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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 1-12043

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 98-0080034
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

85 Broad Street
New York, NY 10004
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(212) 668-8000
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A non-voting common stock | OPY | The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer", "smaller reporting company", and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated Filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The number of shares of the Company's Class A non-voting common stock and Class B voting common stock (being the only classes of common stock of the Company) outstanding on October 31, 2025 was 10,420,884 and 99,665 shares, respectively.

Table of Contents
OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
INDEX TO QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

|  | Page No.
PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 7
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 | 8
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 38
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 52
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 53
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 54
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 56
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 56
Item 5. | Other Information | 56
Item 6. | Exhibits | 57
| Signatures | 58

Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)
OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 38,288 |  |  | $ | 33,150 |
Deposits with clearing organizations | 100,008 |  |  | 98,909 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 325,342 |  |  | 241,478 |
Receivable from customers, net of allowance for credit losses of $152 ($175 in 2024) | 1,374,526 |  |  | 1,268,866 |
Income tax receivable | 3,693 |  |  | 1,499 |
Securities owned, including amounts pledged of $1,199,263 ($1,015,604 in 2024), at fair value | 1,316,093 |  |  | 1,108,206 |
Notes receivable, net | 67,366 |  |  | 67,931 |
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net of accumulated depreciation of $99,341 ($92,390 in 2024) | 33,966 |  |  | 38,188 |
Right-of-use lease assets, net of accumulated amortization of $132,940 ($118,325 in 2024) | 121,660 |  |  | 133,821 |
Corporate-owned life insurance | 107,686 |  |  | 98,828 |
Goodwill | 143,607 |  |  | 143,607 |
Intangible assets | 35,209 |  |  | 35,709 |
Other assets | 150,704 |  |  | 112,534 |
Total assets | $ | 3,818,148 |  |  | $ | 3,382,726 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |
Drafts payable | $ | 16,763 |  |  | $ | 21,661 |
Bank call loans | 262,300 |  |  | 252,100 |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 322,339 |  |  | 253,816 |
Payable to customers | 465,426 |  |  | 357,835 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 972,167 |  |  | 931,754 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 258,856 |  |  | 98,892 |
Accrued compensation | 319,512 |  |  | 331,298 |
Income tax payable | 238 |  |  | 3,963 |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | 78,393 |  |  | 65,764 |
Lease liabilities | 158,827 |  |  | 173,320 |
Deferred tax liabilities, net of deferred tax assets of $48,718 ($48,640 in 2024) | 43,053 |  |  | 41,928 |
Total liabilities | 2,897,874 |  |  | 2,532,331 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |
Stockholders' equity |  |  |
Common stock ($0.001 par value per share): Class A: shares authorized: 50,000,000; shares issued and outstanding: 10,420,884 and 10,231,736 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively Class B: shares authorized, issued and outstanding: 99,665 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Additional paid-in capital | 29,723 |  |  | 29,733 |
Retained earnings | 887,740 |  |  | 819,961 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | 2,801 |  |  | 691 |
Total Stockholders' equity | 920,274 |  |  | 850,395 |
Total Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity | $ | 3,818,148 |  |  | $ | 3,382,726 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
3

Table of Contents
OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS (unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions | $ | 120,684 |  |  | $ | 103,079 |  |  | $ | 341,587 |  |  | $ | 295,984 |
Advisory fees | 134,404 |  |  | 121,631 |  |  | 388,835 |  |  | 353,675 |
Investment banking | 77,488 |  |  | 52,185 |  |  | 168,644 |  |  | 131,841 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 28,349 |  |  | 34,875 |  |  | 87,078 |  |  | 106,406 |
Interest | 38,859 |  |  | 38,034 |  |  | 113,245 |  |  | 99,605 |
Principal transactions, net | 14,902 |  |  | 14,364 |  |  | 38,409 |  |  | 42,672 |
Other | 9,752 |  |  | 9,184 |  |  | 27,643 |  |  | 26,896 |
Total revenue | 424,438 |  |  | 373,352 |  |  | 1,165,441 |  |  | 1,057,079 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and related expenses | $ | 290,222 |  |  | $ | 237,935 |  |  | $ | 756,387 |  |  | $ | 680,375 |
Communications and technology | 25,938 |  |  | 24,602 |  |  | 78,324 |  |  | 73,860 |
Occupancy and equipment costs | 15,971 |  |  | 16,240 |  |  | 47,558 |  |  | 47,604 |
Clearing and exchange fees | 6,850 |  |  | 7,125 |  |  | 21,643 |  |  | 19,747 |
Interest | 22,496 |  |  | 24,103 |  |  | 66,421 |  |  | 66,631 |
Other | 31,326 |  |  | 27,977 |  |  | 89,887 |  |  | 80,172 |
Total expenses | 392,803 |  |  | 337,982 |  |  | 1,060,220 |  |  | 968,389 |
Pre-tax income | 31,635 |  |  | 35,370 |  |  | 105,221 |  |  | 88,690 |
Income tax provision | 9,923 |  |  | 10,862 |  |  | 31,180 |  |  | 28,172 |
Net income | $ | 21,712 |  |  | $ | 24,508 |  |  | $ | 74,041 |  |  | $ | 60,518 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest, net of tax | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (310) |
Net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. | $ | 21,712 |  |  | $ | 24,508 |  |  | $ | 74,041 |  |  | $ | 60,828 |
Earnings per share attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 7.05 |  |  | $ | 5.87 |
Diluted | $ | 1.90 |  |  | $ | 2.16 |  |  | $ | 6.53 |  |  | $ | 5.45 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 10,519,722 |  |  | 10,332,927 |  |  | 10,502,101 |  |  | 10,355,982 |
Diluted | 11,450,346 |  |  | 11,277,865 |  |  | 11,349,801 |  |  | 11,156,536 |
Period end shares outstanding | 10,520,549 |  |  | 10,331,401 |  |  | 10,520,549 |  |  | 10,331,401 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Expressed in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net income | $ | 21,712 |  |  | $ | 24,508 |  |  | $ | 74,041 |  |  | $ | 60,518 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency translation adjustment | 451 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 2,110 |  |  | (697) |
Comprehensive income | 22,163 |  |  | 24,779 |  |  | 76,151 |  |  | 59,821 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (310) |
Comprehensive income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. | $ | 22,163 |  |  | $ | 24,779 |  |  | $ | 76,151 |  |  | $ | 60,131 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY AND NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS (unaudited)

