise of employee share options |  | 99 |  |  | 214 |  |  | 2,124 |
Collections / (payments) of derivatives financial instruments |  | 669 |  |  | (32) |  |  | 118 |
Lease payments |  | (98,478) |  |  | (104,097) |  |  | (91,175) |
Purchase of own shares |  | (66,887) |  |  | (26,242) |  |  | (36,844) |
Dividends paid to non-controlling interest |  | (736) |  |  | — |  |  | (358) |
Dividends paid to shareholders |  | (35,000) |  |  | (35,000) |  |  | (35,000) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (e) | (274,000) |  |  | (208,743) |  |  | (23,573) |
Net (decrease) / increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (177,234) |  |  | 114,612 |  |  | 47,189 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year | 20 | 339,781 |  |  | 230,653 |  |  | 199,766 |
Effect of exchange rate changes and inflation on cash and cash equivalents | (f) | 48,697 |  |  | (5,484) |  |  | (16,302) |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year | 20 | 211,244 |  |  | 339,781 |  |  | 230,653 |

Combined effect of IAS 29 and IAS 21 of the Argentine subsidiaries over:

|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Operating activities | (a) | (102,797) |  |  | (16,383) |  |  | (38,043) |
Acquisition of short term investment | (b) | (2,034) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investing activities | (c) | (7,168) |  |  | (41,179) |  |  | (83) |
Interest paid | (d) | 9,395 |  |  | (8,253) |  |  | 77 |
Financing activities | (e) | 71,386 |  |  | 45,933 |  |  | 45,359 |
Effects of exchange rate changes and inflation on cash and cash equivalents | (f) | 38,579 |  |  | 11,629 |  |  | (7,233) |

(*) Includes 238 in 2024 related to gains on bond arbitrage transactions (54,687 in 2023 and nil in 2022) of which the combined effect of IAS 29 and 21 of the Argentine subsidiaries is (105) for 2024, 30,544 in 2023 and nil 2022.
For non-cash transactions, see Note 13 for Right of Use Assets and related to acquisition of subsidiaries, see Note 21.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 13

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
1. General information
Adecoagro S.A. (the "Company" or "Adecoagro") is the Group’s ultimate parent company and is a société anonyme (stock corporation) organized under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Adecoagro is a holding company primarily engaged through its operating subsidiaries in agricultural and agro-industrial activities. The Company and its operating subsidiaries are collectively referred to hereinafter as the "Group." The Group’s activities are carried out through two major lines of business, namely, Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy. The Farming line of business is further comprised of three reportable segments, which are described in detail in Note 3 to these Consolidated Financial Statements.
Adecoagro is a Public Company listed in the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) as a foreign registered company under the ticker symbol of AGRO.
These Consolidated Financial Statements have been approved for issue by the Board of Directors on April 24, 2025.
2. Financial risk management
Risk management principles and processes
The Group’s activities are exposed to a variety of financial risks. The Group’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize the Group’s capital costs by using suitable means of financing and to manage and control the Group’s financial risks effectively. The Group uses financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures.
The Group’s approach to the identification, assessment and mitigation of risk is carried out by a Risk and Commercial Committee, which focuses on timely and appropriate risk management.
The principal financial risks are related to raw material price, end-product price, exchange rate, interest rate, liquidity and credit risk. This section provides a description of the principal risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s strategy, performance, results of operations and financial condition. These risks do not appear in any particular order of materiality or probability of occurrence.
Argentina currency status and macroeconomic outlook:
The Argentine subsidiaries of the Group operate in an economic context in which main variables have a strong volatility as a consequence of political and economic uncertainties, both in national and international environments. Argentina’s annual inflation rate for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was 117.8%, 211.4% and 94.8%, respectively. The Group uses Argentina’s official exchange rate to account for transactions in Argentina, mainly affecting the farming business segment, which as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was Ps.1,032.00, Ps.808.45 and Ps.177.16, respectively, against the U.S. dollar. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, Argentina’s official exchange rate against the U.S. dollar increased 27.7%, 356.3% and 72.5%, respectively.
On December 10, 2023, a new government took office with the aim to boost a deregulation of the Argentine economy and other regulations. Certain regulations and/or restrictions have been eased and others remain in force, although it is expected that they will be lifted gradually. However, the scope and timing of the measures, including but not limited to the existing foreign exchange regulations remains uncertain as of the date of these Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Argentine Central Bank under prior administration, had implemented certain measures that control and restrict the ability of companies and individuals to access the foreign exchange market known as MULC (for its acronym in Spanish) for certain transactions. However, the performance of blue-chip swap transactions known as Contado con Liquidación or CCL (for its acronym in Spanish) was an alternative lawful mechanism. The blue-chip swap transactions are capital markets transactions that could be implemented in different ways, both for the inflow and outflow of funds. The implicit exchange rate applicable to this type of transactions is higher with respect to the official foreign exchange rate.
F- 14

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)
The Company is permanently monitoring the evolution of the program to determine the possible impacts that these new measures could have on the Company’s business and financial position.
•Exchange rate risk
The Group’s cash flows, statement of income and statement of financial position are presented in U.S. Dollars and may be affected by fluctuations in exchange rates. Currency risks, as defined by IFRS 7, arise on account of monetary assets and liabilities being denominated in a currency that is not the functional currency.
A significant majority of the Group’s business activities is conducted in the functional currencies of the respective subsidiaries (primarily the Brazilian Reais and the Argentine Peso). However, the Group may transact in currencies other than the respective functional currencies, mainly the U.S. Dollar. As such, these subsidiaries may hold U.S. Dollar denominated monetary balances at each year-end as indicated in the tables below.
The Group’s net financial position exposure to the U.S. Dollar is managed on a case-by-case basis, partly by hedging certain expected cash flows with foreign exchange derivative contracts.
The following tables show the net monetary position of the respective subsidiaries within the Group categorized by functional currency. Non-U.S. Dollar amounts are presented in U.S. Dollars for purpose of these tables.

| 2024
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency
Net monetary position (Liability)/ Asset | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso |  | U.S. Dollar | Total
Argentine Peso | 3,374 |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | 3,374 |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | (553,476) |  | — |  |  | — |  | (553,476) |
U.S. Dollar | (189,915) |  | (201,818) |  | 35,958 |  |  | (22,319) |  | (378,094) |
Uruguayan Peso | — |  | — |  | (4,476) |  |  | — |  | (4,476) |
Total | (186,541) |  | (755,294) |  | 31,482 |  |  | (22,319) |  | (932,672) |

| 2023
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency
Net monetary position (Liability)/ Asset | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso | U.S. Dollar | Total
Argentine Peso | (70,608) |  | — |  | — |  | (39) |  | (70,647) |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | (575,933) |  | — |  | — |  | (575,933) |
U.S. Dollar | (90,313) |  | (262,485) |  | 19,226 |  | 82,423 |  | (251,149) |
Uruguayan Peso | — |  | — |  | (2,711) |  | — |  | (2,711) |
Total | (160,921) |  | (838,418) |  | 16,515 |  | 82,384 |  | (900,440) |

The Group’s analysis shown on the tables below is carried out based on the exposure of each functional currency subsidiary against the U.S. Dollar. The Group estimated that, other factors being constant, a hypothetical 10% appreciation/(depreciation) of the U.S. Dollar against the Brazilian real respective functional currencies for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 or the Uruguayan peso, or a 25% appreciation/(depreciation) of the U.S. Dollar against the Argentine peso.

| Functional currency
Net monetary position | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais | Uruguayan Peso |  | Total
2024 | U.S. Dollar | (47,479) |  | (20,182) |  | 3,596 |  |  | (64,065) |
2023 | U.S. Dollar | (22,578) |  | (26,249) |  | 1,923 |  |  | (46,904) |

F- 15

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)
The tables above only consider the effect of a hypothetical appreciation / (depreciation) of the U.S. Dollars on the Group’s net financial position. A hypothetical appreciation / (depreciation) of the U.S. Dollar against the functional currencies of the Group’s subsidiaries has historically had a positive / negative effect, respectively, on the fair value of the Group’s biological assets and the end prices of the Group’s agriculture produce, both of which are generally linked to the U.S. Dollar.
Hedge Accounting Cash Flow Hedge
As part of the exchange rate risk, the Group may document and designate cash flow hedging relationships to hedge the foreign exchange rate risk of all or part of its highly probable future sales in U.S. Dollars using either all or a portion of its US dollar-denominated borrowings and/or derivative instruments including but not limited to currency forwards and foreign currency floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps, as needed.
The Group had formally hedged a portion of its highly probable future US dollar-denominated sales using a portion of its US dollar-denominated borrowings. For the year ended December 31, 2024, a loss before income tax of US$ 601 was recognized in other comprehensive income (December 31, 2023: US$ 7,319) and US$ 26,997 (December 31, 2023: US$ 49,737) was reclassified from equity to profit or loss within “Financial results, net”.
•Raw material price risk
Inflation in the costs of raw materials and goods and services from industry suppliers and manufacturers presents risks to project economics. A significant portion of the Group’s cost structure includes the cost of raw materials primarily seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals, among others. Prices for these raw materials may vary significantly.
•End-product price risk
Prices for commodity products have historically been cyclical, reflecting overall economic conditions and changes in capacity within the industry, which affect the profitability of entities engaged in the agribusiness industry. The Group combines different actions to minimize price risk. A percentage of crops are to be sold during and post-harvest period. The Group manages minimum and maximum prices for each commodity as well as gross margin per each crop as to decide when and how to sell. End-product price risks are hedged if economically viable and possible by entering into forward contracts with major trading houses or by using derivative financial instruments, consisting mainly of crops and sugar future contracts, but also includes occasionally put and call options. A movement in end-product futures prices would result in a change in the fair value of the end product hedging contracts. These fair value changes, after taxes, are recorded in the consolidated statement of income.
Contract positions are designed to ensure that the Group would receive a defined minimum price for certain quantities of its production. The counterparties to these instruments generally are major financial institutions. In entering into these contracts, the Group has assumed the risk that might arise from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. The Group does not expect any material losses as a result of counterparty defaults. The Group is also obliged to pay margin deposits and premiums for these instruments. These estimates represent only the sensitivity of the financial instruments to market risk and not the Group exposure to end product price risks as a whole, since the crops and cattle products sales are not financial instruments within the scope of IFRS 7 disclosure requirements.
Liquidity risk
The Group is exposed to liquidity risks, including risks associated with refinancing borrowings as they mature, and that borrowing facilities are not available to meet cash requirements. Failure to manage liquidity risks could have a material impact on the Group’s cash flow and statement of financial position.
Prudent liquidity risk management includes managing the profile of debt maturities and funding sources close oversight of cash flows projections, maintaining sufficient cash, and ensuring the availability of funding from an adequate amount of committed credit facilities and the ability to close out market positions. The Group's ability to fund its existing and
F- 16

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)
prospective debt requirements is managed by maintaining diversified funding sources with adequate available funding lines from high quality lenders; and reaching to have long-term financial facilities.
As of December 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents of the Group totaled US$211.2 million.
The tables below analyzes the Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities and derivative financial liabilities into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the statement of financial position to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows and as a result they do not reconcile to the amounts disclosed on the statement of financial position except for short-term payables where discounting is not applied.

At December 31, 2024 | Less than 1 year | Between 1 and 2 years | Between 2 and 5 years | Over 5 Years | Total
Trade and other payables | 174,096 |  | 767 |  | — |  | — |  | 174,863 |
Borrowings | 242,332 |  | 153,989 |  | 500,453 |  | 107,225 |  | 1,003,999 |
Leases Liabilities | 66,365 |  | 82,192 |  | 183,204 |  | 196,594 |  | 528,355 |
Derivative financial instruments | 5,779 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 5,779 |
Total | 488,572 |  | 236,948 |  | 683,657 |  | 303,819 |  | 1,712,996 |

At December 31, 2023 | Less than 1 year | Between 1 and 2 years | Between 2 and 5 years | Over 5 Years | Total
Trade and other payables | 163,873 |  | 528 |  | 82 |  | 398 |  | 164,881 |
Borrowings | 254,162 |  | 83,359 |  | 723,250 |  | 2,013 |  | 1,062,784 |
Leases Liabilities | 69,858 |  | 84,059 |  | 206,413 |  | 233,484 |  | 593,814 |
Derivative financial instruments | 169 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 169 |
Total | 488,062 |  | 167,946 |  | 929,745 |  | 235,895 |  | 1,821,648 |

•Interest rate risk
The Group’s interest rate risk arises from long-term borrowings at floating rates, which expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk. Borrowings issued at fixed rates expose the Group to fair value interest rate risk. The interest rate profile of the Group's borrowings is set out in Note 26.
The Group occasionally manages its cash flow interest rate risk exposure by using floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps. Such interest rate swaps have the economic effect of converting borrowings from floating rates to fixed rates.
The following tables show a breakdown of the Group’s fixed-rate and floating-rate borrowings per currency denomination and functional currency of the subsidiary debt holder. These analyses are performed after giving effect to interest rate swaps.
The analysis for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:
F- 17

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)

| 2024
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais |  | U.S. Dollar | Total
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  |
Argentine Peso | 8,827 |  | — |  |  | — |  | 8,827 |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | 39,370 |  |  | — |  | 39,370 |
U.S. Dollar | 83,500 |  | 292,293 |  |  | 152,782 |  | 528,575 |
Subtotal fixed-rate borrowings | 92,327 |  | 331,663 |  |  | 152,782 |  | 576,772 |
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | 189,339 |  |  | — |  | 189,339 |
U.S. Dollar | 13,445 |  | — |  |  | — |  | 13,445 |
Subtotal variable-rate borrowings | 13,445 |  | 189,339 |  |  | — |  | 202,784 |
Total borrowings as per statement of financial position | 105,772 |  | 521,002 |  |  | 152,782 |  | 779,556 |

| 2023
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais |  | U.S. Dollar | Total
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |  |
Argentine Peso | 35,318 |  | — |  |  | — |  | 35,318 |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | 14,575 |  |  | — |  | 14,575 |
U.S. Dollar | 36,050 |  | 373,939 |  |  | 167,088 |  | 577,077 |
Subtotal fixed-rate borrowings | 71,368 |  | 388,514 |  |  | 167,088 |  | 626,970 |
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Argentine Peso | 51,460 |  | — |  |  | — |  | 51,460 |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | 210,186 |  |  | — |  | 210,186 |
U.S. Dollar | 16,333 |  | — |  |  | — |  | 16,333 |
Subtotal variable-rate borrowings | 67,793 |  | 210,186 |  |  | — |  | 277,979 |
Total borrowings as per statement of financial position | 139,161 |  | 598,700 |  |  | 167,088 |  | 904,949 |

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, if interest rates on floating-rate borrowings had been 1% higher with all other variables held constant, the Group’s Profit before income tax for the years would have decreased as shown below. A 1% decrease in interest rates would have an equal and opposite effect on the income statement.

| 2024
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reais |  |  | Total
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | (2) |  |  |  | (2) |
U.S. Dollar | — |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total effects on profit before income tax | — |  | (2) |  |  |  | (2) |

F- 18

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)

| 2023
| Subsidiaries’ functional currency
Rate per currency denomination | Argentine Peso | Brazilian Reias |  |  | Total
Variable rate: |  |  |  |  |
Argentine peso | (515) | — |  |  |  | (515) |
Brazilian Reais | — |  | (2,102) |  |  |  | (2,102) |
U.S. Dollar | (163) |  | — |  |  |  | (163) |
Total effects on profit before income tax | (678) |  | (2,102) |  |  |  | (2,780) |

The sensitivity analysis has been determined assuming that the change in interest rates had occurred at the date of the statement of financial position and had been applied to the exposure to interest rate risk for financial instruments in existence at that date. The 100 basis point increase or decrease represents management's assessment of a reasonable possible change in those interest rates, which have the most impact on the Group, specifically the United States and Brazilian rates over the period until the next annual statement of financial position date.
•Credit risk
The Group’s exposure to credit risk mainly arise from the potential non-performance of contractual obligations by the parties, in relation to amounts owed for physical product sales, the use of derivative instruments, and the investment of surplus cash balances. The Group is also exposed to political and economic risk events, which may cause non-payment of foreign currency obligations to the Group.
Credit risk from trade receivables is considered to be low because the Group’s policy is to manage credit exposure to trading counterparties within defined trading limits. All of the Group’s significant counterparties are assigned internal credit limits.
The Group regularly sells to a large base of customers. The type and class of customers may differ depending on the Group’s business segments. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, more than 67% and 64%, respectively, of the Group’s sales of crops were sold to 19 and 15 well-known customers (both multinational and local) with a good credit history with the Group. In the rice segment 65% and 61% of sales were sold to 19 and 13 well-known customers for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
In the dairy segment, 67% and 69% of the sales were concentrated in 19 and 19 well-known customers for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
In the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy segment, (i) 89% of the sales of ethanol were concentrated in 12 and 9 large well known customers for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with a satisfactory credit history with the Company; (ii) 49% of the sales of Energy were made to Cámara de Comercialização de Energia Elétrica (CCEE ) and an other 28% and 42% is concentrated in 11 and 9 large well known customers with a satisfactory credit history with the Company and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, (iii) 94% and 82% of the export of Sugar were concentrated in 6 and 6 large well customers for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
No credit limits were exceeded during the reporting periods and management does not expect any losses from non-performance by these counterparties. If any of the Group’s customers are independently rated, these ratings are used. Otherwise, the Group assesses the credit quality of the customer taking into account its financial position, past experience and other factors (see Note 17 for details). The Group may seek cash collateral, letter of credit or parent company guarantees, as considered appropriate. Sales to customers are primarily made by credit with customary payment terms. The maximum exposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial asset in the statement of financial position after deducting any impairment allowance. The Group’s exposure of credit risk arising from trade receivables is set out in Note 18.
F- 19

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)
The Group is exposed to counterparty credit risk on cash and cash equivalent balances. The Group holds cash on deposit with a number of financial institutions. The Group manages its credit risk exposure by limiting individual deposits to clearly defined limits. The Group only deposits with high quality banks and financial institutions. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the total amount of cash and cash equivalents mainly comprise cash in banks and short-term bank deposits. The Group is authorized to transact with banks rated “BBB+” or higher. As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, 5 banks (primarily Credit Agricole, Banco Itaú, Banco Galicia, JP Morgan and FCI) accounted for more than 70% and 80%, respectively, of the total cash deposited. The remaining amount of cash and cash equivalents relates to cash in hand. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group invested in BOPREAL (Bonos para la Reconstrucción de una Argentina Libre), LECAPs (Letras del Tesoro Nacional Capitalizables en Pesos), in fixed-term bank deposits, treasury bills and also entered into derivative contracts (currency forward). The Group’s exposure of credit risk arising from cash and cash equivalents is set out in Note 20.
The Group’s primary objective for holding derivative financial instruments is to manage currency exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and commodity price risk. The Group generally enters into derivative transactions with high-credit-quality counterparties and, by policy, limits the amount of credit exposure to any one counterparty based on an analysis of that counterparty's relative credit standing. The amounts subject to credit risk related to derivative instruments are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which counterparty's obligations exceed the obligations with that counterparty.
The Group also entered into crop commodity futures traded in the established trading markets of Argentina and Brazil through well-rated brokers. Management does not expect any counterparty to fail to meet its obligations.
•Capital risk management
The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, it may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, issue new shares or buy own shares or sell assets to reduce debt. Consistent with others in the industry, the Group monitors capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as total debt (including current and non-current borrowings as shown in the consolidated statement of financial position, if applicable) divided by total capital. Total capital is calculated as equity, as shown in the consolidated statement of financial position, plus total borrowings. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the strategy was to maintain the gearing ratio within 0.30 to 0.60, as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Total borrowings | 779,556 |  |  | 904,949 |
Total equity | 1,408,101 |  |  | 1,265,648 |
Total capital | 2,187,657 |  |  | 2,170,597 |
Gearing ratio | 0.36 |  |  | 0.42 |

•Derivative financial instruments
As part of its business operations, the Group may uses a variety of derivative financial instruments to manage its exposure to the financial risks discussed above. As part of its strategy, the Group may enter into derivatives of (i) interest rate to manage the composition of floating and fixed rate debt; (ii) currency to manage exchange rate risk, and (iii) crop (future contracts and put and call options) to manage its exposure to price volatility stemming from its integrated crop production activities. The Group’s policy is not to use derivatives for speculative purposes.
Derivative financial instruments involve, to a varying degree, elements of market and credit risk not recognized in the financial statements. The market risk associated with these instruments resulting from price movements is expected to offset the market risk of the underlying transactions, assets and liabilities, being hedged. The counterparties to the agreements relating to the Group’s contracts generally are large institutions with credit ratings equal to or higher than BBB+. The Group continually monitors the credit rating of such counterparties and seeks to limit its financial exposure to any one financial institution. While
F- 20

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)
the contract or notional amounts of derivative financial instruments provide one measure of the volume of these transactions, they do not represent the amount of the Group’s exposure to credit risk. The amounts potentially subject to credit risk (arising from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts) are generally limited to the amounts, if any, by which the counterparties’ obligations under the contracts exceed the Group’s obligations to the counterparties.
The following tables show the outstanding positions for each type of derivative contract as of the date of each statement of financial position:
▪ Futures / options
As of December 31, 2024:

|  | 2024
Type of derivative contract |  | Quantities (thousands) (**) |  | Notional amount |  | Fair Value Asset/ (Liability) |  | (Loss)/Gain (*)
Futures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Soybean |  | 2 |  |  | 407 |  |  | (18) |  |  | (18) |
Wheat |  | 3 |  |  | 697 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 16 |
Sugar |  | 46 |  |  | 19,357 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 3,446 |
OTC: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sugar |  | 5 |  |  | 2,509 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 828 |
Total |  | 56 |  |  | 22,970 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | 4,272 |

As of December 31, 2023:

|  | 2023
Type of derivative contract |  | Quantities (thousands) (**) |  | Notional amount |  | Fair Value Asset/ (Liability) |  | (Loss)/Gain (*)
Futures: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Soybean |  | 3 |  |  | 518 |  |  | (9) |  |  | (9) |
Wheat |  | 2 |  |  | 537 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (12) |
Sugar |  | 157 |  |  | 79,404 |  |  | 8,678 |  |  | 8,586 |
OTC: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sugar |  | 112 |  |  | 55,696 |  |  | 5,141 |  |  | 5,250 |
Total |  | 274 |  |  | 136,155 |  |  | 13,798 |  |  | 13,815 |

(*) Included in the line item “gain / (loss) from commodity derivative financial instruments” of Note 8.
(**) All quantities expressed either in tons or cubic meters, as applicable.
Commodity future contract fair values are computed with reference to quoted market prices on future exchanges.
▪Floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps
The Group’s subsidiary Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema entered into interest rate swap operations:
a) In December 2020, with Itaú BBA in an aggregate amount of R$ 400 million. In these operations the company receives IPCA (Extended National Consumer Price Index) plus 4.24% per year, and pays CDI (an interbank floating interest rate in Reais) plus 1.85% per year. This swap expires semiannually until December, 2026.
b) In July 2024 with:
F- 21

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
2. Financial risk management (continued)
–Itaú BBA in an aggregate amount of R$ 76 million. In this operation the company receives IPCA (Extended National Consumer Price Index) plus 6.80% per year and pays CDI (an interbank floating interest rate in Reais) plus 0.49% per year. This swap expires in July 2034.
–BR Partners in an aggregate amount of R$ 115 million. In this operation the company receives IPCA (Extended National Consumer Price Index) plus 6.76% per year and pays CDI (an interbank floating interest rate in Reais) plus 0.41% per year. This swap expires in July 2031.
– XP Investimentos in an aggregate amount of R$ 209 million. In this operation the Company receives pre-fixed rate 12.61% per year and pays CDI (an interbank floating interest rate in Reais) plus 0.48% per year. This swap expires in July 2031.
These four interest rate swap agreements resulted in a recognition of a loss of US$ 10.5 million and US$ 4.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
▪Currency forward
The Group did not enter nor have outstanding any significant currency forward contract in 2024 and 2023
Gains and losses on currency forward contracts are included within “Financial results, net” in the statement of income.
3. Segment information
The Group is engaged in agricultural, manufacturing and land transformation activities. Our agricultural activities consist of harvesting certain agricultural products, including crops, rough rice, and sugarcane, for sale to third parties and for internal use as inputs in its various manufacturing processes, and producing fluid milk. The manufacturing activities consist of (i) selling manufactured products, including processed peanuts, sunflower rice, sugar, ethanol and energy, among others, (ii) in our milk facilities we produce UHT and UP milk, powder milk and semi-hard cheese, among others; and (iii) providing services, such as grain warehousing and conditioning and handling and drying services, among others. The land transformation activities consist of the acquisition of farmlands or businesses with underdeveloped or underutilized agricultural land and implementing production technology and agricultural best practices on the Group’s farmlands to enhance yields and increase their value for potential realization through sale.
According to IFRS 8, operating segments are identified based on the ‘management approach’. Operating segments are components of an entity about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group’s CODM is the Management Committee. IFRS 8 stipulates external segment reporting based on the Group’s internal organizational and management structure and on internal financial reporting to the chief operating decision maker.
The Group operates in two major lines of business, namely, Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy
•The ‘Farming’ is further comprised of three reportable segments:
•‘Crops’ Segment which consists of planting, harvesting and sale of grains, oilseeds and fibers (including wheat, corn, soybeans, peanuts, cotton and sunflowers, among others), and to a lesser extent the provision of grain warehousing/conditioning and handling and drying services to third parties. Each underlying crop in this segment does not represent a separate operating segment. Management seeks to maximize the use of the land through the cultivation of one or more type of crops. Types and surface amount of crops cultivated may vary from harvest-year to harvest-year depending on several factors, some of them out of the Group’s control. Management is focused on the long-term performance of the productive land, and to that extent, the performance is assessed considering the aggregated combination, if any, of crops planted in the land. A single manager is responsible for the management of operating activity of all crops rather than for each individual crop.
F- 22

