5. Financial instruments

Securities owned and securities sold but not yet purchased, investments and derivative contracts are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. The Company’s other financial instruments are generally short-term in nature or have variable interest rates and as such their carrying values approximate fair value, with the exception of notes receivable from employees which are carried at cost.

Securities Owned and Securities Sold, But Not Yet Purchased at Fair Value


	June 30, 2013				December 31, 2012
(Expressed in thousands)	Owned		Sold		Owned		Sold
U.S. Government, agency & sovereign obligations	$	586,095	$	55,026	$	525,255	$	131,930
Corporate debt and other obligations		11,979		3,187		14,428		1,858
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities		3,246		5		2,920		18
Municipal obligations		93,155		795		59,010		467
Convertible bonds		60,851		8,230		49,130		8,868
Corporate equities		45,132		43,757		43,708		29,884
Other		68,432		76		65,291		425

Total	$	868,890	$	111,076	$	759,742	$	173,450

Securities owned and securities sold, but not yet purchased, consist of trading and investment securities at fair values. Included in securities owned at June 30, 2013 are corporate equities with estimated fair values of approximately $13.3 million ($14.0 million at December 31, 2012), which are related to deferred compensation liabilities to certain employees included in accrued compensation on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of June 30, 2013, the Company did not have any exposure to European sovereign debt.

Valuation Techniques

A description of the valuation techniques applied and inputs used in measuring the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is as follows:

U.S. Government Obligations

U.S. Treasury securities are valued using quoted market prices obtained from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers and, accordingly, are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

U.S. Agency Obligations

U.S. agency securities consist of agency issued debt securities and mortgage pass-through securities. Non-callable agency issued debt securities are generally valued using quoted market prices. Callable agency issued debt securities are valued by benchmarking model-derived prices to quoted market prices and trade data for identical or comparable securities. The fair value of mortgage pass-through securities are model driven with respect to spreads of the comparable To-be-announced (“TBA”) security. Actively traded non-callable agency issued debt securities are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Callable agency issued debt securities and mortgage pass-through securities are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Sovereign Obligations

The fair value of sovereign obligations is determined based on quoted market prices when available or a valuation model that generally utilizes interest rate yield curves and credit spreads as inputs. Sovereign obligations are categorized in Level 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate Debt and Other Obligations

The fair value of corporate bonds is estimated using recent transactions, broker quotations and bond spread information. Corporate bonds are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Mortgage and Other Asset-Backed Securities

The Company holds non-agency securities collateralized by home equity and various other types of collateral which are valued based on external pricing and spread data provided by independent pricing services and are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When specific external pricing is not observable, the valuation is based on yields and spreads for comparable bonds and, consequently, the positions are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Municipal Obligations

The fair value of municipal obligations is estimated using recently executed transactions, broker quotations, and bond spread information. These obligations are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; in instances where significant inputs are unobservable, they are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Convertible Bonds

The fair value of convertible bonds is estimated using recently executed transactions and dollar-neutral price quotations, where observable. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on cash flow models using yield curves and bond spreads as key inputs. Convertible bonds are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; in instances where significant inputs are unobservable, they are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Corporate Equities

Equity securities and options are generally valued based on quoted prices from the exchange or market where traded and categorized as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. To the extent quoted prices are not available, fair values are generally derived using bid/ask spreads, and these securities are generally categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other

In February 2010, Oppenheimer finalized settlements with each of the New York Attorney General’s office (“NYAG”) and the Massachusetts Securities Division (“MSD” and, together with the NYAG, the “Regulators”) concluding investigations and administrative proceedings by the Regulators concerning Oppenheimer’s marketing and sale of Auction Rate Securities (“ARS”). Pursuant to those settlements and legal settlements, as of June 30, 2013, the Company purchased and holds approximately $83.3 million in ARS from its clients pursuant to several purchase offers and legal settlements. The Company’s purchases of ARS from its clients will, subject to the terms and conditions of the settlements with the Regulators, continue on a periodic basis pursuant to the settlements with the Regulators. In addition, the Company is committed to purchase another $33.9 million in ARS from clients through 2016. The ultimate amount of ARS to be repurchased by the Company cannot be predicted with any certainty and will be impacted by redemptions by issuers and legal and other actions by clients during the relevant period, which cannot be predicted. The Company also held $150,000 in ARS in its proprietary trading account as of June 30, 2013 as a result of the failed auctions in February 2008. These ARS positions primarily represent Auction Rate Preferred Securities issued by closed-end funds and, to a lesser extent, Municipal Auction Rate Securities which are municipal bonds wrapped by municipal bond insurance and Student Loan Auction Rate Securities which are asset-backed securities backed by student loans.

Interest rates on ARS typically reset through periodic auctions. Due to the auction mechanism and generally liquid markets, ARS have historically been categorized as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Beginning in February 2008, uncertainties in the credit markets resulted in substantially all of the ARS market experiencing failed auctions. Once the auctions failed, the ARS could no longer be valued using observable prices set in the auctions. The Company has used less observable determinants of the fair value of ARS, including the strength in the underlying credits, announced issuer redemptions, completed issuer redemptions, and announcements from issuers regarding their intentions with respect to their outstanding ARS. The Company has also developed an internal methodology to discount for the lack of liquidity and non-performance risk of the failed auctions. Key inputs include spreads on comparable Treasury yields to derive a discount rate, an estimate of the ARS duration, and yields based on current auctions in comparable securities that have not failed. Additional information regarding the valuation technique and inputs used is as follows:

(Expressed in thousands)

Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2013

Product

Principal

Valuation
Adjustment

Fair Value

Valuation
Technique

Unobservable Input

Range

Auction Rate Securities⁽¹⁾

117,249

7,619

109,630

Discounted Cash Flow

Discount Rate

1.12% to 3.14

Duration

4 to 7 Years

Current Yield⁽²⁾

0.11% to 1.35

(1)	Includes ARS owned by the Company of $83.3 million included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2013 as well as additional commitments to purchase ARS from clients of $33.9 million which is disclosed in these notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

(2)	Based on current auctions in comparable securities that have not failed.

