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Fair value measurements (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Schedule of Investments in Company-Sponsored Funds | The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of December 31, 2023:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Redemption Frequency |  | Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds (1) | $ | 446 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Quarterly - Annually |  | 30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2) | 5,072 |  |  | 2,367 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
| $ | 5,518 |  |  | $ | 2,367 |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes investments in hedge funds and hedge fund of funds that pursue long/short, event-driven, and activist strategies. (2) Includes private equity funds and private equity fund of funds with diversified portfolios focusing on but not limited to technology companies, venture capital and global natural resources. The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of December 31, 2022:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Redemption Frequency |  | Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds (1) | $ | 574 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Quarterly - Annually |  | 30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2) | 8,221 |  |  | 3,018 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
| $ | 8,795 |  |  | $ | 3,018 |  |  |  |  |
(1) Includes investments in hedge funds and hedge fund of funds that pursue long/short, event-driven, and activist strategies. (2) Includes private equity funds and private equity fund of funds with diversified portfolios, focusing on but not limited to technology companies, venture capital and global natural resources.
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis | The Company's assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows: Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2023
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | $ | 34,789 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 34,789 |
Securities owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | 695,346 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 695,346 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 5,769 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,769 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 6,627 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,627 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 35,333 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,333 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 16,735 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,735 |
Corporate equities | 27,170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,170 |
Money markets | 5,400 |  |  | 217 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,617 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,713 |  |  | 2,713 |
Securities owned, at fair value | 727,916 |  |  | 64,683 |  |  | 2,713 |  |  | 795,312 |
Investments (1) | 1,872 |  |  | 16,913 |  |  | — |  |  | 18,785 |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | — |  |  | 5,842 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,842 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
TBAs | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Derivative contracts, total | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |
Total | $ | 764,579 |  |  | $ | 87,449 |  |  | $ | 2,713 |  |  | $ | 854,741 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 14,603 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,603 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 1,508 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,508 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 2,136 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,136 |
Corporate equities | 13,427 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,427 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 28,030 |  |  | 3,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 31,676 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 735 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 735 |
TBAs | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Derivative contracts, total | 735 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 737 |
Total | $ | 28,765 |  |  | $ | 3,648 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32,413 |
(1) Included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2022
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | $ | 24,937 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24,937 |
Securities owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | 362,815 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 362,815 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 6,012 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,012 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 9,502 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,502 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 9,844 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,844 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 1,882 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,882 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 30,126 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,126 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 21,800 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,800 |
Corporate equities | 24,837 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,837 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,776 |  |  | 31,776 |
Securities owned, at fair value | 387,652 |  |  | 79,166 |  |  | 31,776 |  |  | 498,594 |
Investments (1) | — |  |  | 7,068 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,068 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBAs | — |  |  | 1,762 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,762 |
Total | $ | 412,589 |  |  | $ | 87,996 |  |  | $ | 31,776 |  |  | $ | 532,361 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold but not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 25,006 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,006 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 9,048 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,048 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 2,905 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,905 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 4,428 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,428 |
Corporate equities | 11,378 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,378 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 36,384 |  |  | 16,384 |  |  | — |  |  | 52,768 |
Derivative contracts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 44 |
TBAs | — |  |  | 1,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,761 |
Derivative contracts, total | 44 |  |  | 1,761 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,805 |
Total | $ | 36,428 |  |  | $ | 18,145 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 54,573 |
(1) Included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
(Expressed in thousands)
| Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
| Beginning Balance |  | Total Realized and Unrealized Gains (2) |  | Purchases and Issuances |  | Sales and Settlements |  | Transfers In / (Out) |  | Ending Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auction rate securities (1) | $ | 31,776 |  |  | $ | 3,159 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (32,222) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,713 |
(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market. (2) Included in principal transactions in the consolidated income statement.
(Expressed in thousands)
| Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
| Beginning Balance |  | Total Realized and Unrealized Losses(2) |  | Purchases and Issuances |  | Sales and Settlements |  | Transfers In / (Out) |  | Ending Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auction rate securities (1) | $ | 31,804 |  |  | $ | (28) |  |  | $ | 1,375 |  |  | $ | (1,375) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 31,776 |
(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market. (2) Included in principal transactions in the consolidated income statement.
