10-Q 1 opy-9302019x10q.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019
OR

o | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-12043

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 98-0080034
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

85 Broad Street
New York, NY 10004
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(212) 668-8000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock | OPY | The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | o |  | Accelerated filer | x
Non-accelerated filer | o |  | Smaller reporting company | o
Emerging growth company | o |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
The number of shares of the Company's Class A non-voting common stock and Class B voting common stock (being the only classes of common stock of the Company) outstanding on October 25, 2019 was 12,698,703 and 99,665 shares, respectively.

Table of Contents
OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
INDEX TO QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

|  | Page No.
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 | 7
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 48
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 61
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 61
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 62
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 65
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 65
Item 6. | Exhibits | 65
| Signatures | 66

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
ASSETS |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 26,193 |  |  | $ | 90,675 |
Deposits with clearing organizations | 73,730 |  |  | 67,678 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 157,734 |  |  | 166,493 |
Receivable from customers, net of allowance for credit losses of $941 ($886 in 2018) | 754,927 |  |  | 720,777 |
Income tax receivable | 2,333 |  |  | 1,014 |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | — |  |  | 290 |
Securities owned, including amounts pledged of $359,151 ($517,951 in 2018), at fair value | 653,194 |  |  | 837,584 |
Notes receivable, net of accumulated amortization and allowance for uncollectibles of $35,373 and $3,886 respectively ($25,109 and $6,800, respectively, in 2018) | 43,920 |  |  | 44,058 |
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net of accumulated depreciation of $92,690 ($89,182 in 2018) | 32,085 |  |  | 28,988 |
Right-of-use lease assets, net of accumulated amortization of $19,141 | 164,899 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 137,889 |  |  | 137,889 |
Intangible assets | 32,100 |  |  | 32,100 |
Other assets | 124,484 |  |  | 112,768 |
Total assets | $ | 2,203,488 |  |  | $ | 2,240,314 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |
Drafts payable | $ | 17,794 |  |  | $ | 16,348 |
Bank call loans | — |  |  | 15,000 |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 364,595 |  |  | 289,207 |
Payable to customers | 313,056 |  |  | 336,616 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 253,720 |  |  | 484,218 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 121,880 |  |  | 85,446 |
Accrued compensation | 149,862 |  |  | 167,348 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | 43,234 |  |  | 87,630 |
Lease liabilities | 208,748 |  |  | — |
Senior secured notes, net of debt issuance costs of $533 ($904 in 2018) | 149,467 |  |  | 199,096 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets of $44,736 ($41,722 in 2018) | 14,505 |  |  | 14,083 |
Total liabilities | 1,636,861 |  |  | 1,694,992 |
Commitments and contingencies (note 12) |  |  |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |
Share capital |  |  |
Class A non-voting common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 12,698,703 and 12,941,809 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively | 46,424 |  |  | 53,259 |
Class B voting common stock, par value $0.001 per share, 99,665 shares authorized, issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 | 133 |  |  | 133 |
| 46,557 |  |  | 53,392 |
Contributed capital | 45,349 |  |  | 41,776 |
Retained earnings | 473,099 |  |  | 449,989 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 1,622 |  |  | 165 |
Total stockholders' equity | 566,627 |  |  | 545,322 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 2,203,488 |  |  | $ | 2,240,314 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
REVENUE |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | 78,627 |  |  | $ | 79,678 |  |  | $ | 238,932 |  |  | $ | 245,935 |
Advisory fees | 80,887 |  |  | 78,154 |  |  | 235,241 |  |  | 232,972 |
Investment banking | 21,798 |  |  | 28,328 |  |  | 81,847 |  |  | 84,442 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 28,894 |  |  | 30,053 |  |  | 94,692 |  |  | 84,203 |
Interest | 12,344 |  |  | 13,403 |  |  | 38,621 |  |  | 38,686 |
Principal transactions, net | 7,606 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | 22,089 |  |  | 9,110 |
Other | 4,637 |  |  | 8,214 |  |  | 26,076 |  |  | 19,552 |
Total revenue | 234,793 |  |  | 237,814 |  |  | 737,498 |  |  | 714,900 |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | 151,284 |  |  | 152,846 |  |  | 467,422 |  |  | 457,821 |
Communications and technology | 20,872 |  |  | 18,602 |  |  | 61,457 |  |  | 55,287 |
Occupancy and equipment costs | 16,010 |  |  | 15,106 |  |  | 46,856 |  |  | 45,435 |
Clearing and exchange fees | 5,469 |  |  | 5,378 |  |  | 16,479 |  |  | 17,254 |
Interest | 11,531 |  |  | 12,915 |  |  | 37,709 |  |  | 32,787 |
Other | 23,131 |  |  | 25,813 |  |  | 67,636 |  |  | 77,024 |
Total expenses | 228,297 |  |  | 230,660 |  |  | 697,559 |  |  | 685,608 |
Income before income taxes | 6,496 |  |  | 7,154 |  |  | 39,939 |  |  | 29,292 |
Income taxes | 2,547 |  |  | 2,083 |  |  | 12,421 |  |  | 8,661 |
Net income | $ | 3,949 |  |  | $ | 5,071 |  |  | $ | 27,518 |  |  | $ | 20,631 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |
Diluted | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 1.99 |  |  | $ | 1.47 |
Weighted average shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 12,825,944 |  |  | 13,269,024 |  |  | 12,940,129 |  |  | 13,252,596 |
Diluted | 13,832,994 |  |  | 14,140,263 |  |  | 13,846,139 |  |  | 14,043,326 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Expressed in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Net income | $ | 3,949 |  |  | $ | 5,071 |  |  | $ | 27,518 |  |  | $ | 20,631 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency translation adjustment | 533 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 1,457 |  |  | (880 | )
Comprehensive income | $ | 4,482 |  |  | $ | 5,170 |  |  | $ | 28,975 |  |  | $ | 19,751 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Expressed in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Share capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 48,202 |  |  | $ | 58,825 |  |  | $ | 53,392 |  |  | $ | 58,492 |
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | 403 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 1,565 |  |  | 794 |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation | (2,048 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8,400 | ) |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 46,557 |  |  | 59,286 |  |  | 46,557 |  |  | 59,286 |
Contributed capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 43,626 |  |  | 39,287 |  |  | 41,776 |  |  | 36,546 |
Share-based expense | 2,045 |  |  | 1,551 |  |  | 6,071 |  |  | 4,647 |
Vested employee share plan awards | (322 | ) |  | (476 | ) |  | (2,498 | ) |  | (831 | )
Balance at end of period | 45,349 |  |  | 40,362 |  |  | 45,349 |  |  | 40,362 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 470,693 |  |  | 439,926 |  |  | 449,989 |  |  | 426,930 |
Net income | 3,949 |  |  | 5,071 |  |  | 27,518 |  |  | 20,631 |
Dividends paid | (1,543 | ) |  | (1,460 | ) |  | (4,408 | ) |  | (4,373 | )
Other | — |  |  | (10 | ) |  | — |  |  | 339 |
Balance at end of period | 473,099 |  |  | 443,527 |  |  | 473,099 |  |  | 443,527 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 1,089 |  |  | 603 |  |  | 165 |  |  | 1,582 |
Currency translation adjustment | 533 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 1,457 |  |  | (880 | )
Balance at end of period | 1,622 |  |  | 702 |  |  | 1,622 |  |  | 702 |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 566,627 |  |  | $ | 543,877 |  |  | $ | 566,627 |  |  | $ | 543,877 |
Dividends paid per share | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  | $ | 0.33 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30,

(Expressed in thousands) | 2019 |  | 2018
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 27,518 |  |  | $ | 20,631 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |
Non-cash items included in net income: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements | 5,575 |  |  | 4,999 |
Deferred income taxes | 422 |  |  | 1,616 |
Amortization of notes receivable | 9,679 |  |  | 9,480 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | 187 |  |  | 194 |
Write-off of debt issuance costs | 184 |  |  | — |
Provision for credit losses | 55 |  |  | 90 |
Share-based compensation | 11,858 |  |  | 11,088 |
Amortization of right-of-use lease assets | 19,141 |  |  | — |
Decrease (increase) in operating assets: |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | (6,052 | ) |  | (11,734 | )
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 8,759 |  |  | (17,916 | )
Receivable from customers | (34,205 | ) |  | 50,385 |
Income tax receivable | (1,319 | ) |  | (556 | )
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | 290 |  |  | (844 | )
Securities owned | 184,390 |  |  | 31,346 |
Notes receivable | (9,541 | ) |  | (12,238 | )
Other assets | (11,980 | ) |  | 24,465 |
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: |  |  |
Drafts payable | 1,446 |  |  | (13,170 | )
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 75,388 |  |  | 7,960 |
Payable to customers | (23,560 | ) |  | (34,157 | )
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | (230,498 | ) |  | 19,532 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased | 36,434 |  |  | 49,260 |
Accrued compensation | (23,273 | ) |  | (27,899 | )
Accounts payable and other liabilities | (18,001 | ) |  | 5,747 |
Cash provided by operating activities | 22,897 |  |  | 118,279 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchase of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements | (8,672 | ) |  | (6,654 | )
Purchase of intangible assets | — |  |  | (400 | )
Proceeds from the settlement of Company-owned life insurance | 1,720 |  |  | 284 |
Cash used in investing activities | (6,952 | ) |  | (6,770 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Cash dividends paid on Class A non-voting and Class B voting common stock | (4,408 | ) |  | (4,373 | )
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | 83 |  |  | 70 |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation | (8,400 | ) |  | — |
Payments for employee taxes withheld related to vested share-based awards | (1,014 | ) |  | (2,529 | )
Redemption of senior secured notes | (50,000 | ) |  | — |
Debt redemption costs | (1,688 | ) |  | — |
Decrease in bank call loans, net | (15,000 | ) |  | (115,300 | )
Cash used in financing activities | (80,427 | ) |  | (122,132 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | (64,482 | ) |  | (10,623 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 90,675 |  |  | 48,154 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 26,193 |  |  | $ | 37,531 |
Schedule of non-cash financing activities |  |  |
Employee share plan issuance | $ | 1,484 |  |  | $ | 724 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest | $ | 37,710 |  |  | $ | 36,500 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net | $ | 13,506 |  |  | $ | 7,757 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

1. Organization
Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. ("OPY" or the "Parent") is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of OPY and its consolidated subsidiaries (together, the "Company" or "we"). The Company engages in a broad range of activities in the financial services industry, including retail securities brokerage, institutional sales and trading, market-making, research, investment banking (both corporate and public finance), investment advisory and asset management services and trust services.
The Company has 94 retail branch offices in the United States and has institutional businesses located in London, Tel Aviv, and Hong Kong. The principal subsidiaries of OPY are Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. ("Oppenheimer"), a registered broker-dealer in securities and investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. ("OAM") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Oppenheimer Investment Management LLC, both registered investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; Oppenheimer Trust Company of Delaware ("Oppenheimer Trust"), a limited purpose trust company that provides fiduciary services such as trust and estate administration and investment management; OPY Credit Corp., which offers syndication as well as trading of issued corporate loans; Oppenheimer Europe Ltd., based in the United Kingdom, with offices in the Isle of Jersey, Germany and Switzerland, which provides institutional equities and fixed income brokerage and corporate finance and is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority; Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited, based in Hong Kong, China, which provides fixed income and equities brokerage services to institutional investors and is regulated by the Securities and Futures Commission; and Oppenheimer Multifamily Housing & Healthcare Finance, Inc. ("OMHHF"), which was formerly engaged in Federal Housing Administration ("FHA")-insured commercial mortgage origination and servicing. During 2016, the Company sold substantially all of the assets of OMHHF and ceased its operations.
Oppenheimer owns Freedom Investments, Inc. ("Freedom"), a registered broker dealer in securities, which provides discount brokerage services, and Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd., which is engaged in offering investment services in the State of Israel. Oppenheimer holds a trading permit on the New York Stock Exchange and is a member of several other regional exchanges in the United States.
2. Summary of significant accounting policies and estimates
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 (the "Form 10-K"). The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statement purposes. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts that are reported in the financial statements and the accompanying disclosures. Although these estimates are based on management's knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may differ materially from the estimates. The condensed consolidated results of operations for the nine month period ended September 30, 2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future interim or annual period.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, "Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments," which amends the FASB's guidance on the impairment of financial instruments. The ASU adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model ("current expected credit loss model"). Under this new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company has performed a preliminary analysis and determined which areas are in and out of scope and which areas that it can apply the practical expedient. The Company is currently assessing the impact of applying the CECL model to areas such as defaulted note receivables and investment banking related receivables accounts. The Company has also determined that it will utilize the practical expedient to areas such as securities borrowed, reverse repurchase agreements, margin lending, and other collateralized transactions due to the continued marking of the underlying collateral. As a result, the Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, "Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment," which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The Company is no longer required to perform its Step 2 goodwill impairment test; instead, the Company should perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company will not early adopt this ASU. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of the ASU on the Company; the adoption of the ASU is not currently expected to have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, "Fair Value Measurement - Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for the Fair Value Measurement," which modifies the disclosure requirements related to fair value measurement. The ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company will not early adopt this ASU. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of the ASU on the Company's disclosure.
3. Leases
In the first quarter of 2019, the Company adopted ASU 2016-02, "Leases". The ASU requires the recognition of a right-of use asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous guidance. The Company elected the modified retrospective method which did not result in a cumulative-effect adjustment at the date of adoption.
The Company and its subsidiaries have operating leases for office space and equipment expiring at various dates through 2034. The Company leases its corporate headquarters at 85 Broad Street, New York, New York which houses its executive management team and many administrative functions for the firm as well as its research, trading, investment banking, and asset management divisions and an office in Troy, Michigan, which among other things, houses its payroll and human resources departments. In addition, the Company has 94 retail branch offices in the United States as well as offices in London, England, St. Helier, Jersey, Geneva, Switzerland, Frankfurt, Germany, Tel Aviv, Israel and Hong Kong, China.
The majority of the leases are held by the Company's subsidiary, Viner Finance Inc., which is a consolidated subsidiary and 100% owned by the Company.
Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Most leases include an option to renew and the exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. The Company did not include the renewal options as part of the right of use assets and liabilities.
The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

As of September 30, 2019, the Company had right of use operating lease assets of $164.9 million (net of accumulated amortization of $19.1 million) which are comprised of real estate leases of $161.7 million (net of accumulated amortization of $17.7 million) and equipment leases of $3.2 million (net of accumulated amortization of $1.4 million). As of September 30, 2019, the Company had operating lease liabilities of $208.7 million which are comprised of real estate lease liabilities of $205.5 million and equipment lease liabilities of $3.2 million. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had not made any cash payments for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities or right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations. The Company had no finance leases or embedded leases as of September 30, 2019.
As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company used the incremental borrowing rate on January 1, 2019 for operating leases that commenced prior to that date. The Company used the incremental borrowing rate as of the lease commencement date for the operating leases commenced subsequent to January 1, 2019.
The following table presents the weighted average lease term and weighted average discount rate for our operating leases as of September 30, 2019:

| As of September 30, 2019
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) | 8.45
Weighted average discount rate | 7.91%

The following table presents operating lease costs recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 which are included in occupancy and equipment costs on the condensed consolidated income statement:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended |  | For the Nine Months Ended
| September 30, 2019
Operating lease costs: |  |  |
Real estate leases - Right-of-use lease asset amortization | $ | 5,696 |  |  | $ | 17,740 |
Real estate leases - Interest expense | 4,145 |  |  | 11,792 |
Equipment leases - Right-of-use lease asset amortization | 462 |  |  | 1,401 |
Equipment leases - Interest expense | 57 |  |  | 171 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2019 are as follows:

(Expressed in thousands) |
| As of September 30, 2019
2019 | $ | 11,076 |
2020 | 42,127 |
2021 | 37,087 |
2022 | 33,149 |
2023 | 31,004 |
After 2024 | 135,147 |
Total lease payments | $ | 289,590 |
Less interest | (80,842 | )
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 208,748 |