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
•‘Rice’ Segment which consists of planting, harvesting, processing and marketing of rice, and the genetic development of seeds.
•‘Dairy’ Segment which consists of the production and sale of raw milk and industrialized products, including UHT, cheese and powder milk among others.
•‘Sugar, Ethanol and Energy’ Segment which consists of cultivating sugarcane which is processed in owned sugar mills, transformed into ethanol, sugar and electricity, in addition to biomethane and then marketed;
As further discussed in Note 32, the Group applies IAS 29 to its operations in Argentina. According to IAS 29, all Argentine Peso-denominated non-monetary items in the statement of financial position are adjusted by applying a general price index from the date they were initially recognized to the end of the reporting period. Likewise, all Argentine Peso-denominated items in the statement of income are expressed in terms of the measuring unit current at the end of the reporting period, consequently, income statement items are adjusted by applying a general price index on a monthly basis from the dates they were initially recognized in the financial statements to the end of the reporting period. This process is called “re-measurement”. Once the re-measurement process is completed, all Argentine Peso denominated accounts are translated into U.S. Dollars, which is our reporting currency, applying the guidelines in IAS 21 “The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates”(“IAS 21”). IAS 21 requires that amounts be translated at the closing rate at the date of the most recent statement of financial position. This process is called “translation”. The re-measurement and translation processes are applied on a monthly basis until year-end. Due to these processes, the re-measured and translated results of operations for a given month are subject to change until year-end, affecting comparison and analysis.
However, the internal reporting reviewed by the CODM departs from the application of IAS 29 and IAS 21 re-measurement and translation processes discussed above. For segment reporting purposes, the segment results of Argentine operations for each reporting period were adjusted for inflation and translated into the reporting currency using the reporting period average exchange rate. The translated amounts were not subsequently re-measured and translated in accordance with the IAS 29 and IAS 21 guidelines. In order to evaluate the segment’s performance, results of operations in Argentina are based on monthly data adjusted for inflation and converted into the monthly US dollar average exchange rate. These converted amounts are not subsequently readjusted and reconverted as described under IAS 29 and IAS 21. It should be noted that this translation methodology for evaluating segment information is the same that the Group uses to translate results of operations from its other subsidiaries from other countries that have not been designated hyperinflationary economies because it allows for a more accurate analysis of the economic performance of its business as a whole. The CODM believes that the exclusion of the re-measurement and translation processes from the segment reporting structure allows for a more useful presentation and facilitates period-to-period comparison and performance analysis.
For all the Group’s segments, the primary operating performance measure is “Profit or Loss from Operations” measured in accordance with the procedure outlined above. Total segment assets and liabilities are measured in a manner consistent with that of the Consolidated Financial Statements. These assets and liabilities are allocated based on the operations of the segment and the physical location of the asset.
The following tables show a reconciliation of the reportable segments information reviewed by our CODM with the reportable segment information measured in accordance with IAS 29 and IAS 21 as per the Consolidated Financial Statements for all years presented. These tables do not include information for the Sugar, Ethanol and Energy reportable segment since this information is not affected by the application of IAS 29 and therefore there is no difference between the information reviewed by our CODM and the information included in the Consolidated Financial Statements:
F- 23

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
Segment reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2024:

| 2024
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy
| Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income
Revenue | 236,128 |  |  | 13,068 |  |  | 249,196 |  |  | 248,198 |  |  | 12,242 |  |  | 260,440 |  |  | 284,098 |  |  | 17,219 |  |  | 301,317 |
Cost of revenue | (213,909) |  |  | (12,424) |  |  | (226,333) |  |  | (208,266) |  |  | (10,029) |  |  | (218,295) |  |  | (241,770) |  |  | (13,477) |  |  | (255,247) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 28,347 |  |  | 4,703 |  |  | 33,050 |  |  | 45,780 |  |  | 7,656 |  |  | 53,436 |  |  | 14,539 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 15,429 |
Loss from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (19,780) |  |  | (2,656) |  |  | (22,436) |  |  | (6,614) |  |  | 59 |  |  | (6,555) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses | 30,786 |  |  | 2,691 |  |  | 33,477 |  |  | 79,098 |  |  | 9,928 |  |  | 89,026 |  |  | 56,867 |  |  | 4,632 |  |  | 61,499 |
General and administrative expenses | (18,622) |  |  | (1,517) |  |  | (20,139) |  |  | (17,025) |  |  | (1,255) |  |  | (18,280) |  |  | (11,769) |  |  | (918) |  |  | (12,687) |
Selling expenses | (17,240) |  |  | (1,060) |  |  | (18,300) |  |  | (30,771) |  |  | (1,735) |  |  | (32,506) |  |  | (27,678) |  |  | (1,915) |  |  | (29,593) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | (5,304) |  |  | 252 |  |  | (5,052) |  |  | (14,052) |  |  | (4,288) |  |  | (18,340) |  |  | 4,084 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 4,614 |
Profit / (loss) from Operations | (10,380) |  |  | 366 |  |  | (10,014) |  |  | 17,250 |  |  | 2,650 |  |  | 19,900 |  |  | 21,504 |  |  | 2,329 |  |  | 23,833 |
Depreciation and amortization | (5,698) |  |  | (701) |  |  | (6,399) |  |  | (14,798) |  |  | (1,057) |  |  | (15,855) |  |  | (12,219) |  |  | (1,028) |  |  | (13,247) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property | (588) |  |  | (50) |  |  | (638) |  |  | (18,137) |  |  | (4,600) |  |  | (22,737) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire | (14,162) |  |  | (97) |  |  | (14,259) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

| 2024
| Corporate |  | Total
| Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income
Revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,476,378 |  |  | 42,529 |  |  | 1,518,907 |
Cost of revenue | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,162,785) |  |  | (35,930) |  |  | (1,198,715) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 129,832 |  |  | 13,249 |  |  | 143,081 |
Loss from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (25,840) |  |  | (2,597) |  |  | (28,437) |
Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 417,585 |  |  | 17,251 |  |  | 434,836 |
General and administrative expenses | (25,452) |  |  | (2,143) |  |  | (27,595) |  |  | (98,047) |  |  | (5,833) |  |  | (103,880) |
Selling expenses | 736 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 721 |  |  | (148,757) |  |  | (4,725) |  |  | (153,482) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | 294 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 299 |  |  | 8,325 |  |  | (3,501) |  |  | 4,824 |
Profit / (loss) from Operations | (24,422) |  |  | (2,153) |  |  | (26,575) |  |  | 179,106 |  |  | 3,192 |  |  | 182,298 |
Depreciation and amortization | (1,523) |  |  | (127) |  |  | (1,650) |  |  | (223,244) |  |  | (2,913) |  |  | (226,157) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,725) |  |  | (4,650) |  |  | (23,375) |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,162) |  |  | (97) |  |  | (14,259) |

F- 24

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
Segment reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2023:

| 2023
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy
| Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income
Revenue | 216,912 |  |  | (50,659) |  |  | 166,253 |  |  | 256,347 |  |  | (26,155) |  |  | 230,192 |  |  | 246,875 |  |  | (66,756) |  |  | 180,119 |
Cost of revenue | (188,954) |  |  | 45,075 |  |  | (143,879) |  |  | (178,322) |  |  | 8,064 |  |  | (170,258) |  |  | (209,362) |  |  | 54,889 |  |  | (154,473) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | (4,862) |  |  | (5,465) |  |  | (10,327) |  |  | (2,488) |  |  | (1,813) |  |  | (4,301) |  |  | 14,086 |  |  | (6,036) |  |  | 8,050 |
Gain from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | 2,730 |  |  | (736) |  |  | 1,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses | 25,826 |  |  | (11,785) |  |  | 14,041 |  |  | 75,537 |  |  | (19,904) |  |  | 55,633 |  |  | 51,599 |  |  | (17,903) |  |  | 33,696 |
General and administrative expenses | (14,779) |  |  | 4,866 |  |  | (9,913) |  |  | (15,709) |  |  | 4,436 |  |  | (11,273) |  |  | (10,411) |  |  | 3,456 |  |  | (6,955) |
Selling expenses | (22,450) |  |  | 6,336 |  |  | (16,114) |  |  | (33,407) |  |  | 6,958 |  |  | (26,449) |  |  | (25,488) |  |  | 8,312 |  |  | (17,176) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | 20,006 |  |  | (4,721) |  |  | 15,285 |  |  | 7,470 |  |  | (252) |  |  | 7,218 |  |  | 1,872 |  |  | (960) |  |  | 912 |
Profit from Operations | 8,603 |  |  | (5,304) |  |  | 3,299 |  |  | 33,891 |  |  | (8,762) |  |  | 25,129 |  |  | 17,572 |  |  | (7,095) |  |  | 10,477 |
Depreciation and amortization | (8,330) |  |  | 2,909 |  |  | (5,421) |  |  | (15,154) |  |  | 4,342 |  |  | (10,812) |  |  | (10,913) |  |  | 3,852 |  |  | (7,061) |
Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property | 10,199 |  |  | (650) |  |  | 9,549 |  |  | 1,176 |  |  | (105) |  |  | 1,071 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023
|  |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,442,441 |  |  | (143,570) |  |  | 1,298,871 |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,081,208) |  |  | 108,028 |  |  | (973,180) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101,172 |  |  | (13,314) |  |  | 87,858 |
Gain from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,574 |  |  | (736) |  |  | 1,838 |
Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 464,979 |  |  | (49,592) |  |  | 415,387 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23,061) |  |  | 6,473 |  |  | (16,588) |  |  | (89,551) |  |  | 19,231 |  |  | (70,320) |
Selling expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (305) |  |  | 107 |  |  | (198) |  |  | (150,805) |  |  | 21,713 |  |  | (129,092) |
Other operating income / (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (309) |  |  | 21 |  |  | (288) |  |  | 31,502 |  |  | (5,912) |  |  | 25,590 |
Profit / (loss) from Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | 6,601 |  |  | (17,074) |  |  | 256,125 |  |  | (14,560) |  |  | 241,565 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,275) |  |  | 454 |  |  | (821) |  |  | (211,575) |  |  | 11,557 |  |  | (200,018) |
Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,375 |  |  | (755) |  |  | 10,620 |

F- 25

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
Segment reconciliation for the year ended December 31, 2022:

| 2022
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy
| Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income
Revenue | 280,329 |  |  | (2,578) |  |  | 277,751 |  |  | 204,396 |  |  | (195) |  |  | 204,201 |  |  | 236,222 |  |  | (1,210) |  |  | 235,012 |
Cost of revenue | (257,925) |  |  | 2,330 |  |  | (255,595) |  |  | (160,047) |  |  | (379) |  |  | (160,426) |  |  | (204,924) |  |  | 1,039 |  |  | (203,885) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 62,567 |  |  | 1,494 |  |  | 64,061 |  |  | 16,032 |  |  | 525 |  |  | 16,557 |  |  | 27,523 |  |  | (266) |  |  | 27,257 |
Loss from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (21,495) |  |  | 136 |  |  | (21,359) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses | 63,476 |  |  | 1,382 |  |  | 64,858 |  |  | 60,381 |  |  | (49) |  |  | 60,332 |  |  | 58,821 |  |  | (437) |  |  | 58,384 |
General and administrative expenses | (13,312) |  |  | 2 |  |  | (13,310) |  |  | (15,487) |  |  | 173 |  |  | (15,314) |  |  | (10,378) |  |  | 181 |  |  | (10,197) |
Selling expenses | (31,894) |  |  | 212 |  |  | (31,682) |  |  | (34,665) |  |  | 229 |  |  | (34,436) |  |  | (27,050) |  |  | 76 |  |  | (26,974) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | 463 |  |  | (804) |  |  | (341) |  |  | (507) |  |  | (37) |  |  | (544) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (11) |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,070 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 10,107 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Profit from Operations | 18,733 |  |  | 792 |  |  | 19,525 |  |  | 19,792 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 20,145 |  |  | 21,385 |  |  | (183) |  |  | 21,202 |
Depreciation and amortization | (8,017) |  |  | 39 |  |  | (7,978) |  |  | (12,215) |  |  | 98 |  |  | (12,117) |  |  | (10,075) |  |  | 57 |  |  | (10,018) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property | (2,184) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (2,342) |  |  | (580) |  |  | (39) |  |  | (619) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2022
|  |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income |  | Total segment reporting |  | Adjustment |  | Total as per statement of income
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,351,707 |  |  | (3,983) |  |  | 1,347,724 |
Cost of revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,078,737) |  |  | 2,990 |  |  | (1,075,747) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 214,188 |  |  | 1,753 |  |  | 215,941 |
Loss from changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22,429) |  |  | 136 |  |  | (22,293) |
Margin on Manufacturing and Agricultural Activities Before Operating Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 464,729 |  |  | 896 |  |  | 465,625 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23,413) |  |  | (136) |  |  | (23,549) |  |  | (84,507) |  |  | 220 |  |  | (84,287) |
Selling expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (257) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (258) |  |  | (144,031) |  |  | 516 |  |  | (143,515) |
Other operating income / (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (136) |  |  | 21 |  |  | (115) |  |  | 2,693 |  |  | (823) |  |  | 1,870 |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,070 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 10,107 |
Profit / (loss) from Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23,806) |  |  | (116) |  |  | (23,922) |  |  | 248,954 |  |  | 846 |  |  | 249,800 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | (29) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (191,205) |  |  | 165 |  |  | (191,040) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,764) |  |  | (197) |  |  | (2,961) |

F- 26

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
The following table presents information with respect to the Group’s reportable segments. Certain other activities of a holding function nature not allocable to the segments are disclosed in the column ‘Corporate’
Segment analysis for the year ended December 31, 2024:

| Farming |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Corporate |  | Total
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  | Farming subtotal |  |  |
Revenue | 236,128 |  |  | 248,198 |  |  | 284,098 |  |  | 768,424 |  |  | 707,954 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,476,378 |
Cost of revenue | (213,909) |  |  | (208,266) |  |  | (241,770) |  |  | (663,945) |  |  | (498,840) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,162,785) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 28,347 |  |  | 45,780 |  |  | 14,539 |  |  | 88,666 |  |  | 41,166 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,832 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (19,780) |  |  | (6,614) |  |  | — |  |  | (26,394) |  |  | 554 |  |  | — |  |  | (25,840) |
Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses | 30,786 |  |  | 79,098 |  |  | 56,867 |  |  | 166,751 |  |  | 250,834 |  |  | — |  |  | 417,585 |
General and administrative expenses | (18,622) |  |  | (17,025) |  |  | (11,769) |  |  | (47,416) |  |  | (25,179) |  |  | (25,452) |  |  | (98,047) |
Selling expenses | (17,240) |  |  | (30,771) |  |  | (27,678) |  |  | (75,689) |  |  | (73,804) |  |  | 736 |  |  | (148,757) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | (5,304) |  |  | (14,052) |  |  | 4,084 |  |  | (15,272) |  |  | (*) | 23,303 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 8,325 |
Profit / (loss) from operations | (10,380) |  |  | 17,250 |  |  | 21,504 |  |  | 28,374 |  |  | 175,154 |  |  | (24,422) |  |  | 179,106 |
Depreciation and amortization | (5,698) |  |  | (14,798) |  |  | (12,219) |  |  | (32,715) |  |  | (189,006) |  |  | (1,523) |  |  | (223,244) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property | (588) |  |  | (18,137) |  |  | — |  |  | (18,725) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,725) |
Reverse of revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets before taxes | 9,024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,024 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,024 |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire | (14,162) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,162) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,162) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (unrealized) | 10,197 |  |  | 18,669 |  |  | (30,487) |  |  | (1,621) |  |  | (23,937) |  |  | — |  |  | (25,558) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (realized) | 18,150 |  |  | 27,111 |  |  | 45,026 |  |  | 90,287 |  |  | 65,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 155,390 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) | (775) |  |  | (6,552) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,327) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,327) |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (realized) | (19,005) |  |  | (62) |  |  | — |  |  | (19,067) |  |  | 554 |  |  | — |  |  | (18,513) |
Farmlands and farmland improvements, net | 432,826 |  |  | 176,516 |  |  | 2,454 |  |  | 611,796 |  |  | 80,357 |  |  | — |  |  | 692,153 |
Machinery, equipment and other fixed assets, net | 41,770 |  |  | 112,849 |  |  | 143,640 |  |  | 298,259 |  |  | 203,679 |  |  | — |  |  | 501,938 |
Bearer plants, net | 1,292 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,292 |  |  | 326,278 |  |  | — |  |  | 327,570 |
Work in progress | 468 |  |  | 6,276 |  |  | 4,009 |  |  | 10,753 |  |  | 16,175 |  |  | — |  |  | 26,928 |
Right of use assets | 20,850 |  |  | 15,234 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 36,558 |  |  | 336,521 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 373,846 |
Investment property | 28,193 |  |  | 5,349 |  |  | — |  |  | 33,542 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,542 |
Goodwill | 10,397 |  |  | 6,319 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,716 |  |  | 3,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,242 |
Biological assets | 79,363 |  |  | 102,098 |  |  | 42,864 |  |  | 224,325 |  |  | 69,620 |  |  | — |  |  | 293,945 |
Finished goods | 40,345 |  |  | 32,623 |  |  | 20,553 |  |  | 93,521 |  |  | 94,633 |  |  | — |  |  | 188,154 |
Raw materials, stocks held by third parties and others | 44,809 |  |  | 18,446 |  |  | 16,390 |  |  | 79,645 |  |  | 21,865 |  |  | — |  |  | 101,510 |
Total segment assets | 700,313 |  |  | 475,710 |  |  | 230,384 |  |  | 1,406,407 |  |  | 1,152,654 |  |  | 767 |  |  | 2,559,828 |
Borrowings | 36,573 |  |  | 15,270 |  |  | 69,199 |  |  | 121,042 |  |  | 532,230 |  |  | 126,284 |  |  | 779,556 |
Lease liabilities | 17,385 |  |  | 12,549 |  |  | 538 |  |  | 30,472 |  |  | 310,769 |  |  | 789 |  |  | 342,030 |
Total segment liabilities | 53,958 |  |  | 27,819 |  |  | 69,737 |  |  | 151,514 |  |  | 842,999 |  |  | 127,073 |  |  | 1,121,586 |

(*) This amount includes US$ 11.3 million related to tax credits resulting from a judicial decision regarding the exclusion of ICMS from the calculation base for PIS and COFINS, as well as US$ 8.1 million related to federal grant credits.
F- 27

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
Segment analysis for the year ended December 31, 2023

| Farming |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Farming subtotal |  |  |  |
Revenue | 216,912 |  |  | 256,347 |  |  | 246,875 |  |  |  |  | 720,134 |  |  | 722,307 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,442,441 |
Cost of revenue | (188,954) |  |  | (178,322) |  |  | (209,362) |  |  |  |  | (576,638) |  |  | (504,570) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,081,208) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | (4,862) |  |  | (2,488) |  |  | 14,086 |  |  |  |  | 6,736 |  |  | 94,436 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 101,172 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | 2,730 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,730 |  |  | (156) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,574 |
Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses | 25,826 |  |  | 75,537 |  |  | 51,599 |  |  |  |  | 152,962 |  |  | 312,017 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 464,979 |
General and administrative expenses | (14,779) |  |  | (15,709) |  |  | (10,411) |  |  |  |  | (40,899) |  |  | (25,591) |  |  |  |  | (23,061) |  |  | (89,551) |
Selling expenses | (22,450) |  |  | (33,407) |  |  | (25,488) |  |  |  |  | (81,345) |  |  | (69,155) |  |  |  |  | (305) |  |  | (150,805) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | 20,006 |  |  | 7,470 |  |  | 1,872 |  |  |  |  | 29,348 |  |  | 2,463 |  |  |  |  | (309) |  |  | 31,502 |
Profit / (loss) from operations | 8,603 |  |  | 33,891 |  |  | 17,572 |  |  |  |  | 60,066 |  |  | 219,734 |  |  |  |  | (23,675) |  |  | 256,125 |
Depreciation and amortization | (8,330) |  |  | (15,154) |  |  | (10,913) |  |  |  |  | (34,397) |  |  | (175,903) |  |  |  |  | (1,275) |  |  | (211,575) |
Net gain from Fair value adjustment of investment property | 10,199 |  |  | 1,176 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 11,375 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 11,375 |
Reverse of revaluation surplus derived from the disposals of assets before taxes | (20,245) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (20,245) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (20,245) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (unrealized) | 4,171 |  |  | (1,002) |  |  | (12,655) |  |  |  |  | (9,486) |  |  | (15,393) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (24,879) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (realized) | (9,033) |  |  | (1,486) |  |  | 26,741 |  |  |  |  | 16,222 |  |  | 109,829 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 126,051 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) | 2,599 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,599 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,599 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (realized) | 131 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 131 |  |  | (156) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (25) |
Farmlands and farmland improvements, net | 447,772 |  |  | 178,291 |  |  | 1,462 |  |  |  |  | 627,525 |  |  | 78,322 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 705,847 |
Machinery, equipment and other fixed assets, net | 24,250 |  |  | 71,584 |  |  | 86,670 |  |  |  |  | 182,504 |  |  | 264,561 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 447,065 |
Bearer plants, net | 753 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 753 |  |  | 375,089 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 375,842 |
Work in progress | 10 |  |  | 291 |  |  | 5,584 |  |  |  |  | 5,885 |  |  | 14,926 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 20,811 |
Right of use assets | 13,608 |  |  | 15,076 |  |  | 29 |  |  |  |  | 28,713 |  |  | 377,420 |  |  |  |  | 580 |  |  | 406,713 |
Investment property | 29,192 |  |  | 4,172 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 33,364 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 33,364 |
Goodwill | 6,095 |  |  | 3,704 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 9,799 |  |  | 4,510 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 14,309 |
Biological assets | 55,545 |  |  | 32,843 |  |  | 23,191 |  |  |  |  | 111,579 |  |  | 116,458 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 228,037 |
Finished goods | 33,407 |  |  | 9,306 |  |  | 9,927 |  |  |  |  | 52,640 |  |  | 126,971 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 179,611 |
Raw materials, stocks held by third parties and others | 26,779 |  |  | 16,577 |  |  | 11,230 |  |  |  |  | 54,586 |  |  | 21,854 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 76,440 |
Total segment assets | 637,411 |  |  | 331,844 |  |  | 138,093 |  |  |  |  | 1,107,348 |  |  | 1,380,111 |  |  |  |  | 580 |  |  | 2,488,039 |
Borrowings | 30,326 |  |  | 32,340 |  |  | 57,376 |  |  |  |  | 120,042 |  |  | 604,827 |  |  |  |  | 180,080 |  |  | 904,949 |
Lease liabilities | 12,341 |  |  | 13,475 |  |  | 57 |  |  |  |  | 25,873 |  |  | 352,238 |  |  |  |  | 399 |  |  | 378,510 |
Total segment liabilities | 42,667 |  |  | 45,815 |  |  | 57,433 |  |  |  |  | 145,915 |  |  | 957,065 |  |  |  |  | 180,479 |  |  | 1,283,459 |