Fair Value Disclosure of Asset and Liability Not Measured at Fair Value | Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2023
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Assets
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 28,835 |  |  | $ | 28,835 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,835 |
Deposits with clearing organization | 43,917 |  |  | 43,917 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,917 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | 158,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 158,612 |  |  | — |  |  | 158,612 |
Receivables from brokers | 65,639 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,639 |  |  | — |  |  | 65,639 |
Securities failed to deliver | 29,656 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,656 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,656 |
Clearing organizations and Other | 30,780 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,780 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,780 |
| $ | 284,687 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 284,687 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 284,687 |
Receivable from customers | 1,059,892 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,059,892 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,059,892 |
Notes receivable, net | 62,640 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,640 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,640 |
Investments (1) | 90,999 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,999 |  |  | — |  |  | 90,999 |
(1) The cash surrender value of Company-owned life insurance policies, which fluctuates based on changes in fair value of the policies’ underlying investments, comprises approximately $89 million of this balance. This balance is included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Drafts payable | $ | 9,002 |  |  | $ | 9,002 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,002 |
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned | $ | 284,987 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 284,987 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 284,987 |
Payable to brokers | 447 |  |  | — |  |  | 447 |  |  | — |  |  | 447 |
Securities failed to receive | 23,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,809 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,809 |
Clearing Organizations and Other | 51,912 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,912 |  |  | — |  |  | 51,912 |
| $ | 361,155 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 361,155 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 361,155 |
Payables to customers | 369,287 |  |  | — |  |  | 369,287 |  |  | — |  |  | 369,287 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 640,382 |  |  | — |  |  | 640,382 |  |  | — |  |  | 640,382 |
Senior secured notes | 113,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,838 |  |  | — |  |  | 109,838 |
Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2022
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Assets
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 112,433 |  |  | $ | 112,433 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 112,433 |
Restricted cash | 25,534 |  |  | 25,534 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25,534 |
Deposits with clearing organization | 52,754 |  |  | 52,754 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 52,754 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | 127,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 127,817 |  |  | — |  |  | 127,817 |
Receivables from brokers | 49,125 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,125 |  |  | — |  |  | 49,125 |
Securities failed to deliver | 9,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,099 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,099 |
Clearing organizations | 20,035 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,035 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,035 |
| 206,076 |  |  | — |  |  | 206,076 |  |  | — |  |  | 206,076 |
Receivable from customers | 1,202,764 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,202,764 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,202,764 |
Notes receivable, net | 57,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,495 |  |  | — |  |  | 57,495 |
Investments (1) | 79,322 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,322 |  |  | — |  |  | 79,322 |
(1) The cash surrender value of Company-owned life insurance policies, which fluctuates based on changes in fair value of the policies’ underlying investments, comprises approximately $77 million of this balance. This balance is included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned | $ | 320,843 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 320,843 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 320,843 |
Payable to brokers | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |  |  | — |  |  | 123 |
Securities failed to receive | 62,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,646 |  |  | — |  |  | 62,646 |
Other | 166,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,350 |  |  | — |  |  | 166,350 |
| 549,962 |  |  | — |  |  | 549,962 |  |  | — |  |  | 549,962 |
Payables to customers | 456,475 |  |  | — |  |  | 456,475 |  |  | — |  |  | 456,475 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 161,009 |  |  | — |  |  | 161,009 |  |  | — |  |  | 161,009 |
Senior secured notes | 114,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,233 |  |  | — |  |  | 113,233 |
Schedule of Notional Amounts and Fair Values of Derivatives by Product | The notional amounts and fair values of the Company's derivatives as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 by product were as follows:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2023
| Description |  | Notional |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | $ | 3,700 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | 5,000 |  |  | 2 |
|  |  | $ | 8,700 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | $ | 6,875,000 |  |  | $ | 735 |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | 3,700 |  |  | 2 |
|  |  | $ | 6,878,700 |  |  | $ | 737 |
(1) See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset.
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2022
| Description |  | Notional |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | $ | 1,775 |  |  | $ | 1,762 |
| Forward reverse repurchase agreements |  | 15,000 |  |  | — |
| Other |  | 275 |  |  | — |
|  |  | $ | 17,050 |  |  | $ | 1,762 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | $ | 1,912,500 |  |  | $ | 44 |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | 1,775 |  |  | 1,761 |
|  |  | $ | 1,914,275 |  |  | $ | 1,805 |
(1) See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset.
Schedule of Fair Value Amounts of Derivative Instruments and their Effect on Statement of Operations | The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments and their effect in the consolidated income statements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Income Statement
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
Types | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | $ | 2,842 |
Other contracts | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue |  | 65 |
| TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | 26 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 2,933 |
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Consolidated Income Statement
| For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
Types | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | $ | 4,652 |
Other contracts | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue |  | (28) |
| TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue |  | 60 |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 4,684 |

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