As of September 30, 2019, the Company had no additional operating leases that have not yet commenced.
In November 2016, the SEC issued a no action letter related to the treatment of operating leases under SEC Rule 15c3-1 (the “Rule”) in the context of the adoption of ASU 2016-2, “Leases” which provided relief, if certain conditions are met, to broker-dealers in the net capital treatment of operating lease assets which would otherwise be treated as a non-allowable asset. The application of this guidance resulted in no additional charges to net capital for operating leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
4. Revenue from contracts with customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised goods or services to customers. A good or service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied over time or at a point in time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Company's progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the goods or services to the customer. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Company determines the customer obtains control over the promised good or service. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those promised goods or services (i.e., the "transaction price"). In determining the transaction price, the Company considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. In determining when to include variable consideration in the transaction price, the Company considers the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of its past experiences, the time period when uncertainties expect to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of the Company's influence, such as market volatility or the judgment and actions of third parties.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers and other sources (principal transactions, interest and other). The following provides detailed information on the recognition of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers:
Commissions
Commissions from Sales and Trading — The Company earns commission revenue by executing, settling and clearing transactions with clients primarily in exchange-traded and over-the-counter corporate equity and debt securities, money market instruments and exchange-traded options and futures contracts. A substantial portion of Company's revenue is derived from commissions from private clients through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Trade execution and clearing services, when provided together, represent a single performance obligation as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, is recognized at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied. Commission revenue is generally paid on settlement date, which is generally two business days after trade date for equity securities and corporate bond transactions and one day for government securities, options, and commodities transactions. The Company records a receivable on the trade date and receives a payment on the settlement date.
Mutual Fund Income — The Company earns mutual fund income for sales and distribution of mutual fund shares. Many mutual fund companies pay distribution fees to intermediaries, such as broker-dealers, for selling their shares. The fees are operational expenses of the mutual fund and are included in its expense ratio. The Company recognizes mutual fund income at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied which is when the mutual fund interest is sold to the investor. Mutual fund income is generally received within 90 days.
Advisory Fees
The Company earns management and performance (or incentive) fees in connection with the advisory and asset management services it provides to various types of funds and investment vehicles through its subsidiaries. Management fees are generally based on the account value at the valuation date per the respective asset management agreements and are recognized over time as the customer receives the benefits of the services evenly throughout the term of the contract. Performance fees are recognized when the return on client AUM exceeds a specified benchmark return or other performance targets over a 12-month measurement period. Performance fees are considered variable as they are subject to fluctuation and/or are contingent on a future event over the measurement period and are not subject to adjustment once the measurement period ends. Such fees are computed as of the fund's year-end when the measurement period ends and generally are recorded as earned in the fourth quarter of the Company's fiscal year. Both management and performance fees are generally received within 90 days.
Investment Banking
The Company earns underwriting revenues by providing capital raising solutions for corporate clients through initial public offerings, follow-on offerings, equity-linked offerings, private investments in public entities, and private placements. Underwriting revenues are recognized at a point in time on trade date, as the client obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at that point. These fees are generally received within 90 days after the transactions are completed. Transaction-related expenses, primarily consisting of legal, travel and other costs directly associated with the transaction, are deferred and recognized in the same period as the related investment banking transaction revenue. Underwriting revenues and related expenses are presented gross on the condensed consolidated income statements.
Revenue from financial advisory services includes fees generated in connection with mergers, acquisitions and restructuring transactions and such revenue and fees are primarily recorded at a point in time when services for the transactions are completed and income is reasonably determinable, generally as set forth under the terms of the engagement. Payment for advisory services is generally due upon a completion of the transaction or milestone. Retainer fees and fees earned from certain advisory services are recognized ratably over the service period as the customers receive the benefit of the services throughout the term of the contracts, and such fees are collected based on the terms of the contracts.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Bank Deposit Sweep Income
Bank deposit sweep income consists of revenue earned from the FDIC-insured bank deposit program. Under this program, client funds are swept into deposit accounts at participating banks and are eligible for FDIC deposit insurance up to FDIC standard maximum deposit insurance amounts. Fees are earned over time and are generally received within 30 days.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following presents the Company's revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by major business activity and other sources of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Reportable Segments
| Private Client |  | Asset Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 35,994 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,569 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 68,572 |
Mutual fund income | 10,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 10,055 |
Advisory fees | 62,510 |  |  | 18,366 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 80,887 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 2,557 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,773 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,330 |
Investment banking - advisory | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,468 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,468 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 28,894 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,894 |
Other | 3,296 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 4,322 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 143,301 |  |  | 18,368 |  |  | 52,261 |  |  | 598 |  |  | 214,528 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 8,652 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,272 |  |  | 420 |  |  | 12,344 |
Principal transactions, net | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,515 |  |  | (979 | ) |  | 7,606 |
Other | 31 |  |  | — |  |  | 20 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 315 |
Total other sources of revenue | 8,753 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,807 |  |  | (295 | ) |  | 20,265 |
Total revenue | $ | 152,054 |  |  | $ | 18,368 |  |  | $ | 64,068 |  |  | $ | 303 |  |  | $ | 234,793 |

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
| Reportable Segments
| Private Client |  | Asset Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 36,553 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,807 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 68,370 |
Mutual fund income | 11,059 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 11,308 |
Advisory fees | 60,516 |  |  | 17,627 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 78,154 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 2,733 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,806 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,539 |
Investment banking - advisory | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,789 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,789 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 30,053 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,053 |
Other | 3,654 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 318 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 4,015 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 144,568 |  |  | 17,870 |  |  | 57,727 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 220,228 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 9,469 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,678 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 13,403 |
Principal transactions, net | 675 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,423 |  |  | (7,114 | ) |  | (16 | )
Other | 3,371 |  |  | — |  |  | 302 |  |  | 526 |  |  | 4,199 |
Total other sources of revenue | 13,515 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,403 |  |  | (6,332 | ) |  | 17,586 |
Total revenue | $ | 158,083 |  |  | $ | 17,870 |  |  | $ | 68,130 |  |  | $ | (6,269 | ) |  | $ | 237,814 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following presents the Company's revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by major business activity and other sources of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Reportable Segments
| Private Client |  | Asset Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 110,496 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98,621 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 209,133 |
Mutual fund income | 29,788 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 29,799 |
Advisory fees | 181,634 |  |  | 53,572 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 235,241 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 9,568 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,065 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,633 |
Investment banking - advisory | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 40,214 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 94,692 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,692 |
Other | 10,101 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,289 |  |  | 2,369 |  |  | 13,761 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 436,279 |  |  | 53,569 |  |  | 172,201 |  |  | 2,424 |  |  | 664,473 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 27,699 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,566 |  |  | 1,356 |  |  | 38,621 |
Principal transactions, net | 2,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,984 |  |  | (5,187 | ) |  | 22,089 |
Other | 11,239 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 972 |  |  | 12,315 |
Total other sources of revenue | 41,230 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 34,647 |  |  | (2,859 | ) |  | 73,025 |
Total revenue | $ | 477,509 |  |  | $ | 53,576 |  |  | $ | 206,848 |  |  | $ | (435 | ) |  | $ | 737,498 |

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
| Reportable Segments
| Private Client |  | Asset Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 115,924 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 96,826 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 212,837 |
Mutual fund income | 32,327 |  |  | 745 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 33,098 |
Advisory fees | 180,426 |  |  | 52,465 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 232,972 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 10,572 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,398 |  |  | — |  |  | 56,970 |
Investment banking - advisory | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,472 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,472 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 84,203 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84,203 |
Other | 11,359 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 750 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 12,112 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 434,811 |  |  | 53,219 |  |  | 171,514 |  |  | 120 |  |  | 659,664 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 27,820 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 10,146 |  |  | 719 |  |  | 38,686 |
Principal transactions, net | 807 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,804 |  |  | (7,501 | ) |  | 9,110 |
Other | 5,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 401 |  |  | 1,747 |  |  | 7,440 |
Total other sources of revenue | 33,919 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 26,351 |  |  | (5,035 | ) |  | 55,236 |
Total revenue | $ | 468,730 |  |  | $ | 53,220 |  |  | $ | 197,865 |  |  | $ | (4,915 | ) |  | $ | 714,900 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Contract Balances
The timing of the Company's revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment by its customers. The Company records receivables when revenue is recognized prior to payment and it has an unconditional right to payment. Alternatively, when payment precedes the provision of the related services, the Company records deferred revenue until the performance obligations are satisfied.
The Company had receivables related to revenue from contracts with customers of $25.2 million and $23.7 million at September 30, 2019 and January 1, 2019, respectively. The Company had no significant impairments related to these receivables during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Deferred revenue relates to IRA fees received annually in advance on customers' IRA accounts managed by the Company and the retainer fees and fees earned from certain advisory transactions where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. Total deferred revenue was $1.7 million and $318,000 at September 30, 2019 and January 1, 2019, respectively.
The following presents the Company's contract assets and deferred revenue balances from contracts with customers, which are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheet:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| Ending Balance at September 30, 2019 |  | Opening Balance at January 1, 2019
Contract assets (receivables): |  |  |
Commission (1) | $ | 3,295 |  |  | $ | 3,738 |
Mutual fund income (2) | 6,836 |  |  | 7,241 |
Advisory fees (3) | 1,013 |  |  | 1,214 |
Bank deposit sweep income (4) | 3,911 |  |  | 4,622 |
Investment banking fees (5) | 7,688 |  |  | 3,996 |
Other | 2,452 |  |  | 2,869 |
Total contract assets | $ | 25,195 |  |  | $ | 23,680 |
Deferred revenue (payables): |  |  |
Investment banking fees (6) | $ | 1,055 |  |  | $ | 318 |
IRA fees (7) | 667 |  |  | — |
Total deferred revenue | $ | 1,722 |  |  | $ | 318 |

(1) | Commission recorded on trade date but not yet settled.

(2) | Mutual fund income earned but not yet received.

(3) | Management and performance fees earned but not yet received.

(4) | Fees earned from FDIC-insured bank deposit program but not yet received.

(5) | Underwriting revenue and advisory fees earned but not yet received.

(6) | Retainer fees and fees earned from certain advisory transactions where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied.

(7) | Fee received in advance on an annual basis.

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

5. Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. by the weighted average number of shares of Class A non-voting common stock ("Class A Stock") and Class B voting common stock ("Class B Stock") outstanding. Diluted earnings per share includes the weighted average number of shares of Class A Stock and Class B Stock outstanding and options to purchase Class A Stock and unvested restricted stock awards of Class A Stock using the treasury stock method.
Earnings per share have been calculated as follows:

(Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding | 12,825,944 |  |  | 13,269,024 |  |  | 12,940,129 |  |  | 13,252,596 |
Net dilutive effect of share-based awards, treasury method (1) | 1,007,050 |  |  | 871,239 |  |  | 906,010 |  |  | 790,730 |
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding | 13,832,994 |  |  | 14,140,263 |  |  | 13,846,139 |  |  | 14,043,326 |
Net income | $ | 3,949 |  |  | $ | 5,071 |  |  | $ | 27,518 |  |  | $ | 20,631 |
Net income per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.31 |  |  | $ | 0.38 |  |  | $ | 2.13 |  |  | $ | 1.56 |
Diluted | $ | 0.29 |  |  | $ | 0.36 |  |  | $ | 1.99 |  |  | $ | 1.47 |

(1) | For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the diluted net income per share computation does not include the anti-dilutive effect of 7,628 shares of Class A Stock granted under share-based compensation arrangements (4,050 shares for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018).

6. Receivable from and payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| As of
| September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations consists of: |  |  |
Securities borrowed | $ | 103,738 |  |  | $ | 108,144 |
Receivable from brokers | 13,839 |  |  | 20,140 |
Securities failed to deliver | 13,362 |  |  | 7,021 |
Clearing organizations | 24,775 |  |  | 28,777 |
Other | 2,020 |  |  | 2,411 |
Total | $ | 157,734 |  |  | $ | 166,493 |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations consists of: |  |  |
Securities loaned | $ | 209,298 |  |  | $ | 146,815 |
Payable to brokers | 7,040 |  |  | 158 |
Securities failed to receive | 13,228 |  |  | 27,799 |
Other | 135,029 |  |  | 114,435 |
Total | $ | 364,595 |  |  | $ | 289,207 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

7. Fair value measurements
Securities owned, securities sold but not yet purchased, investments and derivative contracts are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period.
Valuation Techniques
A description of the valuation techniques applied and inputs used in measuring the fair value of the Company's financial instruments is as follows:
U.S. Government Obligations
U.S. Treasury securities are valued using quoted market prices obtained from active market makers and inter-dealer brokers.
U.S. Agency Obligations
U.S. agency securities consist of agency issued debt securities and mortgage pass-through securities. Non-callable agency issued debt securities are generally valued using quoted market prices. Callable agency issued debt securities are valued by benchmarking model-derived prices to quoted market prices and trade data for identical or comparable securities. The fair value of mortgage pass-through securities are model driven with respect to spreads of the comparable to-be-announced ("TBA") security.
Sovereign Obligations
The fair value of sovereign obligations is determined based on quoted market prices when available or a valuation model that generally utilizes interest rate yield curves and credit spreads as inputs.
Corporate Debt and Other Obligations
The fair value of corporate bonds is estimated using recent transactions, broker quotations and bond spread information.
Mortgage and Other Asset-Backed Securities
The Company values non-agency securities collateralized by home equity and various other types of collateral based on external pricing and spread data provided by independent pricing services. When specific external pricing is not observable, the valuation is based on yields and spreads for comparable bonds.
Municipal Obligations
The fair value of municipal obligations is estimated using recently executed transactions, broker quotations, and bond spread information.
Convertible Bonds
The fair value of convertible bonds is estimated using recently executed transactions and dollar-neutral price quotations, where observable. When observable price quotations are not available, fair value is determined based on cash flow models using yield curves and bond spreads as key inputs.
Corporate Equities
Equity securities and options are generally valued based on quoted prices from the exchange or market where traded. To the extent quoted prices are not available, fair values are generally derived using bid/ask spreads.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Auction Rate Securities ("ARS")
Background
In February 2010, Oppenheimer finalized settlements with each of the New York Attorney General's office ("NYAG") and the Massachusetts Securities Division ("MSD") and, together (the "Regulators") concluding proceedings by the Regulators concerning Oppenheimer's marketing and sale of ARS. Pursuant to the settlements with the Regulators, Oppenheimer agreed to extend offers to repurchase ARS from certain of its clients. Over the last nine years, the Company has bought back $140.2 million of ARS pursuant to these settlements. These buybacks coupled with ARS issuer redemptions and tender offers have significantly reduced the level of ARS held by Eligible Investors. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had $3.4 million of ARS to purchase from Eligible Investors related to the settlements with the Regulators. In addition to the settlements with the Regulators, Oppenheimer has also reached settlements of and received adverse awards in legal proceedings with various clients where the Company is obligated to purchase ARS. Over the last nine years, the Company has purchased $102.3 million of ARS pursuant to these legal settlements and awards. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had one remaining commitment to purchase $3.6 million in ARS by June 30, 2020.
As of September 30, 2019, the Company owned $29.4 million of ARS. This amount represents the unredeemed or unsold amount that the Company holds as a result of ARS buybacks pursuant to the settlements with the Regulators and legal settlements and awards referred to above.
Valuation
The Company’s ARS owned and ARS purchase commitments referred to above have, for the most part, been subject to recent issuer tender offers. As a result, the Company has valued the ARS securities owned and the ARS purchase commitments at the observable tender offer price which provides the basis to categorize them in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The ARS purchase commitments related to the settlements with the Regulators and legal settlements and awards are considered derivative assets or liabilities. The ARS purchase commitments represent the difference between the principal value and the fair value of the ARS the Company is committed to purchase.
As of September 30, 2019, the Company had a valuation adjustment (unrealized loss) totaling $5.1 million which consists of $4.1 million for ARS owned (which is included as a reduction to securities owned on the condensed consolidated balance sheet) and $1.0 million for ARS purchase commitments from legal settlements and awards and settlements with regulators (which is included in accounts payable and other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet).
Investments
In its role as general partner in certain hedge funds and private equity funds, the Company, through its subsidiaries, holds direct investments in such funds. The Company uses the net asset value of the underlying fund as a basis for estimating the fair value of its investment.
The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of September 30, 2019:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Redemption Frequency |  | Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds (1) | $ | 1,577 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Quarterly - Annually |  | 30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2) | 4,335 |  |  | 1,399 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
| $ | 5,912 |  |  | $ | 1,399 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | Includes investments in hedge funds and hedge fund of funds that pursue long/short, event-driven,

and activist strategies.