The fair value of ARS is particularly sensitive to movements in interest rates. Increases in short-term interest rates would increase the discount rate input used in the ARS valuation and thus reduce the fair value of the ARS (increase the valuation adjustment). Conversely, decreases in short-term interest rates would decrease the discount rate and thus increase the fair value of ARS (decrease the valuation adjustment). However, an increase (decrease) in the discount rate input would be partially mitigated by an increase (decrease) in the current yield earned on the underlying ARS asset increasing the cash flows and thus the fair value. Furthermore, movements in short term interest rates would likely impact the ARS duration (i.e., sensitivity of the price to a change in interest rates), which would also have a mitigating effect on interest rate movements. For example, as interest rates increase, issuers of ARS have an incentive to redeem outstanding securities as servicing the interest payments gets prohibitively expensive which would lower the duration assumption thereby increasing the ARS fair value. Alternatively, ARS issuers are less likely to redeem ARS in a lower interest rate environment as it is a relatively inexpensive source of financing which would increase the duration assumption thereby decreasing the ARS fair value.

Due to the less observable nature of these inputs, the Company categorizes ARS in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As of June 30, 2013, the Company had a valuation adjustment (unrealized loss) of $7.6 million for ARS.

Investments

In its role as general partner in certain hedge funds and private equity funds, the Company, through its subsidiaries, holds direct investments in such funds. The Company uses the net asset value of the underlying fund as a basis for estimating the fair value of its investment. Due to the illiquid nature of these investments and difficulties in obtaining observable inputs, these investments are included in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following table provides information about the Company’s investments in Company-sponsored funds at June 30, 2013:


(Expressed in thousands)	Fair Value		Unfunded Commitments		Redemption Frequency	Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds (1)	$	567	$	—	Quarterly - Annually	30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2)		3,807		803	N/A	N/A
Distressed opportunities investment trust (3)		7,847		—	N/A	N/A

	$	12,221	$	803

(1)	Includes investments in hedge funds and hedge fund of funds that pursue long/short, event-driven, and activist strategies.

(2)	Includes private equity funds and private equity fund of funds with a focus on diversified portfolios, real estate and global natural resources.

(3)	Special purpose vehicle that holds the interest in securities formerly held by one of the Company’s funds which utilized Lehman Brothers International (Europe) as a prime broker.

Derivative Contracts

From time to time, the Company transacts in exchange-traded and over-the-counter derivative transactions to manage its interest rate risk. Exchange-traded derivatives, namely U.S. Treasury futures, Federal funds futures and Eurodollar futures, are valued based on quoted prices from the exchange and are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Over-the-counter derivatives, namely interest rate swap and interest rate cap contracts, are valued using a discounted cash flow model and the Black-Scholes model, respectively, using observable interest rate inputs and are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

As described below in “Credit Concentrations”, the Company participates in loan syndications and operates as underwriting agent in leveraged financing transactions where it utilizes a warehouse facility provided by a commercial bank to extend financing commitments to third-party borrowers identified by the Company. The Company uses broker quotations on loans trading in the secondary market as a proxy to determine the fair value of the underlying loan commitment which is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The Company also purchases and sells loans in its proprietary trading book. The Company uses broker quotations to determine the fair value of loan positions held which are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

The Company from time to time enters into securities financing transactions that mature on the same date as the underlying collateral (referred to as “repo-to-maturity” transactions). Such transactions are treated as a sale of financial assets and a forward repurchase commitment, or conversely as a purchase of financial assets and a forward reverse repurchase commitment. The forward repurchase and reverse repurchase commitments are valued based on the spread between the market value of the government security and the underlying collateral and are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. As of June 30, 2013, the Company did not have any repo-to-maturity transactions.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows:

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2013


	Fair Value Measurements at June 30, 2013
(Expressed in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	56,495	$	—	$	—	$	56,495
Securities segregated for regulatory and other purposes		17,087		—		—		17,087
Deposits with clearing organizations		3,500		—		—		3,500
Securities owned
U.S Treasury securities		557,004		—		—		557,004
U.S. Agency securities		8,450		18,573		—		27,023
Sovereign obligations		—		2,068		—		2,068
Corporate debt and other obligations		—		11,979		—		11,979
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities		—		3,179		67		3,246
Municipal obligations		—		81,586		11,569		93,155
Convertible bonds		—		60,851		—		60,851
Corporate equities		34,486		10,646		—		45,132
Other		1,689		—		66,743		68,432

Securities owned, at fair value		601,629		188,882		78,379		868,890
Investments ⁽¹⁾		358		42,514		12,974		55,846
TBAs		—		1,750		—		1,750

Total	$	679,069	$	233,146	$	91,353	$	1,003,568

Liabilities
Securities sold, but not yet purchased
U.S Treasury securities	$	46,242	$	—	$	—	$	46,242
U.S. Agency securities		7,732		37		—		7,769
Sovereign obligations		—		1,015		—		1,015
Corporate debt and other obligations		—		3,187		—		3,187
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities		—		5		—		5
Municipal obligations		—		795		—		795
Convertible bonds		—		8,230		—		8,230
Corporate equities		30,247		13,510		—		43,757
Other		76		—		—		76