F- 28

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
Segment analysis for the year ended December 31, 2022

| Farming |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  |  | Corporate |  | Total
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Farming subtotal |  |  |  |
Revenue | 280,329 |  |  | 204,396 |  |  | 236,222 |  |  |  |  | 720,947 |  |  | 630,760 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,351,707 |
Cost of revenue | (257,925) |  |  | (160,047) |  |  | (204,924) |  |  |  |  | (622,896) |  |  | (455,841) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,078,737) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 62,567 |  |  | 16,032 |  |  | 27,523 |  |  |  |  | 106,122 |  |  | 108,066 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 214,188 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (21,495) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (21,495) |  |  | (934) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (22,429) |
Margin on manufacturing and agricultural activities before operating expenses | 63,476 |  |  | 60,381 |  |  | 58,821 |  |  |  |  | 182,678 |  |  | 282,051 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 464,729 |
General and administrative expenses | (13,312) |  |  | (15,487) |  |  | (10,378) |  |  |  |  | (39,177) |  |  | (21,917) |  |  |  |  | (23,413) |  |  | (84,507) |
Selling expenses | (31,894) |  |  | (34,665) |  |  | (27,050) |  |  |  |  | (93,609) |  |  | (50,165) |  |  |  |  | (257) |  |  | (144,031) |
Other operating income / (expense), net | 463 |  |  | (507) |  |  | (8) |  |  |  |  | (52) |  |  | 2,881 |  |  |  |  | (136) |  |  | 2,693 |
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition | — |  |  | 10,070 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,070 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 10,070 |
Profit / (loss) from operations | 18,733 |  |  | 19,792 |  |  | 21,385 |  |  |  |  | 59,910 |  |  | 212,850 |  |  |  |  | (23,806) |  |  | 248,954 |
Depreciation and amortization | (8,017) |  |  | (12,215) |  |  | (10,075) |  |  |  |  | (30,307) |  |  | (160,920) |  |  |  |  | 22 |  |  | (191,205) |
Net loss from Fair value adjustment of investment property | (2,184) |  |  | (580) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (2,764) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (2,764) |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (unrealized) | 2,071 |  |  | 3,327 |  |  | (2,276) |  |  |  |  | 3,122 |  |  | 35,232 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 38,354 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce (realized) | 60,496 |  |  | 12,705 |  |  | 29,799 |  |  |  |  | 103,000 |  |  | 72,834 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 175,834 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (unrealized) | 72 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 72 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 72 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest (realized) | (21,567) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (21,567) |  |  | (934) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (22,501) |

Total reportable segments’ assets and liabilities are reconciled to total assets as per the statement of financial position as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Total reportable assets as per segment information | 2,559,828 |  |  | 2,488,039 |
Intangible assets (excluding goodwill) | 16,989 |  |  | 13,210 |
Deferred income tax assets | 15,507 |  |  | 9,777 |
Trade and other receivables | 251,866 |  |  | 218,115 |
Other assets | 3,761 |  |  | 1,515 |
Derivative financial instruments | 9,596 |  |  | 31,820 |
Short-term investment | 46,097 |  |  | 62,637 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 211,244 |  |  | 339,781 |
Total assets as per the statement of financial position | 3,114,888 |  |  | 3,164,894 |

| 2024 |  | 2023
Total reportable liabilities as per segment information | 1,121,586 |  |  | 1,283,459 |
Trade and other payables | 207,674 |  |  | 191,738 |
Deferred income tax liabilities | 330,336 |  |  | 376,331 |
Payroll and social liabilities | 34,189 |  |  | 38,927 |
Provisions for other liabilities | 3,752 |  |  | 3,599 |
Current income tax liabilities | 3,471 |  |  | 5,023 |
Derivative financial instruments | 5,779 |  |  | 169 |
Total liabilities as per the statement of financial position | 1,706,787 |  |  | 1,899,246 |

.
F- 29

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
3. Segment information (continued)
Non-current assets and revenues and fair value gains and losses are shown by geographic region. These are the regions in which the Group is active: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and others.
As of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

| Argentina |  | Brazil |  | Uruguay |  | Chile |  | Total
Property, plant and equipment | 904,340 |  |  | 626,606 |  |  | 17,643 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,548,589 |
Investment property | 33,542 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,542 |
Goodwill | 16,716 |  |  | 3,526 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,242 |
Non-current portion of biological assets | 43,418 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,418 |
Revenue | 480,662 |  |  | 435,719 |  |  | 551,179 |  |  | 8,818 |  |  | 1,476,378 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 83,400 |  |  | 41,166 |  |  | 5,266 |  |  | — |  |  | 129,832 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (22,045) |  |  | 554 |  |  | (4,349) |  |  | — |  |  | (25,840) |

As of and for the year ended December 31, 2023:

| Argentina |  | Brazil |  | Uruguay |  | Chile |  | Total
Property, plant and equipment | 786,201 |  |  | 733,055 |  |  | 30,309 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,549,565 |
Investment property | 33,364 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,364 |
Goodwill | 9,799 |  |  | 4,510 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,309 |
Non-current portion of biological assets | 23,706 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,706 |
Revenue | 402,205 |  |  | 401,051 |  |  | 632,165 |  |  | 7,020 |  |  | 1,442,441 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 6,469 |  |  | 94,436 |  |  | 267 |  |  | — |  |  | 101,172 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | 3,341 |  |  | (156) |  |  | (611) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,574 |

As of and for the year ended December 31, 2022:

| Argentina |  | Brazil |  | Uruguay |  | Chile |  | Total
Revenue | 373,746 |  |  | 494,215 |  |  | 472,538 |  |  | 11,208 |  |  | 1,351,707 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce | 102,656 |  |  | 108,066 |  |  | 3,466 |  |  | — |  |  | 214,188 |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (21,482) |  |  | (934) |  |  | (13) |  |  | — |  |  | (22,429) |

F- 30

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
4. Revenue

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Manufactured products and services rendered: |  |  |  |  |
Ethanol | 265,154 |  |  | 247,008 |  |  | 387,124 |
Sugar | 391,738 |  |  | 419,858 |  |  | 188,769 |
Energy (*) | 37,029 |  |  | 35,985 |  |  | 34,919 |
Peanut | 59,310 |  |  | 63,646 |  |  | 63,041 |
Sunflower | 7,621 |  |  | 8,301 |  |  | 14,948 |
Cotton | 3,893 |  |  | 8,383 |  |  | 6,780 |
Rice (*) | 224,398 |  |  | 199,746 |  |  | 188,263 |
Fluid milk (UHT) | 136,699 |  |  | 74,402 |  |  | 76,596 |
Powder milk (*) | 55,552 |  |  | 43,958 |  |  | 84,257 |
Other diary products (*) | 77,589 |  |  | 35,385 |  |  | 37,648 |
Services | 10,887 |  |  | 6,080 |  |  | 10,987 |
Rental income | 2,831 |  |  | 1,210 |  |  | 841 |
Others | 45,641 |  |  | 43,436 |  |  | 24,199 |
| 1,318,342 |  |  | 1,187,398 |  |  | 1,118,372 |
Agricultural produce and biological assets: |  |  |  |  |
Soybean | 79,445 |  |  | 42,610 |  |  | 81,757 |
Corn | 56,125 |  |  | 22,490 |  |  | 71,188 |
Wheat | 22,942 |  |  | 7,984 |  |  | 19,915 |
Sunflower | 3,148 |  |  | 7,095 |  |  | 9,885 |
Barley | 2,578 |  |  | 2,826 |  |  | 4,175 |
Seeds | 4,328 |  |  | 428 |  |  | 1,940 |
Raw milk | 9,383 |  |  | 15,081 |  |  | 21,623 |
Cattle | 5,765 |  |  | 3,542 |  |  | 5,039 |
Cattle for dairy | 13,700 |  |  | 6,718 |  |  | 7,543 |
Others | 3,151 |  |  | 2,699 |  |  | 6,287 |
| 200,565 |  |  | 111,473 |  |  | 229,352 |
Total revenue | 1,518,907 |  |  | 1,298,871 |  |  | 1,347,724 |

(*) Includes sales of mwh of energy and tons rice products produced by third parties for an amount of US$3.2 million, and US$0.7 million respectively (December 31, 2023: sales of mwh of energy, tons rice and powder milk US$2.4 million, US$22.3 million and US$0.8 million, respectively and December 31, 2022: sales of mwh of energy, tons rice and butter US$2.3 million, US$0.9 million and US$1.3 million, respectively).
Commitments to sell commodities at a future date
The Group entered into contracts to sell non-financial instruments, mainly sugar, soybean and corn through sales forward contracts. Those contracts are held for purposes of delivery of the non-financial instrument in accordance with the Group’s expected sales. Accordingly, as the own use exception criteria are met, those contracts are not recorded as derivatives.
The notional amount of these contracts is US$67.5 million as of December 31, 2024 (2023: US$73.5 million; 2022: US$89.9 million) and comprised primarily of 9,314 thousand tons of sugar (US$ 4.5 million), 8,975 thousand m3 of ethanol (US$4.5 million), 555,744 thousand mwh of energy (US$21.2 million), 68,408 thousand tons of soybean (US$20.5 million), 17,183 thousand tons of wheat (US$3.8 million), and 47,414 thousand tons of corn (US$8.5 million) which expire between January and December 2025.
F- 31

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
5. Cost of revenue
For the year ended December 31:

| 2024
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  |  |  | Total
Finished goods at the beginning of year (Note 19) | 33,407 |  |  | 9,306 |  |  | 9,927 |  |  | 126,971 |  |  |  |  | 179,611 |
Cost of production of manufactured products (Note 6) | 67,821 |  |  | 241,734 |  |  | 236,410 |  |  | 543,176 |  |  |  |  | 1,089,141 |
Purchases | 24,015 |  |  | 1,128 |  |  | 6,839 |  |  | 1,837 |  |  |  |  | 33,819 |
Agricultural produce | 220,471 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,083 |  |  | 6,067 |  |  |  |  | 249,621 |
Transfer to raw material | (102,773) |  |  | 2,302 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (100,471) |
Direct agricultural selling expenses | 27,861 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 27,861 |
Tax recoveries (i) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (56,361) |  |  |  |  | (56,361) |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (22,436) |  |  | (6,555) |  |  | — |  |  | 554 |  |  |  |  | (28,437) |
Loss of idle capacity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,918 |  |  |  |  | 4,918 |
Finished goods at the end of the year (Note 19) | (40,345) |  |  | (32,623) |  |  | (20,553) |  |  | (94,633) |  |  |  |  | (188,154) |
Exchange differences | 18,312 |  |  | 3,003 |  |  | (459) |  |  | (33,689) |  |  |  |  | (12,833) |
Cost of revenue | 226,333 |  |  | 218,295 |  |  | 255,247 |  |  | 498,840 |  |  |  |  | 1,198,715 |

(i) Correspond to the presumed credit of ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) over the sale values for an amount of USD 37.8 million and for PIS and COFINS for an amount of USD 18.5 million.
For the year ended December 31:

| 2023
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
Finished goods at the beginning of year | 37,539 |  |  | 13,659 |  |  | 12,825 |  |  |  |  | 88,693 |  |  | 152,716 |
Cost of production of manufactured products (Note 6) | 47,086 |  |  | 123,629 |  |  | 121,341 |  |  |  |  | 548,553 |  |  | 840,609 |
Purchases | 4,361 |  |  | 22,594 |  |  | 3,170 |  |  |  |  | 1,011 |  |  | 31,136 |
Agricultural produce | 115,893 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 15,081 |  |  |  |  | 9,736 |  |  | 140,728 |
Transfer to raw material | (49,108) |  |  | (5,714) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (54,822) |
Direct agricultural selling expenses | 9,214 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 9,214 |
Tax recoveries (i) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (25,767) |  |  | (25,767) |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | 1,994 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (156) |  |  | 1,838 |
Loss of idle capacity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,861 |  |  | 3,861 |
Finished goods at the end of the year (Note 19) | (33,407) |  |  | (9,306) |  |  | (9,927) |  |  |  |  | (126,971) |  |  | (179,611) |
Exchange differences | 10,307 |  |  | 25,378 |  |  | 11,983 |  |  |  |  | 5,610 |  |  | 53,278 |
Cost of revenue | 143,879 |  |  | 170,258 |  |  | 154,473 |  |  |  |  | 504,570 |  |  | 973,180 |

(i) Correspond to the presumed credit of ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) over the sale values and of PIS/COFINS crédits.
F- 32

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
5. Cost of revenue (continued)
For the year ended December 31:

| 2022
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
Finished goods at the beginning of year | 37,225 |  |  | 5,015 |  |  | 15,157 |  |  |  |  | 80,857 |  |  | 138,254 |
Cost of production of manufactured products (Note 6) | 68,510 |  |  | 165,330 |  |  | 180,723 |  |  |  |  | 455,336 |  |  | 869,899 |
Purchases | 10,528 |  |  | 1,866 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  |  |  | 856 |  |  | 14,535 |
Acquisition of subsidiaries | — |  |  | 8,413 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 8,413 |
Agricultural produce | 245,402 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 21,647 |  |  |  |  | 11,571 |  |  | 278,726 |
Transfer to raw material | (75,158) |  |  | (6,549) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (81,707) |
Direct agricultural selling expenses | 25,623 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 25,623 |
Tax recoveries (i) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (17,800) |  |  | (17,800) |
Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest | (21,359) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (934) |  |  | (22,293) |
Loss of idle capacity | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 7,507 |  |  | 7,507 |
Finished goods at the end of the year | (37,539) |  |  | (13,659) |  |  | (12,825) |  |  |  |  | (88,693) |  |  | (152,716) |
Exchange differences | 2,363 |  |  | (96) |  |  | (2,102) |  |  |  |  | 7,141 |  |  | 7,306 |
Cost of revenue | 255,595 |  |  | 160,426 |  |  | 203,885 |  |  |  |  | 455,841 |  |  | 1,075,747 |

(i) Correspond to the presumed credit of ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) over the sale values.
F- 33

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
6. Expenses by nature
The statement of income is presented under the function of expense method. Under this method, expenses are classified according to their function as “cost of goods sold and services rendered," “general and administrative expenses” and “selling expenses”.
The following table provides the additional disclosure required on the nature of expenses and their relationship to the function within the Group:
Expenses by nature for the year ended December 31, 2024:

| Cost of production of manufactured products (Note 5) |  | General and Administrative Expenses |  | Selling Expenses |  | Total
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total |  |  |
Salaries, social security expenses and employee benefits | 5,348 |  |  | 15,941 |  |  | 14,372 |  |  | 47,731 |  |  | 83,392 |  |  | 34,578 |  |  | 12,327 |  |  | 130,297 |
Raw materials and consumables | — |  |  | 886 |  |  | 28,319 |  |  | 5,930 |  |  | 35,135 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 35,135 |
Depreciation and amortization | 2,055 |  |  | 5,204 |  |  | 6,156 |  |  | 149,453 |  |  | 162,868 |  |  | 25,270 |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | 189,180 |
Depreciation of right of use assets | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,901 |  |  | 8,955 |  |  | 14,914 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 23,999 |
Fuel, lubricants and others | 263 |  |  | 1,534 |  |  | 1,611 |  |  | 35,069 |  |  | 38,477 |  |  | 1,478 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 40,361 |
Maintenance and repairs | 1,698 |  |  | 5,051 |  |  | 5,386 |  |  | 37,045 |  |  | 49,180 |  |  | 5,904 |  |  | 1,135 |  |  | 56,219 |
Freights | 344 |  |  | 11,561 |  |  | 3,635 |  |  | 395 |  |  | 15,935 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,697 |  |  | 86,632 |
Export taxes / selling taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36,145 |  |  | 36,145 |
Export expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,816 |  |  | 12,816 |
Contractors and services | 2,882 |  |  | 1,554 |  |  | 687 |  |  | 13,031 |  |  | 18,154 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,154 |
Energy transmission | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,340 |  |  | 2,340 |
Energy power | 1,392 |  |  | 3,742 |  |  | 3,276 |  |  | 780 |  |  | 9,190 |  |  | 705 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 10,118 |
Professional fees | 91 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 1,166 |  |  | 1,750 |  |  | 11,916 |  |  | 872 |  |  | 14,538 |
Other taxes | 87 |  |  | 478 |  |  | 218 |  |  | 22,093 |  |  | 22,876 |  |  | 686 |  |  | 35 |  |  | 23,597 |
Contingencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,115 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,115 |
Lease expense and similar arrangements | 246 |  |  | 1,228 |  |  | 201 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,675 |  |  | 1,629 |  |  | 708 |  |  | 4,012 |
Third parties raw materials | 5,300 |  |  | 40,938 |  |  | 85,376 |  |  | 39,635 |  |  | 171,249 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 171,249 |
Tax recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,536) |  |  | (18,536) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,536) |
Others | 786 |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | 2,908 |  |  | 8,947 |  |  | 15,928 |  |  | 5,685 |  |  | 14,606 |  |  | 36,219 |
Subtotal | 20,492 |  |  | 91,820 |  |  | 152,276 |  |  | 351,640 |  |  | 616,228 |  |  | 103,880 |  |  | 153,482 |  |  | 873,590 |
Own agricultural produce consumed | 47,329 |  |  | 149,914 |  |  | 84,134 |  |  | 191,536 |  |  | 472,913 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 472,913 |
Total | 67,821 |  |  | 241,734 |  |  | 236,410 |  |  | 543,176 |  |  | 1,089,141 |  |  | 103,880 |  |  | 153,482 |  |  | 1,346,503 |

F- 34

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
6. Expenses by nature (continued)
Expenses by nature for the year ended December 31, 2023:

| Cost of production of manufactured products (Note 5) |  | General and Administrative Expenses |  | Selling Expenses |  | Total
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total |  |  |
Salaries, social security expenses and employee benefits | 2,549 |  |  | 10,541 |  |  | 7,733 |  |  |  |  | 47,050 |  |  | 67,873 |  |  | 30,581 |  |  | 8,899 |  |  | 107,353 |
Raw materials and consumables | 293 |  |  | 818 |  |  | 19,361 |  |  |  |  | 7,878 |  |  | 28,350 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,350 |
Depreciation and amortization | 3,087 |  |  | 4,514 |  |  | 3,153 |  |  |  |  | 131,536 |  |  | 142,290 |  |  | 14,632 |  |  | 1,166 |  |  | 158,088 |
Depreciation of right of use assets | — |  |  | 32 |  |  | 350 |  |  |  |  | 9,402 |  |  | 9,784 |  |  | 7,837 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 17,829 |
Fuel, lubricants and others | 139 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 1,338 |  |  |  |  | 37,707 |  |  | 39,849 |  |  | 572 |  |  | 251 |  |  | 40,672 |
Maintenance and repairs | 724 |  |  | 2,550 |  |  | 1,490 |  |  |  |  | 32,594 |  |  | 37,358 |  |  | 1,377 |  |  | 583 |  |  | 39,318 |
Freights | 80 |  |  | 5,662 |  |  | 1,921 |  |  |  |  | 106 |  |  | 7,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,629 |  |  | 65,398 |
Export taxes / selling taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 29,910 |  |  | 29,910 |
Export expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,550 |  |  | 11,550 |
Contractors and services | 2,013 |  |  | 2,705 |  |  | 214 |  |  |  |  | 11,313 |  |  | 16,245 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,245 |
Energy transmission | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,621 |  |  | 2,621 |
Energy power | 817 |  |  | 2,291 |  |  | 1,693 |  |  |  |  | 776 |  |  | 5,577 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 5,985 |
Professional fees | 38 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 69 |  |  |  |  | 1,105 |  |  | 1,283 |  |  | 8,553 |  |  | 1,725 |  |  | 11,561 |
Other taxes | 12 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 102 |  |  |  |  | 4,232 |  |  | 4,506 |  |  | 582 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 5,111 |
Contingencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 988 |  |  | — |  |  | 988 |
Lease expense and similar arrangements | 127 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 145 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 795 |  |  | 975 |  |  | 567 |  |  | 2,337 |
Third parties raw materials | 3,838 |  |  | 35,289 |  |  | 47,336 |  |  |  |  | 31,969 |  |  | 118,432 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 118,432 |
Tax recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (74) |  |  | (74) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (74) |
Others | 552 |  |  | 1,396 |  |  | 1,498 |  |  |  |  | 6,091 |  |  | 9,537 |  |  | 3,881 |  |  | 13,894 |  |  | 27,312 |
Subtotal | 14,269 |  |  | 67,217 |  |  | 86,403 |  |  |  |  | 321,685 |  |  | 489,574 |  |  | 70,320 |  |  | 129,092 |  |  | 688,986 |
Own agricultural produce consumed | 32,817 |  |  | 56,412 |  |  | 34,938 |  |  |  |  | 226,868 |  |  | 351,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 351,035 |
Total | 47,086 |  |  | 123,629 |  |  | 121,341 |  |  |  |  | 548,553 |  |  | 840,609 |  |  | 70,320 |  |  | 129,092 |  |  | 1,040,021 |

F- 35

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
6. Expenses by nature (continued)
Expenses by nature for the year ended December 31, 2022:

| Cost of production of manufactured products (Note 5) |  |  |  |  |  |
| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total |  | General and Administrative Expenses |  | Selling Expenses |  | Total
Salaries, social security expenses and employee benefits | 4,216 |  |  | 12,362 |  |  | 11,627 |  |  |  |  | 35,890 |  |  | 64,095 |  |  | 39,347 |  |  | 9,472 |  |  | 112,914 |
Raw materials and consumables | 367 |  |  | 367 |  |  | 29,317 |  |  |  |  | 14,094 |  |  | 44,145 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,145 |
Depreciation and amortization | 4,463 |  |  | 3,814 |  |  | 4,007 |  |  |  |  | 123,960 |  |  | 136,244 |  |  | 18,109 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 155,761 |
Depreciation right-of-use and other leases | — |  |  | 115 |  |  | 971 |  |  |  |  | 7,475 |  |  | 8,561 |  |  | 7,702 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 16,362 |
Fuel, lubricants and others | 239 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 1,886 |  |  |  |  | 38,813 |  |  | 41,187 |  |  | 712 |  |  | 340 |  |  | 42,239 |
Maintenance and repairs | 1,264 |  |  | 3,320 |  |  | 1,856 |  |  |  |  | 22,674 |  |  | 29,114 |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | 741 |  |  | 31,573 |
Freights | 519 |  |  | 9,319 |  |  | 2,862 |  |  |  |  | 75 |  |  | 12,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,913 |  |  | 70,688 |
Export taxes / selling taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,202 |  |  | 39,202 |
Export expenses | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,963 |  |  | 17,963 |
Contractors and services | 2,218 |  |  | 720 |  |  | 569 |  |  |  |  | 7,044 |  |  | 10,551 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,551 |
Energy transmission | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,053 |  |  | 3,053 |
Energy power | 1,577 |  |  | 3,172 |  |  | 3,189 |  |  |  |  | 733 |  |  | 8,671 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 9,133 |
Professional fees | 59 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 110 |  |  |  |  | 837 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | 8,337 |  |  | 802 |  |  | 10,231 |
Other taxes | 25 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 110 |  |  |  |  | 2,775 |  |  | 3,027 |  |  | 852 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 3,942 |
Contingencies | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 568 |  |  | — |  |  | 568 |
Lease expense and similar arrangements | 178 |  |  | 682 |  |  | 197 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 1,153 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 2,481 |
Third parties raw materials | 8,270 |  |  | 23,934 |  |  | 75,674 |  |  |  |  | 13,693 |  |  | 121,571 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,571 |
Tax recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (556) |  |  | (556) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (556) |
Others | 1,335 |  |  | 2,736 |  |  | 1,269 |  |  |  |  | 4,322 |  |  | 9,662 |  |  | 5,416 |  |  | 12,099 |  |  | 27,177 |
Subtotal | 24,730 |  |  | 60,993 |  |  | 133,644 |  |  |  |  | 271,829 |  |  | 491,196 |  |  | 84,287 |  |  | 143,515 |  |  | 718,998 |
Own agricultural produce consumed | 43,780 |  |  | 104,337 |  |  | 47,079 |  |  |  |  | 183,507 |  |  | 378,703 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 378,703 |
Total | 68,510 |  |  | 165,330 |  |  | 180,723 |  |  |  |  | 455,336 |  |  | 869,899 |  |  | 84,287 |  |  | 143,515 |  |  | 1,097,701 |

7. Salaries and social security expenses

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Wages and salaries (i) | 160,955 |  |  | 127,113 |  |  | 132,010 |
Social security costs | 46,912 |  |  | 41,404 |  |  | 36,932 |
Equity-settled share-based compensation | 6,680 |  |  | 8,581 |  |  | 10,227 |
| 214,547 |  |  | 177,098 |  |  | 179,169 |

(i)Includes US$33,148, US$35,007 and US$30,014, capitalized in Property, Plant and Equipment for the years 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
F- 36

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
8. Other operating income / (expense), net

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Gain / (loss) from commodity derivative financial instrument | 10,593 |  |  | 6,913 |  |  | (6,842) |
(Loss) / gain from disposal of other property items | (2,408) |  |  | 4,747 |  |  | 3,718 |
Net (loss) / gain from fair value adjustment of investment property | (23,375) |  |  | 10,620 |  |  | (2,961) |
Gain from disposal of farmland and other assets (Note 21) | 6,050 |  |  | 6,334 |  |  | — |
Impairment of assets destroyed by fire (*) | (14,259) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Tax credits recognized (**) | 19,486 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Others | 8,737 |  |  | (3,024) |  |  | 7,955 |
| 4,824 |  |  | 25,590 |  |  | 1,870 |

(*) In September 2024, a fire in our Peanut facility located in the Province of Cordoba damaged a warehouse cell and inventory stored therein. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment loss of approximately US$ 12.0 million and US$ 2.0 million for inventories and property, plant and equipment, respectively. The appraisal of damages is currently being evaluated by insurance experts. The Company has insurance coverage that we estimate will cover all damages caused by the event suffered. Any insurance proceeds will be recognized as other income when received.
(**) This amount includes US$ 11.3 million related to non-income tax credits resulting from a judicial decision regarding the exclusion of ICMS from the calculation base for PIS and COFINS, as well as US$ 8.1 million related to federal grant credits.
9. Financial results, net

