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Employee compensation plans | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Employee compensation plans | Employee compensation plans The Company maintains various employee compensation plans for the benefit of its employees. Two types of employee compensation are granted under share-based compensation and cash-based compensation plans. Share-based Compensation Plans Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. Incentive Plan On February 26, 2014, the Company adopted the Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. 2014 Incentive Plan (the 2014 "OIP"). Pursuant to the 2014 OIP, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the "Committee") was permitted to grant options to purchase Class A Stock ("stock options"), Class A Stock awards and restricted Class A Stock (collectively "restricted stock awards") to or for the benefit of employees and non-employee directors of the Company and its subsidiaries as part of their compensation. Restricted stock awards were generally awarded for a three or five year term and fully vest at the end of the term. Restricted stock - The Company has granted restricted stock awards pursuant to the 2014 OIP. The following table summarizes the status of the Company's non-vested restricted Class A Stock awards under the 2014 OIP for the year ended December 31, 2024:
| Number of Class A Shares Subject to Restricted Stock Awards |  | Weighted Average Fair Value Per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Nonvested at beginning of year | 1,589,414 |  |  | $ | 32.92 |  |  | 1.6 years
Granted | 330,140 |  |  | 37.86 |  |  | 2.7 years
Vested | (463,175) |  |  | 28.44 |  |  | — |
Forfeited | (21,411) |  |  | 38.44 |  |  | — |
Nonvested at end of year | 1,434,968 |  |  | $ | 35.42 |  |  | 1.6 years
As of December 31, 2024, all outstanding restricted Class A Stock awards were non-vested. The aggregate intrinsic value of restricted Class A Stock awards outstanding as of December 31, 2024 was $92.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company included $12.9 million ($13.1 million in 2023 and $11.5 million in 2022) of compensation expense in its consolidated income statements relating to restricted Class A Stock awards. As of December 31, 2024, there was $20.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted Class A Stock awards. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. On March 1, 2024, the Company adopted the Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. 2024 Incentive Plan (the "2024 OIP"). The 2024 OIP received stockholder approval at the Company's Annual Meeting of Stockholders on May 6, 2024. The 2024 OIP replaced the 2014 OIP, which expired by its terms on February 26, 2024. Holders of the Class B Stock of the Company approved for registration 1,000,000 shares of Class A Stock under the 2024 OIP. As of December 31, 2024, the number of shares of Class A Stock available under the 2024 plan, but not yet awarded, was 999,000. On January 29, 2025, the Company awarded a total of 203,375 restricted shares of Class A Stock to current employees pursuant to the 2024 OIP. Of these restricted shares, 105,675 shares will cliff vest in three years and 97,700 shares will cliff vest in five years. These awards will be expensed over the applicable three or five year vesting period. Stock options - The Company has granted stock options pursuant to the 2014 OIP. There were 0 and 2,447 options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company included $2,550 ($8,195 in 2023 and $15,702 in 2022) of compensation expense in its consolidated income statement relating to the expensing of stock options. Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. Stock Appreciation Right Plan Under the Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. Stock Appreciation Right Plan, the Company awards stock appreciation rights ("OARs") to certain employees as part of their compensation package based on a formula reflecting gross production and length of service. These awards are granted once per year in January with respect to the prior year's production. The OARs vest five years from grant date and settle in cash at vesting. OARs - The Company has awarded OARs pursuant to the Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. Stock Appreciation Right Plan. The following table summarizes the status of the Company's outstanding OARs awards as of December 31, 2024:
Grant Date |  | Number of OARs Outstanding |  | Strike Price |  | Remaining Contractual Life |  | Fair Value as of December 31, 2024
January 10, 2020 |  | 478,680 |  |  | $ | 27.54 |  |  | 9 days |  | $ | 36.57 |
January 11, 2021 |  | 573,329 |  |  | 32.16 |  |  | 1 year |  | 32.57 |
January 7, 2022 |  | 605,087 |  |  | 49.57 |  |  | 2 years |  | 18.87 |
January 6, 2023 |  | 506,170 |  |  | 45.33 |  |  | 3 years |  | 25.00 |
January 5, 2024 |  | 479,470 |  |  | 40.78 |  |  | 4 years |  | 29.48 |
Total OARs outstanding |  | 2,642,736 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total weighted average values |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 3.0 years |  | $ | — |
The fair value as of December 31, 2024 for each of the OARs was estimated using the Black-Scholes model with the following assumptions:
|  | Grant Date
|  | January 10, 2020 |  | January 11, 2021 |  | January 7, 2022 |  | January 6, 2023 |  | January 5, 2024
Expected term (1) |  | 9 days |  | 1 year |  | 2 years |  | 3 years |  | 4 years
Expected volatility factor (2) |  | 22.353 | % |  | 26.966 | % |  | 24.353 | % |  | 30.793 | % |  | 31.158 | %
Risk-free interest rate (3) |  | 4.314 | % |  | 4.183 | % |  | 4.228 | % |  | 4.261 | % |  | 4.319 | %