(2) | Includes private equity funds and private equity fund of funds with a focus on diversified portfolios,

real estate and global natural resources.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Valuation Process
The Company's Finance & Accounting ("F&A") group is responsible for the Company's fair value policies, processes and procedures. F&A is independent from the business units and trading desks and is headed by the Company's Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), who has final authority over the valuation of the Company's financial instruments. The Finance Control Group ("FCG") within F&A is responsible for daily profit and loss reporting, front-end trading system position reconciliations, monthly profit and loss reporting, and independent price verification procedures.
For financial instruments categorized in Levels 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the FCG performs a monthly independent price verification to determine the reasonableness of the prices provided by the Company's independent pricing vendor. The FCG uses its third-party pricing vendor, executed transactions, and broker-dealer quotes for validating the fair values of financial instruments.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The Company's assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows:
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2019

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2019
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | $ | 36,461 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,461 |
Securities owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | 462,298 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 462,298 |
U.S. Agency securities | 1,605 |  |  | 7,135 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,740 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 2,571 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,571 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 24,448 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,448 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,292 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,292 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 66,550 |  |  | — |  |  | 66,550 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 28,796 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,796 |
Corporate equities | 31,822 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,822 |
Money markets | 363 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 363 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | 25,314 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,314 |
Securities owned, at fair value | 496,088 |  |  | 157,106 |  |  | — |  |  | 653,194 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBAs | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |
Total | $ | 532,549 |  |  | $ | 157,118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 689,667 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold but not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 74,020 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 74,020 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 2,503 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,503 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 11,683 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,683 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 16,216 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,216 |
Corporate equities | 17,450 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,450 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 91,470 |  |  | 30,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,880 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 322 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 322 |
TBAs | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
ARS purchase commitments | — |  |  | 1,006 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,006 |
Derivative contracts, total | 322 |  |  | 1,015 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,337 |
Total | $ | 91,792 |  |  | $ | 31,425 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 123,217 |

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2018
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash equivalents | $ | 10,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,500 |
Deposits with clearing organizations | 34,599 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,599 |
Securities owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | 657,208 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 657,208 |
U.S. Agency securities | 812 |  |  | 6,494 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,306 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 214 |  |  | — |  |  | 214 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 20,665 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,665 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,486 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 52,261 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,261 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 31,270 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,270 |
Corporate equities | 28,215 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,215 |
Money markets | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | 16,253 |  |  | 21,699 |  |  | 37,952 |
Securities owned, at fair value | 686,242 |  |  | 129,643 |  |  | 21,699 |  |  | 837,584 |
Investments (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 101 |  |  | 101 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBAs | — |  |  | 4,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,873 |
Total | $ | 731,341 |  |  | $ | 134,516 |  |  | $ | 21,800 |  |  | $ | 887,657 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold but not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 53,646 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 53,646 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 7,236 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,236 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 9,709 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,709 |
Corporate equities | 14,774 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,774 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 68,420 |  |  | 17,026 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,446 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 807 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 807 |
Foreign exchange forward contracts | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
TBAs | — |  |  | 4,873 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,873 |
ARS purchase commitments | — |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,096 |
Derivative contracts, total | 811 |  |  | 5,969 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,780 |
Total | $ | 69,231 |  |  | $ | 22,995 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 92,226 |

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, there were no balances or changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities.
The following table presents changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three months ended September 30, 2018:

(Expressed in thousands)
| Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
| Beginning Balance |  | Total Realized and Unrealized Losses (3)(4) |  | Purchases and Issuances |  | Sales and Settlements |  | Transfers In/Out |  | Ending Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auction rate securities (1)(5) | $ | 72,621 |  |  | $ | (2,163 | ) |  | $ | 2,150 |  |  | $ | (34,925 | ) |  | $ | (16,253 | ) |  | $ | 21,430 |
Investments | 164 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60 | ) |  | 104 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ARS purchase commitments (2)(5) | 131 |  |  | (948 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,078 |  |  | 1 |

(1) | Represents auction rate preferred securities, municipal auction rate securities and student loan

auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(2) | Represents the difference in principal and fair value for auction rate securities purchase commitments outstanding at the end of the period.

(3) | Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated statement of income, except for losses

from investments which are included in other income in the condensed consolidated statement of income.

(4) | Unrealized losses are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.

(5) | Represents transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers were due to tender

offers by issuers of ARS.
The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

(Expressed in thousands)
| Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
| Beginning Balance |  | Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (2)(3) |  | Purchases and Issuances |  | Sales and Settlements |  | Transfers Out |  | Ending Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auction rate securities (1) | $ | 21,699 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (350 | ) |  | $ | (21,350 | ) |  | $ | — |
Investments | 101 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (106 | ) |  | — |

(1) | Represents auction rate preferred securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(2) | Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated statement of income, except for

gains from investments which are included in other income in the condensed consolidated
statement of income.

(3) | Unrealized gains are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands)
| Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
| Beginning Balance |  | Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (Losses) (3)(4) |  | Purchases and Issuances |  | Sales and Settlements |  | Transfers In/Out |  | Ending Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | (125 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Auction rate securities (1) (5) | 87,398 |  |  | (2,218 | ) |  | 6,250 |  |  | (36,145 | ) |  | (33,855 | ) |  | 21,430 |
Investments | 169 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60 | ) |  | 104 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ARS purchase commitments (2) (5) | 8 |  |  | (1,162 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,169 |  |  | 1 |

(1) | Represents auction rate preferred securities, municipal auction rate securities and student loan

auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.

(2) | Represents the difference in principal and fair value for auction rate securities purchase

commitments outstanding at the end of the period.

(3) | Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated statement of income, except

for gains (losses) from investments which are included in other income in the condensed
consolidated statement of income.

(4) | Unrealized gains (losses) are attributable to assets or liabilities that are still held at the reporting date.

(5) | Represents transfers from Level 3 to Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers were due to tender

offers by issuers of ARS.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value
The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities (e.g., right-of-use lease assets, lease liabilities, furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements and accrued compensation).
The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 or Level 2 approximates fair value because of the relatively short-term nature of the underlying assets. The fair value of the Company's senior secured notes, categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, is based on quoted prices from the market in which the notes trade.
Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of September 30, 2019

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Assets
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash | $ | 26,193 |  |  | $ | 26,193 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,193 |
Deposits with clearing organization | 37,269 |  |  | 37,269 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 37,269 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | 103,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,738 |
Receivables from brokers | 13,839 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,839 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,839 |
Securities failed to deliver | 13,362 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,362 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,362 |
Clearing organizations | 24,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,775 |  |  | — |  |  | 24,775 |
Other | 2,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,017 |
| 157,731 |  |  | — |  |  | 157,731 |  |  | — |  |  | 157,731 |
Receivable from customers | 754,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 754,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 754,927 |
Notes receivable, net | 43,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,920 |
Investments (1) | 68,919 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,919 |  |  | — |  |  | 68,919 |

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Drafts payable | $ | 17,794 |  |  | $ | 17,794 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,794 |
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned | 209,298 |  |  | — |  |  | 209,298 |  |  | — |  |  | 209,298 |
Payable to brokers | 7,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,040 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,040 |
Securities failed to receive | 13,228 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,228 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,228 |
Other | 134,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 134,707 |  |  | — |  |  | 134,707 |
| 364,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 364,273 |  |  | — |  |  | 364,273 |
Payables to customers | 313,056 |  |  | — |  |  | 313,056 |  |  | — |  |  | 313,056 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 253,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 253,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 253,720 |
Senior secured notes | 150,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 154,907 |  |  | — |  |  | 154,907 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2018

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Assets
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash | $ | 80,175 |  |  | $ | 80,175 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 80,175 |
Deposits with clearing organization | 33,079 |  |  | 33,079 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,079 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | 108,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,144 |
Receivables from brokers | 20,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,140 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,140 |
Securities failed to deliver | 7,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,021 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,021 |
Clearing organizations | 28,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,777 |
Other | 2,411 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,411 |
| 166,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,493 |
Receivable from customers | 720,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 720,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 720,777 |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | 290 |  |  | — |  |  | 290 |  |  | — |  |  | 290 |
Notes receivable, net | 44,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,058 |
Investments (1) | 59,765 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,765 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,765 |

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Drafts payable | $ | 16,348 |  |  | $ | 16,348 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,348 |
Bank call loans | 15,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned | 146,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,815 |
Payable to brokers | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |  |  | — |  |  | 158 |
Securities failed to receive | 27,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,799 |
Other | 113,628 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,628 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,628 |
| 288,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 288,400 |  |  | — |  |  | 288,400 |
Payables to customers | 336,616 |  |  | — |  |  | 336,616 |  |  | — |  |  | 336,616 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 484,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 484,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 484,218 |
Senior secured notes | 200,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 199,722 |  |  | — |  |  | 199,722 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Fair Value Option
The Company elected the fair value option for securities sold under agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements") and securities purchased under agreements to resell ("reverse repurchase agreements") that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date. The Company has elected the fair value option for these instruments to reflect more accurately market and economic events in its earnings and to mitigate a potential mismatch in earnings caused by using different measurement attributes (i.e. fair value versus carrying value) for certain assets and liabilities. As of September 30, 2019, the Company did not have any repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company transacts, on a limited basis, in exchange traded and over-the-counter derivatives for both asset and liability management as well as for trading and investment purposes. Risks managed using derivative instruments include interest rate risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange risk. All derivative instruments are measured at fair value and are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Foreign exchange hedges
From time to time, the Company also utilizes forward and options contracts to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with compensation obligations to Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. employees denominated in New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"). Such hedges have not been designated as accounting hedges. Unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts are recorded in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and other income in the condensed consolidated statement of income.
Derivatives used for trading and investment purposes
Futures contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell securities or other commodities at a future date and at a specified price. Market risk exists with respect to these instruments. Notional or contractual amounts are used to express the volume of these transactions and do not represent the amounts potentially subject to market risk. The Company uses futures contracts, including U.S. Treasury notes, Federal Funds, General Collateral futures and Eurodollar contracts primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with government trading activities. Unrealized gains and losses on futures contracts are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated statement of income as principal transactions revenue, net.
To-be-announced securities
The Company also transacts in pass-through mortgage-backed securities eligible to be sold in the TBA market as economic hedges against mortgage-backed securities that it owns or has sold but not yet purchased. TBAs provide for the forward or delayed delivery of the underlying instrument with settlement up to 180 days. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume of activity and do not reflect the amounts at risk. Net unrealized gains and losses on TBAs are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated statement of income as principal transactions revenue, net.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The notional amounts and fair values of the Company's derivatives as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 by product were as follows:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of September 30, 2019
| Description |  | Notional |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | $ | 15,742 |  |  | $ | 12 |
|  |  | $ | 15,742 |  |  | $ | 12 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | $ | 2,846,000 |  |  | $ | 322 |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | 12,240 |  |  | 9 |
| ARS purchase commitments |  | 7,010 |  |  | 1,006 |
|  |  | $ | 2,865,250 |  |  | $ | 1,337 |

(1) | See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the

related amounts are not offset.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2018
| Description |  | Notional |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | $ | 729,500 |  |  | $ | 4,873 |
|  |  | $ | 729,500 |  |  | $ | 4,873 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | $ | 4,580,800 |  |  | $ | 807 |
Other contracts | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | 200 |  |  | 4 |
| TBAs |  | 729,500 |  |  | 4,873 |
| ARS purchase commitments |  | 7,305 |  |  | 1,096 |
|  |  | $ | 5,317,805 |  |  | $ | 6,780 |

(1) | See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements,

thus the related amounts are not offset.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments and their effect in the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | $ | (443 | )
Other contracts |  | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue |  | 5 |
|  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | (9 | )
|  | ARS purchase commitments |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | (242 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (689 | )
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | $ | 413 |
Other contracts |  | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue |  | 2 |
|  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | 73 |
|  | Other TBAs |  | Other revenue |  | 62 |
|  | ARS purchase commitments |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | (857 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (307 | )

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | $ | (3,109 | )
Other contracts |  | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue |  | 15 |
|  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | (85 | )
|  | ARS purchase commitments |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | 90 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,089 | )
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | $ | 1,764 |
Other contracts |  | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue |  | (3 | )
|  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | 269 |
|  | Other TBAs |  | Other revenue |  | 209 |
|  | ARS purchase commitments |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | (1,071 | )
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,168 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

8. Collateralized transactions
The Company enters into collateralized borrowing and lending transactions in order to meet customers' needs and earn interest rate spreads, obtain securities for settlement and finance trading inventory positions. Under these transactions, the Company either receives or provides collateral, including U.S. Government and Agency, asset-backed, corporate debt, equity, and non-U.S. Government and Agency securities.
The Company obtains short-term borrowings primarily through bank call loans. Bank call loans are generally payable on demand and bear interest at various rates. As of September 30, 2019, the Company's bank call loans outstanding balance was $nil ($15.0 million as of December 31, 2018).
As of September 30, 2019, the Company had approximately $995.0 million of customer securities under customer margin loans that are available to be pledged, of which the Company has re-pledged approximately $185.0 million under securities loan agreements.
As of September 30, 2019, the Company had pledged $259.9 million of customer securities directly with the Options Clearing Corporation to secure obligations and margin requirements under option contracts written by customers.
As of September 30, 2019, the Company had no outstanding letters of credit.
The Company enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers' needs and to finance the Company's inventory positions. Except as described below, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, principally involving U.S. Government and Agency securities, are carried at amounts at which the securities subsequently will be resold or reacquired as specified in the respective agreements and include accrued interest. Repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are presented on a net-by-counterparty basis, when the repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are executed with the same counterparty, have the same explicit settlement date, are executed in accordance with a master netting arrangement, the securities underlying the repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements exist in "book entry" form and certain other requirements are met.
The following table presents a disaggregation of the gross obligation by the class of collateral pledged and the remaining contractual maturity of the repurchase agreements and securities loaned transactions as of September 30, 2019:

(Expressed in thousands) |
| Overnight and Open
Repurchase agreements: |
U.S. Government and Agency securities | $ | 345,193 |
Securities loaned: |
Equity securities | 209,298 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements and securities loaned | $ | 554,491 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following tables present the gross amounts and the offsetting amounts of reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

As of September 30, 2019
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Reverse repurchase agreements | $ | 91,473 |  |  | $ | (91,473 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities borrowed (1) | 103,738 |  |  | — |  |  | 103,738 |  |  | (100,188 | ) |  | — |  |  | 3,550 |
Total | $ | 195,211 |  |  | $ | (91,473 | ) |  | $ | 103,738 |  |  | $ | (100,188 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,550 |

(1) | Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
Repurchase agreements | $ | 345,193 |  |  | $ | (91,473 | ) |  | $ | 253,720 |  |  | $ | (252,401 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,319 |
Securities loaned (2) | 209,298 |  |  | — |  |  | 209,298 |  |  | (203,747 | ) |  | — |  |  | 5,551 |
Total | $ | 554,491 |  |  | $ | (91,473 | ) |  | $ | 463,018 |  |  | $ | (456,148 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,870 |

(2) | Included in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated

balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2018
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Reverse repurchase agreements | $ | 82,429 |  |  | $ | (82,139 | ) |  | $ | 290 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 290 |
Securities borrowed (1) | 108,144 |  |  | — |  |  | 108,144 |  |  | (105,960 | ) |  | — |  |  | 2,184 |
Total | $ | 190,573 |  |  | $ | (82,139 | ) |  | $ | 108,434 |  |  | $ | (105,960 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,474 |

(1) | Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
Repurchase agreements | $ | 566,357 |  |  | $ | (82,139 | ) |  | $ | 484,218 |  |  | $ | (480,322 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,896 |
Securities loaned (2) | 146,815 |  |  | — |  |  | 146,815 |  |  | (139,232 | ) |  | — |  |  | 7,583 |
Total | $ | 713,172 |  |  | $ | (82,139 | ) |  | $ | 631,033 |  |  | $ | (619,554 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,479 |