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Expressed in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Common stock ($0.001 par value per share) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 10 |
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance at end of period | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 26,576 |  |  | 23,365 |  |  | 29,733 |  |  | 31,774 |
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | 190 |  |  | 391 |  |  | 6,466 |  |  | 8,800 |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation | — |  |  | — |  |  | (90) |  |  | (8,384) |
Share-based expense | 3,147 |  |  | 3,175 |  |  | 9,924 |  |  | 9,645 |
Vested employee share plan awards | (190) |  |  | (412) |  |  | (16,310) |  |  | (15,580) |
Change in redemption value of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 264 |
Balance at end of period | 29,723 |  |  | 26,519 |  |  | 29,723 |  |  | 26,519 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 867,922 |  |  | 788,739 |  |  | 819,961 |  |  | 756,468 |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation | — |  |  | (295) |  |  | (580) |  |  | (1,219) |
Net income (1) | 21,712 |  |  | 24,508 |  |  | 74,041 |  |  | 60,828 |
Dividends paid | (1,894) |  |  | (1,860) |  |  | (5,682) |  |  | (4,985) |
Balance at end of period | 887,740 |  |  | 811,092 |  |  | 887,740 |  |  | 811,092 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | 2,350 |  |  | (54) |  |  | 691 |  |  | 914 |
Currency translation adjustment | 451 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 2,110 |  |  | (697) |
Balance at end of period | 2,801 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 2,801 |  |  | 217 |
Total Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. stockholders' equity | $ | 920,274 |  |  | $ | 837,838 |  |  | $ | 920,274 |  |  | $ | 837,838 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Capital addition to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 237 |
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (310) |
Balance at end of period | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total stockholders' equity | $ | 920,274 |  |  | $ | 837,838 |  |  | $ | 920,274 |  |  | $ | 837,838 |
Dividends paid per share | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.54 |  |  | $ | 0.48 |
(1) Attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (unaudited)
FOR THE NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30,

(Expressed in thousands) | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income | $ | 74,041 |  |  | $ | 60,518 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  |
Non-cash items included in net income: |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements | 8,236 |  |  | 8,119 |
Deferred income taxes | 793 |  |  | 10,922 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 500 |  |  | 229 |
Amortization of notes receivable | 13,422 |  |  | 13,809 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs | — |  |  | 164 |
Reversal of credit losses | (23) |  |  | (130) |
Paid-in-kind interest | (143) |  |  | — |
Share-based compensation | 28,936 |  |  | 21,767 |
Amortization of right-of-use lease assets | 19,493 |  |  | 19,529 |
Decrease (increase) in operating assets: |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | (1,099) |  |  | (10,843) |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | (83,864) |  |  | 8,157 |
Receivable from customers | (105,637) |  |  | (236,317) |
Income tax receivable | (2,194) |  |  | 3,170 |
Securities purchased under agreements to resell | — |  |  | 5,842 |
Securities owned | (207,744) |  |  | (272,140) |
Notes receivable | (12,857) |  |  | (16,749) |
Corporate-owned life insurance | (8,858) |  |  | (9,079) |
Other assets | (39,456) |  |  | 3,872 |
Increase (decrease) in operating liabilities: |  |  |
Drafts payable | (4,898) |  |  | 1,221 |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations | 68,523 |  |  | (42,361) |
Payable to customers | 107,591 |  |  | (1,382) |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 40,413 |  |  | 124,720 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased | 159,964 |  |  | 171,987 |
Accrued compensation | (30,798) |  |  | (6,246) |
Income tax payable | (3,725) |  |  | — |
Accounts payable and other liabilities | (8,864) |  |  | (41,659) |
Cash provided by/(used in) operating activities | 11,752 |  |  | (182,880) |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchase of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements | (4,014) |  |  | (1,887) |
Proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance | 3,396 |  |  | 2,342 |
Cash (used in)/provided by investing activities | (618) |  |  | 455 |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Cash dividends paid on Class A non-voting and Class B voting common stock | (5,682) |  |  | (4,985) |
Issuance of Class A non-voting common stock | — |  |  | 64 |
Repurchase of Class A non-voting common stock for cancellation | (671) |  |  | (9,603) |
Payments for employee taxes withheld related to vested share-based awards | (9,843) |  |  | (6,844) |
Redemption of redeemable noncontrolling interests | — |  |  | 500 |
Increase in bank call loans | 10,200 |  |  | 206,700 |
Cash (used in)/provided by financing activities | (5,996) |  |  | 185,832 |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 5,138 |  |  | 3,407 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 33,150 |  |  | 28,835 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 38,288 |  |  | $ | 32,242 |
Reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents within the condensed consolidated balance sheets: | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 38,288 |  |  | $ | 32,242 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 38,288 |  |  | $ | 32,242 |
Schedule of non-cash financing activities |  |  |
Employee share plan issuance | $ | 10,587 |  |  | $ | 13,951 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for interest | $ | 66,510 |  |  | $ | 67,273 |
Cash paid during the period for income taxes, net | $ | 36,169 |  |  | $ | 13,900 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