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Finance income: |  |  |  |  |
- Interest income | 16,048 |  |  | 7,134 |  |  | 5,781 |
- Foreign exchange gains, net | — |  |  | 90,930 |  |  | 19,278 |
- Gain from interest rate/foreign exchange rate derivative financial instruments | — |  |  | 3,501 |  |  | — |
- Other income | 760 |  |  | 55,535 |  |  | 249 |
Finance income | 16,808 |  |  | 157,100 |  |  | 25,308 |
Finance costs: |  |  |  |  |
- Interest expense | (40,869) |  |  | (31,906) |  |  | (50,037) |
- Finance cost related to lease liabilities | (32,938) |  |  | (40,203) |  |  | (31,113) |
- Cash flow hedge – transfer from equity (Note 2) | (28,650) |  |  | (36,863) |  |  | (40,195) |
- Foreign exchange losses, net | (37,569) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
- Taxes | (7,572) |  |  | (5,473) |  |  | (4,862) |
- Loss from interest rate/foreign exchange rate derivative financial instruments | (9,347) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,384) |
- Other expenses | (9,496) |  |  | (7,642) |  |  | (9,009) |
Finance costs | (166,441) |  |  | (122,087) |  |  | (137,600) |
Other financial results - Net gain / (loss) of inflation effects on monetary items | 2,421 |  |  | 28,816 |  |  | (2,144) |
Total financial results, net | (147,212) |  |  | 63,829 |  |  | (114,436) |

10. Taxation
Adecoagro is subject to the applicable general tax regulations in Luxembourg.
F- 37

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
10. Taxation (continued)
The Group’s income tax has been calculated on the estimated assessable taxable results for the year at the rates prevailing in the respective foreign tax jurisdictions. The subsidiaries of the Group are required to calculate their income taxes on a separate basis according to the rules and regulations of the jurisdictions where they operate. Therefore, the Group is not legally permitted to compensate subsidiaries’ losses against subsidiaries’ income. The details of the provision for the Group’s consolidated income tax are as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Current income tax | (14,335) |  |  | 4,570 |  |  | (4,655) |
Deferred income tax | 71,350 |  |  | (83,243) |  |  | (22,103) |
Income tax benefit / (expense) | 57,015 |  |  | (78,673) |  |  | (26,758) |

The statutory tax rate in the countries where the Group operates for all of the years presented are:

Tax Jurisdiction |  | Income Tax Rate
Argentina |  | 35 | %
Brazil |  | 34 | %
Uruguay |  | 25 | %
Spain |  | 25 | %
Luxembourg |  | 24.94 | %
Chile |  | 27 | %

Deferred tax assets and liabilities of the Group as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, without taking into consideration the offsetting of balances within the same tax jurisdiction, will be recovered or settled as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Deferred income tax asset to be recovered after more than 12 months | 23,428 |  |  | 36,028 |
Deferred income tax asset to be recovered within 12 months | 77,777 |  |  | 43,337 |
Deferred income tax assets | 101,205 |  |  | 79,365 |
Deferred income tax liability to be settled after more than 12 months | (272,403) |  |  | (427,360) |
Deferred income tax liability to be settled within 12 months | (143,631) |  |  | (18,559) |
Deferred income tax liability | (416,034) |  |  | (445,919) |
Deferred income tax liability, net | (314,829) |  |  | (366,554) |

The gross movement on the deferred income tax account is as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning of year | (366,554) |  |  | (292,656) |
Exchange differences | (160,927) |  |  | 69,707 |
Changes of fair value valuation for farmlands | 144,971 |  |  | (62,988) |
Disposal of farmland | 2,265 |  |  | 10,492 |
Others | 1,158 |  |  | 632 |
Tax credit relating to cash flow hedge (i) | (7,092) |  |  | (8,498) |
Income tax benefit / (expense) | 71,350 |  |  | (83,243) |
End of year | (314,829) |  |  | (366,554) |

(i) Relates to the gain or loss before income tax of cash flow hedge recognized in other comprehensive income amounting to US$601 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: US$7,319; 2022: US$15,621); net of the reclassification from Equity to the Income Statement of US$ 26,997 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: US$ 49,737; 2022:
US$ 40,388).
F- 38

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
10. Taxation (continued)
The movement in the deferred income tax assets and liabilities during the year, without taking into consideration the offsetting of balances within the same tax jurisdiction, is as follows:

Deferred income tax liabilities |  | Property, plant and equipment |  | Investment property |  | Biological assets |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2023 |  | 389,146 |  |  | 8,979 |  |  | 30,461 |  |  | 9,810 |  |  | 438,396 |
Charged / (credited) to the statement of income |  | 18,229 |  |  | 9,760 |  |  | (2,984) |  |  | 12,460 |  |  | 37,465 |
Farmlands revaluation |  | 62,988 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 62,988 |
Disposals of farmland |  | (10,492) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,492) |
Exchange differences |  | (75,928) |  |  | (2,851) |  |  | (4,097) |  |  | 438 |  |  | (82,438) |
At December 31, 2023 |  | 383,943 |  |  | 15,888 |  |  | 23,380 |  |  | 22,708 |  |  | 445,919 |
Charged / (credited) to the statement of income |  | (11,199) |  |  | (17,396) |  |  | 550 |  |  | (8,815) |  |  | (36,860) |
Farmlands revaluation |  | (144,971) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (144,971) |
Disposals of farmland |  | (2,265) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,265) |
Exchange differences |  | 137,102 |  |  | 11,215 |  |  | 8,679 |  |  | (2,785) |  |  | 154,211 |
At December 31, 2024 |  | 362,610 |  |  | 9,707 |  |  | 32,609 |  |  | 11,108 |  |  | 416,034 |

Deferred income tax assets |  | Provisions |  | Tax loss carry forwards |  | Equity-settled share-based compensation |  | Borrowings |  | Biological assets |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2023 |  | 6,622 |  | 110,195 |  |  | 3,575 |  |  | 25,932 |  |  | — |  |  | (584) |  |  | 145,740 |
(Credited) / charged to the statement of income |  | 1,064 |  |  | (29,585) |  |  | — |  |  | (26,696) |  |  | 3,242 |  |  | 6,197 |  |  | (45,778) |
Tax charge relating to cash flow hedge |  | — |  |  | (8,498) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,498) |
Exchange differences |  | 3,752 |  |  | (15,011) |  |  | — |  |  | 1,137 |  |  | (3,242) |  |  | 633 |  |  | (12,731) |
Others |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 440 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 192 |  |  | 632 |
At December 31, 2023 |  | 11,438 |  |  | 57,101 |  |  | 4,015 |  |  | 373 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,438 |  |  | 79,365 |
Charged / (credited) to the statement of income |  | (4,433) |  |  | 27,133 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,828 |  |  | 9,176 |  |  | (12,214) |  |  | 34,490 |
Tax charge relating to cash flow hedge |  | — |  |  | (7,092) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,092) |
Exchange differences |  | 4,555 |  |  | (6,200) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,712) |  |  | (6,643) |  |  | 3,284 |  |  | (6,716) |
Others |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 964 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 194 |  |  | 1,158 |
At December 31, 2024 |  | 11,560 |  |  | 70,942 |  |  | 4,979 |  |  | 13,489 |  |  | 2,533 |  |  | (2,298) |  |  | 101,205 |

Tax loss carry forwards in Argentina and Uruguay generally expire within 5 years. Tax loss carry forwards in Brazil do not expire. However, in Brazil, the taxable profit for each year can only be reduced by tax loss carry forward up to a maximum of 30%. Tax loss carry forward in Luxembourg expire within 17 years.
In order to fully realize the deferred tax asset, the Group will need to generate future taxable income in the countries where the tax loss carry forward were incurred. Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible.
.
As of December 31, 2024, the Group’s tax loss carry forwards and their corresponding jurisdictions are as follows:
F- 39

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
10. Taxation (continued)

Jurisdiction |  | Tax loss carry forward |  |
Argentina (1) |  | 104,947 |  |  |
Brazil |  | 93,253 |  |  |
Uruguay |  | 5,667 |  |  |
Luxembourg |  | 19,209 |  |  |

(1) As of December 31, 2024, the aging of the determination tax loss carry forward in Argentina is as follows:

Year of generation |  | Amount
2020 |  | 499 |
2021 |  | 157 |
2022 |  | 29,873 |
2023 |  | 1,204 |
2024 |  | 73,213 |

The tax on the Group’s profit before income tax differs from the theoretical amount that would arise using the tax rates applicable to profits in the respective countries as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Tax calculated at the tax rates applicable to profits in the respective countries | (8,735) |  |  | (103,860) |  |  | (43,827) |
Non-deductible items | (316) |  |  | (1,616) |  |  | (1,921) |
Effect of the changes in the statutory income tax rate in Argentina | — |  |  | 1,280 |  |  | (2,237) |
Tax losses where no deferred tax asset was recognized | (20) |  |  | (706) |  |  | (107) |
Non-taxable income | 15,215 |  |  | 19,994 |  |  | 16,879 |
Previously unrecognized tax losses now recouped to reduce tax expenses (1) | 9,908 |  |  | 38,646 |  |  | 19,419 |
Effect of IAS 29 and tax adjustment per inflation in Argentina | 36,563 |  |  | (29,526) |  |  | (18,195) |
Others | 4,400 |  |  | (2,885) |  |  | 3,231 |
Income tax expense | 57,015 |  |  | (78,673) |  |  | (26,758) |

(1) 2024 includes US$8,832 of adjustment by inflation of tax loss carryforwards in Argentina (US$37,151 in 2023 and US$16,044 in 2022).
Tax Inflation Adjustment in Argentina
Laws 27,430, 27,468 and 27,541 introduced several amendments to the income tax inflation adjustments provided by the Income Tax Law. According to these provisions, and effective as from fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2018, the inflation adjustment procedure set out in Title VI of the Income Tax Law shall be applicable in fiscal years in which the variation of IPC price index, accumulated in the 36 months immediately preceding the end of the relevant fiscal year, is higher than 100%. As from its effectiveness, this procedure is applicable because the variation of the IPC reached the prescribed limits.
However, Section 39 of Law No. 24,073 suspended the application of the provisions of Title VI of the Income Tax Law relating to the income tax inflation adjustment since April 1, 1992 to certain items, such as, fixed assets, inventory, and tax loss carryforwards, among others.
After the economic crisis of 2002, many taxpayers began to question the legality of the provisions suspending the income tax inflation adjustment. Also, the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice issued its verdict in the "Candy" case July 3, 2009 in which it stated that particularly for fiscal year 2002 and considering the serious state of disturbance of that year, the taxpayer could demonstrate that not applying the income tax inflation adjustment resulted in confiscatory income tax rates.
F- 40

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
10. Taxation (continued)
More recently, the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice applied a similar criterion to the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014 fiscal years in the cases brought by “Distribuidora Gas del Centro” (10/14/14, 06/02/15, 10/04/16 and 06/25/19), among others, enabling the application of income tax inflation adjustment for periods not affected by a severe economic crisis such as 2002.
The Company believes that the lack of application of the income tax inflation adjustment is confiscatory. Accordingly, based on the precedents and the opinion of external and internal tax advisors, the Company has adjusted all items for inflation including those suspended by Section 39 of Law 24,073 as described above. The net effect of the inflation adjustment of Tax loss carryforwards resulted in a deferred tax asset of US$96.0 million as of December 31, 2024, of which US$ 86.8 million has already been applied.
The application of local tax laws require interpretation, and accordingly involves the application of judgement and is open to challenge by the relevant tax authorities. This gives rise to a level of uncertainty. Provisions for uncertain tax positions are established in accordance with IFRIC 23 based on an assessment of the range of likely tax outcomes in open years and reflecting the strength of technical arguments. Amounts are provided for individual tax uncertainties based on management’s assessment of whether the most likely amount or an expected amount based on a probability weighted methodology is the more appropriate predicter of amounts that the Company is ultimately expected to settle. When making this assessment, the Company utilizes specialist in-house tax knowledge and experience and takes into consideration specialist tax advice from third party advisers on specific items. The Company has not provided any amount in this case based on its belief that it has solid arguments to support its position.
OECD Pillar Two model rules
The group is within the scope of the OECD Pillar Two model rules. Pillar Two legislation was enacted in Luxembourg, the jurisdiction in which Adecoagro S.A. is incorporated, and came into effect for the fiscal year starting on January 1 st,, 2024.
The group has not recognized Pillar Two current tax for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The group applies the IAS 12 exception to recognising and disclosing information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes.
F- 41

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
11. Earnings per share
(a) Basic
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the profit attributable to equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of shares in issue during the period excluding common shares held as treasury shares (Note 22).

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Profit from operations attributable to equity holders of the parent | 92,340 |  |  | 226,291 |  |  | 108,138 |
Weighted average number of shares in issue (thousands) | 102,604 |  |  | 107,092 |  |  | 110,079 |
Basic earnings per share | 0.900 |  |  | 2.113 |  |  | 0.982 |

(b) Diluted
Diluted earnings per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of shares outstanding to assume conversion of all dilutive potential shares. The Group has two categories of dilutive potential shares: equity-settled share options and restricted units. For these instruments, a calculation is done to determine the number of shares that could have been acquired at fair value, based on the monetary value of the subscription rights attached to outstanding share options. The number of shares calculated as above is compared with the number of shares that would have been issued assuming the exercise of the equity-settled share options. During 2024, the share options outstanding average were 465 thousands (2023: 401 thousands; 2022: 361 thousands) share options outstanding.

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Profit from operations attributable to equity holders of the parent | 92,340 |  |  | 226,291 |  |  | 108,138 |
Weighted average number of shares in issue (thousands) | 102,604 |  |  | 107,092 |  |  | 110,079 |
Adjustments for: |  |  |  |  |
- Employee share options and restricted units (thousands) | 465 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 361 |
Weighted average number of shares for diluted earnings per share (thousands) | 103,069 |  |  | 107,493 |  |  | 110,440 |
Diluted earnings per share | 0.896 |  |  | 2.105 |  |  | 0.979 |

F- 42

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
12. Property, plant and equipment, net
Changes in the Group’s property, plant and equipment, net in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Farmlands |  | Farmland improvements |  | Buildings and facilities |  | Machinery, equipment, furniture and fittings |  | Bearer plants |  | Others |  | Work in progress |  | Total
At January 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value for farmlands / Cost | 727,591 |  |  | 46,148 |  |  | 526,464 |  |  | 893,172 |  |  | 858,823 |  |  | 52,846 |  |  | 79,089 |  |  | 3,184,133 |
Accumulated depreciation | — |  |  | (29,406) |  |  | (258,084) |  |  | (801,960) |  |  | (506,096) |  |  | (23,232) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,618,778) |
Net book amount | 727,591 |  |  | 16,742 |  |  | 268,380 |  |  | 91,212 |  |  | 352,727 |  |  | 29,614 |  |  | 79,089 |  |  | 1,565,355 |
At December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening net book amount | 727,591 |  |  | 16,742 |  |  | 268,380 |  |  | 91,212 |  |  | 352,727 |  |  | 29,614 |  |  | 79,089 |  |  | 1,565,355 |
Exchange differences | (197,377) |  |  | (4,029) |  |  | (43,653) |  |  | 97,152 |  |  | (46,372) |  |  | (21,835) |  |  | (21,863) |  |  | (237,977) |
Additions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,165 |  |  | 71,100 |  |  | 144,777 |  |  | 2,635 |  |  | 29,252 |  |  | 262,929 |
Revaluation surplus | 188,879 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 188,879 |
Transfers | (33) |  |  | 1,307 |  |  | 33,405 |  |  | 22,032 |  |  | 8,939 |  |  | 17 |  |  | (65,667) |  |  | — |
Disposals | (24,858) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,404) |  |  | (2,745) |  |  | — |  |  | (33) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,040) |
Reclassification to non-income tax credits (*) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (293) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (293) |
Depreciation | — |  |  | (2,375) |  |  | (28,737) |  |  | (81,463) |  |  | (84,229) |  |  | (1,484) |  |  | — |  |  | (198,288) |
Closing net book amount | 694,202 |  |  | 11,645 |  |  | 241,156 |  |  | 196,995 |  |  | 375,842 |  |  | 8,914 |  |  | 20,811 |  |  | 1,549,565 |

| Farmlands |  | Farmland improvements |  | Buildings and facilities |  | Machinery, equipment, furniture and fittings |  | Bearer plants |  | Others |  | Work in progress |  | Total
At December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value for farmlands / Cost | 694,202 |  |  | 43,426 |  |  | 527,977 |  |  | 1,080,418 |  |  | 966,167 |  |  | 33,630 |  |  | 20,811 |  |  | 3,366,631 |
Accumulated depreciation | — |  |  | (31,781) |  |  | (286,821) |  |  | (883,423) |  |  | (590,325) |  |  | (24,716) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,817,066) |
Net book amount | 694,202 |  |  | 11,645 |  |  | 241,156 |  |  | 196,995 |  |  | 375,842 |  |  | 8,914 |  |  | 20,811 |  |  | 1,549,565 |
Year ended December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening net book amount | 694,202 |  |  | 11,645 |  |  | 241,156 |  |  | 196,995 |  |  | 375,842 |  |  | 8,914 |  |  | 20,811 |  |  | 1,549,565 |
Exchange differences | 410,088 |  |  | 4,793 |  |  | 55,872 |  |  | (4,666) |  |  | (86,586) |  |  | 5,160 |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | 386,416 |
Additions | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,282 |  |  | 66,997 |  |  | 144,484 |  |  | 5,708 |  |  | 39,605 |  |  | 274,076 |
Revaluation surplus | (413,798) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (413,798) |
Transfers | — |  |  | 2,900 |  |  | 24,871 |  |  | 7,348 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | (35,243) |  |  | — |
Disposals | (13,732) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (3,094) |  |  | (4,351) |  |  | (2,199) |  |  | (136) |  |  | — |  |  | (23,520) |
Reclassification to non-income tax credits (*) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (307) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (307) |
Depreciation | — |  |  | (3,937) |  |  | (32,332) |  |  | (80,901) |  |  | (103,971) |  |  | (2,702) |  |  | — |  |  | (223,843) |
Closing net book amount | 676,760 |  |  | 15,393 |  |  | 303,755 |  |  | 181,115 |  |  | 327,570 |  |  | 17,068 |  |  | 26,928 |  |  | 1,548,589 |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value for farmlands / Cost | 676,760 |  |  | 51,111 |  |  | 622,908 |  |  | 1,145,439 |  |  | 1,021,866 |  |  | 44,487 |  |  | 26,928 |  |  | 3,589,499 |
Accumulated depreciation | — |  |  | (35,718) |  |  | (319,153) |  |  | (964,324) |  |  | (694,296) |  |  | (27,419) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,040,910) |
Net book amount | 676,760 |  |  | 15,393 |  |  | 303,755 |  |  | 181,115 |  |  | 327,570 |  |  | 17,068 |  |  | 26,928 |  |  | 1,548,589 |

(*) Brazilian federal tax law allows entities to take a percentage of the total cost of the assets purchased as a tax credit. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, ICMS (Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços) tax credits were reclassified to trade and other receivables.
Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate their cost over the estimated useful lives. Farmlands are not depreciated, except for bearer plants.
F- 43

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
12. Property, plant and equipment, net (continued)

Farmland improvements | 5-25 years
Buildings and facilities | 20 years
Furniture and fittings | 10 years
Computer equipment (*) | 3-5 years
Machinery and equipment | 4-10 years
Vehicles (*) | 4-5 years
Bearer plants | 6 - based on productivity

(*) Included in Machinery, equipment, furniture and fittings.
The assets’ residual values and useful lives are reviewed, and adjusted if appropriate, at each statement of financial position date. Farmlands are measured at fair value using a sales comparison approach. prepared by an independent expert. Sale prices of comparable properties are adjusted considering the specific aspects of each property, the most relevant assumption being the price per hectare (Level 3). The Group estimated that, other factors being constant, a 10% reduction on the sales price for the year ended December 31, 2024 would have reduced the value of the farmlands on US$67.7 million (2023: US$69.4 million), which would impact, net of its tax effect on the "Revaluation surplus" item in the statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity. Should farmlands be carried at historical cost, the net book value as of December 31, 2024 would have been US$312.6 million.
Depreciation charges are included in “Cost of production of Biological Assets," “Cost of production of manufactured products,”“General and administrative expenses,”“Selling expenses” and capitalized in “Property, plant and equipment” for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, borrowing costs of US$4.9 million (2023:US$4.2 million) were capitalized as components of the cost of acquisition or construction for qualifying assets.
Certain of the Group’s assets had been pledged as collateral to secure the Group’s borrowings and other payables. The net book value of the pledged assets amounts to US$ 218 millions, both as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Those pledge assets were guarantying the IFC Loan, which was fully cancelled during 2024. The Group is in the process of releasing those mortgages. We have no other debt guaranteed with any other asset.
F- 44

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
13. Right of use assets, net
Changes in the Group’s right of use assets, net in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Agricultural partnerships (*) |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Opening net book amount | 333,562 |  |  | 26,619 |  |  | 360,181 |
Exchange differences | 19,095 |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | 20,169 |
Additions and re-measurements | 95,386 |  |  | 5,062 |  |  | 100,448 |
Depreciation | (63,195) |  |  | (10,890) |  |  | (74,085) |
Closing net book amount | 384,848 |  |  | 21,865 |  |  | 406,713 |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |
Opening net book amount | 384,848 |  |  | 21,865 |  |  | 406,713 |
Exchange differences | (71,415) |  |  | (1,571) |  |  | (72,986) |
Additions and re-measurements | 107,050 |  |  | 10,936 |  |  | 117,986 |
Depreciation | (67,803) |  |  | (10,064) |  |  | (77,867) |
Closing net book amount | 352,680 |  |  | 21,166 |  |  | 373,846 |

(*) Agricultural partnership has an average term of 6 years.
Depreciation charges are included in “Cost of production of Biological Assets,”“Cost of production of manufactured products,”“General and administrative expenses,”“Selling expenses” and capitalized in “Property, plant and equipment” for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.
14. Investment property
Changes in the Group’s investment property in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Beginning of the year | 33,364 |  |  | 33,330 |
Net (loss) / gain from fair value adjustment (Note 8) | (23,375) |  |  | 10,620 |
Exchange difference | 23,553 |  |  | (10,586) |
End of the year | 33,542 |  |  | 33,364 |
Fair value | 33,542 |  |  | 33,364 |
Net book amount | 33,542 |  |  | 33,364 |

Investment properties are measured at fair value using a sales comparison approach prepared by an independent expert. Sale prices of comparable properties are adjusted considering the specific aspects of each property, the most relevant assumption being the price per hectare (Level 3). The increase/decrease in the fair value of investment property is recognized in the Statement of income under the line item “Other operating income, net”. The Group estimated that, other factors being constant, a 10% reduction on the sales price for the period ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 would have caused a reduction of US$3.4 million and US$3.3 million respectively in the value of the investment properties, which would impact the line item “Net gain from fair value adjustment”.
F- 45

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
15. Intangible assets, net
Changes in the Group’s intangible assets, net in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Goodwill |  | Software |  | Trademarks |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost | 18,544 |  |  | 17,255 |  |  | 11,848 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 48,926 |
Accumulated amortization | — |  |  | (9,513) |  |  | (2,747) |  |  | (546) |  |  | (12,806) |
Net book amount | 18,544 |  |  | 7,742 |  |  | 9,101 |  |  | 733 |  |  | 36,120 |
Year ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening net book amount | 18,544 |  |  | 7,742 |  |  | 9,101 |  |  | 733 |  |  | 36,120 |
Exchange differences | (4,235) |  |  | (1,631) |  |  | (2,354) |  |  | 58 |  |  | (8,162) |
Additions | — |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 1,291 |
Amortization charge (i) | — |  |  | (1,353) |  |  | (316) |  |  | (61) |  |  | (1,730) |
Closing net book amount | 14,309 |  |  | 6,042 |  |  | 6,431 |  |  | 737 |  |  | 27,519 |
At December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost | 14,309 |  |  | 16,908 |  |  | 9,494 |  |  | 1,344 |  |  | 42,055 |
Accumulated amortization | — |  |  | (10,866) |  |  | (3,063) |  |  | (607) |  |  | (14,536) |
Net book amount | 14,309 |  |  | 6,042 |  |  | 6,431 |  |  | 737 |  |  | 27,519 |
Year ended December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Opening net book amount | 14,309 |  |  | 6,042 |  |  | 6,431 |  |  | 737 |  |  | 27,519 |
Exchange differences | 5,933 |  |  | 1,935 |  |  | 3,332 |  |  | (159) |  |  | 11,041 |
Additions | — |  |  | 1,190 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,190 |
Disposal | — |  |  | (205) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (205) |
Amortization charge (i) | — |  |  | (1,800) |  |  | (507) |  |  | (7) |  |  | (2,314) |
Closing net book amount | 20,242 |  |  | 7,162 |  |  | 9,256 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 37,231 |
At December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost | 20,242 |  |  | 19,828 |  |  | 12,826 |  |  | 1,185 |  |  | 54,081 |
Accumulated amortization | — |  |  | (12,666) |  |  | (3,570) |  |  | (614) |  |  | (16,850) |
Net book amount | 20,242 |  |  | 7,162 |  |  | 9,256 |  |  | 571 |  |  | 37,231 |