(2) | Included in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated

balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The Company elected the fair value option for those repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date. As of September 30, 2019, the Company did not have any repurchase agreements or reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date.
The Company receives collateral in connection with securities borrowed and reverse repurchase agreement transactions and customer margin loans. Under many agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received (e.g., use the securities to enter into securities lending transactions, or deliver to counterparties to cover short positions). As of September 30, 2019, the fair value of securities received as collateral under securities borrowed transactions and reverse repurchase agreements was $100.8 million ($104.9 million as of December 31, 2018) and $91.5 million ($83.0 million as of December 31, 2018), respectively, of which the Company has sold and re-pledged approximately $17.3 million ($27.6 million as of December 31, 2018) under securities loaned transactions and $91.5 million under repurchase agreements ($83.0 million as of December 31, 2018).
The Company pledges certain of its securities owned for securities lending and repurchase agreements and to collateralize bank call loan transactions. The carrying value of pledged securities owned that can be sold or re-pledged by the counterparty was $359.2 million, as presented on the face of the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019 ($518.0 million as of December 31, 2018). The carrying value of securities owned by the Company that have been loaned or pledged to counterparties where those counterparties do not have the right to sell or re-pledge the collateral was $nil as of September 30, 2019 ($20.2 million as of December 31, 2018).
The Company manages credit exposure arising from repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements by, in appropriate circumstances, entering into master netting agreements and collateral arrangements with counterparties that provide the Company, in the event of a customer default, the right to liquidate securities and the right to offset a counterparty's rights and obligations. The Company manages market risk of repurchase agreements and securities loaned by monitoring the market value of collateral held and the market value of securities receivable from others. It is the Company's policy to request and obtain additional collateral when exposure to loss exists. In the event the counterparty is unable to meet its contractual obligation to return the securities, the Company may be exposed to off-balance sheet risk of acquiring securities at prevailing market prices.
Credit Concentrations
Credit concentrations may arise from trading, investing, underwriting and financing activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. In the normal course of business, the Company may be exposed to credit risk in the event customers, counterparties including other brokers and dealers, issuers, banks, depositories or clearing organizations are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations. The Company seeks to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures and obtaining collateral as deemed appropriate. Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations as of September 30, 2019 were receivables from four major U.S. broker-dealers totaling approximately $72.8 million.
The Company is obligated to settle transactions with brokers and other financial institutions even if its clients fail to meet their obligations to the Company. Clients are required to complete their transactions on the settlement date, generally one to two business days after the trade date. If clients do not fulfill their contractual obligations, the Company may incur losses. The Company has clearing/participating arrangements with the National Securities Clearing Corporation, the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation ("FICC"), R.J. O'Brien & Associates (commodities transactions), Mortgage-Backed Securities Division (a division of FICC) and others. With respect to its business in reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements, substantially all open contracts as of September 30, 2019 were with the FICC. In addition, the Company clears its non-U.S. international equities business carried on by Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. through Global Prime Partners, Ltd. The clearing organizations have the right to charge the Company for losses that result from a client's failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. Accordingly, the Company has credit exposures with these clearing brokers. The clearing brokers can re-hypothecate the securities held on behalf of the Company. As the right to charge the Company has no maximum amount and applies to all trades executed through the clearing brokers, the Company believes there is no maximum amount assignable to this right. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had recorded no liabilities with regard to this right. The Company's policy is to monitor the credit standing of the clearing brokers and banks with which it conducts business.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

9. Variable interest entities ("VIEs")
The Company's policy is to consolidate all subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, as well as any VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, when it has the power to make the decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb significant losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
For funds that the Company has concluded are not VIEs, the Company then evaluates whether the fund is a partnership or similar entity. If the fund is a partnership or similar entity, the Company evaluates the fund under the partnership consolidation guidance. Pursuant to that guidance, the Company consolidates funds in which it is the general partner, unless presumption of control by the Company can be overcome. This presumption is overcome only when unrelated investors in the fund have the substantive ability to liquidate the fund or otherwise remove the Company as the general partner without cause, based on a simple majority vote of unaffiliated investors, or have other substantive participating rights. If the presumption of control can be overcome, the Company accounts for its interest in the fund pursuant to the equity method of accounting.
The Company serves as general partner of hedge funds and private equity funds that were established for the purpose of providing investment alternatives to both its institutional and qualified retail clients. The Company holds variable interests in these funds as a result of its right to receive management and incentive fees. The Company's investment in and additional capital commitments to these hedge funds and private equity funds are also considered variable interests. The Company's additional capital commitments are subject to call at a later date and are limited to the amount committed.
The Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary of the hedge funds and private equity funds in which it holds a variable interest in the form of general and limited partner interests. In each instance, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary and therefore need not consolidate the hedge funds or private equity funds. The subsidiaries' general and limited partnership interests, additional capital commitments, and management fees receivable represent its maximum exposure to loss. The subsidiaries' general partnership and limited partnership interests and management fees receivable are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
The following tables set forth the total VIE assets, the carrying value of the subsidiaries' variable interests, and the Company's maximum exposure to loss in Company-sponsored non-consolidated VIEs in which the Company holds variable interests and other non-consolidated VIEs in which the Company holds variable interests as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| As of September 30, 2019
| Total VIE Assets (1) |  | Carrying Value of the Company's Variable Interest |  | Capital Commitments |  | Maximum Exposure to Loss in Non-consolidated VIEs
| Assets (2) |  | Liabilities |
Hedge funds | $ | 354,675 |  |  | $ | 247 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 247 |
Private equity funds | 7,454 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total | $ | 362,129 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 255 |

(1) Represents the total assets of the VIEs and does not represent the Company's interests in the VIEs.
(2) Represents the Company's interest in the VIEs and is included in other assets on the condensed
consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| As of December 31, 2018
| Total VIE Assets (1) |  | Carrying Value of the Company's Variable Interest |  | Capital Commitments |  | Maximum Exposure to Loss in Non-consolidated VIEs
| Assets (2) |  | Liabilities |
Hedge funds | $ | 291,200 |  |  | $ | 337 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 337 |
Private equity funds | 7,454 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Total | $ | 298,654 |  |  | $ | 345 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 345 |

(1) Represents the total assets of the VIEs and does not represent the Company's interests in the VIEs.
(2) Represents the Company's interest in the VIEs and is included in other assets on the condensed
consolidated balance sheet.
10. Long-term debt

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
Issued |  | Maturity Date |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
6.75% Senior Secured Notes |  | 7/1/2022 |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
Unamortized Debt Issuance Cost |  |  |  | (533 | ) |  | (904 | )
|  |  |  | $ | 149,467 |  |  | $ | 199,096 |

6.75% Senior Secured Notes
On June 23, 2017, the Parent issued in a private offering $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 (the "Unregistered Notes") under an indenture at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount. On September 19, 2017, the Parent completed an exchange offer in which the Parent exchanged 99.8% of its Unregistered Notes for a like principal amount of notes with identical terms except that such new notes had been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Notes"). The Parent did not receive any proceeds in the exchange offer. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually on January 1st and July 1st, beginning January 1, 2018. On June 23, 2017, the Parent used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering of the Unregistered Notes to redeem in full its 8.75% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2018 (the "Old Notes") in the principal amount of $120.0 million, and pay all fees and expenses related thereto. The cost to issue the Notes was $4.3 million, of which $3.0 million was paid to its subsidiary, Oppenheimer, who served as the initial purchaser of the offering, and was eliminated in consolidation. The Company capitalized the remaining $1.3 million and will amortize it over the term of the Notes.
The indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that place restrictions on the incurrence of indebtedness, the payment of dividends, the repurchase of equity, the sale of assets, mergers and acquisitions and the granting of liens. Pursuant to the indenture governing the Notes, the Parent is restricted from paying any dividend or making any payment or distribution on account of its equity interests unless, among other things, (i) the dividend, payment or distribution (together with all other such dividends, payments or distributions made since July 1, 2017) is less than an amount calculated based in part on the Consolidated Adjusted Net Income (as defined in the indenture governing the Notes) of the Parent and its restricted and regulated subsidiaries since July 1, 2017, or (ii) the dividend, payment or distribution fits within one or more exceptions, including:

• | it is less than $20 million in any fiscal year; or

• | when combined with all other Restricted Payments (as defined in the indenture governing the Notes) that rely upon this exception, it does not exceed $10 million.

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The Notes provide for events of default including, among other things, nonpayment, breach of covenants and bankruptcy. The Parent's obligations under the Notes are guaranteed by certain of the Parent's subsidiaries and are secured by a first-priority security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Parent and the subsidiary's guarantors. These guarantees and the collateral may be shared, on a pari passu basis, under certain circumstances, with debt incurred. As of September 30, 2019, the Parent was in compliance with all of its covenants.
Interest expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 on the Notes was $3.0 million and $9.8 million, respectively ($3.4 million and $10.1 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018).
The Company redeemed $50.0 million (25%) of its 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 ("Notes") on August 25, 2019 (the "Redemption Date") plus accrued and unpaid interest and incurred $1.9 million in costs associated with paying the associated Call Premium ($1.7 million) and the write-off of debt issuance costs ($0.2 million) during the third quarter of 2019. As of September 30, 2019, $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes remains outstanding. The redemption of 25% of the Notes will reduce the Company’s interest costs by $3.8 million annually.
11. Share capital
The Company's authorized share capital consists of (a) 50,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share; (b) 50,000,000 shares of Class A Stock, par value $0.001 per share; and (c) 99,665 shares of Class B Stock, par value $0.001 per share. No Preferred Stock has been issued. 99,665 shares of Class B Stock have been issued and are outstanding.
The Class A Stock and the Class B Stock are equal in all respects except that the Class A Stock is non-voting.
The following table reflects changes in the number of shares of Class A Stock outstanding for the periods indicated:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Class A Stock outstanding, beginning of period | 12,756,308 |  |  | 13,156,353 |  |  | 12,941,809 |  |  | 13,139,203 |
Issued pursuant to share-based compensation plans | 19,052 |  |  | 21,578 |  |  | 80,143 |  |  | 38,728 |
Repurchased and canceled pursuant to the stock buy-back | (76,657 | ) |  | — |  |  | (323,249 | ) |  | — |
Class A Stock outstanding, end of period | 12,698,703 |  |  | 13,177,931 |  |  | 12,698,703 |  |  | 13,177,931 |

Stock buy-back
On July 26, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program that authorizes the Company to purchase up to 640,000 shares of the Company's Class A Stock, representing approximately 5% of its 12,756,308 then issued and outstanding shares of Class A Stock. This authorization supplemented the 26,192 shares that remained authorized and available under the Company's previous share repurchase program for a total of 666,192 shares authorized and available for repurchase.
During the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company purchased and canceled 76,657 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $2.0 million ($26.71 per share) under this program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company purchased and canceled 323,249 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $8.4 million ($25.99 per share) under this program. As of September 30, 2019, 589,535 shares remained available to be purchased under the new share repurchase program.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Any such share purchases will be made by the Company from time to time in the open market at the prevailing open market price using cash on hand, in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange and federal and state securities laws and the terms of the Company's Notes. All shares purchased will be canceled. The share repurchase program is expected to continue indefinitely. The timing and amounts of any purchases will be based on market conditions and other factors including price, regulatory requirements and capital availability. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of Class A Stock. Depending on market conditions and other factors, these repurchases may be commenced or suspended from time to time without prior notice.
12. Contingencies
Many aspects of the Company's business involve substantial risks of liability. In the normal course of business, the Company has been named as defendant or co-defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, creating substantial exposure and periodic expenses. Certain of the actual or threatened legal matters include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. These proceedings arise primarily from securities brokerage, asset management and investment banking activities. The Company is also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding the Company's business, which may result in expenses, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. The investigations include inquiries from the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") and various state regulators.
The Company accrues for estimated loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters when available information indicates that it is probable a liability had been incurred and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss. In many proceedings, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where a loss is possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is often not possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss or possible additional losses or range of additional losses.
For certain legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate such losses, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial, indeterminate or special damages. Counsel may be required to review, analyze and resolve numerous issues, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings in question, before the Company can reasonably estimate a loss or range of loss or additional loss for the proceeding. Even after lengthy review and analysis, the Company, in many legal and regulatory proceedings, may not be able to reasonably estimate possible losses or range of loss.
For certain other legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company can estimate possible losses, or range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, but does not believe, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that such losses individually, or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as a whole.
For legal and regulatory proceedings where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred, the Company estimates a range of aggregate loss in excess of amounts accrued of $0 to $3.0 million. This estimated aggregate range is based upon currently available information for those legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, where the Company can make an estimate for such losses. For certain cases, the Company does not believe that it can make an estimate. The foregoing aggregate estimate is based on various factors, including the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that many are currently in preliminary stages), the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more than the current estimate.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

As discussed in note 7 Fair value measurements, the Company reached settlements with the Regulators and various clients to repurchase ARS. Under the settlements with Regulators the Company has $3.4 million remaining of ARS to purchase from Eligible Investors at September 30, 2019. In addition, the Company has one remaining commitment to purchase $3.6 million in ARS from a client by June 30, 2020.
Since September 2016, Oppenheimer has been responding to information requests from FINRA (including from FINRA's Enforcement Department) regarding the supervision of Oppenheimer's sale of unit investment trusts from 2011 to 2015. The inquiry is part of a larger targeted examination involving other brokerage firms. Oppenheimer is continuing to cooperate with the FINRA inquiry.

13. | Regulatory requirements

The Company's U.S. broker dealer subsidiaries, Oppenheimer and Freedom, are subject to the uniform net capital requirements of the SEC under Rule 15c3-1 (the "Rule") promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Oppenheimer computes its net capital requirements under the alternative method provided for in the Rule which requires that Oppenheimer maintain net capital equal to two percent of aggregate customer-related debit items, as defined in SEC Rule 15c3-3. As of September 30, 2019, the net capital of Oppenheimer as calculated under the Rule was $230.8 million or 28.86% of Oppenheimer's aggregate debit items. This was $214.8 million in excess of the minimum required net capital at that date. Freedom computes its net capital requirement under the basic method provided for in the Rule, which requires that Freedom maintain net capital equal to the greater of $100,000 or 6-2/3% of aggregate indebtedness, as defined. As of September 30, 2019, Freedom had net capital of $5.1 million, which was $5.0 million in excess of the $100,000 required to be maintained at that date.
As of September 30, 2019, the capital required and held under the Capital Requirements Directive ("CRD IV") for Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. was as follows:

• | Common Equity Tier 1 ratio 14.56% (required 4.5%);

• | Tier 1 Capital ratio 14.56% (required 6.0%); and

• | Total Capital ratio 14.60% (required 8.0%).

In December 2017, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. received approval from the Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA") for a variation of permission to remove the limitation of "matched principal business" from the firm's scope of permitted businesses and become a "Full-Scope Prudential Sourcebook for Investment Firms (IFPRU) €730K" firm which was effective January 2018. In addition to the capital requirement under CRD IV above, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. is required to maintain a minimum capital of EUR 730,000. As of September 30, 2019, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. was in compliance with its regulatory requirements.
As of September 30, 2019, the regulatory capital of Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited was $783,448, which was $400,748 in excess of the $382,700 required to be maintained on that date. Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited computes its regulatory capital pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

14. Segment information
The Company has determined its reportable segments based on the Company's method of internal reporting, which disaggregates its retail business by branch and its proprietary and investment banking businesses by product. The Company evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources to them based upon profitability.
The Company's reportable segments are:
Private Client — includes commissions and a proportionate amount of fee income earned on assets under management ("AUM"), net interest earnings on client margin loans and cash balances, fees from money market funds, custodian fees, net contributions from stock loan activities and financing activities, and direct expenses associated with this segment.
Asset Management — includes a proportionate amount of fee income earned on AUM from investment management services of Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. Oppenheimer's asset management divisions employ various programs to manage client assets either in individual accounts or in funds, and includes direct expenses associated with this segment; and
Capital Markets — includes investment banking, institutional equities sales, trading, and research, taxable fixed income sales, trading, and research, public finance and municipal trading, as well as the Company's operations in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Israel, and direct expenses associated with this segment.
The Company does not allocate costs associated with certain infrastructure support groups that are centrally managed for its reportable segments. These areas include, but are not limited to, legal, compliance, operations, accounting, and internal audit. Costs associated with these groups are separately reported in a Corporate/Other category and primarily include compensation and benefits.
The table below presents information about the reported revenue and income (loss) before income taxes of the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Asset information by reportable segment is not reported, since the Company does not produce such information for internal use by the chief operating decision maker.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private client (1) | $ | 152,054 |  |  | $ | 158,083 |  |  | $ | 477,509 |  |  | $ | 468,730 |
Asset management (1) | 18,368 |  |  | 17,870 |  |  | 53,576 |  |  | 53,220 |
Capital markets | 64,068 |  |  | 68,130 |  |  | 206,848 |  |  | 197,865 |
Corporate/Other | 303 |  |  | (6,269 | ) |  | (435 | ) |  | (4,915 | )
Total | $ | 234,793 |  |  | $ | 237,814 |  |  | $ | 737,498 |  |  | $ | 714,900 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private client (1) | $ | 35,251 |  |  | $ | 37,608 |  |  | $ | 121,501 |  |  | $ | 111,283 |
Asset management (1) | 4,932 |  |  | 4,127 |  |  | 12,492 |  |  | 11,803 |
Capital markets | (6,385 | ) |  | (2,076 | ) |  | (10,833 | ) |  | (8,332 | )
Corporate/Other | (27,302 | ) |  | (32,505 | ) |  | (83,221 | ) |  | (85,462 | )
Total | $ | 6,496 |  |  | $ | 7,154 |  |  | $ | 39,939 |  |  | $ | 29,292 |

(1) | Clients investing in the OAM advisory program are charged fees based on the value of AUM.

