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Income taxes | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Income taxes | Income taxes Income tax expenses shown in the consolidated income statements are reconciled to amounts of tax that would have been payable from the application of the federal tax rate to pre-tax profit, as follows:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Amount |  | Percentage |  | Amount |  | Percentage |  | Amount |  | Percentage
U.S. federal statutory income tax | $ | 9,806 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 9,497 |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 47,176 |  |  | 21.0 | %
U.S. state and local income taxes, net of U.S. federal income tax benefits | 4,150 |  |  | 8.9 | % |  | 3,110 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | 13,585 |  |  | 6.0 | %
Unrecognized tax benefit | 45 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 180 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 59 |  |  | — | %
Valuation allowance | 964 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 1,054 |  |  | 2.3 | % |  | 1,121 |  |  | 0.5 | %
Non-taxable income | (964) |  |  | (2.1) | % |  | (1,083) |  |  | (2.4) | % |  | (430) |  |  | (0.2) | %
Provision to return adjustments | (812) |  |  | (1.7) | % |  | (316) |  |  | (0.7) | % |  | 281 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Change in state and foreign tax rates | (514) |  |  | (1.1) | % |  | (660) |  |  | (1.4) | % |  | 1,384 |  |  | 0.6 | %
Foreign tax rate differentials | (146) |  |  | (0.3) | % |  | (285) |  |  | (0.6) | % |  | (223) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Excess tax benefits from share-based awards | (1,378) |  |  | (2.9) | % |  | (471) |  |  | (1.0) | % |  | (1,542) |  |  | (0.7) | %
Non-deductible executive compensation | 1,514 |  |  | 3.2 | % |  | 1,605 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | 3,956 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Other non-deductible expenses | 3,833 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 813 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 310 |  |  | 0.2 | %
Total income taxes | $ | 16,498 |  |  | 35.3 | % |  | $ | 13,444 |  |  | 29.5 | % |  | $ | 65,677 |  |  | 29.2 | %
Income tax expenses included in the consolidated income statements represent the following:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal tax | $ | 6,967 |  |  | $ | 18,862 |  |  | $ | 47,880 |
State and local tax | 2,137 |  |  | 8,068 |  |  | 18,331 |
Non-U.S. operations | 937 |  |  | 1,129 |  |  | 258 |
Total Current | 10,041 |  |  | 28,059 |  |  | 66,469 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
U.S. federal tax | 5,207 |  |  | (10,420) |  |  | (1,745) |
State and local tax | 919 |  |  | (4,538) |  |  | 790 |
Non-U.S. operations | 331 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 163 |
Total Deferred | 6,457 |  |  | (14,615) |  |  | (792) |
Total | $ | 16,498 |  |  | $ | 13,444 |  |  | $ | 65,677 |
Pre-tax income with respect to non-U.S. operations was $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Pre-tax income with respect to non-U.S. operation was $7.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Pre-tax loss with respect to non-U.S. operations was $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was 35.3% compared with 29.5% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The higher tax rate in the 2023 year was primarily due to the im pact of unfavorable permanent items. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such differences are expected to reverse. Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| As of December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Deferred compensation | $ | 27,780 |  |  | $ | 27,161 |
Deferred rent and lease incentives | 8,772 |  |  | 9,877 |
Net operating losses and credits | 12,124 |  |  | 9,593 |
Receivable reserves | 1,259 |  |  | 1,294 |
Accrued expenses | 4,762 |  |  | 13,121 |
Auction rate securities reserves | 62 |  |  | 1,394 |
Involuntary conversion | 1,671 |  |  | 1,704 |
Other | 981 |  |  | 958 |
Total deferred tax assets | 57,411 |  |  | 65,102 |
Valuation allowance | (9,581) |  |  | (7,036) |
Deferred tax assets after valuation allowance | 47,830 |  |  | 58,066 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Goodwill | 40,984 |  |  | 41,775 |
Partnership investments | 27,181 |  |  | 32,679 |
Company-owned life insurance | 14,180 |  |  | 11,527 |
Depreciation | 1,517 |  |  | 1,617 |
Other | 303 |  |  | 272 |
Total deferred tax liabilities | 84,165 |  |  | 87,870 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net | $ | (36,335) |  |  | $ | (29,804) |
The Company recognized deferred tax assets of $2 million at December 31, 2023 within other assets arising from net operating losses incurred by Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. The Company believes that realization of the deferred tax assets is more likely than not based on expectations of future taxable income in Israel. These net operating losses carry forward indefinitely and are not subject to expiration, provided that these subsidiaries and their underlying businesses continue operating normally (as is anticipated). As of December 31, 2023, the Company had deferred tax assets of $8.6 million arising from net operating losses incurred by Oppenheimer Europe Ltd and had recorded full valuation allowances, although the net operating losses carry forward indefinitely, the Company believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future. The net change during the year in the total valuation allowance is $3.4 million. The Company and one or more of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various states and foreign jurisdictions. The Company has closed tax years through 2017 in the U.S. federal jurisdiction. The Company has unrecognized tax benefits of $1.2 million, $1.1 million and $0.3 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively (as shown on the table below). Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $977,000 and $847,000, respectively, of tax benefits for either year that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company adde d $0.2 million and released $0.1 million related to state and local tax matters. The Company does not believe any unrecognized tax benefit will significantly increase or decrease within twelve months. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefit follows:
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Balance at beginning of year | $ | 1,072 |  |  | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 212 |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | 224 |  |  | 729 |  |  | 343 |
Settlements with taxing authorities | (60) |  |  | — |  |  | (212) |
Balance at end of year | $ | 1,236 |  |  | $ | 1,072 |  |  | $ | 343 |
In its consolidated income statements, the Company records interest and penalties accruing on unrecognized tax benefits in pre-tax income as interest expense and other expense, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company added tax-related interest expense of $107,000, and for the years ended December 2022 and 2021, the Company released tax-related interest expense of $173,000 and $164,000, respectively, in its consolidated income statement. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had an income tax-related interest payable of $322,000 and $214,000, respectively, on its consolidated balance sheets.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 946 -SubTopic 20 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 13 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480990/946-20-50-13 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2)) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//740/tableOfContent Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 14 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-14 Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 21 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-21 Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 270 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482526/740-270-50-1 Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 17 -Subparagraph (b) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482685/740-10-50-17 Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-1 Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section S99 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479360/740-10-S99-2 Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 740 -SubTopic 30 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482603/740-30-50-2 + Details
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