1. Organization
Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. ("OPY" or the "Parent") is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of OPY and its consolidated subsidiaries (together, the "Company"). Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., through its operating subsidiaries, is a leading middle market investment bank and full service broker-dealer that is engaged in a broad range of activities in the financial services industry, including retail securities brokerage, institutional sales and trading, investment banking (corporate and public finance), equity and fixed income research, market-making, trust services, and investment advisory and asset management services.
The Company is headquartered in New York and has 88 retail branch offices in 25 states located throughout the United States and offices in Puerto Rico, Tel Aviv, Israel, Hong Kong, China, London, England, St. Helier, Isle of Jersey, and Geneva, Switzerland. The principal subsidiaries of OPY are Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. ("Oppenheimer"), a registered broker-dealer in securities and investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. ("OAM") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Oppenheimer Investment Management LLC, both registered investment advisers under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940; Oppenheimer Trust Company of Delaware ("Oppenheimer Trust"), a limited purpose trust company that provides fiduciary services such as trust and estate administration and investment management; OPY Credit Corp., which conducts secondary trading activities related to the purchase and sale of loans and trade claims, primarily on a riskless principal basis; Oppenheimer Europe Ltd., based in the United Kingdom, with offices in the Isle of Jersey, and Switzerland, which provides institutional equities and fixed income brokerage and corporate finance and is regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority; and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited, based in Hong Kong, China, which provides fixed income and equities brokerage services to institutional investors and is regulated by the Securities and Futures Commission.
Oppenheimer owns Freedom Investments, Inc. ("Freedom"), a registered broker dealer in securities, which provides discount brokerage services on a limited basis, and Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd., based in Tel Aviv, Israel, which provides investment services in the State of Israel and operates subject to the authority of the Israel Securities Authority.
2. Summary of significant accounting policies and estimates
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the "Form 10-K"). The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the same sources as the audited consolidated financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statement purposes. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior periods to place them on a basis comparable with current period presentation. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts that are reported in the financial statements and the accompanying disclosures. Although these estimates are based on management's knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future, actual results may differ materially from the estimates. The condensed consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for any future interim or annual period.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

3. Financial Instruments - Credit Losses
Under ASC 326, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses", the Company can elect to use an approach to measure the allowance for credit losses using the fair value of collateral where the borrower is required to, and reasonably expected to, continually adjust and replenish the amount of collateral securing the instrument to reflect changes in the fair value of such collateral. The Company has elected to use this approach for securities borrowed, margin loans, and reverse repurchase agreements. No material historical losses have been reported on these assets. See Note 9 for details.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $67.4 million of notes receivable ($67.9 million as of December 31, 2024). Notes receivable represent recruiting and retention payments generally in the form of upfront loans to financial advisors and key revenue producers as part of the Company's overall growth strategy. These notes generally amortize over a service period of 3 to 9 years from the initial date of the note. All such notes are contingent on the employees' continued employment with the Company. The unforgiven portion of the notes becomes due on demand in the event the employee departs during the service period. At that point, any uncollected portion of the notes is reclassified into a defaulted notes category.
The allowance for uncollectibles is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the defaulted notes balance to present the net amount expected to be collected. Balances are charged-off against the allowance when management deems the amount to be uncollectible.
The Company reserves 100% of the uncollected balance of defaulted notes which are five years and older and applies an expected loss rate to the remaining balance. The expected loss rate is based on historical collection rates of defaulted notes. The expected loss rate is adjusted for changes in environmental and market conditions such as changes in unemployment rates, changes in interest rates and/or other relevant factors. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, no adjustments were made to the expected loss rates. The Company will continuously monitor the effect of these factors on the expected loss rate and adjust it as necessary.
The allowance is measured on a pool basis as the Company has determined that the entire defaulted portion of notes receivable has similar risk characteristics.
As of September 30, 2025, the balance of defaulted notes was $4.5 million and the allowance for uncollectibles was $2.7 million. The allowance for uncollectibles consisted of $1.5 million related to defaulted notes balances (five years and older) and $1.2 million (under five years).
The following table presents the disaggregation of defaulted notes by year of default as of September 30, 2025:

(Expressed in thousands) |
| As of September 30, 2025
2025 | $ | 896 |
2024 | 386
2023 | 624
2022 | 141
2021 | 982
2020 and prior | 1,421
Total | $ | 4,450 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following table presents activity in the allowance for uncollectibles of defaulted notes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Beginning balance | $ | 2,856 |  |  | $ | 3,853 |  |  | $ | 2,815 |  |  | $ | 3,869 |
Additions | 173 |  |  | 719 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 848 |
Write-offs | (377) |  |  | (952) |  |  | (632) |  |  | (1,097) |
Ending balance | $ | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 3,620 |  |  | $ | 2,652 |  |  | $ | 3,620 |

4. Leases
The Company has operating leases for office space and equipment expiring at various dates through 2035. The Company leases its corporate headquarters at 85 Broad Street, New York, New York, which houses its executive management team and many administrative functions for the Company as well as its research, trading, investment banking, and asset management divisions and an office in Troy, Michigan, which among other things, houses its payroll and human resources departments. In addition, the Company has 88 retail branch offices in the United States as well as offices in London, England, St. Helier, Isle of Jersey, Tel Aviv, Israel, Hong Kong, China, and Geneva, Switzerland.
The Company is constantly assessing its needs for office space and, on a rolling basis, has many leases that expire in any given year. Substantially all of the leases are held by the Company's subsidiary, Viner Finance Inc., which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Most leases include an option to renew and the exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company's sole discretion. The Company did not include the renewal options as part of the right of use assets and liabilities. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had right-of-use operating lease assets of $121.7 million (net of accumulated amortization of $132.9 million) which are comprised of real estate leases of $118.8 million (net of accumulated amortization of $130.7 million) and equipment leases of $2.9 million (net of accumulated amortization of $2.3 million). As of September 30, 2025, the Company had operating lease liabilities of $158.8 million which are comprised of real estate lease liabilities of $155.9 million and equipment lease liabilities of $2.9 million. The Company had no finance leases as of September 30, 2025.
As most of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.
The following table presents the weighted average lease term and weighted average discount rate for the Company's operating leases as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively:

| As of |  |  |
| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |  |
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years) | 5.69 |  | 6.08 |  |  |
Weighted average discount rate | 7.40% |  | 7.50% |  |  |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following table presents operating lease costs recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively, which are included in occupancy and equipment costs on the condensed consolidated income statements:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Operating lease costs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate leases - Right-of-use lease asset amortization | $ | 6,169 |  |  | $ | 6,165 |  |  | $ | 18,220 |  |  | $ | 18,242 |
Real estate leases - Interest expense | 2,902 |  |  | 3,139 |  |  | 9,050 |  |  | 9,690 |
Equipment leases - Right-of-use lease asset amortization | 421 |  |  | 424 |  |  | 1,270 |  |  | 1,287 |
Equipment leases - Interest expense | 53 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 135 |