Securities sold, but not yet purchased at fair value		84,297		26,779		—		111,076
Investments		432		—		—		432
Derivative contracts		401		40		2,329		2,770
TBAs		—		1,599		—		1,599

Total	$	85,130	$	28,418	$	2,329	$	115,877

(1)	Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2012


	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2012
(Expressed in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Cash equivalents	$	58,945	$	—	$	—	$	58,945
Securities segregated for regulatory and other purposes		11,499		—		—		11,499
Deposits with clearing organizations		9,095		—		—		9,095
Securities owned
U.S Treasury securities		497,546		—		—		497,546
U.S. Agency securities		—		27,690		—		27,690
Sovereign obligations		—		19		—		19
Corporate debt and other obligations		2,459		11,969		—		14,428
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities		—		2,880		40		2,920
Municipal obligations		—		49,616		9,394		59,010
Convertible bonds		—		49,130		—		49,130
Corporate equities		31,958		11,750		—		43,708
Other		2,328		—		62,963		65,291

Securities owned, at fair value		534,291		153,054		72,397		759,742
Investments ⁽¹⁾		10,477		37,088		12,954		60,519
TBAs		—		3,188		—		3,188

	$	624,307	$	193,330	$	85,351	$	902,988

Liabilities
Securities sold, but not yet purchased
U.S Treasury securities	$	131,899	$	—	$	—	$	131,899
U.S. Agency securities		—		31		—		31
Corporate debt and other obligations		—		1,858		—		1,858
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities		—		18		—		18
Municipal obligations		—		467		—		467
Convertible bonds		—		8,868		—		8,868
Corporate equities		20,946		8,938		—		29,884
Other		325		—		100		425

Securities sold, but not yet purchased at fair value		153,170		20,180		100		173,450
Investments		258		—		—		258
Derivative contracts		286		124		2,647		3,057
TBAs		—		175		—		175

	$	153,714	$	20,479	$	2,747	$	176,940

(1)	Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 assets and liabilities in the three months ended June 30, 2013.

The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012:


	Level 3 Assets and Liabilities For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2013
(Expressed in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾			Purchases and Issuances			Sales and Settlements			Transfers In (Out)			Ending Balance
Assets
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities ⁽¹⁾	$	52	$	7		$	50		$	(36	)	$	(6	)	$	67
Municipals		10,303		1,066			250			(50	)		—			11,569
Other ⁽²⁾		62,489		(571	)		5,925			(1,100	)		—			66,743
Investments ⁽³⁾		12,779		—			292			2			(99	)		12,974
Liabilities
Other ⁽²⁾		100		—			(100	)		—			—			—
Derivative contracts		2,094		235			—			—			—			2,329

(1)	Represents private placements of non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations.

(2)	Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(3)	Primarily represents general partner ownership interests in hedge funds and private equity funds sponsored by the Company.

(4)	Included in principal transactions on the condensed consolidated statement of operations, except for investments which are included in other income on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

(5)	Unrealized gains (losses) are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.


	Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
	For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2012
(Expressed in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾			Purchases and Issuances		Sales and Settlements			Transfers In (Out)			Ending Balance
Assets
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities ⁽¹⁾	$	98	$	(23	)	$	3	$	(64	)	$	(2	)	$	12
Municipals		11,789		581			—		(2,250	)		—			10,120
Other ⁽²⁾		66,831		738			4,425		(7,350	)		—			64,644
Investments ⁽³⁾		13,132		(78	)		3		(297	)		—			12,760
Liabilities
Derivative contracts		3,907		(1,573	)		—		—			—			2,334

(1)	Represents private placements of non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations.

(2)	Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(3)	Primarily represents general partner ownership interests in hedge funds and private equity funds sponsored by the Company.

(4)	Included in principal transactions on the condensed consolidated statement of operations, except for investments which are included in other income on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

(5)	Unrealized gains (losses) are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.

The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the six months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012:


	Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2013
(Expressed in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾			Purchases and Issuances			Sales and Settlements			Transfers In (Out)			Ending Balance
Assets
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities ⁽¹⁾	$	40	$	14		$	73		$	(54	)	$	(6	)	$	67
Municipals		9,394		925			1,450			(200	)		—			11,569
Other ⁽²⁾		62,963		(1,120	)		8,975			(4,075	)		—			66,743
Investments ⁽³⁾		12,954		623			125			(728	)		—			12,974
Liabilities
Other ⁽²⁾		100		—			(100	)		—			—			—
Derivative contracts		2,647		(318	)		—			—			—			2,329

(1)	Represents private placements of non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations.

(2)	Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(3)	Primarily represents general partner ownership interests in hedge funds and private equity funds sponsored by the Company.

(4)	Included in principal transactions on the condensed consolidated statement of operations, except for investments which are included in other income on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

(5)	Unrealized gains (losses) are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.


	Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
	For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012
(Expressed in thousands)	Beginning Balance		Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) ⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾			Purchases and Issuances			Sales and Settlements			Transfers In (Out)			Ending Balance
Assets
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities ⁽¹⁾	$	16	$	(6	)	$	83		$	(79	)	$	(2	)	$	12
Municipals		3,562		(497	)		9,305			(2,250	)		—			10,120
Other ⁽²⁾		65,001		(761	)		14,725			(14,321	)		—			64,644
Investments ⁽³⁾		12,482		437			127			(297	)		11			12,760
Liabilities
Other ⁽²⁾		50		—			(50	)		—			—			—
Derivative contracts		2,347		(13	)		—			—			—			2,334

(1)	Represents private placements of non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations.