(1) The expected term was determined based on the remaining life of the actual awards. (2) The volatility factor was measured using the weighted average of historical daily price changes of the Company's Class A Stock over a historical period commensurate to the expected term of the awards. (3) The risk-free interest rate was based on periods equal to the expected term of the awards based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, 2,642,736 of outstanding OARs were unvested. As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate intrinsic value of OARs outstanding was $65.3 million. In the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company included $32.6 million ($3.9 million in 2023 and $4.4 million in 2022) in compensation expense in its consolidated income statements relating to OARs awards. The liability related to the OARs was $46.9 million as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, there was $27.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested OARs. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years. On January 6, 2025, 654,280 OARs were awarded to Oppenheimer employees related to fiscal 2024 performance. These OARs will be expensed over 5 years (the vesting period). Cash-based Compensation Plans Defined Contribution Plan The Company, through its subsidiaries, maintains a defined contribution plan covering substantially all full-time U.S. employees. The Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. 401(k) Plan provides that Oppenheimer may make discretionary contributions. Eligible Oppenheimer employees can make voluntary contributions which cannot exceed $23,000, $22,500 and $20,500 per annum in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, unless they are also eligible to make "catch up" contributions. The Company made contributions to the 401(k) Plan of $4.9 million, $4.4 million and $4.3 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Deferred Compensation Plans On October 26, 2023, the Company terminated the DIP. All deferrals made prior to October 26, 2023 survive the termination of the DIP. The Company maintains an Executive Deferred Compensation Plan ("EDCP") and a Deferred Incentive Plan ("DIP") in order to offer certain qualified high-performing financial advisors a bonus based upon a formula reflecting years of service, production, net commissions and a valuation of their clients' assets. The bonus amounts resulted in deferrals for fiscal 2024 of $12.1 million ($10.1 million for 2023 and $11.1 million for 2022). These deferrals normally vest after five years. The liability is being recognized over the vesting period. The EDCP also includes voluntary deferrals by senior executives that are not subject to vesting. The Company maintains a Corporate-owned life insurance policy, which is designed to hedge a portion of the EDCP obligation. The EDCP liability is being tracked against the value of a benchmark investment portfolio held for this purpose. Additionally, the Company maintains the Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. Investment Banking and Capital Markets Deferred Compensation Plan ("CMDP") for eligible employees in the Capital Markets business segment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's liability with respect to the EDCP, DIP and CMDP described below totaled $77.8 million and is included in accrued compensation on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024. The Company also maintains a deferred compensation plan on behalf of certain employees who were formerly employed by CIBC World Markets. The Company hedges this deferred compensation obligation with a portfolio of mutual fund investments. As of December 31, 2024, the Company's liability with respect to this plan totaled $22.4 million. An employee is eligible to participate in the CMDP if the employee (i) is an Investment Banking Division employee of Oppenheimer with a title of Associate or above whose previous year’s salary and bonus exceeded $200,000, or (ii) is a professional working in the Oppenheimer Capital Markets Division (but not the Investment Banking Division) who is designated by the Plan Administrator (in its sole discretion) as eligible to participate in the Plan. The CMDP has both mandatory and elective contributions. The amount of compensation subject to mandatory deferral (“Bonus Deferral Credit”) is based on a schedule maintained by the Plan Administrator from time to time. The Bonus Deferral Credit vests ratably over a period of three years and is distributed upon vesting. For the elective portion, a participant is eligible if his or her base salary and bonus exceed $500,000 and he or she may elect to defer up to 50% of the total of his or her base salary and bonus amounts (“Elective Deferral Credit”) for a 5-year or 10-year period. The Elective Deferral Credit is 100% vested at all times. The Company provides a Matching Credit of 10% of the Elective Deferral Credit which vests on last day of the Performance Year (as defined in the CMDP) attributable to the Matching Credit. The Elective Deferral Credit and the Matching Credit are distributed in lump sums in the year following the fifth or tenth anniversary of the last day of the Performance Year (as defined in the CMDP), depending on the participant’s election. For fiscal 2024, the Company’s deferral related to the CMDP totaled $13.4 million which is comprised of Bonus Deferral Credits. Eligibility for Elective Deferral Credits began in 2023 for elections made by December 31, 2021. The total amount expensed in 2024 for the Company's deferred compensation plans was $38.7 million ($33.6 million in 2023 and $5.3 million in 2022).

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