The maturities of lease liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| As of |  |
| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
2025 | $ | 10,937 |  |  | $ | 42,466 |  |  |
2026 | 42,875 |  |  | 40,596 |  |  |
2027 | 40,108 |  |  | 38,151 |  |  |
2028 | 26,027 |  |  | 24,794 |  |  |
2029 | 19,594 |  |  | 18,816 |  |  |
After 2030 | 56,142 |  |  | 52,472 |  |  |
Total lease payments | $ | 195,683 |  |  | $ | 217,295 |  |  |
Less interest | (36,856) |  |  | (43,975) |  |  |
Present value of lease liabilities | $ | 158,827 |  |  | $ | 173,320 |  |  |

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $3.1 million of additional real estate operating leases that have not yet commenced ($6.9 million as of December 31, 2024).
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

5. Revenue from contracts with customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when, or as, the Company satisfies its performance obligations by transferring the promised goods or services to customers. A good or service is transferred to a customer when, or as, the customer obtains control of that good or service. A performance obligation may be satisfied over time or at a point in time. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied over time is recognized by measuring the Company's progress in satisfying the performance obligation in a manner that depicts the transfer of the goods or services to the customer. Revenue from a performance obligation satisfied at a point in time is recognized at the point in time that the Company determines the customer obtains control over the promised good or service.
The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those promised goods or services (i.e., the "transaction price"). In determining the transaction price, the Company considers multiple factors, including the effects of variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainties with respect to the amount are resolved. In determining when to include variable consideration in the transaction price, the Company considers the range of possible outcomes, the predictive value of its past experiences, the time period during which uncertainties are expected to be resolved and the amount of consideration that is susceptible to factors outside of the Company's influence, such as market volatility or the judgment and actions of third parties.
The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers and other sources (principal transactions, interest and other). The following provides detailed information on the recognition of the Company's revenue from contracts with customers:
Commissions
Commissions from Sales and Trading — The Company earns commission revenue by executing, settling and clearing transactions with clients primarily in exchange-traded and over-the-counter corporate equity and debt securities, money market instruments and exchange-traded options and futures contracts. A substantial portion of the Company's revenue is derived from commissions from private clients through accounts with transaction-based pricing. Trade execution and clearing services, when provided together, represent a single performance obligation as the services are not separately identifiable in the context of the contract. Commission revenue associated with combined trade execution and clearing services, as well as trade execution services on a standalone basis, is recognized at a point in time on trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied.
Commission revenue is generally paid on settlement date, which is generally one business day after trade date. The Company records a receivable on the trade date and receives a payment on the settlement date.
Mutual Fund Income — The Company earns mutual fund income for sales and distribution of mutual fund shares, which consists of a fixed fee amount and a variable amount. The Company recognizes mutual fund income at a point in time on the trade date when the performance obligation is satisfied which is when the mutual fund interest is sold to the investor. The ongoing distribution fees for distributing investment products from mutual fund companies are generally considered variable consideration because they are based on the value of AUM and are uncertain on trade date. The Company recognizes distribution fees over the investment period as the amounts become known and the portion recognized in the current period may relate to distribution services performed in prior periods. Mutual fund income is generally received within 90 days.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Advisory Fees
The Company earns management and performance (or incentive) fees in connection with the advisory and asset management services it provides to various types of funds, asset-based programs and investment vehicles through its subsidiaries. Management fees are generally based on the account value at the valuation date per the respective asset management agreements and are recognized over time as the customer receives the benefits of the services evenly throughout the term of the contract. Performance fees are recognized when the return on client AUM exceeds a specified benchmark return or other performance targets over a 12-month measurement period are met. Performance fees are considered variable as they are subject to fluctuation and/or are contingent on a future event over the measurement period and are not subject to adjustment once the measurement period ends. Such fees are computed as of the fund's year-end when the measurement period ends and generally are recorded as earned in the fourth quarter of the Company's fiscal year. Both management and performance fees are generally received within 90 days.
Investment Banking
The Company earns underwriting revenue by providing capital raising solutions for corporate clients through initial public offerings, follow-on offerings, equity-linked offerings, private investments in public entities, and private placements. Underwriting revenue is recognized at a point in time on trade date, as the client obtains the control and benefit of the capital markets offering at that time. These fees are generally received within 90 days after the transactions are completed. Transaction-related expenses, primarily consisting of legal, travel and other costs directly associated with the transaction, are deferred and recognized in the same period as the related investment banking transaction revenue. Underwriting revenue and related expenses are presented gross on the condensed consolidated income statements.
Revenue from financial advisory services includes fees generated in connection with mergers, acquisitions and restructuring transactions. Such revenue and fees are primarily recorded at a point in time when services for the performance obligations have been completed and income is reasonably determinable, generally as set forth under the terms of the engagement. Payment for advisory services is generally due upon a completion of the transaction or milestone. Retainer fees and fees earned from certain advisory services are recognized ratably over the service period as the customer receives the benefit of the services throughout the term of the contracts, and such fees are collected based on the terms of the contracts.
Bank Deposit Sweep Income
Bank deposit sweep income consists of revenue earned from the FDIC-insured bank deposit program. Under this program, client funds are swept into deposit accounts at participating banks and are eligible for FDIC deposit insurance up to FDIC standard maximum deposit insurance amounts. Fees are earned over time and are generally received within 30 days.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Disaggregation of Revenue
The following presents the Company's revenue from contracts with customers disaggregated by major business activity and other sources of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
| Reportable Segments
| Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 53,511 |  |  | $ | 58,807 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 112,326 |
Mutual fund and insurance income | 8,350 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8,358 |
Advisory fees | 134,397 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 134,404 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 3,042 |  |  | 52,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 55,185 |
Investment banking - advisory | 438 |  |  | 21,865 |  |  | — |  |  | 22,303 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 28,349 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,349 |
Other | 7,809 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 1,397 |  |  | 9,290 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 235,896 |  |  | 132,900 |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | 370,215 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 22,381 |  |  | 14,785 |  |  | 1,693 |  |  | 38,859 |
Principal transactions, net | 1,254 |  |  | 14,194 |  |  | (546) |  |  | 14,902 |
Other | 195 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 462 |
Total other sources of revenue | 23,830 |  |  | 29,245 |  |  | 1,148 |  |  | 54,223 |
Total revenue | $ | 259,726 |  |  | $ | 162,145 |  |  | $ | 2,567 |  |  | $ | 424,438 |