(i)Amortization charges are included in “General and administrative expenses” and “Selling expenses” for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There were no impairment charges for any of the years presented (see Note 32 (a)).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
F- 46

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
16. Biological assets
Changes in the Group’s biological assets in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| 2024
| Crops (ii) |  | Rice (ii) |  | Dairy |  | Sugarcane (ii) |  | Total
Beginning of the year | 55,545 |  |  | 32,843 |  |  | 23,191 |  |  | 116,458 |  |  | 228,037 |
Increase due to purchases | 1,275 |  |  | 653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,928 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets (i) | 33,050 |  |  | 53,436 |  |  | 15,429 |  |  | 41,166 |  |  | 143,081 |
Decrease due to harvest / disposals | (220,801) |  |  | (151,317) |  |  | (107,878) |  |  | (205,967) |  |  | (685,963) |
Costs incurred during the year | 172,927 |  |  | 145,752 |  |  | 95,749 |  |  | 142,205 |  |  | 556,633 |
Exchange differences | 37,367 |  |  | 20,731 |  |  | 16,373 |  |  | (24,242) |  |  | 50,229 |
End of the year | 79,363 |  |  | 102,098 |  |  | 42,864 |  |  | 69,620 |  |  | 293,945 |

| 2023
| Crops (ii) |  | Rice (ii) |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugarcane (ii) |  | Total
Beginning of the year | 72,843 |  |  | 54,125 |  |  | 30,045 |  |  |  |  | 109,431 |  |  | 266,444 |
Increase due to purchases | 369 |  |  | 142 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 511 |
Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets (i) | (10,327) |  |  | (4,301) |  |  | 8,050 |  |  |  |  | 94,436 |  |  | 87,858 |
Decrease due to harvest / disposals | (116,007) |  |  | (58,110) |  |  | (57,262) |  |  |  |  | (245,325) |  |  | (476,704) |
Costs incurred during the year | 130,965 |  |  | 57,990 |  |  | 51,901 |  |  |  |  | 146,592 |  |  | 387,448 |
Exchange differences | (22,298) |  |  | (17,003) |  |  | (9,543) |  |  |  |  | 11,324 |  |  | (37,520) |
End of the year | 55,545 |  |  | 32,843 |  |  | 23,191 |  |  |  |  | 116,458 |  |  | 228,037 |

(i) Biological asset with a production cycle of more than one year (that is dairy cattle) generated “Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets” amounting to US$14,263 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: US$15,795). In 2024, an amount of US$525 (2023: US$3,999) was attributable to price changes, and an amount of US$13,738 (2023: US$11,796) was attributable to physical changes.
(ii) Biological assets that are measured at fair value within level 3 of the hierarchy.
F- 47

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
16. Biological assets (continued)
Cost of production for the year ended December 31, 2024:

| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
Salaries, social security expenses and employee benefits | 6,635 |  |  | 16,241 |  |  | 14,412 |  |  | 13,814 |  |  | 51,102 |
Depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,940 |  |  | 4,940 |
Depreciation of right of use assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,553 |  |  | 44,553 |
Fertilizers, agrochemicals and seeds | 76,280 |  |  | 46,336 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 51,180 |  |  | 173,846 |
Fuel, lubricants and others | 1,011 |  |  | 2,367 |  |  | 1,584 |  |  | 4,277 |  |  | 9,239 |
Maintenance and repairs | 2,451 |  |  | 17,665 |  |  | 5,454 |  |  | 4,100 |  |  | 29,670 |
Freights | 5,502 |  |  | 2,130 |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,822 |
Contractors and services | 30,196 |  |  | 46,830 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,580 |  |  | 88,606 |
Feeding expenses | 410 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 45,112 |  |  | — |  |  | 45,679 |
Veterinary expenses | 279 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 5,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,426 |
Energy power | 68 |  |  | 5,681 |  |  | 2,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,979 |
Professional fees | 662 |  |  | 399 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 1,672 |
Other taxes | 909 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 1,294 |
Lease expense and similar arrangements (1) | 46,886 |  |  | 5,262 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5,374 |  |  | 57,524 |
Others | 953 |  |  | 2,386 |  |  | 930 |  |  | 1,985 |  |  | 6,254 |
Subtotal | 172,242 |  |  | 145,642 |  |  | 75,517 |  |  | 142,205 |  |  | 535,606 |
Own agricultural produce consumed | 685 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 20,232 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,027 |
Total | 172,927 |  |  | 145,752 |  |  | 95,749 |  |  | 142,205 |  |  | 556,633 |

(1) Correspond mainly to lease arrangement short term
F- 48

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
16. Biological assets (continued)
Cost of production for the year ended December 31, 2023:

| Crops |  | Rice |  | Dairy |  |  |  | Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | Total
Salaries, social security expenses and employee benefits | 3,572 |  |  | 10,333 |  |  | 7,280 |  |  |  |  | 13,553 |  |  | 34,738 |
Depreciation and amortization | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,192 |  |  | 5,192 |
Depreciation of right of use assets | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 56,256 |  |  | 56,256 |
Fertilizers, agrochemicals and seeds | 63,742 |  |  | 17,333 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 49,125 |  |  | 130,200 |
Fuel, lubricants and others | 860 |  |  | 979 |  |  | 903 |  |  |  |  | 3,924 |  |  | 6,666 |
Maintenance and repairs | 1,958 |  |  | 6,351 |  |  | 3,175 |  |  |  |  | 3,494 |  |  | 14,978 |
Freights | 1,534 |  |  | 473 |  |  | 109 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,116 |
Contractors and services | 30,694 |  |  | 17,447 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 10,731 |  |  | 58,872 |
Feeding expenses | 1,578 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 23,711 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 25,478 |
Veterinary expenses | 126 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 2,334 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2,525 |
Energy power | 29 |  |  | 1,847 |  |  | 1,339 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 3,215 |
Professional fees | 282 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 219 |  |  |  |  | 393 |  |  | 1,181 |
Other taxes | 480 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 148 |  |  |  |  | 52 |  |  | 822 |
Lease expense and similar arrangements (1) | 24,536 |  |  | 1,547 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,100 |  |  | 28,183 |
Others | 867 |  |  | 925 |  |  | 487 |  |  |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | 4,051 |
Subtotal | 130,258 |  |  | 57,918 |  |  | 39,705 |  |  |  |  | 146,592 |  |  | 374,473 |
Own agricultural produce consumed | 707 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 12,196 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 12,975 |
Total | 130,965 |  |  | 57,990 |  |  | 51,901 |  |  |  |  | 146,592 |  |  | 387,448 |

(1) Correspond mainly to lease arrangement of short term periods.
Biological assets in December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Non-current |  |  |
Cattle for dairy production (i) | 42,449 |  |  | 23,191 |
Breeding cattle (ii) | 607 |  |  | 371 |
Other cattle (ii) | 362 |  |  | 144 |
| 43,418 |  |  | 23,706 |
Current |  |  |
Breeding cattle (iii) | 11,433 |  |  | 6,037 |
Other cattle (iii) | 415 |  |  | — |
Sown land – crops (ii) | 69,339 |  |  | 49,813 |
Sown land – rice (ii) | 99,720 |  |  | 32,023 |
Sown land – sugarcane (ii) (iv) | 69,620 |  |  | 116,458 |
| 250,527 |  |  | 204,331 |
Total biological assets | 293,945 |  |  | 228,037 |

(i)Classified as bearer and mature biological assets.
(ii)Classified as consumable and immature biological assets.
(iii)Classified as consumable and mature biological assets.
(iv)It include s US$6,254 an d US$3,833 of crops planted in sugarcane farms.
F- 49

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
16. Biological assets (continued)
The fair value less estimated point of sale costs of agricultural produce at the point of harvest amounted to US$578,085 for the year ended December 31, 2024 (2023: US$419,442).
The following table presents the Group’s biological assets that are measured at fair value at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (See Note 17 for a the description of each fair value level):

| 2024 |  | 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cattle for dairy production | — |  |  | 42,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,449 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,191 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,191 |
Breeding cattle | 12,040 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,040 |  |  | 6,408 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,408 |
Other cattle | — |  |  | 777 |  |  | — |  |  | 777 |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |
Sown land – sugarcane | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,620 |  |  | 69,620 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 116,458 |  |  | 116,458 |
Sown land – crops | — |  |  | — |  |  | 69,339 |  |  | 69,339 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 49,813 |  |  | 49,813 |
Sown land – rice | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99,720 |  |  | 99,720 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32,023 |  |  | 32,023 |

There were no transfers between any levels during the year.
The following significant unobservable inputs were used to measure the Group’s biological assets using the discounted cash flow valuation technique:
F- 50

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
16. Biological assets (continued)

Description |  | Unobservable inputs |  | Range of unobservable inputs |  | Relationship of unobservable inputs to fair value
|  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  |
Sown land – sugarcane |  | Sugarcane yield – tonnes per hectare; Sugarcane TRS (kg of sugar per ton of cane) Production Costs – US$ per hectare. (Include maintenance, harvest and leasing costs) |  | '-Sugarcane yield: 50-100 tonnes/ha -Sugarcane TRS: 120-140 kg of sugar/tonnes of cane -Maintenance costs: 550-850 US$/ha -Harvest costs: 7.0-13.0 US$/tonnes of cane -Leasing costs: 12.0-14.4 tonnes/ha-Discount rate: 13.61% in Brazilian real. |  | '-Sugarcane yield: 50-100 tonnes/ha - Sugarcane TRS: 120-140kg of sugar/tonnes of cane - Maintenance costs: 550-850 US$/ha - Harvest costs: 7.0-13.0 US$/ tonnes of cane - Leasing costs: 12.0-14.4 tonnes/ha-Discount rate: 14.44% in Brazilian real. |  | The higher the sugarcane yield, the higher the fair value. The higher the maintenance, harvest and leasing costs per hectare, the lower the fair value. The higher the TRS of sugarcane, the higher the fair value.
Sown land – crops |  | Crops yield – tonnes per hectare; Commercial Costs – US$ per hectare; Production Costs – US$ per hectare. |  | '- Crops yield: 0.60 – 7.0 tonnes/ha for Wheat, 0.4 – 13 tonnes/ha for Corn, 0.1 - 4900.0 tonnes/ha for Soybean, 0.5 - 2.8 for Sunflower and 0.9 - 6.3 tonnes/ha for Peanut - Commercial Costs: 9-57 US$/tonnes for Wheat, 11-63 US$/tonnes for Corn, 12-71 US$/tonnes for Soybean, 11-73 US$/tonnes for Sunflower and 19-70 US$/ha for Peanut - Production Costs: 187-1031 US$/ha for Wheat, 195-1616 US$/ha for Corn, 186-1054 US$/ha for Soybean, 291-1184 US$/ha for Sunflower and 750-2007 US$/ha for Peanut-Discount rate: 2% in US$. |  | '- Crops yield: 0.37 – 4.6 tonnes/ha for Wheat, 3.6 – 11 tonnes/ha for Corn, 0.9 - 3.7 tonnes/ha for Soybean, 0.8-2.2 for Sunflower and 2.4 - 3.6 tonnes/ha for Peanut - Commercial Costs: 14-39 US$/ha for Wheat, 16-65 US$/ha for Corn, 21-48 US$/ha for Soybean, 22-65 US$/ha for Sunflower and 25.0 - 56.0 US$/ha for Peanut - Production Costs: 143-823 US$/ha for Wheat, 231-1318 US$/ha for Corn, 193-776 US$/ha for Soybean, 215-1000 US$/ha for Sunflower and 861.0 - 1,866.0 US$/ha for Peanut-Discount rate: 6% in US$. |  | The higher the crops yield, the higher the fair value. The higher the commercial and direct costs per hectare, the lower the fair value.
Sown land – rice |  | Rice yield – tonnes per hectare; Commercial Costs – US$ per hectare; Production Costs – US$ per hectare. |  | '-Rice yield: 4.9 -7.4 tonnes/ha -Commercial Costs: 18-53 US$/ha -Production Costs: 1275-2438 US$/ha-Discount rate: 2% in US$. |  | '-Rice yield: 4.7 -6.4 tonnes/ha -Commercial Costs: 11-35 US$/ha -Production Costs: 1033-3121 US$/ha-Discount rate: 6% in US$. |  | The higher the rice yield, the higher the fair value. The higher the commercial and direct costs per hectare, the lower the fair value.

As of December 31, 2024, the impact of a reasonable 10% increase / (decrease) in estimated costs, with all other variables held constant, would result in a decrease (increase) in the fair value of the Group’s biological asset less cost to sell of US$23.3 million for sugarcane, US$3.4 million for crops and US$6.5 million for rice.
As of December 31, 2023, the impact of a reasonable 10% increase / (decrease) in estimated costs, with all other variables held constant, would result in a decrease (increase) in the fair value of the Group’s biological asset less cost to sell of US$23.3 million for sugarcane, US$3.4 million for crops and US$6.5 million for rice.
“La Niña” weather event in 2023
“La Niña” is a weather phenomenon caused by the fluctuation of the ocean temperatures in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific due to changes in the atmosphere, which affects the climate of several regions worldwide. When the temperature of the ocean decreases by 0.5°C below the five-quarter average, a so called “La Niña” weather pattern begins. This whether phenomenon is characterized by below average precipitations during spring and summertime in South America. We have experienced this weather pattern in Argentina and Uruguay, where most of our Farming operations are based, throughout the last three consecutive years and it has extended its effects during 2023, resulting in a severe drought in almost all productive regions in Argentina and Uruguay. Our diversification in terms of geographic footprint and crops planted (soybean, peanut, corn, wheat, sunflower, among others), acts as a natural hedge against weather risk, and enables us to adopt defensive strategies such as delaying planting activities and switching between crops which are either more resilient to dry weather or have a later development stage. However, and despite our ability to partially mitigate this effect, during 2023, as a consequence of the La
F- 51

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
16. Biological assets (continued)
Niña weather event, yields of our different crops had a reduction ranging from 18% to 60%, depending on the crop, thus significantly affecting our results of operations for the year ended December 31,2023.
17. Financial instruments by category
The Group classified its financial assets in the following categories:
(a) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are financial assets held for trading. A financial asset is classified in this category if acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the short-term. Derivatives are also categorized as held for trading unless they are designated as hedges. For all years presented, the Group’s financial assets at fair value through profit or loss comprise mainly short-term investment and derivative financial instruments.
(b) Financial assets at amortized cost
Financial assets at amortized cost, namely loans and receivables, are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Loans and receivables comprise “trade and other receivables” and “cash and cash equivalents” in the statement of financial position.
The following tables show the carrying amounts of financial assets and financial liabilities by category of financial instrument and reconciliation to the corresponding line item in the statements of financial position, as appropriate. Since the line items “Trade and other receivables, net” and “Trade and other payables” contain both financial instruments and non-financial assets or liabilities (such as other tax receivables or advance payments for services to be received in the future), the reconciliation is shown in the columns headed “Non-financial assets” and “Non-financial liabilities”.

| Financial assets at amortized cost |  | Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  | Subtotal financial assets |  | Non- financial assets |  | Total
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets as per statement of financial position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other receivables | 102,619 |  |  | — |  |  | 102,619 |  |  | 149,247 |  |  | 251,866 |
Derivative financial instruments | — |  |  | 9,596 |  |  | 9,596 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,596 |
Short term investment | — |  |  | 46,097 |  |  | 46,097 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,097 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 211,244 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,244 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,244 |
Total | 313,863 |  |  | 55,693 |  |  | 369,556 |  |  | 149,247 |  |  | 518,803 |

| Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | Liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | Subtotal financial liabilities |  | Non- financial liabilities |  | Total
Liabilities as per statement of financial position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables | 174,863 |  |  | — |  |  | 174,863 |  |  | 32,811 |  |  | 207,674 |
Borrowings | 779,556 |  |  | — |  |  | 779,556 |  |  | — |  |  | 779,556 |
Leases Liabilities | 342,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 342,030 |  |  | — |  |  | 342,030 |
Derivative financial instruments | — |  |  | 5,779 |  |  | 5,779 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,779 |
Total | 1,296,449 |  |  | 5,779 |  |  | 1,302,228 |  |  | 32,811 |  |  | 1,335,039 |

F- 52

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
17. Financial instruments by category (continued)

| Financial assets at amortized cost |  | Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  | Subtotal financial assets |  | Non- financial assets |  | Total
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets as per statement of financial position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other receivables | 113,831 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,831 |  |  | 104,284 |  |  | 218,115 |
Derivative financial instruments | — |  |  | 31,820 |  |  | 31,820 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,820 |
Short term investment | — |  |  | 62,637 |  |  | 62,637 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,637 |
Cash and cash equivalents | 339,781 |  |  | — |  |  | 339,781 |  |  | — |  |  | 339,781 |
Total | 453,612 |  |  | 94,457 |  |  | 548,069 |  |  | 104,284 |  |  | 652,353 |

| Financial liabilities at amortized cost |  | Liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  | Subtotal financial liabilities |  | Non- financial liabilities |  | Total
Liabilities as per statement of financial position |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables | 163,481 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  | 164,881 |  |  | 26,857 |  |  | 191,738 |
Borrowings (i) | 904,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 904,949 |  |  | — |  |  | 904,949 |
Leases Liabilities | 378,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 378,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 378,510 |
Derivative financial instruments (i) | — |  |  | 169 |  |  | 169 |  |  | — |  |  | 169 |
Total | 1,446,940 |  |  | 1,569 |  |  | 1,448,509 |  |  | 26,857 |  |  | 1,475,366 |

(i) The Group formally documents and designates cash flow hedging relationships to hedge the foreign exchange rate risk of a portion of its highly probable future sales in U.S. Dollars using a portion of its borrowings denominated in U.S. Dollars, currency forwards and foreign currency floating-to-fixed interest rate swaps (See Note 2 for details).
Because of the short maturities of most trade accounts receivable and payable, other receivables and liabilities, and cash and cash equivalents, their carrying amounts at the closing date do not differ significantly from their respective fair values. The fair value of long-term borrowings is disclosed in Note 26.
Income, expense, gains and losses on financial instruments can be assigned to the following categories:

| Financial asset / liabilities at amortized cost |  | Assets/ liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  | Total
December 31, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income (i) | 16,048 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 16,048 |
Interest expense (i) | (40,869) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (40,869) |
Foreign exchange loss (i) | (37,569) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (37,569) |
Gain from derivative financial instruments (ii) | — |  |  | 1,246 |  |  |  |  | 1,246 |
Finance cost related to lease liabilities | (32,938) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (32,938) |

F- 53

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
17. Financial instruments by category (continued)

| Financial assets / liabilities at amortized cost |  | Assets/ liabilities at fair value through profit or loss |  |  |  | Total
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income (i) | 7,134 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 7,134 |
Interest expense (i) | (31,906) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (31,906) |
Foreign exchange gains (i) | 90,930 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 90,930 |
Gain from derivative financial instruments (ii) | — |  |  | 10,414 |  |  |  |  | 10,414 |
Finance cost related to lease liabilities | (40,203) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (40,203) |

(i)Included in “Financial Results, net” in the consolidated statement of income.
(ii)Included in “Other operating income, net” and “Financial Results, net” in the consolidated statement of income.
Determining fair values
IFRS 13 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. All financial instruments recognized at fair value are allocated to one of the valuation hierarchy levels of IFRS 13. This valuation hierarchy provides for three levels. The allocation reflects which of the fair values derive from transactions in the market and where valuation is based on models because market transactions are lacking. The level in the fair value hierarchy is categorized in its entirety is determined on the basis of the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the financial instruments recognized at fair value on the statement of financial position comprise derivative financial instruments.
In the case of Level 1, valuation is based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical financial assets that the Group can refer to at the date of the statement of financial position. The financial instruments the Group has allocated to this level mainly comprise crop futures and options traded on the stock market.
Derivatives not traded on the stock market allocated to Level 2 are valued using models based on observable market data. The financial instruments the Group has allocated to this level mainly comprise interest-rate swaps and foreign-currency interest-rate swaps.
In the case of Level 3, the Group uses valuation techniques not based on inputs observable in the market. This is only permissible insofar as no observable market data are available. The Group does not have financial instruments allocated to this level for any of the years presented.
The following tables present the Group’s financial assets and financial liabilities that are measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and their allocation to the fair value hierarchy:
F- 54

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
17. Financial instruments by category (continued)

|  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments | 2024 |  | 1,148 |  | 8,448 |  | 9,596 |
Short-term investment (1) | 2024 |  | 46,097 |  | — |  |  | 46,097 |
Derivative financial instruments | 2023 |  | 13,819 |  | 18,001 |  | 31,820 |
Short-term investment (2) | 2023 |  | 62,637 |  | — |  |  | 62,637 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments | 2024 |  | (2) |  |  | (5,777) |  |  | (5,779) |
Derivative financial instruments | 2023 |  | (68) |  |  | (101) |  |  | (169) |

(1) It includes US$ 1,474 of BOPREAL (Bonos para la Reconstrucción de una Argentina Libre) and US$ 44,623 of LECAPs (Letras del Tesoro Nacional Capitalizables en Pesos).
(2) US-Treasury Bills with maturity from the date of acquisition longer than 90 days used as collateral for short-term borrowings. As of December, 2023, US$ 59,475 of these US T-bills are used as collateral for short-term borrowings and are not available for use by other entities of the Group.
There were no transfers within level 1 and 2 during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
When no quoted prices in an active market are available, fair values (particularly with derivatives) are based on recognized valuation methods. The Group uses a range of valuation models for this purpose, details of which may be obtained from the following table:

Class |  | Pricing Method |  | Parameters |  | Pricing Model |  | Level |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Futures |  | Quoted price |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 852 |  | 8,657
Options/OTC |  | Quoted price |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 160 |  | 5,141
NDF |  | Quoted price |  | Foreign-exchange curve |  | Present value method |  | 1 |  | 134 |  |  | (47) |
Interest-rate swaps |  | Theoretical price |  | Money market interest-rate curve |  | Present value method |  | 2 |  | 2,671 |  |  | 17,900 |
Public securities |  | Quoted price |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | 46,097 |  |  | 62,637 |

18. Trade and other receivables, net
F- 55

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
18. Trade and other receivables, net (continued)

| 2024 |  | 2023
Non-current |  |  |
Advances to suppliers | 3,316 |  |  | 3,266 |
Income tax credits | 4,639 |  |  | 2,332 |
Non-income tax credits (i) | 26,240 |  |  | 24,860 |
Judicial deposits | 1,816 |  |  | 2,187 |
Receivable from disposal of subsidiary | — |  |  | 3,899 |
Other receivables | 2,499 |  |  | 2,516 |
Non-current portion | 38,510 |  |  | 39,060 |
Current |  |  |
Trade receivables | 87,645 |  |  | 90,526 |
Less: Allowance for trade receivables | (1,114) |  |  | (2,888) |
Trade receivables – net | 86,531 |  |  | 87,638 |
Prepaid expenses | 18,038 |  |  | 6,953 |
Advances to suppliers | 35,996 |  |  | 42,808 |
Income tax credits | 5,680 |  |  | 1,253 |
Non-income tax credits (i) | 53,522 |  |  | 22,812 |
Receivable from disposal of subsidiary | 2,900 |  |  | 3,971 |
Cash collateral | — |  |  | 11 |
Other receivables | 10,689 |  |  | 13,609 |
Subtotal | 126,825 |  |  | 91,417 |
Current portion | 213,356 |  |  | 179,055 |
Total trade and other receivables, net | 251,866 |  |  | 218,115 |

(i) Includes US$307 (2023: US$293) reclassified from property, plant and equipment. It also includes US$16 million corresponding to tax credits resulting from a judicial decision regarding the exclusion of ICMS from the calculation base for PIS and COFINS.
The fair values of current trade and other receivables approximate their respective carrying amounts due to their short-term nature. The fair values of non-current trade and other receivables approximate their carrying amount, as the impact of discounting is not significant.
The carrying amounts of the Group’s trade and other receivables are denominated in the following currencies (expressed in U.S. Dollars):

| 2024 |  | 2023
Currency |  |  |
U.S. Dollar | 84,477 |  |  | 88,811 |
Argentine Peso | 70,837 |  |  | 24,304 |
Uruguayan Peso | 2,478 |  |  | 6,570 |
Brazilian Reais | 94,074 |  |  | 98,430 |
| 251,866 |  |  | 218,115 |

As of December 31, 2024 trade receivables of US$29,123 (2023: US$22,989) were past due but not impaired. The aging analysis of these receivables indicates that US$289 and US$449 are over 6 months in December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
For trade receivables, the Group applies the simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9, which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognized from initial recognition of the receivables.
F- 56