Advisory fees are allocated 10.0% to the Asset Management and 90.0% to the Private Client
segments.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Revenue, classified by the major geographic areas in which it was earned, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was as follows:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Americas | $ | 227,001 |  |  | $ | 230,486 |  |  | $ | 712,864 |  |  | $ | 690,569 |
Europe/Middle East | 7,257 |  |  | 6,500 |  |  | 22,592 |  |  | 21,245 |
Asia | 535 |  |  | 828 |  |  | 2,042 |  |  | 3,086 |
Total | $ | 234,793 |  |  | $ | 237,814 |  |  | $ | 737,498 |  |  | $ | 714,900 |

15. Subsequent events
On October 25, 2019, the Company announced a quarterly dividend in the amount of $0.12 per share, payable on November 22, 2019 to holders of Class A Stock and Class B Stock of record on November 8, 2019.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

16. Condensed consolidating financial information
On June 23, 2017, the Parent issued in a private offering $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of the Notes. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering of the Unregistered Notes to redeem in full its Old Notes. See note 10 for further details.
The Notes are jointly and severally and fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by E.A. Viner International Co. and Viner Finance Inc. (together, the "Guarantors"), unless released as described below. Each of the Guarantors is 100% owned by the Parent. The indenture for the Notes contains covenants with restrictions which are discussed in note 10. The following condensed consolidating financial information presents the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Parent, the Guarantor subsidiaries, the Non-Guarantor subsidiaries and elimination entries necessary to consolidate the Company.
Each Guarantor will be automatically and unconditionally released and discharged upon: the sale, exchange or transfer of the capital stock of a Guarantor and the Guarantor ceasing to be a direct or indirect subsidiary of the Parent if such sale does not constitute an asset sale under the indenture for the Notes or does not constitute an asset sale effected in compliance with the asset sale and merger covenants of the indenture for the Notes; a Guarantor being dissolved or liquidated; a Guarantor being designated unrestricted in compliance with the applicable provisions of the Notes; or the exercise by the Parent of its legal defeasance option or covenant defeasance option or the discharge of the Parent's obligations under the indenture for the Notes in accordance with the terms of such indenture.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET
AS OF SEPTEMBER 30, 2019

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 4,785 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 20,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,193 |
Deposits with clearing organizations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,730 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,730 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 157,734 |  |  | — |  |  | 157,734 |
Receivable from customers, net of allowance for credit losses of $941 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 754,927 |  |  | — |  |  | 754,927 |
Income tax receivable | 49,333 |  |  | 15,488 |  |  | — |  |  | (62,488 | ) |  | 2,333 |
Securities owned, including amounts pledged of $359,151 at fair value | — |  |  | 1,327 |  |  | 651,867 |  |  | — |  |  | 653,194 |
Notes receivable, net of accumulated amortization and allowance for uncollectibles of $35,373 and $3,886, respectively | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,920 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,920 |
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net of accumulated depreciation of $92,690 | — |  |  | 23,097 |  |  | 8,988 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,085 |
Right-of-use lease assets, net of accumulated amortization of $19,141 | — |  |  | 158,793 |  |  | 6,106 |  |  | — |  |  | 164,899 |
Subordinated loan receivable | — |  |  | 112,558 |  |  | — |  |  | (112,558 | ) |  | — |
Intangible assets | — |  |  | 400 |  |  | 31,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,100 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137,889 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,889 |
Other assets | 154 |  |  | 12,612 |  |  | 122,649 |  |  | (10,931 | ) |  | 124,484 |
Deferred tax assets | 103 |  |  | 7,020 |  |  | 11,963 |  |  | (19,086 | ) |  | — |
Investment in subsidiaries | 692,030 |  |  | 761,924 |  |  | 24,628 |  |  | (1,478,582 | ) |  | — |
Intercompany receivables | — |  |  | 46,325 |  |  | 14,092 |  |  | (60,417 | ) |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 746,405 |  |  | $ | 1,140,078 |  |  | $ | 2,061,067 |  |  | $ | (1,744,062 | ) |  | $ | 2,203,488 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Drafts payable | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,794 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,794 |
Bank call loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 364,595 |  |  | — |  |  | 364,595 |
Payable to customers | — |  |  | — |  |  | 313,056 |  |  | — |  |  | 313,056 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | — |  |  | — |  |  | 253,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 253,720 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 121,880 |  |  | — |  |  | 121,880 |
Accrued compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149,862 |  |  | — |  |  | 149,862 |
Income tax payable | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 62,489 |  |  | (62,529 | ) |  | — |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | 2,584 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 51,500 |  |  | (10,940 | ) |  | 43,234 |
Lease liabilities | — |  |  | 202,121 |  |  | 6,625 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 208,748 |
Senior secured notes, net of debt issuance cost of $533 | 149,467 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 149,467 |
Subordinated indebtedness | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112,558 |  |  | (112,558 | ) |  | — |
Deferred tax liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,546 |  |  | (19,041 | ) |  | 14,505 |
Intercompany payables | 27,727 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (27,727 | ) |  | — |
Total liabilities | 179,778 |  |  | 202,251 |  |  | 1,487,625 |  |  | (232,793 | ) |  | 1,636,861 |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity | 566,627 |  |  | 937,827 |  |  | 573,442 |  |  | (1,511,269 | ) |  | 566,627 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 746,405 |  |  | $ | 1,140,078 |  |  | $ | 2,061,067 |  |  | $ | (1,744,062 | ) |  | $ | 2,203,488 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEET
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 53,525 |  |  | $ | 3,826 |  |  | $ | 33,324 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,675 |
Deposits with clearing organizations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 67,678 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,678 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 166,493 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,493 |
Receivable from customers, net of allowance for credit losses of $886 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 720,777 |  |  | — |  |  | 720,777 |
Income tax receivable | 45,733 |  |  | 23,491 |  |  | (702 | ) |  | (67,508 | ) |  | 1,014 |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | — |  |  | — |  |  | 290 |  |  | — |  |  | 290 |
Securities owned, including amounts pledged of $517,951 at fair value | — |  |  | 1,358 |  |  | 836,226 |  |  | — |  |  | 837,584 |
Notes receivable, net of accumulated amortization and allowance for uncollectibles of $25,109 and $6,800, respectively | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44,058 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,058 |
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net of accumulated depreciation of $89,182 | — |  |  | 20,722 |  |  | 8,266 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,988 |
Subordinated loan receivable | — |  |  | 112,558 |  |  | — |  |  | (112,558 | ) |  | — |
Intangible assets | — |  |  | 400 |  |  | 31,700 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,100 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | — |  |  | 137,889 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,889 |
Other assets | 135 |  |  | 2,581 |  |  | 110,052 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,768 |
Deferred tax assets | 1 |  |  | 455 |  |  | 18,494 |  |  | (18,950 | ) |  | — |
Investment in subsidiaries | 661,837 |  |  | 546,704 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,208,541 | ) |  | — |
Intercompany receivables | (14,211 | ) |  | 46,840 |  |  | (6,299 | ) |  | (26,330 | ) |  | — |
Total assets | $ | 747,020 |  |  | $ | 758,935 |  |  | $ | 2,168,246 |  |  | $ | (1,433,887 | ) |  | $ | 2,240,314 |
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Drafts payable | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,348 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,348 |
Bank call loans | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,000 |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | — |  |  | — |  |  | 289,207 |  |  | — |  |  | 289,207 |
Payable to customers | — |  |  | — |  |  | 336,616 |  |  | — |  |  | 336,616 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | — |  |  | — |  |  | 484,218 |  |  | — |  |  | 484,218 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | — |  |  | — |  |  | 85,446 |  |  | — |  |  | 85,446 |
Accrued compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | 167,348 |  |  | — |  |  | 167,348 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | 163 |  |  | 31,653 |  |  | 55,823 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | 87,630 |
Income tax payable | 2,440 |  |  | 22,189 |  |  | 42,878 |  |  | (67,507 | ) |  | — |
Senior secured notes, net of debt issuance cost of $904 | 199,096 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199,096 |
Subordinated indebtedness | — |  |  | — |  |  | 112,558 |  |  | (112,558 | ) |  | — |
Deferred tax liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,029 |  |  | (18,946 | ) |  | 14,083 |
Intercompany payables | — |  |  | 26,334 |  |  | — |  |  | (26,334 | ) |  | — |
Total liabilities | 201,699 |  |  | 80,176 |  |  | 1,638,471 |  |  | (225,354 | ) |  | 1,694,992 |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity | 545,322 |  |  | 678,759 |  |  | 529,774 |  |  | (1,208,533 | ) |  | 545,322 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 747,021 |  |  | $ | 758,935 |  |  | $ | 2,168,245 |  |  | $ | (1,433,887 | ) |  | $ | 2,240,314 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,627 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,627 |
Advisory fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,229 |  |  | (342 | ) |  | 80,887 |
Investment banking | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21,798 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,798 |
Bank deposit sweep income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,894 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,894 |
Interest | 59 |  |  | 2,059 |  |  | 12,299 |  |  | (2,073 | ) |  | 12,344 |
Principal transactions, net | — |  |  | (34 | ) |  | 7,586 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 7,606 |
Other | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,635 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 4,637 |
Total revenue | 62 |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | 235,068 |  |  | (2,362 | ) |  | 234,793 |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | 273 |  |  | — |  |  | 151,012 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 151,284 |
Communications and technology | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,833 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,872 |
Occupancy and equipment costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,010 |
Clearing and exchange fees | — |  |  | (54 | ) |  | 5,469 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 5,469 |
Interest | 3,038 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,566 |  |  | (2,073 | ) |  | 11,531 |
Other | 2,087 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 21,382 |  |  | (342 | ) |  | 23,131 |
Total expenses | 5,437 |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 225,272 |  |  | (2,362 | ) |  | 228,297 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (5,375 | ) |  | 2,075 |  |  | 9,796 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,496 |
Income taxes | (1,364 | ) |  | 558 |  |  | 3,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,547 |
Net income (loss) | (4,011 | ) |  | 1,517 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,949 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 7,960 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,403 | ) |  | — |
Net income | 3,949 |  |  | 7,960 |  |  | 6,443 |  |  | (14,403 | ) |  | 3,949 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 533 |  |  | — |  |  | 533 |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 3,949 |  |  | $ | 7,960 |  |  | $ | 6,976 |  |  | $ | (14,403 | ) |  | $ | 4,482 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79,678 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79,678 |
Advisory fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78,490 |  |  | (336 | ) |  | 78,154 |
Investment banking | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,328 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,328 |
Bank deposit sweep income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,053 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,053 |
Interest | 1 |  |  | 2,063 |  |  | 13,415 |  |  | (2,076 | ) |  | 13,403 |
Principal transactions, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (19 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (16 | )
Other | — |  |  | 154 |  |  | 8,213 |  |  | (153 | ) |  | 8,214 |
Total revenue | 1 |  |  | 2,217 |  |  | 238,158 |  |  | (2,562 | ) |  | 237,814 |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | 343 |  |  | — |  |  | 152,503 |  |  | — |  |  | 152,846 |
Communications and technology | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,567 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,602 |
Occupancy and equipment costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,259 |  |  | (153 | ) |  | 15,106 |
Clearing and exchange fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,378 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,378 |
Interest | 3,375 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,616 |  |  | (2,076 | ) |  | 12,915 |
Other | 218 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 25,658 |  |  | (333 | ) |  | 25,813 |
Total expenses | 3,971 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 228,981 |  |  | (2,562 | ) |  | 230,660 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (3,970 | ) |  | 1,947 |  |  | 9,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,154 |
Income taxes | (976 | ) |  | 479 |  |  | 2,580 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,083 |
Net income (loss) | (2,994 | ) |  | 1,468 |  |  | 6,597 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,071 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 8,065 |  |  | 6,597 |  |  | — |  |  | (14,662 | ) |  | — |
Net income | 5,071 |  |  | 8,065 |  |  | 6,597 |  |  | (14,662 | ) |  | 5,071 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 99 |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 5,071 |  |  | $ | 8,065 |  |  | $ | 6,696 |  |  | $ | (14,662 | ) |  | $ | 5,170 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238,932 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 238,932 |
Advisory fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 236,278 |  |  | (1,037 | ) |  | 235,241 |
Investment banking | — |  |  | — |  |  | 81,847 |  |  | — |  |  | 81,847 |
Bank deposit sweep income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 94,692 |  |  | — |  |  | 94,692 |
Interest | 234 |  |  | 6,181 |  |  | 38,426 |  |  | (6,220 | ) |  | 38,621 |
Principal transactions, net | — |  |  | 121 |  |  | 21,980 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 22,089 |
Other | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 26,070 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 26,076 |
Total revenue | 237 |  |  | 6,304 |  |  | 738,225 |  |  | (7,268 | ) |  | 737,498 |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | 1,098 |  |  | — |  |  | 466,330 |  |  | (6 | ) |  | 467,422 |
Communications and technology | 130 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,327 |  |  | — |  |  | 61,457 |
Occupancy and equipment costs | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 46,855 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 46,856 |
Clearing and exchange fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16,479 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,479 |
Interest | 9,788 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,141 |  |  | (6,220 | ) |  | 37,709 |
Other | 2,637 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 65,795 |  |  | (1,044 | ) |  | 67,636 |
Total expenses | 13,653 |  |  | 247 |  |  | 690,927 |  |  | (7,268 | ) |  | 697,559 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (13,416 | ) |  | 6,057 |  |  | 47,298 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,939 |
Income taxes | (3,702 | ) |  | 1,994 |  |  | 14,129 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,421 |
Net income (loss) | (9,714 | ) |  | 4,063 |  |  | 33,169 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,518 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 37,232 |  |  | 33,169 |  |  | — |  |  | (70,401 | ) |  | — |
Net income | 27,518 |  |  | 37,232 |  |  | 33,169 |  |  | (70,401 | ) |  | 27,518 |
Other comprehensive income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,457 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,457 |
Total comprehensive income | $ | 27,518 |  |  | $ | 37,232 |  |  | $ | 34,626 |  |  | $ | (70,401 | ) |  | $ | 28,975 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
REVENUES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245,935 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 245,935 |
Advisory fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 233,953 |  |  | (981 | ) |  | 232,972 |
Investment banking | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84,442 |  |  | — |  |  | 84,442 |
Bank deposit sweep income | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84,203 |  |  | — |  |  | 84,203 |
Interest | 4 |  |  | 6,183 |  |  | 38,732 |  |  | (6,233 | ) |  | 38,686 |
Principal transactions, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,149 |  |  | (39 | ) |  | 9,110 |
Other | — |  |  | 345 |  |  | 19,549 |  |  | (342 | ) |  | 19,552 |
Total revenue | 4 |  |  | 6,528 |  |  | 715,963 |  |  | (7,595 | ) |  | 714,900 |
EXPENSES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | 1,191 |  |  | — |  |  | 456,630 |  |  | — |  |  | 457,821 |
Communications and technology | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,164 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,287 |
Occupancy and equipment costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 45,777 |  |  | (342 | ) |  | 45,435 |
Clearing and exchange fees | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17,254 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,254 |
Interest | 10,125 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,895 |  |  | (6,233 | ) |  | 32,787 |
Other | 883 |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | 75,789 |  |  | (1,020 | ) |  | 77,024 |
Total expenses | 12,322 |  |  | 1,372 |  |  | 679,509 |  |  | (7,595 | ) |  | 685,608 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (12,318 | ) |  | 5,156 |  |  | 36,454 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,292 |
Income taxes | (3,081 | ) |  | 1,112 |  |  | 10,630 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,661 |
Net income (loss) | (9,237 | ) |  | 4,044 |  |  | 25,824 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,631 |
Equity in earnings of subsidiaries | 29,868 |  |  | 25,824 |  |  | — |  |  | (55,692 | ) |  | — |
Net income | 20,631 |  |  | 29,868 |  |  | 25,824 |  |  | (55,692 | ) |  | 20,631 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | (880 | ) |  | — |  |  | (880 | )
Total comprehensive income | $ | 20,631 |  |  | $ | 29,868 |  |  | $ | 24,944 |  |  | $ | (55,692 | ) |  | $ | 19,751 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2019