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Reportable Segments
| Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 46,641 |  |  | $ | 48,195 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 94,842 |
Mutual fund and insurance income | 8,231 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 8,237 |
Advisory fees | 121,620 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 121,631 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 2,410 |  |  | 16,977 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,387 |
Investment banking - advisory | — |  |  | 32,798 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,798 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 34,875 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34,875 |
Other | 2,993 |  |  | 896 |  |  | 981 |  |  | 4,870 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 216,770 |  |  | 98,867 |  |  | 1,003 |  |  | 316,640 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 24,331 |  |  | 11,847 |  |  | 1,856 |  |  | 38,034 |
Principal transactions, net | 977 |  |  | 13,034 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 14,364 |
Other | 3,971 |  |  | 282 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 4,314 |
Total other sources of revenue | 29,279 |  |  | 25,163 |  |  | 2,270 |  |  | 56,712 |
Total revenue | $ | 246,049 |  |  | $ | 124,030 |  |  | $ | 3,273 |  |  | $ | 373,352 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
| Reportable Segments
| Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 149,481 |  |  | $ | 167,973 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 317,486 |
Mutual fund and insurance income | 24,079 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 24,101 |
Advisory fees | 388,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |  |  | 388,835 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 8,762 |  |  | 89,129 |  |  | — |  |  | 97,891 |
Investment banking - advisory | 438 |  |  | 70,315 |  |  | — |  |  | 70,753 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 87,078 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 87,078 |
Other | 15,779 |  |  | 1,737 |  |  | 4,109 |  |  | 21,625 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 674,416 |  |  | 329,157 |  |  | 4,196 |  |  | 1,007,769 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 65,808 |  |  | 42,492 |  |  | 4,945 |  |  | 113,245 |
Principal transactions, net | 2,640 |  |  | 36,040 |  |  | (271) |  |  | 38,409 |
Other | 5,269 |  |  | 698 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 6,018 |
Total other sources of revenue | 73,717 |  |  | 79,230 |  |  | 4,725 |  |  | 157,672 |
Total revenue | $ | 748,133 |  |  | $ | 408,387 |  |  | $ | 8,921 |  |  | $ | 1,165,441 |

(Expressed in thousands) | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Reportable Segments
| Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue from contracts with customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commissions from sales and trading | $ | 136,337 |  |  | $ | 135,414 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 271,765 |
Mutual fund and insurance income | 24,201 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 24,219 |
Advisory fees | 353,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 31 |  |  | 353,675 |
Investment banking - capital markets | 8,238 |  |  | 46,626 |  |  | (1) |  |  | 54,863 |
Investment banking - advisory | 21 |  |  | 76,957 |  |  | — |  |  | 76,978 |
Bank deposit sweep income | 106,407 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 106,406 |
Other | 9,576 |  |  | 1,796 |  |  | 3,903 |  |  | 15,275 |
Total revenue from contracts with customers | 638,424 |  |  | 260,796 |  |  | 3,961 |  |  | 903,181 |
Other sources of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest | 66,153 |  |  | 27,560 |  |  | 5,892 |  |  | 99,605 |
Principal transactions, net | 3,089 |  |  | 39,333 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 42,672 |
Other | 10,870 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 186 |  |  | 11,621 |
Total other sources of revenue | 80,112 |  |  | 67,458 |  |  | 6,328 |  |  | 153,898 |
Total revenue | $ | 718,536 |  |  | $ | 328,254 |  |  | $ | 10,289 |  |  | $ | 1,057,079 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Contract Assets and Liabilities
The timing of the Company's revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment by its customers. The Company records contract assets when payment is due from a client conditioned on future performance or the occurrence of other events. Alternatively, when payment precedes the provision of the related services, the Company records deferred revenue until the performance obligations are satisfied.
The Company had receivables related to revenue from contracts with customers of $47.5 million and $46.2 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company had no significant impairments related to these receivables during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Deferred revenue relates to IRA fees received annually in advance on customers' IRA accounts managed by the Company, software license fees received upfront from customers and retainer fees and other fees earned from certain advisory transactions where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied. Total deferred revenue was $2.9 million and $0.9 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
The following presents the Company's receivables and deferred revenue balances from contracts with customers, which are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the condensed consolidated balance sheet:

(Expressed in thousands) | As of
| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Receivables |  |  |
Commission (1) | $ | 6,736 |  |  | $ | 4,408 |
Mutual fund and insurance income (2) | 5,757 |  |  | 5,838 |
Advisory fees (3) | 7,005 |  |  | 11,271 |
Bank deposit sweep income (4) | 4,123 |  |  | 4,748 |
Investment banking fees (5) | 15,868 |  |  | 14,798 |
Other | 8,019 |  |  | 5,124 |
Total receivables | $ | 47,508 |  |  | $ | 46,187 |
Deferred revenue (payables): |  |  |
Investment Banking fees (6) | $ | 257 |  |  | $ | 28 |
Software license fees (7) | 2,073 |  |  | 902 |
IRA fees (8) | 600 |  |  | — |
| $ | 2,930 |  |  | $ | 930 |

(1)Commissions earned but not yet received.
(2)Mutual fund and insurance income earned but not yet received.
(3)Management and performance fees earned but not yet received.
(4)Fees earned from FDIC-insured bank deposit program but not yet received.
(5)Underwriting revenue and advisory fees earned but not yet received.
(6)Retainer fees and fees received from certain advisory transactions where the performance obligations have not yet been satisfied.
(7)Software license fees received upfront from customers and recognized ratably over the contract period.
(8)Fees received in advance on an annual basis.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