(2)	Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(3)	Primarily represents general partner ownership interests in hedge funds and private equity funds sponsored by the Company.

(4)	Included in principal transactions on the condensed consolidated statement of operations, except for investments which are included in other income on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

(5)	Unrealized gains (losses) are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.

Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value

The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities (e.g., office facilities and accrued compensation).

The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 or Level 2 (e.g., cash and receivables from customers) approximates fair value because of the relatively short period of time between their origination and expected maturity. The fair value of the Company’s 8.75% Senior Secured Notes (“Notes”), categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, is based on quoted prices from the market in which the Notes trade.

The fair value of Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”) is based on observable and unobservable inputs and thus categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of MSRs is based on a discounted cash flow valuation methodology on a loan level basis that determines the present value of future cash flows expected to be realized. The fair value considers estimated future servicing fees and ancillary revenue, offset by the estimated costs to service the loans. The discounted cash flow model considers portfolio characteristics, contractually specified servicing fees, prepayment speed assumptions, delinquency rates, costs to service, late charges, and other ancillary revenue, and other economic factors such as interest rates. The fair value of MSRs is sensitive to changes in interest rates, including the effect on prepayment speeds. MSRs typically decrease in value when interest rates decline as declining interest rates tend to increase prepayments and therefore reduce the expected life of the net servicing cash flows that make up the MSR asset.

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2013


					Fair Value Measurement: Assets
	As of June 30, 2013				As of June 30, 2013
(Expressed in thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash	$	106,098	$	106,098	$	106,098	$	—	$	—	$	106,098
Cash segregated for regulatory and other purposes		22,968		22,968		22,968		—		—		22,968
Deposits with clearing organization		22,871		22,871		22,871		—		—		22,871
Receivable from brokers and clearing organizations
Deposits paid for securities borrowed		191,214		191,214		—		191,214		—		191,214
Receivables from brokers		35,844		35,844		—		35,844		—		35,844
Securities failed to deliver		39,223		39,223		—		39,223		—		39,223
Clearing organizations		209		209		—		209		—		209
Omnibus accounts		16,778		16,778		—		16,778		—		16,778
Other		2,565		2,565		—		2,565		—		2,565

		285,833		285,833		—		285,833		—		285,833
Receivable from customers		964,597		964,597		—		964,597		—		964,597
Notes receivable		42,491		42,491		—		—		42,491		42,491
Other assets
Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs)		27,665		35,691		—		—		35,691		35,691
Mortgage receivable ⁽¹⁾		36,360		36,360		—		36,360		—		36,360
Loan receivable ⁽²⁾		7,126		7,126		—		—		7,126		7,126
Escrow deposit ⁽³⁾		25,000		25,000		25,000		—		—		25,000

(1)

Mortgage receivable balance represents loan amounts outstanding after funding but prior to Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) securitization. Amount funded by warehouse facility (warehouse payable) is included in Accounts payable and other liabilities on condensed consolidated balance sheet (see note 4 below). Residual amount between asset and liability is funded with internally generated funds.

(2)	Loan receivable represents outstanding loan purchased out of GNMA pool on property that is in default. Amount funded by third-party is included in Accounts payable and other liabilities on condensed consolidated balance sheet (see note 5 below).

(3)	Represent escrow monies deposited with commercial bank. Offsets with payable to third party in Accounts payable and other liabilities on condensed consolidated balance sheet (see note 6 below).


					Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
	As of June 30, 2013				As of June 30, 2013
(Expressed in thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Drafts payable	$	47,563	$	47,563	$	47,563	$	—	$	—	$	47,563
Bank call loans		219,800		219,800		219,800		—		—		219,800
Payables to brokers and clearing organizations
Deposits received for securities loaned		234,880		234,880		—		234,880		—		234,880
Securities failed to receive		15,496		15,496		—		15,496		—		15,496
Clearing organizations and other		4,343		4,343		—		4,343		—		4,343

		254,719		254,719		—		254,719		—		254,719
Payables to customers		632,653		632,653		—		632,653		—		632,653
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		496,022		496,022		—		496,022		—		496,022
Accounts payable and other liabilities
Warehouse payable ⁽⁴⁾		11,939		11,939		—		11,939		—		11,939
Loan payable ⁽⁵⁾		7,126		7,126		—		—		7,126		7,126
Payable to third party ⁽⁶⁾		25,000		25,000		25,000		—		—		25,000
Senior secured notes		195,000		206,092		—		206,092		—		206,092

(4)	Warehouse payable represents loans outstanding under warehouse facility, provided by commercial bank but prior to GNMA securitization. Used to fund Mortgage receivable in Other assets on condensed consolidated balance sheet (see note 1 above).

(5)	Loan payable represents amount funded by third-party for loan purchased out of GNMA pool on property that is in default. Offsets with Loan receivable in Other assets on condensed consolidated balance sheet (see note 2 above).

(6)	Offsets with Escrow deposit in Other assets on condensed consolidated balance sheet (see note 3 above).

Fair Value Option

The Company has the option to measure certain financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. The Company may make a fair value option election on an instrument-by-instrument basis at initial recognition of an asset or liability or upon an event that gives rise to a new basis of accounting for that instrument. The Company has elected to apply the fair value option to its loan trading portfolio which resides in OPY Credit Corp. and is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Management has elected this treatment as it is consistent with the manner in which the business is managed as well as the way that financial instruments in other parts of the business are recorded. There were no loan positions held in the secondary loan trading portfolio at June 30, 2013 or December 31, 2012.