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 16,687 |  |  | $ | (3,292 | ) |  | $ | 9,502 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 22,897 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,672 | ) |  | — |  |  | (8,672 | )
Proceeds from the settlement of Company-owned life insurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,720 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,720 |
Cash used in investing activities | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,952 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,952 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends paid on Class A non-voting and Class B voting common stock | (4,408 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,408 | )
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock | (8,400 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,400 | )
Redemption of senior secured notes | (50,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50,000 | )
Debt redemption costs | (1,688 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,688 | )
Payments for employee taxes withheld related to vested share-based awards | (1,014 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,014 | )
Decrease in bank call loans, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15,000 | )
Cash used in financing activities | (65,427 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15,000 | ) |  | — |  |  | (80,427 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (48,740 | ) |  | (3,292 | ) |  | (12,450 | ) |  | — |  |  | (64,482 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period | 53,525 |  |  | 3,826 |  |  | 33,324 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,675 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period | $ | 4,785 |  |  | $ | 534 |  |  | $ | 20,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,193 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

(Expressed in thousands) | Parent |  | Guarantor subsidiaries |  | Non-guarantor subsidiaries |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | (131 | ) |  | $ | 1,337 |  |  | $ | 117,073 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 118,279 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,654 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,654 | )
Purchase of intangible assets | — |  |  | (400 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (400 | )
Proceeds from the settlement of Company-owned life insurance | — |  |  | — |  |  | 284 |  |  | — |  |  | 284 |
Cash used in investing activities | — |  |  | (400 | ) |  | (6,370 | ) |  | — |  |  | (6,770 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash dividends paid on Class A non-voting and Class B voting common stock | (4,373 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,373 | )
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | 70 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70 |
Payments for employee taxes withheld related to vested share-based awards | (2,529 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,529 | )
Decrease in bank call loans, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (115,300 | ) |  | — |  |  | (115,300 | )
Cash used in financing activities | (6,832 | ) |  | — |  |  | (115,300 | ) |  | — |  |  | (122,132 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (6,963 | ) |  | 937 |  |  | (4,597 | ) |  | — |  |  | (10,623 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of the period | 7,442 |  |  | 3,716 |  |  | 36,996 |  |  | — |  |  | 48,154 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of the period | $ | 479 |  |  | $ | 4,653 |  |  | $ | 32,399 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 37,531 |

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Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
BACKGROUND
Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. (the "Company", "we", "our" or "us") engages in a broad range of activities in the securities industry, including retail securities brokerage, institutional sales and trading, market-making, research, investment banking (both corporate and public finance), investment advisory and asset management services and trust services. Its principal subsidiaries are Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. ("Oppenheimer") and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. ("OAM"). As of September 30, 2019, we provided our services from 94 offices in 25 states located throughout the United States, offices in Tel Aviv, Israel, Hong Kong, China, London, England, St. Helier, Isle of Jersey, Frankfurt, Germany and Geneva, Switzerland. Client assets administered as of September 30, 2019 totaled $87.6 billion. The Company provides investment advisory services through OAM and Oppenheimer Investment Management LLC ("OIM") and Oppenheimer's financial adviser direct programs. At September 30, 2019, client assets under management ("AUM") totaled $30.2 billion. We also provide trust services and products through Oppenheimer Trust Company of Delaware and discount brokerage services through Freedom Investments, Inc. ("Freedom"). Through OPY Credit Corp., we offer syndication as well as trading of issued syndicated corporate loans. At September 30, 2019, the Company employed 2,974 employees (2,917 full-time and 57 part-time), of whom 1,043 were financial advisers.
Outlook
We are focused on growing our private client and asset management businesses through strategic additions of experienced financial advisers in our existing branch system and employment of experienced money management personnel in our asset management business as well as deploying our capital for expansion through targeted acquisitions. In addition, we commit to the improvement of our technology capability to support client service and the expansion of our capital markets capabilities while addressing the issue of managing expenses.
The Company's long-term growth plan is to continue to expand existing offices by hiring experienced professionals as well as expand through the purchase of operating branch offices from other broker-dealers or the opening of new branch offices in attractive locations, and to continue to grow and develop the existing trading, investment banking, investment advisory and other divisions. We are committed to continuing to improve our technology capabilities to ensure compliance with industry regulations, support client service and expand our wealth management and capital markets capabilities. We recognize the importance of compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and are committed to performing rigorous and ongoing assessments of our compliance and risk management effort, investing in people and programs, and providing a platform with first class investment programs and services.
The Company is also reviewing its full service business model to determine the opportunities available to build or acquire closely related businesses in areas where competitors have shown some success. Equally important is the search for viable acquisition candidates. Our long-term intention is to pursue growth by acquisition where we can find a comfortable match in terms of corporate goals and personnel at a price that would provide our shareholders with incremental value. We review potential acquisition opportunities from time to time on the basis of fulfilling the Company's strategic goals, while evaluating and managing our existing businesses.
Impact of Interest Rates
The Federal Reserve Bank implemented a series of increases in its benchmark short-term interest rate between December 2015 and December 2018. These increases in short-term interest rates had a significant positive impact on our overall financial performance, as we have programs offered to our clients (for the investment of short-term funds as well as margin loans) which are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Given the relationship of our interest-sensitive assets to liabilities, increases in short-term interest rates generally result in an overall increase in our net earnings. Clients’ domestic cash sweep balances have decreased over the past several quarters as clients increased their allocations to other investments, largely driven by the improvement of equity market conditions as well as other short-term fixed income investments. While the Federal Reserve increased short-term interest rates over the last few years, market deposit rates paid on client cash balances were not impacted to as great a degree, resulting in an increase in fees the Company earned from FDIC insured deposits of clients offered by the Company. Any decreases in short-term interest rates, increases in deposit rates paid to clients, and/or a significant decline in our clients’ cash balances would likely have a negative impact on our earnings. During the third quarter of 2019, the Federal Reserve decreased its benchmark short-term interest rate by 0.25% on two separate occasions. Accordingly, the Company’s earnings during the third quarter of 2019 were negatively impacted by such decreases. Given the recent concerns around the slowing global economy, there are expectations of further rate cuts which would negatively impact the Company’s earnings going forward.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Company reported net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. of $3.9 million or $0.31 basic net income per share for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared with net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. of $5.1 million or $0.38 basic net income per share for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Income before income taxes was $6.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared with income before income taxes of $7.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $234.8 million compared with revenue of $237.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, a decrease of 1.3%.
During the third quarter of 2019, the major stock indices in the U.S. increased 1.2% extending gains for the year-to-date period ending September 30, 2019 to 18.7%. Volatility returned to the equity markets during the third quarter due to the trade war between the U.S. and China, concerns around the strength of the economy, and potential impeachment proceedings. The markets set new highs in July only to retreat in August amidst increased trade tensions between the U.S. and China. Markets rallied in September around easing trade tensions and the expectations of the Federal Reserve loosening monetary policy. On September 18, 2019, the Fed cut the target range for its benchmark interest rate by 0.25%, the second such decrease during the third quarter of 2019. The 10-year Treasury yield declined 32.5 basis points to end the third quarter of 2019 at 1.68%.
The operating results for the period reflect a modest slowdown in business conditions as well as the impact of lower interest rates on earnings. The transaction-based business was lower again despite an up-tick in volatility. The firm did, however, benefit from the slight increase in share prices and increases in net client assets from the first quarter to the second quarter of 2019, which is reflected in advisory fees earned in the third quarter of 2019. The improvement in security valuations at the end of the third quarter will positively impact advisory fees for the fourth quarter, given the increase of 2.0% in assets under management. Our investment banking business was impacted by fewer lead-managed equity underwriting transactions which led to lower underwriting income compared to that of the prior year period. This was partially offset by higher M&A advisory fees during the period. The decrease in short-term interest rates resulted in lower cash sweep income during the third quarter of 2019.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table and discussion summarizes the changes in the major revenue and expense categories for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared with the same period in 2018:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | 78,627 |  |  | $ | 79,678 |  |  | (1.3) |  | $ | 238,932 |  |  | $ | 245,935 |  |  | (2.8)
Advisory fees | 80,887 |  |  | 78,154 |  |  | 3.5 |  | 235,241 |  |  | 232,972 |  |  | 1.0
Investment banking | 21,798 |  |  | 28,328 |  |  | (23.1) |  | 81,847 |  |  | 84,442 |  |  | (3.1)
Bank deposit sweep income | 28,894 |  |  | 30,053 |  |  | (3.9) |  | 94,692 |  |  | 84,203 |  |  | 12.5
Interest | 12,344 |  |  | 13,403 |  |  | (7.9) |  | 38,621 |  |  | 38,686 |  |  | (0.2)
Principal transactions, net | 7,606 |  |  | (16 | ) |  | * |  | 22,089 |  |  | 9,110 |  |  | 142.5
Other | 4,637 |  |  | 8,214 |  |  | (43.5) |  | 26,076 |  |  | 19,552 |  |  | 33.4
Total revenue | 234,793 |  |  | 237,814 |  |  | (1.3) |  | 737,498 |  |  | 714,900 |  |  | 3.2
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | 151,284 |  |  | 152,846 |  |  | (1.0) |  | 467,422 |  |  | 457,821 |  |  | 2.1
Communications and technology | 20,872 |  |  | 18,602 |  |  | 12.2 |  | 61,457 |  |  | 55,287 |  |  | 11.2
Occupancy and equipment costs | 16,010 |  |  | 15,106 |  |  | 6.0 |  | 46,856 |  |  | 45,435 |  |  | 3.1
Clearing and exchange fees | 5,469 |  |  | 5,378 |  |  | 1.7 |  | 16,479 |  |  | 17,254 |  |  | (4.5)
Interest | 11,531 |  |  | 12,915 |  |  | (10.7) |  | 37,709 |  |  | 32,787 |  |  | 15.0
Other | 23,131 |  |  | 25,813 |  |  | (10.4) |  | 67,636 |  |  | 77,024 |  |  | (12.2)
Total expenses | 228,297 |  |  | 230,660 |  |  | (1.0) |  | 697,559 |  |  | 685,608 |  |  | 1.7
Income before income taxes | 6,496 |  |  | 7,154 |  |  | (9.2) |  | 39,939 |  |  | 29,292 |  |  | 36.3
Income taxes | 2,547 |  |  | 2,083 |  |  | 22.3 |  | 12,421 |  |  | 8,661 |  |  | 43.4
Net income | $ | 3,949 |  |  | $ | 5,071 |  |  | (22.1) |  | $ | 27,518 |  |  | $ | 20,631 |  |  | 33.4

* Percentage not meaningful.
Third Quarter 2019
Revenue
Commission revenue was $78.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 1.3% compared with $79.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Advisory fees were $80.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 3.5% compared with $78.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to a higher level of AUM.
Investment banking revenue decreased 23.1% to $21.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared with $28.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as the Company participated in fewer lead-managed transactions during the three months ended September 30, 2019.
Bank deposit sweep income was $28.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 3.9% compared with $30.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to lower short-term interest rates and lower client balances during the three months ended September 30, 2019.
Interest revenue was $12.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 7.9% compared with $13.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to lower short-term interest rates during the three months ended September 30, 2019.
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Principal transactions revenue was $7.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared with a loss of $16,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was due to the Company's participation in tender offers by issuers of ARS which resulted in recognized losses totaling $8.1 million during the third quarter of 2018. The recognized losses were comprised of realized losses of $4.6 million related to tendering ARS holdings at prices below par and unrealized losses of $3.5 million related to revaluing the remaining affected ARS owned and commitments to purchase at the tender offer prices.
Other revenue was $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 43.5% compared to $8.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 primarily due to the decrease in cash surrender value of the Company's life insurance policies and proceeds received under those insurance policies partially offset by a favorable legal settlement during the three months ended September 30, 2019.
Expenses
Compensation and related expenses totaled $151.3 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 1.0% compared with the three months ended September 30, 2018. The decrease was due to lower deferred, incentive and share-based compensation costs partially offset by higher salaries and traders' compensation costs during the three months ended September 30, 2019. The Company recorded compensation and related expenses of $3.4 million related to its OARs plan due to the price of its Class A Stock increasing from $27.22 at the end of the second quarter of 2019 to $30.06 at the end of the third quarter of 2019. During the third quarter of 2018, the Company had compensation expenses related to its OARs plan of $4.3 million. Compensation and related expenses as a percentage of revenue was 64.4% during the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared with 64.3% during the three months ended September 30, 2018.
Non-compensation expenses were $77.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 1.0% compared with $77.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to lower legal and regulatory costs and interest costs partially offset by higher communications and technology costs and costs associated with the Notes redemption during the three months ended September 30, 2019. The Company incurred $1.9 million in costs associated with paying the Call Premium ($1.7 million) and the write-off of debt issuance costs ($0.2 million) related to the redemption of $50 million (25%) of its Notes during the third quarter of 2019.
The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was 39.2%, 10.0% higher when compared with 29.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to losses in foreign jurisdictions without any associated tax benefits. The effective rate reflects the Company's estimate of the annual effective tax rate adjusted for certain discrete items.
Year-to-date 2019
Revenue
Commission revenue was $238.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 2.8% compared with $245.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Advisory fees were $235.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 1.0% compared with $233.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Investment banking revenue decreased 3.1% to $81.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared with $84.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to lower equities underwriting revenue partially offset by higher M&A fee income during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Bank deposit sweep income was $94.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 12.5% compared with $84.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to higher short-term interest rates and lower client cash balances during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Interest revenue was $38.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, a decrease of 0.2% compared with $38.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
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Principal transactions revenue was $22.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 142.5% compared with $9.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was due to the Company's participation in tender offers by issuers of ARS which resulted in recognized losses totaling $8.1 million during the third quarter of 2018. The recognized losses are comprised of realized losses of $4.6 million related to tendering ARS holdings at prices below par and unrealized losses of $3.5 million related to revaluing the remaining affected ARS owned and commitments to purchase at the tender offer prices.
Other revenue was $26.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 33.4% compared to $19.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to the increase in cash surrender value of the Company's life insurance policies and proceeds received under those insurance policies as well as to a favorable legal settlement during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
Expenses
Compensation and related expenses (including salaries, production and incentive compensation, share-based compensation, deferred compensation, and other benefit-related items) totaled $467.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 2.1% compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase was due to higher salary, deferred and share-based compensation expenses, partially offset by lower production-related compensation costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Compensation and related expenses as a percentage of revenue was 63.4% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared with 64.0% during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.
Non-compensation expenses were $230.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, an increase of 1.0% compared with $227.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to higher communications and technology costs and interest costs partially offset by lower legal and regulatory costs during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.
The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was 31.1% slightly higher when compared with 29.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The effective rate reflects the Company's estimate of the annual effective tax adjusted for uncertain discrete items.
BUSINESS SEGMENTS
The table below presents information about the reported revenue and income (loss) before income taxes of the Company's reportable business segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | % Change
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Client | $ | 152,054 |  |  | $ | 158,083 |  |  | (3.8) |  | $ | 477,509 |  |  | $ | 468,730 |  |  | 1.9
Asset Management | 18,368 |  |  | 17,870 |  |  | 2.8 |  | 53,576 |  |  | 53,220 |  |  | 0.7
Capital Markets | 64,068 |  |  | 68,130 |  |  | (6.0) |  | 206,848 |  |  | 197,865 |  |  | 4.5
Corporate/Other | 303 |  |  | (6,269 | ) |  | * |  | (435 | ) |  | (4,915 | ) |  | 91.1
Total | $ | 234,793 |  |  | $ | 237,814 |  |  | (1.3) |  | $ | 737,498 |  |  | $ | 714,900 |  |  | 3.2
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |
Private Client | $ | 35,251 |  |  | $ | 37,608 |  |  | (6.3) |  | $ | 121,501 |  |  | $ | 111,283 |  |  | 9.2
Asset Management | 4,932 |  |  | 4,127 |  |  | 19.5 |  | 12,492 |  |  | 11,803 |  |  | 5.8
Capital Markets | (6,385 | ) |  | (2,076 | ) |  | (207.6) |  | (10,833 | ) |  | (8,332 | ) |  | (30.0)
Corporate/Other | (27,302 | ) |  | (32,505 | ) |  | 16.0 |  | (83,221 | ) |  | (85,462 | ) |  | 2.6
Total | $ | 6,496 |  |  | $ | 7,154 |  |  | (9.2) |  | $ | 39,939 |  |  | $ | 29,292 |  |  | 36.3

* Percentage not meaningful
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Private Client
Private Client reported revenue of $152.1 million for the third quarter of 2019, 3.8% lower than the third quarter of 2018 due to lower commissions, bank deposit sweep income, and decreases in the cash surrender value of Company-owned life insurance partially offset by higher asset management fees during the third quarter of 2019. Income before income taxes was $35.3 million for the third quarter of 2019, a decrease of 6.3% compared with the third quarter of 2018.