6. Earnings per share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income over the weighted average number of shares of Class A non-voting common stock ("Class A Stock") and Class B voting common stock ("Class B Stock") outstanding. Diluted earnings per share includes the weighted average number of shares of Class A Stock and Class B Stock outstanding and options to purchase Class A Stock and unvested restricted stock awards of Class A Stock using the treasury stock method.
Earnings per share have been calculated as follows:

(Expressed in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts) |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Basic weighted average number of shares outstanding | 10,519,722 |  |  | 10,332,927 |  |  | 10,502,101 |  |  | 10,355,982 |
Net dilutive effect of share-based awards, treasury stock method (1) | 930,624 |  |  | 944,938 |  |  | 847,700 |  |  | 800,554 |
Diluted weighted average number of shares outstanding | 11,450,346 |  |  | 11,277,865 |  |  | 11,349,801 |  |  | 11,156,536 |
Net income attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. | $ | 21,712 |  |  | $ | 24,508 |  |  | $ | 74,041 |  |  | $ | 60,828 |
Earnings per share attributable to Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | 7.05 |  |  | $ | 5.87 |
Diluted | $ | 1.90 |  |  | $ | 2.16 |  |  | $ | 6.53 |  |  | $ | 5.45 |

(1) For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the diluted net income per share computation did not include the anti-dilutive effect of 7,000 shares of Class A Stock granted under share-based compensation arrangements. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the diluted net income per share computation did not include the anti-dilutive effect of 8,000 shares of Class A Stock granted under share-based compensation arrangements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were no shares of Class A Stock with an anti-dilutive effect granted under share-based compensation arrangements.
7. Receivable from and payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| As of
| September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations consisting of: |  |  |
Securities borrowed | $ | 164,230 |  |  | $ | 137,177 |
Receivable from brokers | 54,255 |  |  | 59,487 |
Securities failed to deliver | 64,234 |  |  | 8,459 |
Clearing organizations and other (1) | 42,623 |  |  | 36,355 |
Total | $ | 325,342 |  |  | $ | 241,478 |
Payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations consisting of: |  |  |
Securities loaned | $ | 286,694 |  |  | $ | 235,498 |
Securities failed to receive | 29,530 |  |  | 14,757 |
Payable to brokers | 1,379 |  |  | 607 |
Clearing organizations and other | 4,736 |  |  | 2,954 |
Total | $ | 322,339 |  |  | $ | 253,816 |

(1) As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, approximately $16.6 million and $15.4 million, respectively, of this balance represents a receivable for trades executed, but not yet settled.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

8. Fair value measurements
Securities owned, securities sold but not yet purchased, investments, derivative contracts and certain loans are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A description of the valuation techniques applied and inputs used in measuring the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, are as follows:
Securities
The Company determines the fair value of securities (both long and short) primarily based on pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Where unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities are available in an active market, we classify the securities within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds and corporate equities.
If quoted market prices are unavailable, fair values are generally determined using pricing models which incorporate market observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, recently executed transaction prices, issuer spreads, reported trades, bids, offers and other reference data. Examples of such instruments, which are typically classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, include U.S. Agency securities, sovereign obligations, corporate debt and other obligations, mortgage and other asset-backed securities, municipal obligations, money market funds and convertible bonds.
In limited situations where there is reduced activity or less observability around inputs to the valuation, we classify those securities in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company has valued the auction rate securities owned at the tender offer price and categorized them in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the illiquid nature of the securities and the period of time since the last tender offer. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $128,000 and $2.7 million, respectively, of auction rate securities in Level 3 assets. Additionally, the Company has valued a convertible note using a discounted cash flow model and warrants using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and categorized them in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the models' use of unobservable inputs. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $2.0 million and $1.2 million of convertible note and warrants, respectively, in Level 3 assets.
Derivative financial instruments
The Company classifies exchange-traded derivative financial instruments such as futures contracts in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Some of our derivative positions, such as to-be-announced securities, are valued using models that use observable market parameters, and we classify them in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Loans
The fair value of loans is estimated using recently executed transactions and current price quotations, which are usually observable. In rare occurrences when observable pricing information is not available, fair value is generally determined based on cash flow models using discounted cash flow models, competitor comparable data and other valuation metrics.
Other
The Company owns an equity method investment in a financial technologies firm. The Company elected the fair value option for this investment and it is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company determined the fair value of the investment based on an implied market-multiple approach and observable market data, including comparable company transactions. The fair value of this investment was $5.9 million and $5.9 million, respectively at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and was categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
Trade claims are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the illiquid nature of the claims and the period of time since the executed prices. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no trade claims. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $2.7 million of trade claims in Level 3 assets.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Investments
In its role as general partner in certain hedge funds and private equity funds, the Company, through its subsidiaries, holds direct investments in such funds. The Company records these investments within other assets and uses the net asset value of the underlying fund as a basis for estimating the fair value of its investment unless another method provides a better indicator of fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected within other income in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of September 30, 2025:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Redemption Frequency |  | Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds (1) | $ | 141 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Quarterly - Annually |  | 30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2) | 5,478 |  |  | 790 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
| $ | 5,619 |  |  | $ | 790 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Hedge funds represent investments in credit driven strategies.
(2) Private equity funds includes portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities.
The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of December 31, 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value |  | Unfunded Commitments |  | Redemption Frequency |  | Redemption Notice Period
Hedge funds (1) | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Quarterly - Annually |  | 30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2) | 5,090 |  |  | 1,314 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
| $ | 5,373 |  |  | $ | 1,314 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Hedge funds represent investments in credit driven strategies.
(2) Private equity funds includes portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The Company's assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows:
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2025
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | $ | 27,993 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 27,993 |
Securities owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | 1,216,287 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,216,287 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 6,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,205 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 6,403 |  |  | — |  |  | 6,403 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 8,556 |  |  | 1,973 |  |  | 10,529 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 2,095 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,095 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 17,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,259 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 17,222 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,222 |
Corporate equities | 31,767 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,170 |  |  | 32,937 |
Money markets | 6,500 |  |  | 528 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,028 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |  |  | 128 |
Securities owned, at fair value | 1,254,554 |  |  | 58,268 |  |  | 3,271 |  |  | 1,316,093 |
Investments (1) | — |  |  | 17,146 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,146 |
Loans (1) | — |  |  | 734 |  |  | — |  |  | 734 |
Derivative contracts: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
TBAs | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |
Derivative contracts, total | — |  |  | 83 |  |  | — |  |  | 83 |
Total | $ | 1,282,547 |  |  | $ | 76,231 |  |  | $ | 3,271 |  |  | $ | 1,362,049 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold but not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 230,586 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 230,586 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
Sovereign obligations | — |  |  | 4,599 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,599 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 1,143 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,143 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 13,521 |  |  | — |  |  | 13,521 |
Corporate equities | 8,980 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,980 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 239,566 |  |  | 19,290 |  |  | — |  |  | 258,856 |
Derivative contracts: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 982 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 982 |
TBAs | — |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |
Derivative contracts, total | 982 |  |  | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,068 |
Total | $ | 240,548 |  |  | $ | 19,376 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 259,924 |