The Company also elected the fair value option for those securities sold under agreements to repurchase (“repurchase agreements”) and securities purchased under agreements to resell (“reverse repurchase agreements”) that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date or that are not accounted for as purchase and sale agreements (such as repo-to-maturity transactions). The Company has elected the fair value option for these instruments to more accurately reflect market and economic events in its earnings and to mitigate a potential imbalance in earnings caused by using different measurement attributes (i.e. fair value versus carrying value) for certain assets and liabilities. At June 30, 2013, the fair value of the reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements were $nil and $nil, respectively.

Fair Value of Derivative Instruments

The Company transacts, on a limited basis, in exchange traded and over-the-counter derivatives for both asset and liability management as well as for trading and investment purposes. Risks managed using derivative instruments include interest rate risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange risk. Interest rate swaps and interest rate caps are entered into to manage the Company’s interest rate risk associated with floating-rate borrowings. All derivative instruments are measured at fair value and are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company designates interest rate swaps and interest rate caps as cash flow hedges of floating-rate borrowings.

Cash flow hedges used for asset and liability management

For derivative instruments that were designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative was reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains or losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings.

On January 20, 2009, the Company entered into an interest rate cap contract, incorporating a series of purchased caplets with fixed maturity dates ending December 31, 2012, to hedge the interest payments associated with its floating rate Subordinated Note, which was subject to change due to changes in 3-Month LIBOR. With the repayment of the Subordinated Note in the second quarter of 2011, this cap was no longer designated as a cash flow hedge. The cap expired worthless on December 31, 2012. The Company recorded $573 and $19,775, respectively, in interest expense with respect to the interest rate cap for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012. At June 30, 2013, there was no cash flow hedges used for asset and liability management.

Foreign exchange hedges

From time to time, the Company also utilizes forward and options contracts to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with compensation obligations to Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. employees denominated in New Israeli Shekels. Such hedges have not been designated as accounting hedges. At June 30, 2013, there were no forward or option contracts outstanding.

“To-be-announced” securities

The Company also transacts in pass-through mortgage-backed securities eligible to be sold in the “To-Be-Announced” or TBA market. TBAs provide for the forward or delayed delivery of the underlying instrument with settlement up to 180 days. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume of activity and do not reflect the amounts at risk. Unrealized gains and losses on TBAs are recorded in the condensed consolidated balance sheets in receivable from brokers and clearing organizations and payable to brokers and clearing organizations, respectively, and in the condensed consolidated statement of operations as principal transactions revenue.

The following table summarizes the notional and fair values of the TBAs as of June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012:


	June 30, 2013				December 31, 2012
	Notional				Notional
(Expressed in thousands)	Amount		Fair Value		Amount		Fair Value
Sale of TBAs ⁽¹⁾	$	544,641	$	1,750	$	449,065	$	3,188
Purchase of TBAs	$	100,018	$	1,599	$	117,573	$	175
Funding Commitments		405,538				304,390

	$	505,556			$	421,963

(1)

TBAs are used to offset exposures related to commitments to provide funding for Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”) loans at OMHHF. At June 30, 2013, the loan commitments balance was $405.5 million ($304.4 million at December 31, 2012). In addition, at June 30, 2013, OMHHF had a loan receivable balance (included in other assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet) of $36.4 million ($22.9 million at December 31, 2012) which relates to prior loan commitments that have been funded but have not yet been securitized. The “when issued” securitizations of these loans have been sold to market counter-parties.

Derivatives used for trading and investment purposes

Futures contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell securities or other commodities at a future date and at a specified price. Market risk exists with respect to these instruments. Notional or contractual amounts are used to express the volume of these transactions, and do not represent the amounts potentially subject to market risk. The futures contracts the Company used include U.S. Treasury notes, Federal Funds and Eurodollar contracts. At June 30, 2013, the Company had 355 open short contracts for 10-year U.S. Treasury notes with a fair value of $401,000 used primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with a portfolio of fixed income investments. At June 30, 2013, the Company had 1,110 open contracts for Federal Funds futures with a fair value of approximately $29,000 used primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with government trading activities.

The notional amounts and fair values of the Company’s derivatives at June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012 by product were as follows:


	Fair Value of Derivative Instruments at June 30, 2013
(Expressed in thousands)	Description	Notional		Fair Value
Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ⁽¹⁾
Commodity contracts	U.S. Treasury Futures ⁽²⁾	$	51,000	$	401
	Federal Funds Futures ⁽²⁾		5,550,000		29
	Euro Dollars Futures ⁽²⁾		68,000		11
Other contracts	ARS purchase commitments ⁽³⁾		33,884		2,329

		$	5,702,884	$	2,770

(1)	See “Fair Value of Derivative Instruments” above for description of derivative financial instruments.

(2)	Included in payable to brokers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(3)	Included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.


	Fair Value of Derivative Instruments at December 31, 2012
(Expressed in thousands)	Description	Notional		Fair Value
Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments ⁽¹⁾
Commodity contracts	U.S. Treasury Futures ⁽²⁾	$	56,000	$	286
	Federal Funds Futures ⁽²⁾		6,070,000		120
	Euro Dollars Futures ⁽²⁾		15,000		4
Other contracts	ARS purchase commitments ⁽³⁾		38,343		2,647

		$	6,179,343	$	3,057

(1)	See “Fair Value of Derivative Instruments” above for description of derivative financial instruments.