• | Client assets under administration were $87.6 billion at September 30, 2019, compared with $80.1 billion at December 31, 2018, an increase of 9.4%.

• | Financial adviser headcount was 1,043 at the end of the third quarter of 2019, down from 1,078 at the end of the third quarter of 2018.

• | Retail commissions were $46.0 million for the third quarter of 2019, a decrease of 3.4% from the third quarter of 2018.

• | Advisory fee revenue on traditional and alternative managed products was $62.5 million for the third quarter of 2019, an increase of 3.3% from the third quarter of 2018 (see Asset Management below for further information). The increase in advisory fees was due to an increase in assets under management ("AUM") at June 30, 2019 as a result of the increase in the equities markets and net new assets during the second quarter of 2019.

• | Bank deposit sweep income was $28.9 million for the third quarter of 2019, a decrease of 3.9% compared with $30.1 million for the third quarter of 2018 due to lower short-term interest rates and lower client cash balances during the third quarter of 2019.

Asset Management
Asset Management reported revenue of $18.4 million for the third quarter of 2019, 2.8% higher than the third quarter of 2018 due to higher AUM at June 30, 2019, which is the basis for advisory fees earned during the third quarter of 2019, as a result of the increase in the equities markets and net new assets during the second quarter of 2019. Income before income taxes was $4.9 million for the third quarter of 2019, an increase of 19.5% compared with the third quarter of 2018 due to higher AUM at June 30, 2019.

• | Advisory fee revenue on traditional and alternative managed products was $18.4 million for the third quarter of 2019, an increase of 4.5% from the third quarter of 2018 primarily due to higher AUM at June 30, 2019.

• | Advisory fees are calculated based on the value of client AUM at the end of the prior quarter which totaled $30.2 billion at June 30, 2019 ($28.7 billion at June 30, 2018) and are allocated between the Private Client and Asset Management business segments.

• | AUM increased 2.0% to $30.2 billion at September 30, 2019, a record high, compared with $29.6 billion at September 30, 2018, which is the basis for advisory fee billings for the fourth quarter of 2019. The increase in AUM was comprised of lower asset values of $0.4 billion on existing client holdings and a positive net contribution of assets of $1.0 billion.

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The following table provides a breakdown of the change in assets under management for the three months ended September 30, 2019:

(Expressed in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  | Beginning Balance |  |  |  |  |  | Appreciation (Depreciation) |  | Ending Balance
Fund Type |  |  | Contributions |  | Redemptions |  |
Traditional (1) |  | $ | 25,768 |  |  | $ | 778 |  |  | $ | (496 | ) |  | $ | (228 | ) |  | $ | 25,822 |
Institutional Fixed Income (2) |  | 748 |  |  | 30 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | 11 |  |  | 774 |
Alternative Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge funds (3) |  | 3,005 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (111 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | 2,924 |
Private Equity Funds (4) |  | 226 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | 242 |
Portfolio Enhancement Program (5) |  | 446 |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | 441 |
|  | $ | 30,193 |  |  | $ | 902 |  |  | $ | (627 | ) |  | $ | (265 | ) |  | $ | 30,203 |

(1) | Traditional investments include third party advisory programs, Oppenheimer financial adviser managed and advisory programs, and Oppenheimer Asset Management taxable and tax-exempt portfolio management strategies.

(2) | Institutional fixed income provides solutions to institutional investors including: Taft-Hartley Funds, Public Pension Funds, Corporate Pension Funds, and Foundations and Endowments.

(3) | Hedge funds represent single manager hedge fund strategies in areas including hedged equity, technology and financial services, and multi-manager and multi-strategy fund of funds.

(4) | Private equity funds represent private equity fund of funds including portfolios focused on natural resources and related assets.

(5) | The portfolio enhancement program sells uncovered, far out-of-money puts and calls on the S&P 500 Index. The program is market neutral and uncorrelated to the index. Valuation is based on collateral requirements for a series of contracts representing the investment strategy.

Capital Markets
Capital Markets reported revenue of $64.1 million for the third quarter of 2019, 6.0% lower than the third quarter of 2018 primarily due to lower equities underwriting fees partially offset by higher trading income. Loss before income taxes was $6.4 million for the third quarter of 2019 compared with loss before income taxes of $2.1 million for the third quarter of 2018.

• | Institutional equities commissions decreased 0.9% to $22.9 million for the third quarter of 2019 compared with the third quarter of 2018.

• | Advisory fees earned from investment banking activities increased 9.4% to $10.5 million for the third quarter of 2019 compared with $9.6 million for the third quarter of 2018 due to an increase in mergers and acquisitions transactions during the third quarter of 2019.

• | Equities underwriting fees decreased 50.0% to $7.4 million for the third quarter of 2019 compared with $14.8 million for the third quarter of 2018 as the Company participated in fewer lead-managed transactions during the third quarter of 2019.

• | Revenue from taxable fixed income increased to $17.1 million during the third quarter of 2019 from $14.7 million during the third quarter of 2018 due to higher commissions and trading income.

• | Revenue from public finance and municipal trading was virtually flat at $4.8 million during the third quarter of 2019 compared with the third quarter of 2018 as higher trading income was offset by lower commissions and syndicate income during the third quarter of 2019.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Reference is also made to the Company's consolidated financial statements and notes thereto found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
The Company's accounting policies are essential to understanding and interpreting the financial results reported on the condensed consolidated financial statements. The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements are summarized in note 2 to those statements and notes thereto found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Certain of those policies are considered to be particularly important to the presentation of the Company's financial results because they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgments, often as a result of matters that are inherently uncertain.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no material changes to matters discussed under the heading "Critical Accounting Polices" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At September 30, 2019, total assets decreased by 1.6% from December 31, 2018. The Company satisfies its need for short-term financing from internally generated funds and collateralized and uncollateralized borrowings, consisting primarily of bank call loans, stock loans, and uncommitted lines of credit. We finance our trading in government securities through the use of securities sold under agreements to repurchase ("repurchase agreements"). We met our longer-term capital needs through the issuance of the 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 (the "Notes") (see "Refinancing" below). Oppenheimer has arrangements with banks for borrowings on a fully-collateralized basis. The amount of Oppenheimer's bank borrowings fluctuates in response to changes in the level of the Company's securities inventories and customer margin debt, changes in notes receivable from employees, investment in furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, and changes in stock loan balances and financing through repurchase agreements. At September 30, 2019, the Company had $nil of such borrowings outstanding compared to outstanding borrowings of $15.0 million at December 31, 2018. The Company also has some availability of short-term bank financing on an unsecured basis.
The Company's overseas subsidiaries, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited, are subject to local regulatory capital requirements that restrict our ability to utilize their capital for other purposes. The regulatory capital requirements for Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited were $5.0 million and $382,700, respectively, at September 30, 2019. The liquid assets at Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited are primarily comprised of investments in U.S. Treasuries and cash deposits in bank accounts. Any restrictions on transfer of these liquid assets from Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited to the Company or its other subsidiaries would be limited by regulatory capital requirements.
The Company permanently reinvests eligible earnings of its foreign subsidiaries and, accordingly, does not accrue any U.S. income taxes that would arise if these earnings were repatriated. The unrecognized deferred tax liability associated with the outside basis difference of its foreign subsidiaries is estimated at $3.1 million for those subsidiaries. We have continued to reinvest permanently the excess earnings of Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. in its own business and in the businesses in Europe and Asia to support business initiatives in those regions. With the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we will continue to review our historical treatment of these earnings to determine whether our historical practice will continue or whether a change is warranted.
Refinancing
On June 23, 2017, in a private offering, we issued $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 (the "Unregistered Notes") under an indenture at an issue price of 100% of the principal amount. On September 19, 2017, we completed an exchange offer in which we exchanged 99.8% of our Unregistered Notes for a like principal amount of notes with identical terms except that such new notes had been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Notes"). We did not receive any proceeds in the exchange offer. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually on January 1st and July 1st. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the offering of the Unregistered Notes to redeem in full our 8.75% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2018 in the principal amount of $120.0 million, and pay all related fees and expenses related thereto.
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On June 7, 2019, S&P affirmed the Company's 'B+' Corporate Family rating and 'B+' rating on the Notes and changed its outlook to positive. On August 19, 2019, Moody's Corporation upgraded the Company's Corporate Family to ‘B1’ rating and affirmed its 'B1' rating on the Notes and changed its outlook to stable.
On August 25, 2019, the Company redeemed a total of $50.0 million (25%) aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Notes at a redemption price equal to 103.375% (“Call Premium”) of the principal amount redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the Redemption Date. See note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 1 for further discussion.
Liquidity
For the most part, the Company's assets consist of cash and cash equivalents and assets that it can readily convert into cash. The receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations represents deposits for securities borrowed transactions, margin deposits or current transactions awaiting settlement. The receivable from customers represents margin balances and amounts due on transactions awaiting settlement. Our receivables are, for the most part, collateralized by marketable securities. Our collateral maintenance policies and procedures are designed to limit our exposure to credit risk. Securities owned, with the exception of the ARS, are mainly comprised of actively trading readily marketable securities. We advanced $3.8 million in forgivable notes (which are inherently illiquid) to employees for the three months ended September 30, 2019 ($4.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018) as upfront or backend inducements to commence or continue employment as the case may be. The amount of funds allocated to such inducements will vary with hiring activity.
We satisfy our need for short-term liquidity from internally generated funds, collateralized and uncollateralized bank borrowings, stock loans and repurchase agreements and warehouse facilities. Bank borrowings are, in most cases, collateralized by firm and customer securities.
We obtain short-term borrowings primarily through bank call loans. Bank call loans are generally payable on demand and bear interest at various rates. At September 30, 2019, the Company had $nil of bank call loans ($15.0 million at December 31, 2018 and $3.0 million at September 30, 2018). The average daily bank loan outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $6.3 million and $14.6 million, respectively ($25.1 million and $68.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018). The largest daily bank loan outstanding for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $82.2 million and $100.9 million, respectively ($107.9 and $516.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively).
At September 30, 2019, securities loan balances totaled $209.3 million ($146.8 million at December 31, 2018 and $197.3 million at September 30, 2018). The average daily securities loan balance for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $244.5 million and $239.1 million, respectively ($216.2 million and $210.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively). The largest daily stock loan balance for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $266.5 million and $285.5 million ($250.5 and $274.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively).
We finance our government trading operations through the use of securities purchased under agreements to resell ("reverse repurchase agreements") and repurchase agreements. Except as described below, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, principally involving government and agency securities, are carried at amounts at which securities subsequently will be resold or reacquired as specified in the respective agreements and include accrued interest. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are presented on a net-by-counterparty basis, when the repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are executed with the same counterparty, have the same explicit settlement date, are executed in accordance with a master netting arrangement, the securities underlying the repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements exist in "book entry" form and certain other requirements are met.
Certain of our repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are carried at fair value as a result of the Company's fair value option election. We elected the fair value option for those repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date. We have elected the fair value option for these instruments to more accurately reflect market and economic events in our earnings and to mitigate a potential imbalance in earnings caused by using different measurement attributes (i.e. fair value versus carrying value) for certain assets and liabilities. At September 30, 2019, we did not have any repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements that do not settle overnight or have an open settlement date.
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At September 30, 2019, the gross balances of reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements were $91.5 million and $345.2 million, respectively. The average daily balance of reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements on a gross basis for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $137.4 million and $527.6 million, respectively ($168.0 million and $754.5 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2018). The largest amount of reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements outstanding on a gross basis during the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $326.3 million and $770.5 million, respectively ($394.8 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2018).
At September 30, 2019, the gross leverage ratio was 3.9.
Liquidity Management
We manage our need for liquidity on a daily basis to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. Our liquidity needs may be affected by market conditions, increased inventory positions, business expansion and other unanticipated occurrences. In the event that existing financial resources do not satisfy our liquidity needs, we may have to seek additional external financing. The availability of such additional external financing may depend on market factors outside our control.
We have Company-owned life insurance policies which are utilized to fund certain non-qualified deferred compensation plans. Certain policies which could provide additional liquidity if needed had a cash surrender value of $65.5 million as of September 30, 2019.
We regularly review our sources of liquidity and financing and conduct internal stress analysis to determine the impact on the Company of events that could remove sources of liquidity or financing and to plan actions the Company could take in the case of such an eventuality. Our reviews have resulted in plans that we believe would result in a reduction of assets through liquidation that would significantly reduce the Company's need for external financing.
Funding Risk

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2019 |  | 2018
Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 22,897 |  |  | $ | 11,311 |
Cash used in investing activities | (6,952 | ) |  | (4,347 | )
Cash used in financing activities | (80,427 | ) |  | (16,157 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (64,482 | ) |  | $ | (9,193 | )

Management believes that funds from operations, combined with our capital base and available credit facilities, are sufficient for our liquidity needs in the foreseeable future. Changes in capital requirements under international standards that will impact the costs and relative returns on loans may cause banks including those upon whom we rely to back away from providing funding to the securities industry. Such a development might impact our ability to finance our day-to-day activities or increase the costs to acquire funding. We may or may not be able to pass such increased funding costs on to our clients.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS
Information concerning our off-balance sheet arrangements is included in note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 1. Such information is hereby incorporated by reference. Also, see "Risk Factors — The Company may continue to be significantly affected by the failure of the Auction Rate Securities Market" in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as well as "Regulatory and Legal Environment — Other Regulatory Matters" herein for additional details.
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CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
The following table sets forth the Company's contractual obligations as of September 30, 2019:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Less than 1 Year |  |  |  |  |  | More than 5 Years
| Total |  |  | 1-3 Years |  | 3-5 Years |
Operating Lease Obligations (1)(2) | $ | 289,590 |  |  | $ | 42,843 |  |  | $ | 72,481 |  |  | $ | 59,916 |  |  | $ | 114,350 |
Committed Capital | 1,399 |  |  | 1,399 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Senior Secured Notes (3)(4) | 180,403 |  |  | 10,125 |  |  | 170,278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
ARS Purchase Commitments (5) | 7,010 |  |  | 5,802 |  |  | 1,208 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 478,402 |  |  | $ | 60,169 |  |  | $ | 243,967 |  |  | $ | 59,916 |  |  | $ | 114,350 |

(1) | See note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 1 for additional information.

(2) | Includes interest liability of $80.8 million.

(3) | See note 10 to the condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 1 for additional information.