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
(2) Included in receivable/payable from/to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits with clearing organizations | $ | 28,071 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 28,071 |
Securities owned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | 995,420 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 995,420 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 3,691 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,691 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 9,423 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,423 |
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities | — |  |  | 8,954 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,954 |
Municipal obligations | — |  |  | 34,704 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,704 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 21,938 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,938 |
Corporate equities | 23,873 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 23,873 |
Money markets | 7,551 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,551 |
Auction rate securities | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,652 |  |  | 2,652 |
Securities owned, at fair value | 1,026,844 |  |  | 78,710 |  |  | 2,652 |  |  | 1,108,206 |
Investments (1) | 978 |  |  | 17,005 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,983 |
Trade claims (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,684 |  |  | 2,684 |
Loans (1) | — |  |  | 432 |  |  | — |  |  | 432 |
Total | $ | 1,055,893 |  |  | $ | 96,147 |  |  | $ | 5,336 |  |  | $ | 1,157,376 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities sold but not yet purchased: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 82,767 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 82,767 |
U.S. Agency securities | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Convertible bonds | — |  |  | 4,998 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,998 |
Corporate equities | 11,112 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,112 |
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value | 93,879 |  |  | 5,013 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,892 |
Derivative contracts: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Futures | 1,071 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,071 |
Derivative contracts, total | 1,071 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,071 |
Total | $ | 94,950 |  |  | $ | 5,013 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 99,963 |

(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
(2) Included in receivable/payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  |  |  | Total Realized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Beginning |  | and Unrealized |  | Purchases |  | Sales and |  | Transfers |  | Ending
|  | Balance |  | Gain (2) |  | and Issuances |  | Settlements |  | In (Out) |  | Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate equities | $ | 1,190 |  |  | $ | (20) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,170 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | 1,862 |  |  | 111 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,973 |
Auction rate securities (1) | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |

(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement except amounts for corporate and other obligations, which represent paid-in-kind interest, that are included in interest income in the condensed consolidated income statement.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  |  |  | Total Realized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Beginning |  | and Unrealized |  | Purchases |  | Sales and |  | Transfers |  | Ending
|  | Balance |  | Gain (2) |  | and Issuances |  | Settlements |  | In (Out) |  | Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auction rate securities (1) | $ | 2,713 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,681 |

(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  |  |  | Total Realized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Beginning |  | and Unrealized |  | Purchases |  | Sales and |  | Transfers |  | Ending
|  | Balance |  | Gain (2) |  | and Issuances |  | Settlements |  | In (Out) |  | Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate equities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,170 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,170 |
Corporate debt and other obligations | — |  |  | 143 |  |  | 1,830 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,973 |
Auction rate securities (1) | 2,652 |  |  | 206 |  |  | — |  |  | (2,730) |  |  | — |  |  | 128 |
Trade claims |  | 2,684 |  |  | 957 |  |  | 534 |  |  | (4,175) |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement except amounts for corporate and other obligations, which represent paid-in-kind interest, that are included in interest income in the condensed consolidated income statement.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  |  |  | Total Realized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Beginning |  | and Unrealized |  | Purchases |  | Sales and |  | Transfers |  | Ending
|  | Balance |  | Gain (2) |  | and Issuances |  | Settlements |  | In (Out) |  | Balance
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Auction rate securities (1) | $ | 2,713 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (35) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,681 |

(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement.
Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value
The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities (e.g., furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements and accrued compensation).
The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 or Level 2 (e.g., cash and receivables from customers) approximates fair value because of the relatively short-term nature of the underlying assets.
Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of September 30, 2025:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Assets
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 38,288 |  |  | $ | 38,288 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 38,288 |
Deposits with clearing organizations | 72,015 |  |  | 72,015 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 72,015 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | 164,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 164,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 164,230 |
Receivables from brokers | 54,255 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,255 |  |  | — |  |  | 54,255 |
Securities failed to deliver | 23,975 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,975 |  |  | — |  |  | 23,975 |
Clearing organizations and other | 82,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,799 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,799 |
| 325,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,259 |
Receivable from customers | 1,374,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,374,526 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,374,526 |
Notes receivable, net | 67,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,366 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,366 |
Corporate-owned life insurance | 107,686 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,686 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,686 |
Investments (1) | 2,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,205 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,205 |

(1) Included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Drafts payable | $ | 16,763 |  |  | $ | 16,763 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,763 |
Bank call loans | 262,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 262,300 |  |  | — |  |  | 262,300 |
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned | 286,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 286,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 286,694 |
Payable to brokers | 1,379 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,379 |
Securities failed to receive | 29,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,530 |  |  | — |  |  | 29,530 |
Clearing organization and other | 3,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,668 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,668 |
| 321,271 |  |  | — |  |  | 321,271 |  |  | — |  |  | 321,271 |
Payables to customers | 465,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 465,426 |  |  | — |  |  | 465,426 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 972,167 |  |  | — |  |  | 972,167 |  |  | — |  |  | 972,167 |