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
18. Trade and other receivables, net (continued)
Delinquency in payments is an indicator that a receivable may be impaired. However, management considers all available evidence in determining when a receivable is impaired. Generally, trade receivables, which are more than 180 days past due are fully provided for. However, certain receivables 180+ days overdue are not provided for based on a case-by-case analysis of credit quality analysis. Furthermore, receivables, which are not 180+ days overdue, may be provided for if specific analysis indicates a potential impairment.
Movements on the Group’s allowance for trade receivables are as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
At January 1 | 2,888 |  |  | 4,266 |  |  | 3,023 |
Charge of the year | 391 |  |  | 1,874 |  |  | 3,570 |
Unused amounts reversed | (892) |  |  | (1,371) |  |  | (661) |
Used during the year | (1,129) |  |  | (173) |  |  | (100) |
Exchange differences | (144) |  |  | (1,708) |  |  | (1,566) |
At December 31 | 1,114 |  |  | 2,888 |  |  | 4,266 |

The creation and release of allowance for trade receivables have been included in “Selling expenses” in the statement of income. Amounts charged to the allowance account are generally written off, when there is no expectation of recovering additional cash.
The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date is the carrying value of each class of receivable mentioned above.
As of December 31, 2024, approximately 89% (2023: 70%) of the outstanding unimpaired trade receivables (neither past due not impaired) relate to sales to 13 well-known multinational companies with good credit quality standing, including but not limited to Camara de comercializacion de energia electrica, Central Energica Vicentica LTDA, Syngenta AGRO S.A., YPF S.A., Bunge Argentina S.A., among others. Most of these entities or their parent companies are externally credit-rated. The Group reviews these external ratings from credit agencies.
The remaining percentage as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 of the outstanding unimpaired trade receivables (neither past due nor impaired) relate to sales to a dispersed large quantity of customers for which external credit ratings may not be available. However, the total base of customers without an external credit rating is relatively stable.
New customers with less than six months of history with the Group are closely monitored. The Group has not experienced credit problems with these new customers to date. The majority of the customers for which an external credit rating is not available are existing customers with more than six months of history with the Group and with no defaults in the past. A minor percentage of customers may have experienced some non-significant defaults in the past but fully recovered.
19. Inventories

| 2024 |  | 2023
Raw materials | 101,510 |  |  | 76,440 |
Finished goods (Note 5) | 188,154 |  |  | 179,611 |
| 289,664 |  |  | 256,051 |

20. Cash and cash equivalents

| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash at bank and on hand | 137,294 |  |  | 179,068 |
Short-term bank deposits | 73,950 |  |  | 160,713 |
| 211,244 |  |  | 339,781 |

F- 57

21. Acquisitions and disposals
Disposals
In April 2024, the Company sold “La Pecuaria” farm, a 3,177 hectares farm located in Uruguay for an aggregate amount of US$ 20.7 million, collected in full at closing. This transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain of US$ 6.1 million included in the line item “Other operating income” in the statement of income for year ended December 31, 2024. Also, an amount of US$ 6.9 million was reclassified to retained earnings out of the revaluation surplus reserve.
In September 2023, the Company sold “El Meridiano” farm, a 6,302 hectares farm located in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina for an aggregate amount of US$ 48 million, collected in full. This transaction resulted in a pre-tax gain of US$6.3 million included in the line item “Other operating income / (expense), net”. Also, an amount of US$ 13.1 million was reclassified to retained earnings out of the revaluation surplus reserve.
The Group did not complete any disposals during the years ended December 31, 2022.
Acquisitions
2024 and 2023 Acquisition Activity
The Group did not complete any acquisitions during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.
2022 Acquisition Activity
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we completed one business combination, as follows:
Acquisition of subsidiaries of Viterra Group in Argentina and Uruguay
On May 3, 2022, (the “Closing Date”) the Group, through certain subsidiaries consummated the acquisition of the rice operations in Uruguay and Argentina of the Viterra Group, comprising a 100% ownership of Molinos Libres S.A. (Argentina), Viterra Uruguay S.A. (Uruguay) and Paso Dragón S.A. (Uruguay). The transaction also included the acquisition of certain leasing agreements. All of the acquired subsidiaries form part of the Rice Business Segment.
The terms and conditions of the agreement contemplate the payment, subject to adjustments, of a purchase price of approximately US$ 17.8 million payable in three annual installments and the assumption of the existing financial debt for an amount of US$ 17.9 million. As of December 31, 2024, all installments have been cancelled.
The Company has made an allocation of the estimated purchase price to the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values at acquisition date. The Company has made significant assumptions and estimates in determining the purchase price, including the contingent payment and the allocation of the estimated purchase price in these consolidated financial statements.
As the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired was greater than the total consideration paid, negative goodwill arises on the acquisition. The negative goodwill is recognized as “Bargain purchase gain on acquisition” in the income statement for the year end December 31, 2022 reflecting the opportunity to acquire the rice operations in Argentina and Uruguay from an outgoing market player.
The following table summarizes the purchase price:

Purchase consideration: |  |
Amount paid in cash |  | 1,512 |
Amounts to be paid in installments (*) |  | 16,242 |
Total purchase consideration |  | 17,754 |

F- 58

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
21. Acquisitions and disposals (continued)

Fair value of net assets acquired |  | 27,507 |
Bargain purchase on acquisition over the total purchase consideration |  | 9,753 |

(*) Amounts to be paid in installments were discounted at present value as of the date of acquisition at a 6.5% discount rate.
During 2024, all installments were cancelled.
Acquisition-related costs of US$ 193 are included in General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Income.
The following table summarizes the sales of goods and services rendered and profit from operations of the subsidiaries acquired included in the consolidated financial statements of income for the year end December 31, 2022 as from the date of acquisition:

|  | Period from the date of acquisition to December 31 2022
Sales of goods and services rendered |  | 61,363 |
Profit from operations |  | 6,131 |

If the acquisition had occurred on January 1, 2022 consolidated pro-forma sales of goods and services rendered, profit from operations and profit for the year, for the year ended 31 December 2022 would have been US$ 1,369,462, US$ 249,462 and US$ 106,950.
22. Shareholders' contributions
The share capital of the Group is represented by common shares with a nominal value of US$1.5 per share and one vote each.

| Number of shares |  | Share capital and share premium
At January 1, 2022 | 122,382 |  |  | 1,034,633 |
Reduction of issued share capital of the company | (11,000) |  |  | (16,500) |
Employee share options exercised (Note 23) (1) | — |  |  | 2,432 |
Restricted shares granted and units vested (Note 23) | — |  |  | 4,647 |
Purchase of own shares | — |  |  | (29,970) |
Dividends paid to shareholders | — |  |  | (35,000) |
At December 31, 2022 | 111,382 |  |  | 960,242 |
Employee share options exercised (Note 23) (1) | — |  |  | 236 |
Restricted shares granted and units vested (Note 23) | — |  |  | 7,528 |
Purchase of own shares | — |  |  | (22,123) |
Dividends paid to shareholders | — |  |  | (35,000) |
At December 31, 2023 | 111,382 |  |  | 910,883 |
Employee share options exercised (Note 23) (1) |  |  | 115 |
Restricted shares granted (Note 23) |  |  | 7,540 |
Purchase of own shares |  |  | (57,066) |
Dividends provided for and paid to mayor shareholders | — |  |  | (35,000) |
At December 31, 2024 | 111,382 |  |  | 826,472 |

F- 59

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
22. Shareholders' contributions (continued)
(1)Treasury shares were used to settle these options, units and grants.
Decision of the Extraordinary General Shareholders’ meeting
On April 20, 2022 the extraordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the Company resolved to reduce the issued share capital of the Company by an amount of $16,500,000 by the cancellation of 11,000,000 shares with a nominal value of $1.50 each held in treasury by the Company so that, as from April 20, 2022, the issued share capital amounts to $167,072,722.50, represented by 111,381,815 shares in issue with a nominal value of $1.50 each.
Share Repurchase Program
On September 24, 2013, the Board of Directors of the Company has authorized a share repurchase program for up to 5% of its outstanding shares. The repurchase program has commenced on September 24, 2013 and is reviewed by the Board of Directors after each 12-month period. On December 11, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the renewal of the program, and also its extension for an additional twelve-month period, ending December 31, 2025.
Repurchases of shares under the program are made from time to time in open market transactions in compliance with the trading conditions of Rule 10b-18 under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and applicable rules and regulations. The share repurchase program does not require Adecoagro to acquire any specific number or amount of shares and may be modified, suspended, reinstated or terminated at any time in the Company’s discretion and without prior notice.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 31,241,925 shares under this program, of which 9,067,146 have been applied to some exercise of the Company’s stock option plan and restricted stock units and the grant of restricted shares. In 2024, 2023 and 2022 the Company repurchased shares for an amount of US$66.9 million; US$26.2 million and US$36.8 million respectively.
As of December 31, 2024 the company held 11,328,038 own shares, representing 10.2% of its issued capital stock. The Board of Directors intends to propose a reduction of capital through the cancellation of shares, with the objective of reducing the balance to below ten percent.
Dividend distribution
On April 17, 2024 the general meeting of the shareholders of the Company resolved the payment of an annual dividend of $35 million to be paid to outstanding shares in two installments. The first payment of the year 2024, of US$17.5 million (0.1682 per share) was made on May 29, 2024 and the second installment was made in November 27, 2024 (0.1740 per share).
On April 19, 2023 the general meeting of the shareholders of the Company resolved the payment of an annual dividend of $35 million to be paid to outstanding shares in two installments. The first payment of the year 2023, of US$ 17.5 million (0.1626 per share) was made on May 24, 2023 and the second installment was made in November 24, 2023 (0.1649 per share).
On April 20, 2022 the general meeting of the shareholders of the Company resolved the payment of an annual dividend of US$ 35 million to be paid to outstanding shares in two installments in May and November. The first payment, of US$ 17.5 million (0.1572 per share) was made on May 17, 2022 and the second also US$ 17.5 million (0.1602 per share) installment was made on November 17, 2022.
Interim Dividend Proposal
On March 11, 2025 the Company’s Board of Directors approved the distribution of an interim dividend of US$17.5 million, to be paid in May of 2025. These Consolidated Financial Statements do not reflect this dividend payable.
F- 60

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
23. Equity-settled share-based payments
The Group has set a “2004 Incentive Option Plan” (collectively referred to as “Option Schemes”) under which the Group granted equity-settled options to senior managers and selected employees of the Group's subsidiaries with a term of ten years. Additionally, in 2010 the Group has set a “Adecoagro Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan” (referred to as “Restricted Share Plan”) under which the Group grants restricted stock units and restricted shares to senior and medium management and key employees of the Group’s subsidiaries.
(a)Option Schemes
The fair value of the options under the Option Schemes was measured at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation technique.
As of the date of these financial statements all options has already been vested and expensed.
The Adecoagro/ IFH 2004 Stock Incentive Option Plan was effectively established in 2004 and is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company. Options are exercisable over a ten-year period. The 2004 Plan was amended to extend the term to the 20 th anniversary of its adoption.
Movements in the number of equity-settled options outstanding and their related weighted average exercise prices under the Adecoagro/ IFH 2004 Stock Incentive Option Plan are as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Average exercise price per share |  | Options (thousands) |  | Average exercise price per Share |  | Options (thousands) |  | Average exercise price per Share |  | Options (thousands)
At January 1 | 6.66 |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 6.66 |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | 6.66 |  |  | 1,634 |
Exercised | 6.83 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 5.83 |  |  | (37) |  |  | 6.77 |  |  | (313) |
At December 31 | 6.66 |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 6.66 |  |  | 1,284 |  |  | 6.66 |  |  | 1,321 |

Options outstanding at year end under this Plan have the following expiry date and exercise prices:

| Exercise price per share |  | Shares (in thousands)
Expiry date (i): |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
May 1, 2034 | 5.83 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 400 |  |  | 400 |
May 1, 2035 | 5.83 |  |  | 358 |  |  | 363 |  |  | 369 |
January 1, 2036 | 5.83 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 94 |  |  | 124 |
February 16, 2036 | 7.11 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 84 |
October 1, 2036 | 8.62 |  |  | 338 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 344 |

(i) On August 2023, the Board of Directors decided to extend the expired date of the Plan.
F- 61

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
23. Equity-settled unit-based payments (continued)
(b)Restricted Share Plan
The Restricted Share and Restricted Stock Unit Plan was effectively established in 2010 and amended in November 2011. It is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company. Restricted shares or units under these Plan vest over a 3-year period from the date of grant at 33% on each anniversary of the grant date. Participants are entitled to receive one common share of the Company for each restricted share or restricted unit granted. There are no performance requirements for the delivery of common shares, except that a participant’s employment with the Group must not have been terminated prior to the relevant vesting date. If the participant ceases to be an employee for any reason, any unvested restricted share or unit shall not be converted into common shares. The maximum number of common shares with respect to which awards may be made under the Plan is 9,228,795, of which 7,322,787 have already been vested. The maximum numbers of common shares are revised annually.
At December 31, 2024, the Group recognized compensation expense US$6.8 million related to the restricted stock units granted under the Restricted Share Plan (2023: US$8.6 million and 2022: US$10.9 million).
.
The restricted shares under the Restricted Share Plan were measured at fair value at the date of grant.
Key grant-date fair value and other assumptions under the Restricted Share Plan are detailed below:

Grant Date | Apr 1, 2022 |  | May 15, 2022 |  | Mar 17, 2023 |  | April 20, 2023 |  | March 15, 2024 |  | April 19, 2024
Fair value | 10.87 |  |  | 12.60 |  |  | 7.44 |  |  | 8.12 |  |  | 10.07 |  |  | 10.90 |

Movements in the number of restricted shares outstanding under the Restricted Share Plan are as follows:

| Restricted shares (thousand)
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022
At January 1 | 1,789 |  |  | 2,301 |  |  | 1,766 |
Granted (1) | 604 |  |  | 549 |  |  | 1,406 |
Forfeited | (22) |  |  | (26) |  |  | (43) |
Vested | (971) |  |  | (1,035) |  |  | (828) |
At December 31 | 1,400 |  |  | 1,789 |  |  | 2,301 |

(1) Approved by the Board of Directors of March 12, 2024 and the Shareholders Meeting of April 17, 2024.
24. Legal and other reserves
According to the laws of certain of the countries in which the Group operates, a portion of the profit of the year (5%) is separated to constitute legal reserves until they reach legal capped amounts. These legal reserves are not available for dividend distribution and can only be released to absorb losses. The legal limit of these reserves has not been met.
Legal and other reserves amount to US$23,302 as of December 31, 2024 (2023: US$26,124) and are included within the balance of retained earnings in the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity.
The Company may make distributions in the form of dividends or otherwise to the extent that it has distributable retained earnings or available distributable reserves (including share premium) that result from the Stand Alone Financial Statements prepared in accordance with Luxembourg GAAP. No distributable retained earning result from the Stand Alone Financial Statements of the Company as of December 31, 2024, but the Company has distributable reserves in excess of US$754,009.
F- 62

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
24. Legal and other reserves (continued)
In the other reserves line, it is included the benefit that the Company has regarding ICMS conceded by the government of the Estate of Mato Grosso do Sul. In accordance with the Complementary Law 160/17, grants related to ICMS, conceded by any Estate of Brazil, were considered as Investments Grants. This investment grants will not be computed to calculate income tax, since they were accounted as an Equity Reserve. This reserve cannot be distributed, unless income tax is paid on the reserve.
25. Trade and other payables

| 2024 |  | 2023
Non-current |  |  |
Trade payables | 384 |  |  | 514 |
Other payables | 383 |  |  | 494 |
| 767 |  |  | 1,008 |
Current |  |  |
Trade payables | 173,157 |  |  | 140,949 |
Advances from customers | 22,609 |  |  | 16,351 |
Taxes payable | 9,499 |  |  | 9,482 |
Dividends to be paid | 703 |  |  | 1,024 |
Payable from acquisition of subsidiary (Note 21) | — |  |  | 13,404 |
Other payables | 939 |  |  | 9,520 |
| 206,907 |  |  | 190,730 |
Total trade and other payables | 207,674 |  |  | 191,738 |

The fair values of current trade and other payables approximate their respective carrying amounts due to their short-term nature. The fair values of non-current trade and other payables approximate their carrying amounts, as the impact of discounting is not significant.
26. Borrowings

| 2024 |  | 2023
Non-current |  |  |
Senior Notes | 414,638 |  |  | 498,347 |
Bank borrowings | 265,367 |  |  | 199,496 |
| 680,005 |  |  | 697,843 |
Current |  |  |
Senior Notes | 6,858 |  |  | 8,250 |
Bank overdrafts | — |  |  | 4,386 |
Bank borrowings | 92,693 |  |  | 194,470 |
| 99,551 |  |  | 207,106 |
Total borrowings | 779,556 |  |  | 904,949 |

As of December 31, 2024, total bank borrowings include collateralized liabilities of US$3,842 (2023: US$77,055). These loans are mainly collateralized by property, plant and equipment, sugarcane plantations, sugar export contracts, shares of certain subsidiaries of the Group and U.S. Treasury Bills.
Notes 2027
On September 21, 2017, the Company issued senior notes (the “Notes”) for a total amount of US$500 million, at an annual fixed rate of 6%. The Notes will mature on September 21, 2027. Interest on the Notes are payable semi-annually in arrears on March 21 and September 21 of each year. The total proceeds net of expenses was US$495.2 million.
F- 63

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
26. Borrowings (continued)
The Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by certain of our current and future subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2024, Adeco Agropecuaria S.A., Adecoagro Brasil Participações S.A., Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A., Pilagá S.A. and Usina Monte Alegre Ltda. are the only Subsidiary Guarantors.
The Notes contain customary financial covenants and restrictions which require us to meet pre-defined financial ratios, among other restrictions. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Group was in compliance with these financial covenants.
On July 22, 2024, the Company announced a cash tender offer for up to US$100.0 million of the Notes due 2027. As of the closing date of the Tender (August 19, 2024) US$84.36 million in aggregate principal amount of Notes had been validly tendered by Holders and fully cancelled. The total consideration, including the Early Tender Premium, was US$ 980 for each US$1,000 principal amount of Notes.
Debt maturity breakdown
The maturity of the Group's borrowings and the Group's exposure to fixed and variable interest rates is as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Fixed rate: |  |  |
Less than 1 year | 69,178 |  |  | 117,105 |
Between 1 and 2 years | 55,952 |  |  | 6,010 |
Between 2 and 3 years | 414,994 |  |  | 5,508 |
Between 3 and 4 years | 356 |  |  | 498,347 |
Between 4 and 5 years | 356 |  |  | — |
More than 5 years | 35,936 |  |  | — |
| 576,772 |  |  | 626,970 |
Variable rate: |  |  |
Less than 1 year | 30,373 |  |  | 90,001 |
Between 1 and 2 years | 83,142 |  |  | 37,712 |
Between 2 and 3 years | 46,593 |  |  | 91,878 |
Between 3 and 4 years | 2,932 |  |  | 56,605 |
Between 4 and 5 years | 441 |  |  | 1,783 |
More than 5 years | 39,303 |  |  | — |
| 202,784 |  |  | 277,979 |
| 779,556 |  |  | 904,949 |

Borrowings incurred by the Group’s subsidiaries in Brazil are repayable at various dates between January 2025 and November 2040 and bear either fixed interest rates ranging from 5.64% to 12.65% per annum or variable rates based on base-rates plus spreads ranging from 4.42% to 13.83% per annum.
Borrowings incurred by the Group’s subsidiaries in Argentina are repayable at various dates between March 2025 and December 2028 and bear either no interest rate or variable rates based on specific base-rates plus spreads of 3.1% for those borrowings denominated in U.S. Dollar, and a fixed interest rates ranging from 43.0% to 45% per annum for those borrowings denominated in Argentine pesos.
F- 64

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
26. Borrowings (continued)
Brazilian Subsidiaries
The main loans of the Group’s Brazilian Subsidiaries are:

Bank | Grant date | Nominal amount | Capital outstanding as of December 31 | Maturity date | Annual interest rate
2024 | 2023
(In millions) | Millions of Brazilian Real | Millions of equivalent Dollars | Millions of equivalent Dollars
Certificados Recebíveis do Agronegócio (CRA) (2) | December, 2019 | R$ | 400.0 |  | R$ | 400.0 |  | 64.6 |  | 82.6 |  | November-27 | 3.80% + IPCA
Debênture (1) | December, 2020 | R$ | 400.0 |  | R$ | 400.0 |  | 64.6 |  | 82.6 |  | December-26 | 4.24% + IPCA
Certificados Recebíveis do Agronegócio (CRA) (2) | July, 2024 | R$ | 400.0 |  | R$ | 400.0 |  | 64.6 |  | — |  | Jul-31 / Jul-34 | IPCA + 6.80% /12.65%

(1) Collateralized by long term power purchase agreement (PPA).
(2) This debt was issued with no guarantee.
The Debenture contains certain customary financial covenants and restrictions which require the Brazilian subsidiaries to meet pre-defined financial ratios, among other restrictions, as well as restrictions on the payment of dividends. These financial ratios are measured considering the statutory financial statements of the Brazilian Subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Group was in compliance with all financial covenants.
Argentinian Subsidiaries
The main loans of the Group’s Argentinian Subsidiaries are:

Bank | Grant date | Nominal amount | Capital outstanding as of December 31 | Maturity date | Annual interest rate
2024 | 2023
(In millions) | (In millions) | (In millions)
IFC (1) | June, 2020 | US$20.0 | — | 16.33 | June, 2028 | 4% plus SOFR
Rabobank | June, 2024 | US$13.6 | 13.60 | — | December, 2028 | 3.1% + SOFR

(1) During 2024, the Group settled the outstanding amount of US$16.4 million under the loan agreement entered into with the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
The above mentioned loans contain certain customary financial covenants which require us to meet pre-defined financial ratios. These financial ratios are measured considering the statutory financial statements of the Argentinian Subsidiaries.
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the Group was in compliance with all financial covenants.
The carrying amount of short-term borrowings is approximate its fair value due to the short-term maturity. Long term borrowings subject to variable rate approximate their fair value. The fair value of long-term subject to fix rate do not significantly differ from their fair value. The fair value (level 2) of the notes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 equals US$403.6 million and US$485.3 million, 97.24% and 97.06% of the nominal amount, respectively.
The breakdown of the Group’s borrowing by currency is included in Note 2 - Interest rate risk.
F- 65

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
26. Borrowings (continued)
Evolution of the Group's borrowings as December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follow:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Amount at the beginning of the year | 904,949 |  |  | 1,007,752 |
Proceeds from long term borrowings | 126,757 |  |  | 7,739 |
Payments of long term borrowings | (105,749) |  |  | (24,105) |
Proceeds from short term borrowings | 169,901 |  |  | 448,532 |
Payments of short term borrowings | (239,947) |  |  | (420,276) |
Payments of interest (1) | (741) |  |  | (43,457) |
Accrued interest | 23,489 |  |  | 33,495 |
Exchange differences, inflation and translation, net | (99,800) |  |  | (105,465) |
Others | 697 |  |  | 734 |
Amount at the end of the year | 779,556 |  |  | 904,949 |

(1) Excludes payment of interest related to trade and other payables.
27. Lease liabilities

| 2024 |  | 2023
Lease liabilities |  |  |
Non-current | 287,679 |  |  | 325,569 |
Current | 54,351 |  |  | 52,941 |
| 342,030 |  |  | 378,510 |

The maturity of the Group’s lease liabilities is as follows:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Less than 1 year | 54,351 |  |  | 52,941 |
Between 1 and 2 years | 65,697 |  |  | 66,474 |
Between 2 and 3 years | 51,325 |  |  | 61,398 |
Between 3 and 4 years | 43,571 |  |  | 47,677 |
Between 4 and 5 years | 35,764 |  |  | 39,254 |
More than 5 years | 91,322 |  |  | 110,766 |
| 342,030 |  |  | 378,510 |

F- 66

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
27. Lease liabilities (continued)
Changes in the Group’s lease liabilities, net in 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

| Agricultural "partnerships" |  | Others |  | Total
Amount at the beginning of the year 2023 | 312,066 |  | 25,914 |  | 337,980 |
Exchange differences | 17,062 |  |  | 1,151 |  | 18,213 |
Additions and re-measurement | 95,386 |  | 5,061 |  | 100,447 |
Payments | (104,261) |  |  | (14,072) |  |  | (118,333) |
Finance cost related to lease liabilities | 36,906 |  | 3,297 |  | 40,203 |
Closing net book amount | 357,159 |  |  | 21,351 |  |  | 378,510 |
Amount at the beginning of the year 2024 | 357,159 |  | 21,351 |  | 378,510 |
Exchange differences | (87,462) |  |  | (1,464) |  | (88,926) |
Additions and re-measurement | 107,050 |  | 10,936 |  | 117,986 |
Payments | (86,276) |  |  | (12,202) |  |  | (98,478) |
Finance cost related to lease liabilities | 30,137 |  | 2,801 |  | 32,938 |
Closing net book amount | 320,608 |  |  | 21,422 |  |  | 342,030 |

28. Payroll and social security liabilities

| 2024 |  | 2023
Non-current |  |  |
Social security payable | 1,454 |  |  | 1,570 |
| 1,454 |  |  | 1,570 |
Current |  |  |
Salaries payable | 4,077 |  |  | 4,498 |
Social security payable | 4,821 |  |  | 4,062 |
Provision for vacations | 13,314 |  |  | 12,783 |
Provision for bonuses | 10,523 |  |  | 16,014 |
| 32,735 |  |  | 37,357 |
Total payroll and social security liabilities | 34,189 |  |  | 38,927 |