(2)	Included in payable to brokers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(3)	Included in other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company’s derivative instruments and their effect on the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2013 and 2012:

(Expressed in thousands)

The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations For the
Three Months Ended June 30, 2013

Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(pre-tax)

Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income into Income
Effective Portion (1)
(after-tax)

Types

Description

Location

Gain
(Loss)

Location

Gain (Loss)

Commodity contracts

U.S. Treasury Futures

Principal transaction revenue

921

None

—

Federal Funds Futures

Principal transaction revenue

(107

)

None

—

Euro Dollars Futures

Principal transaction revenue

None

—

Other contracts

ARS purchase commitments

Principal transaction revenue

535

None

—

1,420

—

(1)	There is no ineffective portion included in income for the period ended June 30, 2013.

(Expressed in thousands)


	The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2012
		Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)				Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income Effective Portion (1) (after-tax)
Types	Description	Location	Gain (Loss)			Location	Gain (Loss)
Interest rate contracts	Caps ⁽²⁾	N/A	$	—		Interest expense	$	—
Commodity contracts	U.S. Treasury Futures	Principal transaction revenue		(894	)	None		—
	Federal Funds Futures	Principal transaction revenue		71		None		—
	Euro Dollars Futures	Principal transaction revenue		(28	)	None		—
Other contracts	ARS purchase commitments	Principal transaction revenue		1,572		None		—

			$	721			$	—

(1)	There is no ineffective portion included in income for the period ended June 30, 2012.

(2)

As noted above in “Cash flow hedges used for asset and liability management”, interest rate caps are used to hedge interest rate risk associated with the Subordinated Note. With the repayment of the Subordinated Note in the second quarter of 2011, this cap is no longer designated as a cash flow hedge. The cap expired worthless on December 31, 2012.

(Expressed in thousands)

The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations For the Six
Months Ended June 30, 2013

Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(pre-tax)

Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
Income into Income
Effective Portion (1)
(after-tax)

Types

Description

Location

Gain (Loss)

Location

Gain (Loss)

Commodity contracts

U.S. Treasury Futures

Principal transaction revenue

801

None

—

Federal Funds Futures

Principal transaction revenue

(52

)

None

—

Euro Dollars Futures

Principal transaction revenue

None

—

Other contracts

ARS purchase commitments

Principal transaction revenue

2,329

None

—

3,150

—

(1)	There is no ineffective portion included in income for the period ended June 30, 2013.

(Expressed in thousands)


	The Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Statement of Operations For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012
		Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)				Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income into Income Effective Portion (1) (after-tax)
Types	Description	Location	Gain (Loss)			Location	Gain (Loss)
Interest rate contracts	Swaps	N/A	$	—		Interest expense	$	—
	Caps ⁽²⁾	N/A		(12	)	Interest expense
Commodity contracts	U.S. Treasury Futures	Principal transaction revenue		(638	)	None		—
	Federal Funds Futures	Principal transaction revenue		260		None		—
	Euro Dollars Futures	Principal transaction revenue		(28	)	None		—
Other contracts	ARS purchase commitments	Principal transaction revenue		13		None		—

			$	(405	)		$	—

(1)	There is no ineffective portion included in income for the period ended June 30, 2012.

(2)

Collateralized Transactions

The Company enters into collateralized borrowing and lending transactions in order to meet customers’ needs and earn residual interest rate spreads, obtain securities for settlement and finance trading inventory positions. Under these transactions, the Company either receives or provides collateral, including U.S. government and agency, asset-backed, corporate debt, equity, and non-U.S. government and agency securities.

The Company obtains short-term borrowings primarily through bank call loans. Bank call loans are generally payable on demand and bear interest at various rates but not exceeding the broker call rate. At June 30, 2013, bank call loans were $219.8 million ($128.3 million at December 31, 2012).

At June 30, 2013, the Company had collateralized loans, collateralized by firm and customer securities with market values of approximately $157.3 million and $255.3 million, respectively, with commercial banks. At June 30, 2013, the Company had approximately $1.3 billion of customer securities under customer margin loans that are available to be pledged, of which the Company has re-pledged approximately $201.9 million under securities loan agreements.

At June 30, 2013, the Company had deposited $402.1 million of customer securities directly with the Options Clearing Corporation to secure obligations and margin requirements under option contracts written by customers.

At June 30, 2013, the Company had no outstanding letters of credit.

The Company enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers’ needs and to finance the Company’s inventory positions. Except as described below, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, principally involving government and agency securities, are carried at amounts at which the securities subsequently will be resold or reacquired as specified in the respective agreements and include accrued interest. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are presented on a net-by-counterparty basis, when the repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are executed with the same counterparty, have the same explicit settlement date, are executed in accordance with a master netting arrangement, the securities underlying the repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements exist in “book entry” form and certain other requirements are met.

The following tables present the gross amounts and the offsetting amounts of reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions as of June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012:


			As of June 30, 2013
							Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet
(Expressed in thousands)	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
Reverse repurchase agreements	$	3,455,764	$	3,455,764	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—
Securities borrowed ⁽¹⁾		191,214		—		191,214		(191,214	)		—		—

Total	$	3,646,978	$	3,455,764	$	191,214	$	(191,214	)	$	—	$	—

(1)	Included in receivable from brokers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.


							Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
Repurchase agreements	$	3,951,786	$	3,455,764	$	496,022	$	(496,022	)	$	—	$	—
Securities loaned ⁽²⁾		234,880		—		234,880		(234,880	)		—		—

Total	$	4,186,666	$	3,455,764	$	730,902	$	(730,902	)	$	—	$	—

(2)	Included in payable to brokers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.