(4) | Includes interest payable of $30.4 million through maturity.

(5) | See note 12 to the condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 1 for additional information.

CYBERSECURITY
For many years, we have sought to maintain the security of our clients' data, limit access to our data processing environment, and protect our data processing facilities. See "Risk Factors — The Company may be exposed to damage to its business or its reputation by cybersecurity incidents" as further described in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. Recent examples of vulnerabilities by other companies and the government that have resulted in loss of client data and fraudulent activities by both domestic and foreign actors have caused us to continuously review our security policies and procedures and to take additional actions to protect our network and our information.
Given the importance of the protection of client data, regulators have developed increased oversight of cybersecurity planning and protections that broker-dealers and other financial service providers have implemented. Such planning and protection are subject to the SEC's and FINRA's oversight and examination on a periodic or targeted basis. We expect that regulatory oversight will intensify, as a result of publicly announced data breaches by other organizations involving tens of millions of items of personally identifiable information. We continue to implement protections and adopt procedures to address the risks posed by the current information technology environment. The Company has significantly increased the resources dedicated to this effort and believes that further increases may be required in the future, in anticipation of increases in the sophistication and persistency of such attacks. There can be no guarantee that our cybersecurity efforts will be successful in discovering or preventing a security breach.
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REGULATORY MATTERS AND DEVELOPMENTS
Regulation Best Interest (U.S.)
On April 18, 2018, the SEC announced its proposed "Regulation Best Interest," a package of rulemakings and interpretations that address customers' relationships with investment advisers and broker-dealers.
On June 5, 2019, the SEC adopted a final version of this rulemaking package that included the adoption of Regulation Best Interest (“Reg BI”) as Rule 15l-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Reg BI imposes a new federal standard of conduct on registered broker-dealers and their associated persons when dealing with retail clients and requires that a broker-dealer and its representatives act in the best interest of such client and not place its own interests ahead of the customer’s interests. Reg BI does not define the term “best interest” but instead sets forth four distinct obligations, disclosure, care, conflict of interest and compliance that a broker-dealer must satisfy in each transaction. The effective date for compliance with Reg BI is June 30, 2020. In addition to passing Reg BI the SEC also adopted rules (i) requiring broker-dealers and investment advisers to provide a written relationship summary to each client, and (ii) clarifying certain interpretations under the Advisers Act including but not limited to when a broker-dealer's activity is considered “solely incidental” to its broker-dealer business and is, therefore, not considered investment advisory activity (collectively, the “Reg BI Rules”).
It is too early to predict what all the effects of the Reg BI Rules will have on the Company. However, it appears likely that there will be a need for enhanced documentation for recommendations of securities transactions to broker-dealer retail clients as well as the curtailment of certain practices and limitations on certain kinds of transactions previously carried on in the normal course of business. The new rules and processes related thereto will possibly limit revenue and most likely involve increased costs, including, but not limited to, compliance costs associated with new or enhanced technology as well as increased litigation costs.
We are reviewing our business and operating models in light of the Reg BI Rules and may make structural and operational changes to our business in anticipation of the June 30, 2020 compliance effective date of the Reg BI Rules.
Regulatory Environment
See the discussion of the regulatory environment in which we operate and the impact on our operations of certain rules and regulations in Item 1 “Business - Regulation” and Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Regulatory and Legal Environment” of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Oppenheimer and many of its affiliates are each subject to various regulatory capital requirements. As of September 30, 2019, all of our active regulated domestic and international subsidiaries had net capital in excess of minimum requirements. See note 13 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1 for further information on regulatory capital requirements.
Regulatory Matters
Since September 2016, Oppenheimer has been responding to information requests from FINRA (including from FINRA's Enforcement Department) regarding the supervision of Oppenheimer's sale of unit investment trusts from 2011 to 2015. The inquiry is part of a larger targeted examination involving other brokerage firms as well. Oppenheimer is continuing to cooperate with the FINRA inquiry.
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FACTORS AFFECTING "FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS"
From time to time, the Company may publish or make oral statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 which provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may relate to such matters as anticipated financial performance, future revenues, earnings, liabilities or expenses, business prospects, projected ventures, new products, anticipated market performance, and similar matters. The Company cautions readers that a variety of factors could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the Company’s forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, include, but are not limited to: (i) transaction volume in the securities markets, (ii) the volatility of the securities markets, (iii) fluctuations in interest rates, (iv) changes in regulatory requirements that could affect the cost and method of doing business, (v) general economic conditions, both domestic and international, (vi) competition from existing financial institutions, new entrants and other participants in the securities markets and financial services industry, (vii) potential cybersecurity threats, (viii) legal developments affecting the litigation experience of the securities industry and the Company, (ix) changes in foreign, federal and state tax laws that could affect the popularity of products sold by the Company or impose taxes on securities transactions, (x) the adoption and implementation of the SEC’s proposed “Regulation Best Interest” and other regulations adopted in recent years, (xi) war, terrorist acts and nuclear confrontation as well as political unrest, (xii) the Company’s ability to achieve its business plan, (xiii) the effects of the economy on the Company’s ability to find and maintain financing options and liquidity, (xiv) credit, operational, legal and regulatory risks, (xv) risks related to foreign operations, including those in the United Kingdom which may be affected by Britain’s June 23, 2016 referendum to exit the EU in 2019 (“Brexit”), (xvi) the effect of technological innovation on the financial services industry and securities business, (xvii) risks related to election results, Congressional gridlock, government shutdowns and investigations, trade wars, changes in or uncertainty surrounding regulation and threats of default by the Federal government, and (xviii) risks related to changes in capital requirements under international standards that may cause banks to back away from providing funding to the securities industry. There can be no assurance that the Company has correctly or completely identified and assessed all of the factors affecting the Company’s business. The Company does not undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements. See “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no material changes to the information contained in Part II, Item 7A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a–15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures or its internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include, but are not limited to, the realities that judgments in decision–making can be faulty and that break-downs can occur because of a simple error or omission. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events. There can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost–effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
The Company confirms that its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in its reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal controls over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Many aspects of the Company's business involve substantial risks of liability. In the normal course of business, the Company has been the subject of customer complaints and has been named as a defendant or co-defendant in various lawsuits or arbitrations creating substantial exposure. The Company is also involved from time to time in certain governmental and self-regulatory agency investigations and proceedings. These proceedings arise primarily from securities brokerage, asset management and investment banking activities. There has been an increased incidence of regulatory investigations in the financial services industry since the financial crisis of 2008, including investigations by multiple regulators of matters involving the same or similar underlying facts and seeking substantial penalties, fines or other monetary relief.
While the ultimate resolution of routine pending litigation, regulatory and other matters cannot be currently determined, in the opinion of management, after consultation with legal counsel, the Company does not believe that the resolution of these matters will have a material adverse effect on its condensed consolidated balance sheet and statement of cash flow. However, the Company's results of operations could be materially affected during any period if liabilities in that period differ from prior estimates.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, an adverse result in any of the matters set forth below or multiple adverse results in arbitrations, litigations or regulatory proceedings currently filed or to be filed against the Company, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and financial condition, including its cash position.
The materiality of legal and regulatory matters to the Company's future operating results depends on the level of future results of operations as well as the timing and ultimate outcome of such legal and regulatory matters. See "Risk Factors — The Company may continue to be adversely affected by the failure of the Auction Rate Securities Market" in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as well as "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Regulatory and Legal Environment — Other Regulatory Matters" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Factors Affecting 'Forward-Looking Statements'" in Part I, Item 2.
In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the Company establishes reserves for litigation and regulatory matters when those matters present loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. When loss contingencies are not both probable and reasonably estimable, the Company does not establish reserves. In some of the matters described below, loss contingencies are not probable and reasonably estimable in the view of management and, accordingly, the Company has not established reserves for those matters. For legal or regulatory proceedings where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred, the Company estimates a range of aggregate loss in excess of amounts accrued of $nil to approximately $3.0 million. This estimated aggregate range is based upon currently available information for those legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, where an estimate for such losses can be made. For certain cases, the Company does not believe that it can make an estimate. The foregoing estimate is based on various factors, including the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that many are currently in preliminary stages), the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more than the current estimate.
Auction Rate Securities Matters
For a number of years, the Company offered auction rate securities ("ARS") to its clients. A significant portion of the market in ARS 'failed' in February 2008 due to credit market conditions, and dealers were no longer willing or able to purchase the imbalance between supply and demand for ARS. See "Risk Factors — The Company may continue to be adversely affected by the failure of the Auction Rate Securities Market" in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as well as "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Regulatory and Legal Environment — Other Regulatory Matters" in Part I, Item 2 for additional details.
As previously disclosed, Oppenheimer, without admitting or denying liability, entered into a Consent Order (the "Order") with the Massachusetts Securities Division (the "MSD") on February 26, 2010 and an Assurance of Discontinuance ("AOD") with the New York Attorney General ("NYAG" and together with the MSD, the "Regulators") on February 23, 2010, each in connection with Oppenheimer's sales of ARS to retail and other investors in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the State of New York.
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Pursuant to the terms of the Order and AOD, the Company commenced and closed nineteen offers to purchase ARS from customer accounts when the Company's latest offer to purchase was fully accepted on September 27, 2019. As of September 30, 2019, the Company had purchased and holds (net of redemptions) $29.4 million of ARS pursuant to settlements with the Regulators and legal settlements and awards.
Oppenheimer has agreed with the NYAG that it will offer to purchase Eligible ARS from Eligible Investors who did not receive an initial purchase offer, periodically, as excess funds become available to Oppenheimer. At September 30, 2019, the Company has $3.4 million of ARS to purchase from Eligible Investors related to the settlements with the Regulators.
In addition, pursuant to the Order, Oppenheimer agreed to offer margin loans against eligible collateral for other Massachusetts clients not covered by the offers to purchase. As of September 30, 2019, Oppenheimer had extended margin loans to two holders of Eligible ARS from Massachusetts.
Further, Oppenheimer has agreed to (1) no later than 75 days after Oppenheimer has completed extending a purchase offer to all Eligible Investors (as defined in the AOD), use its best efforts to identify any Eligible Investor who purchased Eligible ARS (as defined in the AOD) and subsequently sold those securities below par between February 13, 2008 and February 23, 2010 and pay the investor the difference between par and the price at which the Eligible Investor sold the Eligible ARS, plus reasonable interest thereon; (2) no later than 75 days after Oppenheimer has completed extending a Purchase Offer to all Eligible Investors, use its best efforts to identify Eligible Investors who took out loans from Oppenheimer after February 13, 2008 that were secured by Eligible ARS that were not successfully auctioning at the time the loan was taken out from Oppenheimer and who paid interest associated with the ARS-based portion of those loans in excess of the total interest and dividends received on the Eligible ARS during the duration of the loan (the "Loan Cost Excess") and reimburse such investors for the Loan Cost Excess, plus reasonable interest thereon; (3) upon providing liquidity to all Eligible Investors, participate in a special arbitration process for the exclusive purpose of arbitrating any Eligible Investor's claim for consequential damages against Oppenheimer related to the investor's inability to sell Eligible ARS; and (4) work with issuers and other interested parties, including regulatory and governmental entities, to expeditiously provide liquidity solutions for institutional investors not within the definition of Small Businesses and Institutions (as defined in the AOD) that held ARS in Oppenheimer brokerage accounts on February 13, 2008. Oppenheimer believes that because of Items (1) through (3) above will occur only after it has provided liquidity to all Eligible Investors.
If Oppenheimer fails to comply with any of the terms set forth in the Order, the MSD may institute an action to have the Order declared null and void and reinstitute the previously pending administrative proceedings. If Oppenheimer defaults on any obligation under the AOD, the NYAG may terminate the AOD, at his sole discretion, upon 10 days written notice to Oppenheimer.
Reference is made to the Order and the AOD, each as described in Item 3 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 and attached thereto as Exhibits 10.24 and 10.22 respectively, as well as the subsequent disclosures related thereto in the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, 2010 through June 30, 2019 and in the Company's Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2010 through and including 2018, for additional details of the agreements with the MSD and NYAG.
As of September 30, 2019, there were no pending ARS-related cases against Oppenheimer. As of September 30, 2019, eleven ARS matters were concluded in either court or arbitration with Oppenheimer prevailing in four of those matters and the claimants prevailing in seven of those matters. The Company has purchased approximately $7.6 million in ARS from the prevailing claimants in those seven actions. In addition, the Company has made cash payments of approximately $12.7 million as a result of legal settlements with clients. As of September 30, 2019, the Company has one remaining commitment to purchase $3.6 million in ARS on June 30, 2020. It is possible, though the Company believes unlikely, that other individuals or entities that purchased ARS from Oppenheimer may bring additional claims against Oppenheimer in the future for repurchase or rescission.
See "Risk Factors — The Company may continue to be adversely affected by the failure of the Auction Rate Securities Market" in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Regulatory and Legal Environment — Other Regulatory Matters" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements" in Part I, Item 2.
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Other Pending Matters
On or about March 13, 2008, Oppenheimer was served in a matter pending in the United States Bankruptcy Court, Northern District of Georgia, captioned William Perkins, Trustee for International Management Associates v. Lehman Brothers, Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., JB Oxford & Co., Bank of America Securities LLC and TD Ameritrade Inc. The Trustee seeks to set aside as fraudulent transfers in excess of $25.0 million in funds embezzled by the sole portfolio manager for International Management Associates, a hedge fund. The portfolio manager purportedly used the broker-dealer defendants, including Oppenheimer, as conduits for his embezzlement. Oppenheimer filed its answer to the complaint on June 18, 2010. Oppenheimer filed a motion for summary judgment, which was argued on March 31, 2011. Immediately thereafter, the Bankruptcy Court dismissed all of the Trustee's claims against all defendants including Oppenheimer. In June 2011, the Trustee filed an appeal with the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ("U.S.N.D. GA"). In addition, on June 10, 2011, the Trustee filed a petition for permission to appeal the dismissal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (the "Court of Appeals"). On July 27, 2011, the Court of Appeals denied the Trustee's Petition. The Trustee then appealed to the U.S.N.D. GA. On March 30, 2012, the U.S.N.D. GA affirmed in part and reversed in part the ruling from the Bankruptcy Court and remanded the matter to the Bankruptcy Court. Discovery has closed and Oppenheimer filed a motion for summary judgment at the end of February 2014. On January 10, 2017, Oppenheimer's motion for summary judgment was granted in full, and judgment was entered in Oppenheimer's favor and the court dismissed the case. On January 24, 2017, the Trustee appealed the summary judgment order to the U.S.N.D. GA. On February 12, 2018, the U.S.N.D. GA issued an order (the "District Court Order") reversing the Bankruptcy Court's summary judgment order and remanding the proceedings to the Bankruptcy Court. In March 2018, Oppenheimer moved to certify the District Court Order for interlocutory appeal. The Trustee opposed the motion for interlocutory appeal. On June 28, 2018, the Eleventh Circuit dismissed the direct appeal. On February 27, 2019, Oppenheimer's motion for interlocutory appeal before the U.S.N.D. GA was denied. The U.S.N.D. GA was set a date for trial to commence sometime in 2019. On September 30, 2019 the parties agreed to a settlement in principle pursuant to which Oppenheimer agreed to pay the Trustee $1.35 million in exchange for dismissal of all claims. On October 3, 2019 the U.S.N.D. GA administratively closed the case subject to the settlement being approved by the Bankruptcy Court. A hearing to obtain such approval has tentatively been scheduled for November 7, 2019.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no material changes to the information contained in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) | During the third quarter of 2019, the Company issued 14,875 shares of Class A Stock pursuant to the Company's share-based compensation plans to certain directors of the Company for no cash consideration. Such issuances were exempt from registration pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | Not applicable.

Item 6. EXHIBITS

31.1 | Certification of Albert G. Lowenthal
31.2 | Certification of Jeffrey J. Alfano
32 | Certification of Albert G. Lowenthal and Jeffrey J. Alfano
101 | Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (unaudited): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, and (vi) the notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.*
* | This information is furnished and not filed for purposes of Sections 11 and 12 of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of New York, State of New York, on the 25th day of October, 2019.

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
BY: /s/ Albert G. Lowenthal
Albert G. Lowenthal, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
BY: /s/ Jeffrey J. Alfano
Jeffrey J. Alfano, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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