29. Provisions for other liabilities
The Group is subject to several laws, regulations and business practices of the countries where it operates. In the ordinary course of business, the Group is subject to certain contingent liabilities with respect to existing or potential claims, lawsuits and other proceedings, including those involving tax, labor and social security, administrative and civil and other matters. The Group accrues liabilities when it is probable that future costs will be incurred and it can reasonably estimate them. The Group bases its accruals on up-to-date developments, estimates of the outcomes of the matters and legal counsel experience in contesting, litigating and settling matters. As the scope of the liabilities becomes better defined or more information is available, the Group may be required to change its estimates of future costs, which could have a material effect on its results of operations and financial condition or liquidity.
F- 67

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
29. Provisions for other liabilities (continued)
The table below shows the movements in the Group's provisions for other liabilities categorized by type of provision:

| Labor, legal and other claims |  | Others |  | Total
At January 1, 2023 | 3,029 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 3,435 |
Additions | 2,522 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 2,556 |
Used during year | (1,558) |  |  | (379) |  |  | (1,937) |
Exchange differences | (426) |  |  | (29) |  |  | (455) |
At December 31, 2023 | 3,567 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 3,599 |
Additions | 1,327 |  |  | 674 |  |  | 2,001 |
Used during year | (1,945) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (1,979) |
Exchange differences | 124 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 131 |
At December 31, 2024 | 3,073 |  |  | 679 |  |  | 3,752 |

Analysis of total provisions:

| 2024 |  | 2023
Non current | 2,244 |  |  | 2,871 |
Current | 1,508 |  |  | 728 |
| 3,752 |  |  | 3,599 |

The Group is engaged in several legal proceedings, including tax, labor, civil, administrative and other proceedings in Brazil, which qualified as contingent liabilities for an aggregate claimed nominal amount of US$64 million and US$75.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts refers to a claim of the tax authorities in Brazil of the exclusion of the calculation base of Income Tax of the accelerated depreciation of rural activity as provided for in article 6 of Provisional Measure 2,159-70 / 01 and in Article 325 of the Income Tax Regulation / 18.
F- 68

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
30. Group companies
The following table details the subsidiaries that comprised the Group as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  | 2023
| Activities |  | Country of incorporation and operation |  | Ownership percentage held if not 100 % |  | Ownership percentage held if not 100 %
Details of principal subsidiary undertakings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating companies (unless otherwise stated): |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adeco Agropecuaria S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Pilagá S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | 99.98 | % |  | 99.98 | %
Cavok S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | 51 | % |  | 51 | %
Establecimientos El Orden S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | 51 | % |  | 51 | %
Bañado del Salado S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Agro Invest S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | 51 | % |  | 51 | %
Forsalta S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | 51 | % |  | 51 | %
Dinaluca S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Compañía Agroforestal S.M.S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Energía Agro S.A.U. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
L3N S.A. | (d) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Girasoles del Plata S.A. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Molinos Libres S.A.U. | (a) |  | Argentina |  | — |  |  | — |
Adeco Agropecuaria Brasil Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro Vale do Ivinhema S.A. ("AVI") | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Usina Monte Alegre Ltda. ("UMA") | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro Biogas LTDA. (ex Adecoagro GD LTDA.) | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Monte Alegre Combustiveis Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro Energia Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro Agricultura e Participação Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Methanum Engenharia Ambiental Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | 85 | % |  | 85 | %
Angelica Energia Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Ivinhema Energia Ltda. | (b) |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Kelizer S.A. | (a) |  | Uruguay |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro Uruguay S.A. | (a) |  | Uruguay |  | — |  |  | — |
Arroz del Plata S.A. | (a) |  | Uruguay |  | — |  |  | — |
Paso Dragón S.A. | (a) |  | Uruguay |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro Chile S.P.A | (a) |  | Chile |  | — |  |  | — |
Holdings companies: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adecoagro Brasil Participações S.A. | — |  | Brazil |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro LP S.C.S. | — |  | Luxembourg |  | — |  |  | — |
Adecoagro GP S.a.r.l. | — |  | Luxembourg |  | — |  |  | — |
Ladelux S.A. | — |  | Uruguay |  | — |  |  | — |
Spain Holding Companies | (c) |  | Spain |  | — |  |  | — |

(a) Mainly crops, rice, cattle and others.
(b) Mainly sugarcane, ethanol and energy.
(c) Comprised by (1) wholly owned subsidiaries: Kadesh Hispania S.L.U.; Leterton España S.L.U.; Global Asterion S.L.U.; Global Acasto S.L.U.; Global Laertes S.L.U.; Global Pindaro S.L.U.; Global Pileo S.L.U.; Peak Texas S.L.U.; Global Neimoidia S.L.U. and 51% controlled subsidiaries; Global Acamante S.L.U.; Global Carelio S.L.U.; Global Calidon S.L.U.; Global Mirabilis S.L.U. Global Anceo S.L.U.Global Hisingen S.L.U.
(d) Mainly dairy.
F- 69

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
30. Group companies (continued)
The percentage voting right for each principal subsidiary is the same as the percentage of capital stock held. Issued share capital represents only common shares/ quotas, units or their equivalent. There are no preference shares or units issued in any subsidiary undertaking.
According to the laws of certain of the countries in which the Group operates, 5% of the profit of the year is separated to constitute legal reserves until they reach legal capped amounts (20% of total capital). These legal reserves are not available for dividend distribution and can only be released to absorb losses.
31. Related-party transactions
The following is a summary of the balances and transactions with related parties:

Related party |  | Relationship |  | Description of transaction |  | Loss included in the statement of income |  | Balance receivable (payable)/(equity)
2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Management and selected employees |  | Employment |  | Compensation selected employees |  | (7,515) |  |  | (8,218) |  |  | (11,497) |  |  | (17,409) |  |  | (18,781) |

32. Material accounting estimates and judgments
Critical accounting policies are those that are most important to the portrayal of the Group’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, and require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments and estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that it believes are reasonable. The Group’s critical accounting policies are discussed below.
Actual results could differ from estimates used in employing the critical accounting policies and these could have a material impact on the Group’s results of operations. The Group also has other policies that are considered key accounting policies, such as the policy for revenue recognition. However, these other policies, which are discussed in the notes to the Group’s financial statements, do not meet the definition of critical accounting estimates, because they do not generally require estimates to be made or judgments that are difficult or subjective.
(a) Impairment of non-financial assets
At the date of each statement of financial position, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its property, plant and equipment and finite lived intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets could have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent, if any, of the impairment loss. Where the asset does not generate cash flows that are independently from other assets, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. The Group’s property, plant and equipment items generally do not generate independent cash flows.
Net assets
The carrying amount of the net assets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 was USD 1.4 billions, which exceeds the Market Capitalization as of that date. This situation could mean that there is an impairment indicator as referred in IAS 36. The Company also considered the offer made by Tether described in Note 34. A calculation of the value in use of net assets of the Company was made, through a discounted cash flow projections of the two major lines of business, Farming and Sugar, Ethanol and Energy, based on financial forecast approved by the management covering a five-year period. The Company reached to the conclusion that no impairment should be recognized given the value in use of the Company determined is higher that its net assets book value. as of December 31, 2024.
The key assumptions used by management in the value-in-use calculations which are considered to be most sensitive to the calculation are the followings.
F- 70

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
32. Material accounting estimates and judgments (continued)

Key Assumptions |  | December 31, 2024 |
Perpetuity growth rate |  | 2% |
Discount rate |  | 10% |
Projected operating income |  | Business/segment key assumption |

Crops |  | Dairy
Main assumptions |  | 2025 |  | Main assumptions |  | 2025
Area ('000 Has.) (1) |  | 224 |  | Milking cows ('000 Heads) |  | 14,484
Soy yield (tons/hect) (2) |  | 2.5 |  | Cow productivity (lt/head/day) |  | 37.8
Corn yield (tons/hect) |  | 6.4 |  | Processed milk ('000 lt/day) |  | 1,159
Peanut yield (tons/hect) |  | 3.4 |  | International milk powder price ($/ton) |  | 3,803
Soy FAS average price ($/ton) |  | 300 |  |  |  |
Wheat price ($/ton) |  | 215 |  |  |  |
Peanut planted Area (000 Has) |  | 25.4 |  |  |  |
Rice |  | Sugar, Ethanol & Energy
Main assumptions |  | 2025 |  | Main assumptions |  | 2025
Area ('000 Has.) |  | 62.8 |  | Milling (MM Tons) |  | 13.1
Rice yield (tons/hect) |  | 6.7 |  | TRS (Kg/Ton) |  | 130.2
Domestic white rice price ($/ton) |  | 777 |  | Sugar #11 price (cents/lb) |  | 18.7
Production cost (usd/ha) |  | 1,583 |  | Energy efficiency (KWH/ton) |  | 60
Rough rice production ('000) |  | 418 |  | Ethanol mix (%) |  | 47 | %
Rice export price ($/ton - FOB) |  | 636 |  | Yield. Ton/ha |  | 78.5

(1) Planted area expressed as calendar year. Includes summer crops from the 2024/25 harvest season and winter crops from the upcoming 2025/26 campaign.
(2) Includes soybean 1st crop and 2nd crop.
(3) Expected yield for wheat for the 2025/26 campaign.
(4) Physical yield
As of December 31, 2024, the impact of a reasonable 10% decrease in the growth rate, or a 10% decrease in sugar price, or a 10% increase in the cost of capital with all other variables held constant, would result that the value in use would reduce in 3%; 12% and 11%, respectively, which in all cases is still above the net assets book value.
We believe we have made reasonable estimates and utilized appropriate assumptions in the performance of our value in use calculation. If future results are not consistent with our assumptions and estimates, including future events such as significant increases in discount rates, significant reduction of yields due to climate or crops diseases, or a significant increase in costs, we could be exposed to impairment charges in the future. Any resulting impairment loss could have a material adverse impact on our consolidated statements of financial position, consolidated statements of income and consolidated statements of cash flows.
F- 71

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
32. Material accounting estimates and judgments (continued)
Goodwill
In the case of goodwill, any goodwill acquired is allocated to the cash-generating unit (‘CGU’) expected to benefit from the business combination. CGU to which goodwill is allocated is tested for impairment annually (every September), or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the CGU may be impaired. The carrying amount of the CGU is compared to its recoverable amount, which is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and the value in use. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The impairment review requires management to undertake certain significant judgments, including estimating the recoverable value of the CGU to which goodwill is allocated, based on either fair value less costs-to-sell or the value-in-use, as appropriate, in order to reach a conclusion on whether it deems the goodwill is impaired or not.
For purposes of the impairment testing, each CGU represents the smallest identifiable group of assets that generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or group of assets.
Each farmland in Argentina and Uruguay represents one CGU. For its properties in Brazil, management identified a farmland together with its related mill as separate CGUs. Most of the farmlands in Argentina and Uruguay are treated as single CGUs.
Based on these criteria, management identified a total amount of 29 CGUs as of September 30, 2024 and 30 CGUs as of September 30, 2023.
As of September 30, 2024 and 2023, due to the fact that there were no impairment indicators, the Group only tested those CGUs with allocated goodwill in Argentina and Brazil.
CGUs tested based on a fair-value-less-costs-to-sell model at September 30, 2024 and 2023:
As of September 30, 2024, the Group identified 6 CGUs in Argentina (2023: 6 CGUs) to be tested based on this model (all CGUs with allocated goodwill). Estimating the fair value less costs-to-sell is based on the best information available, and refers to the amount at which the CGU could be bought or sold in a current transaction between willing parties. Management may be assisted by the work of external advisors. When using this model, the Group applies the “sales comparison approach” as its method of valuing most properties, which relies on results of sales of similar agricultural properties to estimate the value of the CGU. This approach is based on the theory that the fair value of a property is directly related to the selling prices of similar properties.
Fair values are determined by extensive analysis which includes current and potential soil productivity of the land (the ability to produce crops and maintain livestock) projected margins derived from soil use, rental value obtained for soil use, if applicable, and other factors such as climate and location. Farmland ratings are established by considering such factors as soil texture and quality, yields, topography, drainage and rain levels. Farmland may contain farm outbuildings. A farm outbuilding is any improvement or structure that is used for farming operations. Outbuildings are valued based on their size, age and design.
Based on the factors described above, each farm property is assigned different soil classifications for the purposes of establishing a value, Soil classifications quantify the factors that contribute to the agricultural capability of the soil. Soil classifications range from the most productive to the least productive.
The first step to establishing an assessment for a farm property is a sales investigation that identifies the valid farm sales in the area where the farm is located. A price per hectare is assigned for each soil class within each farm property. This price per hectare is determined based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis mainly described above.
The results are then tested against actual sales, if any, and current market conditions to ensure the values produced are accurate, consistent and fair.
The following table shows only the 6 CGUs (2023: 6 CGUs) where goodwill was allocated at each period end and the corresponding amount of goodwill allocated to each one:
F- 72

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
32. Material accounting estimates and judgments (continued)

CGU / Operating segment / Country |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
La Carolina / Crops / Argentina |  | 314 |  |  | 281 |
El Orden / Crops / Argentina |  | 301 |  |  | 271 |
La Guarida / Crops / Argentina |  | 2,923 |  |  | 2,623 |
Los Guayacanes / Crops / Argentina |  | 3,573 |  |  | 3,206 |
Doña Marina / Rice / Argentina |  | 6,220 |  |  | 5,582 |
El Colorado / Crops / Argentina |  | 3,124 |  |  | 2,804 |
Closing net book value of goodwill allocated to CGUs tested (Note 15) |  | 16,455 |  |  | 14,767 |
Closing net book value of PPE items and other assets allocated to CGUs tested |  | 143,202 |  |  | 143,976 |
Total assets allocated to CGUs tested |  | 159,657 |  |  | 158,743 |

Based on the testing above, the Group determined that none of the CGUs, with allocated goodwill, were impaired at September 30, 2024 and 2023.
CGUs tested based on a value-in-use model at September 30, 2024 and 2023:
As of September 30, 2024, the Group identified 2 CGUs (2022: 2 CGUs) in Brazil to be tested based on this model (all CGUs with allocated goodwill). The determination of the value-in-use calculation required the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to management’s cash flow projections In performing the value-in-use calculation, the Group applied pre-tax rates to discount the future pre-tax cash flows. In each case, these key assumptions have been made by management reflecting past experience and are consistent with relevant external sources of information, such as appropriate market data. In calculating value-in-use, management may be assisted by the work of external advisors.
The key assumptions used by management in the value-in-use calculations which are considered to be most sensitive to the calculation are

Key Assumptions |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
Financial projections |  | Covers 5 years for UMA (*) |  | Covers 5 years for UMA (*)
|  | Covers 5 years for AVI (**) |  | Covers 5 years for AVI (**)
Yield average growth rates |  | 0-2% |  | 0-2%
Future pricing increases |  | 0.46% per annum |  | 0.46% per annum
Future cost decrease |  | 0.96% per annum |  | 0.96% per annum
Discount rates |  | 5.0% |  | 5.2%
Perpetuity growth rate |  | 1% |  | 1%

(*) UMA stands for Usina Monte Alegre LTDA.
(**) AVI stands for Adecoagro Vale Do Ivinhema S.A.
Discount rates are based on the risk-free rate for U. S. government bonds, adjusted for a risk premium to reflect the increased risk of investing in South America and Brazil in particular. The risk premium adjustment is assessed for factors specific to the respective CGUs and reflects the countries that the CGUs operate in.
The following table shows only the 2 CGUs where goodwill was allocated at each period end and the corresponding amount of goodwill allocated to each one:
F- 73

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
32. Material accounting estimates and judgments (continued)

CGU/ Operating segment |  | September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
AVI / Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | 2,915 |  |  | 2,937 |
UMA / Sugar, Ethanol and Energy |  | 1,093 |  |  | 1,102 |
Closing net book value of goodwill allocated to CGUs tested (Note 15) |  | 4,008 |  |  | 4,039 |
Closing net book value of PPE items allocated to CGUs tested |  | 599,509 |  |  | 600,764 |
Total assets allocated to 2 CGUs tested |  | 603,517 |  |  | 604,803 |

Based on the testing above, the Group determined that none of the CGUs, with allocated goodwill, were impaired at September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Management views these assumptions are conservative and does not believe that any reasonable change in the assumptions would cause the carrying value of these CGU’s to exceed the recoverable amount.
The Group’s goodwill and property, plant and equipment balances allocated to the cash generating units with allocated goodwill in Argentina were US$ 16.7 million and US$ 143.2 million, respectively, and goodwill and property, plant and equipment allocated to the cash generating units with allocated goodwill in Brazil were US$ 3.5 million and U$S 542.3 million, respectively as of December 31, 2024.
(b) Biological assets
The nature of the Group’s biological assets and the basis of determination of their fair value are explained under Note 33.11. The discounted cash flow model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including observable and unobservable data. Generally the estimation of the fair value of biological assets is based on models or inputs that are not observable in the market and the use of such unobservable inputs is significant to the overall valuation of the assets. These inputs are determined based on the best information available, for example by reference to historical information of past practices and results, statistical and agronomic information, and other analytical techniques. The discounted cash flow model includes significant assumptions relating to the cash flow projections including future market prices, estimated yields at the point of harvest, estimated production cycle, future costs of harvesting and other costs, and estimated discount rate.
Market prices are generally determined by reference to observable data in the principal market for the agricultural produce. Harvesting costs and other costs are estimated based on historical and statistical data. Yields are estimated based on several factors including the location of the farmland and soil type, environmental conditions, infrastructure and other restrictions and growth at the time of measurement. Yields are subject to a high degree of uncertainty and may be affected by several factors out of the Group’s control including but not limited to extreme or unusual weather conditions, plagues and other crop diseases, among other factors.
The significant assumptions discussed above are highly sensitive. Reasonable shifts in assumptions including but not limited to increases or decreases in prices, costs and discount factors used would result in a significant increase or decrease to the fair value of biological assets. In addition, cash flows are projected over a number of years and based on estimated production. Estimates of production in themselves are dependent on various assumptions, in addition to those described above, including but not limited to several factors such as location, environmental conditions and other restrictions. Changes in these estimates could materially impact on estimated production, and could therefore affect estimates of future cash flows used in the assessment of fair value (see Note 16).
(c) Income taxes
The Group is subject to income taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. The Group recognizes liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be
F- 74

Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
32. Material accounting estimates and judgments (continued)
due. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities in the period in which such determination is made.
Deferred tax assets are reviewed each reporting date and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable income will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be settled. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not discounted. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment (see Note 10).
(d) Fair value for farmlands and investment property
Property, plant and equipment
Farmlands are recognized at fair value based on periodic, but at least annual, valuations prepared by an external independent expert. A revaluation reserve is credited in shareholders’ equity. The valuation is determined using sales comparison approach. Sale prices of comparable properties are adjusted considering the specific aspects of each property, the most relevant premise being the price per hectare (Level 3) (see Note 12).
Investment property
Investment property consists of farmland for rental or for capital appreciation and not used in production or for sale in the ordinary course of business, and it is measured at fair value. The changes in the fair value, which is based on an independent external expert, impacts the profit and loss of the period, in the line item Other operating income, net (see Note 14).
(e) Purchase price allocation
The acquisition method of accounting is used to account for all acquisitions. Under this method, assets acquired and liabilities assumed of the Company are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses market-observable data to the extent it is available. Where Level 1 inputs are not available, the Company estimates the fair value of an asset or a liability by converting future amounts (e.g. cash flows or income and expenses) to a single current (i.e. discounted) amount.
Management applied judgement in estimating the fair value of certain identifiable assets acquired, which involved the use of estimates and assumptions, including the timing and amounts of cash flow projections and discount rates, as applicable.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33. Summary of material accounting policies
The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated.
Financial reporting in a hyperinflation economy
IAS 29 “Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies” requires that the financial statements of entities whose functional currency is that of a hyperinflationary economy to be adjusted for the effects of changes in a suitable general price index and to be expressed in terms of the current unit of measurement at the closing date of the reporting period. Accordingly, the inflation produced from the date of acquisition or from the revaluation date, as applicable, must be computed in the non-monetary items.
In order to conclude on whether an economy is categorized as hyperinflationary under the terms of IAS 29, the Standard details a series of factors to be considered, including the existence of a cumulative inflation rate in three years that approximates or exceeds 100 %.
Since 2018, when cumulative inflation rate in three years exceeded the 100% threshold, Argentina’s operations are considered to be under hyperinflationary economy for accounting purposes under the terms of IAS 29 and since then, it has been applied IAS 29 in the financial reporting of its subsidiaries and associates with Argentine peso as functional currency.
Financial statements of a foreign entity with a functional currency of a country that has a highly inflationary economy, are restated to reflect changes in the general price level or index in that country before translation into U.S. Dollars. In adjusting for hyperinflation, a general price index is applied to all non-monetary items in the financial statements (including equity) and the resulting gain or loss, which is the gain or loss on the entity's net monetary position, is recognized in the income statement. Monetary items in the closing statement of financial position are not adjusted. The Group treated all Argentine subsidiaries as a hyperinflationary economy as all of them have Argentine peso as functional currency. The results and financial position of all foreign entities with a functional currency of a country that has a highly inflationary economy are translated at closing rates after the restatement for changes in the general purchasing power Argentine peso.
The inflation adjustment on the years 2024, 2023 and 2022 was calculated by means of conversion factor derived from the Argentine price indexes published by the National Institute of Statistics and the year-over-year change in the index was 2.178; 3.114 and 1.9479, respectively.
The main procedures for the above-mentioned adjustment are as follows:
•Monetary assets and liabilities which are carried at amounts current at the balance sheet date are not restated because they are already expressed in terms of the monetary unit current at the balance sheet date.
•Non-monetary assets and liabilities which are not carried at amounts current at the balance sheet date, and components of shareholders' equity are adjusted by applying the relevant conversion factors.
•All items in the income statement are restated by applying the relevant conversion factors.
•The effect of inflation on the Company’s net monetary position is included in the income statement, in "Other financial results" (Note 9).
•The ongoing application of the re-translation of comparative amounts to closing exchanges rates under IAS 21 and the hyperinflation adjustments required by IAS 29 will lead to a difference in addition to the difference arising on the application of hyperinflation accounting.
The comparative figures in these Consolidated Financial Statements presented in a stable currency are not adjusted for subsequent changes in the price level or exchange rates. This resulted in a difference between the closing equity of the previous year and the opening equity of the current year. The Company recognized this initial difference directly in equity.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33. Summary of material accounting policies (continued)
The Consolidated Financial Statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Interpretations of the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC). All IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the IASB, effective at the time of preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements have been applied.
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention as modified by financial assets and financial liabilities (including derivative instruments) at fair value through profit or loss, biological assets and agricultural produce, harvested agricultural produced at the point of harvest (except for milk and rice) and farmlands measured at fair value.
The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS Accounting Standards as issued by the IASB requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the Group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the Consolidated Financial Statements are disclosed in Note 32.
Accounting standards and IFRIC interpretations newly applicable for 31 December 2024 year ends adopted by the Company.
Amendment to IAS 1 - Non-current liabilities with covenants
These amendments clarify how conditions which an entity must comply within twelve months after the reporting period affect the classification of a liability. The amendments also aim to improve information an entity provides related to liabilities subject to these amendments. The amendment did not have any impact to the Company.
Amendment to IFRS 16 - Leases on sale and leaseback
These amendments include requirements for sale and leaseback transactions in IFRS 16. The amendment did not have any impact to the Company.
Amendment to IAS 7 and IFRS 7 - Supplier finance
These amendments require disclosures to enhance the transparency of supplier finance arrangements and their effects on an entity’s liabilities, cash flows and exposure to liquidity risk. The amendment did not have any impact to the Company.
New IFRS accounting standards effective after January 1 st 2025 and not early adopted by the Company
Amendments to IAS 21 - Lack of Exchangeability
An entity is impacted by the amendments when it has a transaction or an operation in a foreign currency that is not exchangeable into another currency at a measurement date for specified purpose. The Company estimate that it will have no material impact.This amendment will be enforceable from January 1, 2025.
Amendment to IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 - Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments
These amendments:
•clarify the requirements for the timing of recognition and derecognition of some financial assets and liabilities, with anew exception for some financial liabilities settled through an electronic cash transfer system.
•make updates to the disclosures for equity instruments designated at Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI).
The Company is assessing any possible effect, if any.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.1 Basis of preparation and presentation
IFRS 19, ‘Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures’
This new standard works alongside other IFRS Accounting Standards. An eligible subsidiary applies the requirements in other IFRS Accounting Standards except for the disclosure requirements and instead applies the reduced disclosure requirements in IFRS 19. IFRS 18 will apply for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027. Earlier application is permitted.
IFRS 18, ‘Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements’
In particular, although IFRS 18 will replace IAS 1, many of the other existing principles in IAS 1 are retained, with limited changes. The key new concepts introduced in IFRS 18 relate to the structure of the statement of profit or loss, required disclosures in the financial statements for certain profit or loss performance measures that are reported outside an entity’s financial statements (that is, management-defined performance measures); and enhanced principles on aggregation and disaggregation which apply to the primary financial statements and notes in general. IFRS 18 will not impact the recognition or measurement of items in the financial statements, but it might change what an entity reports as its ‘operating profit or loss’. IFRS 18 will apply for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2027 and also applies to comparative information. The Group is assessing any possible impact on the adoption of this standard.
33.2 Scope of consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the results of the Company and all of its subsidiaries from the date that control commences to the date that control ceases. They also include the Group’s share of the net income of its jointly-controlled entities on an equity-accounted basis from the point at which joint control commences, to the date that it ceases.
(a) Subsidiaries
Subsidiaries are all entities over which the Group has control. The Group controls an entity when the Group is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date that control commences and deconsolidated from the date that control ceases.
The Group uses the acquisition method of accounting to account for business combinations. The consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary is the fair value of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred includes the fair value of any asset or liability resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date.
The Group recognizes any non-controlling interest in the acquiree on an acquisition-by-acquisition basis either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquiree’s net assets.
The excess of the consideration transferred, the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree and the acquisition-date fair value of any previous equity interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The excess of consideration over the fair value of the Group’s share of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If the consideration is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the statement of income under the line item “Bargain purchase gain on acquisition”.
Inter-company transactions, balances and unrealized gains on transactions between group companies are eliminated. Unrealized losses are also eliminated. Accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed where necessary to ensure consistency with the policies adopted by the Group.
(b) Disposal of subsidiaries
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.2 Scope of consolidation (continued)
When the Group ceases to have control any retained interest in the entity is re-measured to its fair value at the date when control is lost, with the change in carrying amount recognized in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity is accounted for as if the Group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss, except for the related revaluation surplus which is reclassified to retained earnings.
33.3 Segment reporting
According to IFRS 8, operating segments are identified based on the ‘management approach’. This approach stipulates external segment reporting based on the Group’s internal organizational and management structure and on internal financial reporting to the chief operating decision maker (the Management Committee in the case of the Company).
33.4 Foreign currency translation
(a) Functional and presentation currency
Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (‘the functional currency’). The Consolidated Financial Statements are presented in US dollars, which is the Group’s presentation currency.
Argentine currency status
Between September 2019 and December 13, 2023, the Argentine government imposed significant restrictions on foreign exchange transactions. Although after a new administration took office in Argentina in December 2023 certain restrictions were eased and other changes to such regulations are expected, at the date of these Consolidated Financial Statements the application of existing foreign exchange regulations remains uncertain and the scope and timing of upcoming changes remain unknown. The main currently applicable measures are described below:
• Access to the Argentine foreign exchange market (“MULC”) to pay for imports of services rendered by related and non-related parties (including royalties) on or before December 12, 2023, is subject to Argentine Central Bank approval. Currently, these approvals are rarely, if ever, granted. Access to the MULC to pay for imports of services that were rendered or accrued as from December 13, 2023, does not require government approval, but payment is deferred 30 calendar days as from the date of supply or accrual of the service (if the service was rendered by a non-related party) or 180 calendar days (if rendered by a related party).
• In the context of high, but decelerating, inflation during 2024, restrictions of access to the MULC to pay for imports of goods remain, but have been gradually made more flexible. The price for imports with customs clearance on or after October 21, 2024, may be paid in full as from on the 30thday from the date of customs clearance. In addition, the price for imports with customs clearance between August 1 and October 20, 2024, may be paid in two equal installments on the 30th and 60th day from the date of customs clearance, and the price for imports with customs clearance between December 13, 2023, and July 31, 2024, may be paid in four equal installments payable on the 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th day from the date of customs clearance. Access to the MULC to pay for imports that obtained customs clearance on or before December 12, 2023, continues to require Argentine Central Bank approval.
(b) Transactions and balances
Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are remeasured. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year-end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.4 Foreign currency translation (continued)
denominated in foreign currencies are recognized in the statement of income, in the line Item “Finance income” or “Finance cost,”as appropriate.
(c) Group companies
The results and financial position of Group entities (except those that has the currency of a hyper-inflationary economy - Argentine subsidiaries) that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows:
•assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that statement of financial position;
•income and expenses for each statement of income are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the rate on the dates of the transactions); and
•all resulting exchange differences are recognized as a separate component of equity.
When a foreign operation is sold, exchange differences that were recorded in equity are recognized in the statement of income as part of the gain or loss on sale.
Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the closing rate.
33.5 Property, plant and equipment
Farmlands are initially recorded at fair value and subsequently under the revaluation model based on periodic, but at least annual, valuations prepared by an external independent expert. A revaluation reserve is credited in shareholders’ equity. All other property, plant and equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, if any. Historical cost comprises the purchase price and any costs directly attributable to the acquisition. Under the definition of Property plant and equipment is included the bearer plants, such as sugarcane and coffee trees.
Where individual components of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items, which are depreciated separately.
Subsequent costs are included in the asset’s carrying amount or recognized as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Group and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. All other repairs and maintenance are charged to the statement of income when they are incurred.
Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount and are recognized within “Other operating income, net” in the consolidated statement of income.
33.6 Investment property
Investment property consists of farmland for rental or for capital appreciation and not used in production or for sale in the ordinary course of business, and it is measured at fair value. Changes of the fair value, which is based on an independent external expert, impacts the profit and loss of the period, in the line item Other operating income, net.
33.7 Leases
Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and corresponding liability at the date of which the leased asset is available for use by the group. Each lease payment is allocated between the liability and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.7 Leases (continued)
the liability for each period. The right-of-use asset is depreciated over the shorter of the asset's useful life and the lease term on a straight-line basis.
In determining the lease term, the Company considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option, or not exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated).
Short term leases are recognized on a straight line basis as an expense in the income statement.
Accounting as lessee
The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the commencement date of each lease contract that grants the right to control the use of an identified asset during a period of time. The commencement date is the date in which the lessor makes an underlying asset available for use by the lessee. The Company applied exemptions for leases with a duration lower than 12 months, with a value lower than thirty thousand dollars and/or with clauses related to variable payments. These leases have been considered as short-term leases and, accordingly, no right-of-use asset or lease liability have been recognized.
At initial recognition, the right-of-use asset is measured considering:
•The value of the initial measurement of the lease liability;
•Any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, less any lease incentives; and
•Any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee; and
After initial recognition, the right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and/or impairment losses, and adjusted for any re-measurement of the lease liability.
Depreciation of the right-of-use asset is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated duration of the lease contract.
The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at such date, including the following concepts:
•Variable lease payments that depend on an index or rate, initially measured using the index or rate as of the commencement date;
•Amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees;
•The exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option; and
•Payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising an option to terminate the lease;
•Fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable;
After the commencement date, the Company measures the lease liability by:
•Increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability;
•Reducing the carrying amount to reflect lease payments made; and
•Re-measuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications.
The above mentioned inputs for the valuation of the right of use assets and lease liabilities including the determination of the contracts within the scope of the standard, the contract term ant interest rate used in the discounted cash flow involved a high degree of management’s estimations.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.8 Goodwill
Goodwill represents future economic benefits arising from assets that are not capable of being individually identified and separately recognized by the Group on an acquisition. Goodwill on acquisition is initially measured at cost. being the excess of the consideration over the fair value of the Group’s share of net assets of the acquired subsidiary undertaking at the acquisition date. Following initial recognition, goodwill is measured at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. It is allocated to those cash generating units expected to benefit from the acquisition for the purpose of impairment testing. Goodwill ais included within “Intangible assets” on the statement of financial position. Goodwill arising on the acquisition of foreign entities is treated as an asset of the foreign entity denominated in the local currency and translated at the closing rate.
Goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if there is an indication of impairment (see Note 33 (a)). Gains and losses on the disposal of a Group entity include any goodwill relating to the entity sold (see Note 33.10).
33.9 Other intangible assets
Other intangible assets that are acquired by the Group, which have finite useful lives, are measured at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment losses, if any. These intangible assets comprise mainly trademarks and computer software and are amortized in the statement of income on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives estimated to be 10 to 20 years and 3 to 5 years, respectively.
33.10 Impairment of assets
Goodwill
The Company conducts an impairment test annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. For the purpose of impairment testing, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash flows, known as cash-generating units. If the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the cash generating unit and then to the other assets of the unit pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset may in the unit. Impairment losses recognized for goodwill cannot be reversed in a subsequent period. Recoverable amount is the higher of the fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In determining the value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted (see Note 33 (a) for details).
Property, plant and equipment and finite lived intangible assets
At each statement of financial position date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its property, plant and equipment, other intangible assets which have finite lives to determine whether a there is any indication that those assets may have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset through the calculation of the fair value, or the value in use, is estimated in order to determine the extent, if any, of the impairment loss. Where the asset does not generate cash flows that are independent from other assets, the Group estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs.
If the recoverable amount of an asset or cash-generating unit is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, that carrying amount is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognized immediately in the statement of income.
Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset or cash-generating unit is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, not to exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset or cash-generating unit in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognized immediately in the statement of income.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.10 Impairment of assets (continued)
Net assets
At each statement of financial position date, the Group reviews the carrying amounts of its net assets, to determine whether there is any indication that those assets may be impaired. If any such indication exists, such as when the carrying value of the net assets is higher than the market capitalization of the Company, the recoverable amount of the net assets is estimated using of the value in use, in order to determine if there is a potential impairment. In determining the value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.
33.11 Biological assets
Biological assets comprise growing crops (mainly corn, wheat, soybeans, sunflower peanuts and rice), sugarcane and livestock (growing herd and cattle for dairy production).
The Group distinguishes between consumable and bearer biological assets, and between mature and immature biological assets. “Consumable” biological assets are those assets that may be harvested as agriculture produce or sold as biological assets, for example livestock intended for dairy production. “Bearer” biological assets are those assets capable of producing more than one harvest, for example sugarcane or livestock from which raw milk is produced. “Mature” biological assets are those that have attained harvestable specifications (for consumable biological assets) or are able to sustain regular harvests (for bearer biological assets). “Immature” biological assets are those assets other than mature biological assets.
Costs are capitalized as biological assets if, and only if, (a) it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity, and (b) the cost can be measured reliably. The Group capitalizes costs such as: planting, harvesting, weeding, seedlings, irrigation, agrochemicals, fertilizers and a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are directly attributable to the management of biological assets, among others. Costs that are expensed as incurred include administration and other general overhead and unallocated production overhead, among others.
Biological assets, both at initial recognition and at each subsequent reporting date, are measured at fair value less costs to sell, except where fair value cannot be reliably measured. Cost approximates fair value when little biological transformation has taken place since the costs were originally incurred or the impact of biological transformation on price is not expected to be material.
Gains and losses that arise on measuring biological assets at fair value less costs to sell and measuring agricultural produce at the point of harvest at fair value less costs to sell are recognized in the statement of income in the period in which they arise in the line item “Initial recognition and changes in fair value of biological assets and agricultural produce”.
Where there is an active market for a biological asset or agricultural produce, quoted market prices in the most relevant market are used as a basis to determine the fair value. Otherwise, when there is no active market or market-determined prices are not available, fair value of biological assets is determined through the use of valuation techniques.
Therefore, the fair value of biological assets is generally derived from the expected discounted cash flows of the related agricultural produce. The fair value of the agricultural produce at the point of harvest is generally derived from market determined prices.
A general description of the determination of fair values based on the Company’s business segments follow:
•Growing crops including rice:
Growing crops, for which biological growth is not significant, are measured at cost, which approximates fair value. Expenditure on growing crops includes land preparation expenses and other direct expenses incurred during the sowing period including labor, seedlings, agrochemicals and fertilizers among others.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
Otherwise, biological assets are measured at fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs at initial recognition and at any subsequent period. Point-of-sale costs include all costs that would be necessary to sell the assets
The fair value of growing crops including rice is measured based on a formula, which takes into consideration the estimate of crop yields, estimated market prices and costs, and discount rates. Estimated yields are determined based on several factors including location of farmland, environmental conditions and other restrictions and growth at the time of measurement. Yields are multiplied by sown hectares to determine the estimated tons of crops including rice to be obtained. The tons are then multiplied by a net cash flow determined at the future crop prices less the direct costs to be incurred. This amount is discounted at a discount rate, which reflects current market assessments of the assets involved and the time value of money.
•Growing herd and cattle:
Livestock are measured at fair value less estimated point-of-sale costs, with any changes therein recognized in the statement of income, on initial recognition as well as subsequently at each reporting period. The fair value of livestock is determined based on the actual selling prices less estimated point-of-sale costs in the markets where the Group operates.
•Sugarcane:
Sugarcane planting costs form part of Property plant and equipment. The agricultural produce growing on sugarcane is classified as biological assets and are measured at fair value less cost to sell. The fair value of agricultural produce growing on sugarcane depends on the variety, location and maturity of the plantation.
Agricultural produce growing in the Sugarcane, for which biological growth is not significant, is valued at cost, which approximates fair value. Expenditure on the agricultural produce growing in the sugarcane consists mainly of labor, agrochemicals and fertilizers among others. When it has attained significant biological growth, it is measured at fair value through a discounted cash flow model. Estimated revenues are based on estimated yearly production volume (which will be destined to sugar, ethanol, energy and raw cane production) and the price is calculated as the average of daily prices for sugar future contracts (Sugar #11 ICE-NY contracts) for a six months period. Projected costs include maintenance and land leasing among others. These estimates are discounted at an appropriate discount rate.
33.12 Inventories
Inventories comprise of raw materials, finished goods (including harvested agricultural produce and manufactured goods) and others.
Harvested agricultural produce (except for rice and milk) are measured at net realizable value until the point of sale because there is an active market in the produce, there is a negligible risk that the produce will not be sold and there is a well-established practice in the industry carrying the inventories at net realizable value. Changes in net realizable value are recognized in the statement of income in the period in which they arise under the line item “Changes in net realizable value of agricultural produce after harvest”.
All other inventories (including rice and milk) are measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost is determined using the weighted average method.
33.13 Financial assets
Financial assets are classified in the following categories: at fair value through profit or loss and at amortized cost, namely loans and receivables. The classification depends on the purpose for which the financial assets were acquired. Management determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition (see Note 17).
(a) Recognition and measurement
Regular purchases and sales of financial assets are recognized on the trade-date – the date on which the Group commits to purchase or sell the asset. Financial assets not carried at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognized at
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.13 Financial assets (continued)
fair value plus transaction costs. Financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are initially recognized at fair value and transaction costs are expensed in the statement of income. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the investments have expired or have been transferred and the Group has transferred substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently carried at fair value. Loans and receivables are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
Gains or losses arising from changes in the fair value of the “financial assets at fair value through profit or loss” category are presented in the statement of income within “Other operating income, net” in the period in which they arise.
If the market for a financial asset is not active (and for unlisted securities), the Group establishes fair value by using valuation techniques. These include the use of recent arm’s length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, and option pricing models, making maximum use of market inputs and relying as little as possible on entity-specific inputs.
The Group assesses at each statement of financial position date whether there is objective evidence that a financial asset or a group of financial assets is impaired. Impairment testing of trade receivables is described in Note 33.15.
(b) Offsetting financial instruments
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount reported in the statement of financial position when there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognized amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. This right must not be contingent on future events and must be enforceable in any case.
Derivatives are initially recognized at fair value on the date a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured at their fair value. Commodity future contract fair values are computed with reference to quoted market prices on future exchanges markets. The fair values of commodity options are calculated using year-end market rates together with common option pricing models. The fair value of interest rate swaps has been calculated using a discounted cash flow analysis.
The Group manages exposures to financial and commodity risks using hedging instruments that provide the appropriate economic outcome. The principal hedging instruments used may include commodity future contracts, put and call options, foreign exchange forward contracts and interest rate swaps. The Group does not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.
The Group’s policy is to apply hedge accounting to hedging relationships where it is both permissible under IFRS 9, practical to do so and its application reduces volatility, but transactions that may be effective hedges in economic terms may not always qualify for hedge accounting under IFRS 9. Any derivatives that the Group holds to hedge these exposures are classified as “held for trading” and are shown in a separate line on the face of the statement of financial position. The method of recognizing gains or losses on derivatives depends on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument, and if so, the nature of the item being hedged. Gains and losses on commodity derivatives are classified within “Other operating income, net”. Gains and losses on interest rate and foreign exchange rate derivatives are classified within ‘Financial results, net’. The Group designates certain derivatives as hedges of the foreign currency risk associated with highly probable forecast transactions (cash flow hedge).
The Group documents at the inception of the transaction the relationship between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedging transactions. The Group also documents its assessment, both at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis, of whether the instruments that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair value or cash flows of hedged items.
Cash flow hedge
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.14 Derivative financial instruments and hedging activities
The effective portion of the gain or loss on the instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognized in other comprehensive income. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognized immediately in the statement of income within "Finance income” or “Finance cost,”as appropriate.
Amounts accumulated in equity are reclassified to profit or loss in the periods when the hedged item affects profit or loss. The gain or loss relating to the effective portion is recognized in the statement of income within "Finance income” or “Finance cost”, as appropriate.
When a hedging instrument expires or is sold, or when a hedge no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, any cumulative gain or loss existing in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognized when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognized in the statement of income. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the cumulative gain or loss that was reported in equity is immediately transferred to the statement of income.
33.15 Trade and other receivables and trade and other payables
Trade receivables are recognized initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. In the case of receivables, less allowance for trade receivables.
The group applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach to measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade receivables. To measure the expected credit losses, trade receivables have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due.
33.16 Short-term investment
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss are valued at the initial recognition and subsequently at fair value and recognizing the variation in the Statement of income in the line Financial results.
33.17 Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. In the statements of cash flows, interest paid is presented within financing cash flows and interest received is presented within investing activities.
33.18 Borrowings
Borrowings are initially recognized at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method. Borrowing costs are capitalized during the period of time that is required to complete and prepare the asset for its intended use.
33.19 Provisions
Provisions are recognized when (i) the Group has a present legal or constructive obligation as a result of past events; (ii) it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and (iii) a reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be made. Provisions are measured at the present value of the expenditures expected to be required to settle the obligation using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the obligation.
33.20 Onerous contracts
The Group enters into contracts, which require the Group to sell commodities in accordance with the Group's expected sales. These contracts do not qualify as derivatives. These contracts are not recognized until at least one of the parties has performed under the agreement. However, when the contracts are onerous, the Group recognizes the present obligation under the contracts as a provision included within “Provision and other liabilities” in the statement of financial position. Losses under these onerous contracts are recognized within “Other operating income, net” in the statement of income.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.21 Current and deferred income tax
The Group’s tax benefit or expense for each year comprises the charge for current tax payable and deferred taxation attributable to the Group’s operating subsidiaries. Tax is recognized in the statement of income, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity. In this case, the tax is also recognized in equity.
The current income tax charge is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted at the date of the statement of financial position in the countries where the Group’s subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Group measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to the tax authorities.
Deferred income tax is recognized, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the deferred income tax is not accounted for if it arises from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination that at the time of the transaction affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) effective in the countries where the Group’s subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income.
Deferred income tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.
Deferred income tax is provided on temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, except where the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference is controlled by the Group and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.
The Group is able to control the timing of dividends from its subsidiaries and hence does not expect to remit overseas earnings in the foreseeable future in a way that would result in a charge to taxable profit. Hence deferred tax is recognized in respect of the retained earnings of overseas subsidiaries only to the extent that, at the date of the statement of financial position, dividends have been accrued as receivable or a binding agreement to distribute past earnings in future has been entered into by the subsidiary.
33.22 Revenue Recognition
The Group’s primary activities comprise agricultural and agro-industrial activities.
The Group’s agricultural activities comprise growing and selling agricultural produce. In accordance with IAS 41 “Agriculture”, cattle are measured at fair value with changes therein recognized in the statement of income as they arise. Agricultural produce is measured at net realizable value with changes therein recognized in the statement of income as they arise. Therefore, sales of agricultural produce and cattle generally do not generate any separate gains or losses in the statement of income.
The Group’s agro-industrial activities comprise the selling of manufactured products (i.e. industrialized rice, milk-related products, ethanol, sugar, energy, among others). These sales are measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable, net of returns and allowances, trade and other discounts, and sales taxes, as applicable.
Revenue is recognized when the full control have been transferred to the buyer, recovery of the consideration is probable, the associated costs and possible return of goods can be estimated reliably, and there is no continuing management involvement with the goods. Transfers of control vary depending on the individual terms of the contract of sale. Revenues are recognised when control of the products has transferred, being when the products are delivered to the customer, having this full
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.22 Revenue Recognition (continued)
discretion over the channel and price to sell the products, and there is no unfulfilled obligation that could affect the customer’s acceptance of the products.
The Group also provides certain agricultural-related services such as grain warehousing/conditioning and other services, e.g. handling and drying services. Revenue from services is recognized as services are provided.
The Group leases owned farmland property to third parties under operating lease agreements. Rental income is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the lease.
The Group is a party to a 25-year power agreement for the sale of electricity which expires in 2042. The delivery period starts in April and ends in November of each year. The Group is also a party to a 15-year power agreement which delivery period starts in March and ends in December of each year, this agreement will expire in 2025. Prices under all the agreements are adjusted annually for inflation. Revenue related to the sale of electricity under this agreement is recorded based upon output delivered.
33.23 Farmlands sales
The Group’s strategy is to profit from land appreciation value generated through the transformation of its productive capabilities. Therefore, the Group may seek to realize value from the sale of farmland assets and businesses.
Farmland sales are not recognized until (i) the sale is completed, (ii) the Group has determined that it is probable the buyer will pay, (iii) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, and (iv) the Group has transferred to the buyer the risk of ownership, and does not have a continuing involvement. Gains from “farmland sales” are included in the statement of income under the line item “Other operating income, net”.
33.24 Assets held for sale and discontinued operations
When the Group intends to dispose of, or classify as held for sale, a business component that represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations, or a subsidiary acquired exclusively with a view to resale, it classifies such operations as discontinued. The post tax profit or loss of the discontinued operations is shown as a single amount on the face of the statement of income, separate from the other results of the Group. Assets and liabilities classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of carrying value and fair value less costs to sell.
Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount will be recovered through a disposal rather than through continuing use. This condition is regarded as met only when management is committed to the sale (disposal), the sale (disposal) is highly probable and expected to be completed within one year from classification and the asset is available for immediate sale (disposal) in its present condition. The statements of income for the comparative periods are represented to show the discontinued operations separate from the continuing operations.
33.25 Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net income for the year attributable to equity holders of the parent by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted net earnings per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding, and when dilutive, adjusted for the effect of all potentially dilutive shares, including share options, on an as-if converted basis.
33.26 Equity-settled share-based payments
The Group issues equity settled share-based payments to certain directors, senior management and employees. Options under the awards were measured at fair value at the date of grant. An expense is recognized to spread the fair value of each award over the vesting period on a straight-line basis, after allowing for an estimate of the awards that will eventually vest. The estimate of the level of vesting is reviewed at least annually, with any impact on the cumulative charge being recognized immediately.
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Adecoagro S.A.
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
(All amounts in US$ thousands, except shares and per share data and as otherwise indicated)
33.27 Research and development
Research phase expenditure is expensed as incurred. Development expenditure is capitalized as an internally generated intangible asset only if it meets strict criteria, relating in particular to technical feasibility and generation of future economic benefits. Research expenses have been immaterial to date. The Group has not capitalized any development expenses to date.
34. Subsequent events
Transaction Agreement with Tether Investments S.A. de C.V. (“Tether”)
On March 26, 2025, we entered into a Transaction Agreement with Tether, an El Salvador corporation and a member of the Tether Group which includes the issuer of USDT, the world’s largest stablecoin.
Pursuant to the terms of the Transaction Agreement, on March 28, 2025, Tether commenced a tender offer (the “Offer”) to acquire up to 49,596,510 common shares of the Company at a price in cash of $12.41 per common share (representing, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, approximately 70% of the outstanding common shares of the Company), upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase, dated March 28, 2025. The closing of the transaction is subject to certain closing conditions, including there being validly tendered and not validly withdrawn a number of common shares that, when added to the common shares already owned by Tether, represents at least 51% of the outstanding common shares on a fully diluted basis.
The Offer is scheduled to expire at 12:00 midnight, New York City time, on April 24, 2025, unless Tether extends the period of time during which the Offer is open in accordance with the terms of the Transaction Agreement, in which event the Offer will expire at a later date. As of the date of these consolidated financial statements, there can be no assurance that the conditions for the Offer will be satisfied and thus no assurance that the Offer will be closed.
Loans to related parties
During February 2025, Adeco Agropecuaria S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary, grant a loan to senior management of the company for a total amount of up to USD 20 million for a period of one year and with a 2.17% annual interest rate. Under this line of credit, on February 24, 2025, an amount of USD 15.9 million has been disbursed. This credit line is guaranteed by the shares of the company Río Porá S.A. Adeco Agropecuaria has a lease agreement of a farm signed with Río Porá.
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