			As of December 31, 2012
							Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet
(Expressed in thousands)	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
Reverse repurchase agreements	$	1,160,239	$	1,160,239	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—
Securities borrowed ⁽¹⁾		365,642		—		365,642		(365,642	)		—		—

Total	$	1,525,881	$	1,160,239	$	365,642	$	(365,642	)	$	—	$	—

(1)	Included in receivable from brokers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.


							Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet
	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Position		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments			Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
Repurchase agreements	$	1,552,630	$	1,160,239	$	392,391	$	(392,391	)	$	—	$	—
Securities loaned ⁽²⁾		190,387		—		190,387		(190,387	)		—		—

Total	$	1,743,017	$	1,160,239	$	582,778	$	(582,778	)	$	—	$	—

(2)	Included in payable to brokers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Certain of the Company’s repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are carried at fair value as a result of the Company’s fair value option election. The Company elected the fair value option for those repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date or that are not accounted for as purchase and sale agreements (such as repo-to-maturity transactions described above). The Company has elected the fair value option for these instruments to more accurately reflect market and economic events in its earnings and to mitigate a potential imbalance in earnings caused by using different measurement attributes (i.e. fair value versus carrying value) for certain assets and liabilities. At June 30, 2013, the fair value of the reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements was $nil and $nil, respectively.

The Company receives collateral in connection with securities borrowed and reverse repurchase agreement transactions and customer margin loans. Under many agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received (e.g., use the securities to enter into securities lending transactions, or deliver to counterparties to cover short positions). At June 30, 2013, the fair value of securities received as collateral under securities borrowed transactions and reverse repurchase agreements was $185.6 million ($354.0 million at December 31, 2012) and $3.5 billion ($1.2 billion at December 31, 2012), respectively, of which the Company has sold and re-pledged approximately $20.6 million ($14.3 million at December 31, 2012) under securities loaned transactions and $3.5 billion under repurchase agreements ($1.2 billion at December 31, 2012).

The Company pledges certain of its securities owned for securities lending and repurchase agreements and to collateralize bank call loan transactions. The carrying value of pledged securities owned that can be sold or re-pledged by the counterparty was $550.0 million, as presented on the face of the condensed consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2013 ($570.0 million at December 31, 2012). The carrying value of securities owned by the Company that have been loaned or pledged to counterparties where those counterparties do not have the right to sell or re-pledge the collateral was $157.9 million at June 30, 2013 ($159.4 million at December 31, 2012).

The Company manages credit exposure arising from repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements by, in appropriate circumstances, entering into master netting agreements and collateral arrangements with counterparties that provide the Company, in the event of a customer default, the right to liquidate and the right to offset a counterparty’s rights and obligations. The Company also monitors the market value of collateral held and the market value of securities receivable from others. It is the Company’s policy to request and obtain additional collateral when exposure to loss exists. In the event the counterparty is unable to meet its contractual obligation to return the securities, the Company may be exposed to off-balance sheet risk of acquiring securities at prevailing market prices.

As of December 31, 2011, the interest in securities formerly held by one of the Company’s funds which utilized Lehman Brothers International (Europe) as a prime broker was transferred to an investment trust. As of June 30, 2013, the fair value of the Company’s investment in the securities held by Lehman Brothers International (Europe) that were segregated and not re-hypothecated was $7.8 million. This investment has been included in the condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company.

Credit Concentrations

Credit concentrations may arise from trading, investing, underwriting and financing activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. In the normal course of business, the Company may be exposed to risk in the event customers, counterparties including other brokers and dealers, issuers, banks, depositories or clearing organizations are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations. The Company seeks to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures and obtaining collateral as deemed appropriate. Included in receivable from brokers and clearing organizations as of June 30, 2013 are receivables from two major U.S. broker-dealers totaling approximately $66.5 million.

Warehouse Facilities

Through OPY Credit Corp., the Company utilized a warehouse facility provided by Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) to extend financing commitments to third party borrowers identified by the Company. This warehouse arrangement terminated on July 15, 2012. However, the Company will remain contingently liable for some minimal expenses in relation to this facility related to commitments made by CIBC to borrowers introduced by the Company until such borrowings are repaid by the borrower or until 2016, whichever is the sooner to occur. All such owed amounts will continue to be reflected in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations as incurred.

The Company reached an agreement with RBS Citizens, NA (“Citizens”) that was announced in July 2012, whereby the Company, through OPY Credit Corp., will introduce lending opportunities to Citizens, which Citizens can elect to accept and in which the Company will participate in the fees earned from any related commitment by Citizens. The Company can also in certain circumstances assume a portion of Citizen’s syndication and lending risk under such loans, and if it does so it shall be obligated to secure such obligations via a cash deposit determined through risk-based formulas. Neither the Company nor Citizens is obligated to make any specific loan or to commit any minimum amount of lending capacity to the relationship. The agreement also calls for Citizens and the Company at their option to jointly participate in the arrangement of various loan syndications. At June 30, 2013, there were no loans in place.

The Company is obligated to settle transactions with brokers and other financial institutions even if its clients fail to meet their obligations to the Company. Clients are required to complete their transactions on settlement date, generally one to three business days after trade date. If clients do not fulfill their contractual obligations, the Company may incur losses. The Company has clearing/participating arrangements with the National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”), the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”), R.J. O’Brien & Associates (commodities transactions) and others. With respect to its business in reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements, substantially all open contracts at June 30, 2013 are with the FICC. In addition, the Company began clearing its non-U.S. international equities business carried on by Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited through BNP Paribas Securities Services and Oppenheimer through BNP Securities Corp. The clearing corporations have the right to charge the Company for losses that result from a client’s failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. Accordingly, the Company has credit exposures with these clearing brokers. The clearing brokers can re-hypothecate the securities held on behalf of the Company. As the right to charge the Company has no maximum amount and applies to all trades executed through the clearing brokers, the Company believes there is no maximum amount assignable to this right. At June 30, 2013, the Company had recorded no liabilities with regard to this right. The Company’s policy is to monitor the credit standing of the clearing brokers and banks with which it conducts business.

OMHHF, which is engaged in commercial mortgage origination and servicing, has obtained an uncommitted warehouse facility line through PNC Bank (“PNC”) under which OMHHF pledges Federal Housing Administration (“FHA”)—guaranteed mortgages for a period averaging 15 business days and PNC table funds the principal payment to the mortgagee. OMHHF repays PNC upon the securitization of the mortgage by the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) and the delivery of the security to the counter- party for payment pursuant to a contemporaneous sale on the date the mortgage is funded. At June 30, 2013, OMHHF had $12.0 million outstanding under the warehouse facility line at a variable interest rate of 1 month LIBOR plus a spread. Interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2013 was $149,200 and $291,300, respectively ($158,000 and $401,000, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2012).

As discussed above, the Company enters into TBA transactions to offset exposures related to commitments to provide funding for FHA loans at OMHHF. In the normal course of business, the Company may be exposed to the risk that counterparties to these TBAs are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations.

Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)

The Company’s policy is to consolidate all subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, as well as any VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, when it has the power to make the decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb significant losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reviews factors, including the rights of the equity holders and obligations of equity holders to absorb losses or receive expected residual returns, to determine if the investee is a VIE. In evaluating whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company evaluates its economic interests in the entity held either directly or indirectly by the Company. The consolidation analysis is generally performed qualitatively. This analysis, which requires judgment, is performed at each reporting date. Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2010-10, “Amendments for Certain Investment Funds,” defers the application of the revised consolidation rules for a reporting entity’s interest in an entity if certain conditions are met. An entity that qualifies for the deferral will continue to be assessed for consolidation under the overall guidance on VIEs, before its amendment, and other applicable consolidation guidance. Generally, the Company would consolidate those entities when it absorbs a majority of the expected losses or a majority of the expected residual returns, or both, of the entities.

For entities that the Company has concluded are not VIEs, the Company then evaluates whether the fund is a partnership or similar entity. If the fund is a partnership or similar entity, the Company evaluates the fund under the partnership consolidation guidance. Pursuant to that guidance, the Company consolidates funds in which it is the general partner and/or manages through a contract, unless presumption of control by the Company can be overcome. This presumption is overcome only when unrelated investors in the fund have the substantive ability to liquidate the fund or otherwise remove the Company as the general partner without cause, based on a simple majority vote of unaffiliated investors, or have other substantive participating rights. If the presumption of control can be overcome, the Company accounts for its interest in the fund pursuant to the equity method of accounting.

A subsidiary of the Company serves as general partner of hedge funds and private equity funds that were established for the purpose of providing investment alternatives to both its institutional and qualified retail clients. The Company holds variable interests in these funds as a result of its right to receive management and incentive fees. The Company’s investment in and additional capital commitments to these hedge funds and private equity funds are also considered variable interests. The Company’s additional capital commitments are subject to call at a later date and are limited in amount.

The Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of the hedge funds and private equity funds in which it holds a variable interest in the form of the total general and limited partner interests held in these funds by all parties. In each instance, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary and therefore need not consolidate the hedge funds or private equity funds. The subsidiaries’ general partnership interests, additional capital commitments, and management fees receivable represent its maximum exposure to loss. The subsidiaries’ general partnership interests and management fees receivable are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The following tables set forth the total VIE assets, the carrying value of the subsidiaries’ variable interests, and the Company’s maximum exposure to loss in Company-sponsored non-consolidated VIEs in which the Company holds variable interests and other non-consolidated VIEs in which the Company holds variable interests at June 30, 2013 and December 31, 2012:


	June 30, 2013
									Maximum
									Exposure
			Carrying Value of the						to Loss in
	Total		Company’s Variable Interest				Capital		Non-consolidated
(Expressed in thousands)	VIE Assets (1)		Assets (2)		Liabilities		Commitments		VIEs
Hedge funds	$	1,923,636	$	328	$	—	$	—	$	328
Private equity funds		111,693		32		—		8		40

Total	$	2,035,329	$	360	$	—	$	8	$	368

(1)	Represents the total assets of the VIEs and does not represent the Company’s interests in the VIEs.

(2)	Represents the Company’s interests in the VIEs and is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.


	December 31, 2012
									Maximum
									Exposure
			Carrying Value of the						to Loss in
	Total		Company’s Variable Interest				Capital		Non-consolidated
(Expressed in thousands)	VIE Assets (1)		Assets (2)		Liabilities		Commitments		VIEs
Hedge funds	$	1,868,178	$	372	$	—	$	—	$	372
Private equity funds		171,169		32		—		8		40

Total	$	2,039,347	$	404	$	—	$	8	$	412

(1)	Represents the total assets of the VIEs and does not represent the Company’s interests in the VIEs.

(2)	Represents the Company’s interests in the VIEs and is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.