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Assets
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 33,150 |  |  | $ | 33,150 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 33,150 |
Deposits with clearing organization | 70,838 |  |  | 70,838 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,838 |
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities borrowed | 137,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,177 |
Receivables from brokers | 59,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,487 |  |  | — |  |  | 59,487 |
Securities failed to deliver | 8,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,459 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,459 |
Clearing organizations and other | 36,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 36,355 |
| 241,478 |  |  | — |  |  | 241,478 |  |  | — |  |  | 241,478 |
Receivable from customers | 1,268,866 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,268,866 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,268,866 |
Notes receivable, net | 67,931 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,931 |  |  | — |  |  | 67,931 |
Corporate-owned life insurance | 98,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,828 |  |  | — |  |  | 98,828 |
Investments (1) | 1,634 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,634 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,634 |

(1) Included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  | Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
| Carrying Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Drafts payable | $ | 21,661 |  |  | $ | 21,661 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,661 |
Bank call loans | 252,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,100 |
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities loaned | 235,498 |  |  | — |  |  | 235,498 |  |  | — |  |  | 235,498 |
Payable to brokers | 607 |  |  | — |  |  | 607 |  |  | — |  |  | 607 |
Securities failed to receive | 14,757 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,757 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,757 |
Clearing organizations and other | 1,883 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,883 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,883 |
| 252,745 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,745 |  |  | — |  |  | 252,745 |
Payables to customers | 357,835 |  |  | — |  |  | 357,835 |  |  | — |  |  | 357,835 |
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase | 931,754 |  |  | — |  |  | 931,754 |  |  | — |  |  | 931,754 |

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company transacts, on a limited basis, in exchange traded and over-the-counter derivatives for both asset and liability management as well as for trading and investment purposes. Risks managed using derivative instruments include interest rate risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange risk. All derivative instruments are measured at fair value and are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Foreign exchange hedges
From time to time, the Company also utilizes forward and options contracts to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with compensation obligations to Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. employees denominated in New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"). Such hedges have not been designated as accounting hedges. Unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts are recorded in other assets or other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and other income in the condensed consolidated income statement.
Derivatives used for trading and investment purposes
Futures contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell securities or other commodities at a future date and at a specified price. Market risk exists with respect to these instruments. Notional or contractual amounts are used to express the volume of these transactions and do not represent the amounts potentially subject to market risk. The Company uses futures contracts, including U.S. Treasury Notes, federal funds, general collateral futures and Eurodollar contracts primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with government trading activities. Unrealized gains and losses on futures contracts are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated income statement as principal transactions revenue, net.
To-be-announced securities
The Company also transacts in pass-through mortgage-backed securities eligible to be sold in the TBA market as economic hedges against mortgage-backed securities that it owns or has sold but not yet purchased. TBAs provide for the forward or delayed delivery of the underlying instrument with settlement up to 180 days. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume of activity and do not reflect the amounts at risk. Net unrealized gains and losses on TBAs are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated income statement as principal transactions revenue, net.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The notional amounts and fair values of the Company's derivatives as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by product were as follows:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of September 30, 2025
| Description |  | Notional |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | $ | 13,985 |  |  | $ | 83 |
|  |  | $ | 13,985 |  |  | $ | 83 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | $ | 16,000,000 |  |  | $ | 982 |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | 13,985 |  |  | 86 |
|  |  | $ | 16,013,985 |  |  | $ | 1,068 |

(1)See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |
| Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2024
| Description |  | Notional |  | Fair Value
Assets: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | — |
|  |  | $ | 360 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1) |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contracts | Futures |  | $ | 11,475,000 |  |  | $ | 1,071 |
Other contracts | TBAs |  | 360 |  |  | — |
|  |  | $ | 11,475,360 |  |  | $ | 1,071 |

(1)See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments and their effect in the condensed consolidated income statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | $ | 172 |
Other contracts |  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | 3 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 175 |
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Loss
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | $ | (5,892) |
Other contracts |  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | (2) |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (5,894) |

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | $ | (572) |
Other contracts |  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | 19 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (553) |
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  |  |  | Recognized in Income on Derivatives (pre-tax)
Types |  | Description |  | Location |  | Net Gain (Loss)
Commodity contracts |  | Futures |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | $ | (1,457) |
Other contracts |  | Foreign exchange forward contracts |  | Other revenue/(Compensation and related expenses) |  | (24) |
Other contracts |  | TBAs |  | Principal transactions revenue, net |  | 1 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | (1,480) |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

9. Collateralized transactions
The Company enters into collateralized borrowing and lending transactions in order to meet customers' needs and earn interest rate spreads, obtain securities for settlement and finance trading inventory positions. Under these transactions, the Company either receives or provides collateral, including U.S. Government and Agency, asset-backed, corporate debt, equity, and non-U.S. Government and Agency securities.
The Company obtains short-term borrowings primarily through bank call loans. Bank call loans are generally payable on demand and bear interest at various rates. As of September 30, 2025, the outstanding balance of bank call loans was $262.3 million ($252.1 million as of December 31, 2024). As of September 30, 2025, such loans with commercial banks were collateralized by the Company's securities and customer securities with market values of approximately $26.9 million and $265.9 million, respectively.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had approximately $1.9 billion of customer securities under customer margin loans that are available to be pledged, of which the Company has re-pledged approximately $233.2 million under securities loan agreements.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had pledged $361.7 million of customer securities directly with the Options Clearing Corporation to secure obligations and margin requirements under option contracts written by customers.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no outstanding letters of credit.
The Company enters into reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions to, among other things, acquire securities to cover short positions and settle other securities obligations, to accommodate customers' needs and to finance the Company's inventory positions. Except as described below, repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, principally involving U.S. Government and Agency securities, are carried at amounts at which the securities subsequently will be resold or reacquired as specified in the respective agreements and include accrued interest.
Repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are presented on a net-by-counterparty basis, when the repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements are executed with the same counterparty, have the same explicit settlement date, are executed in accordance with a master netting arrangement, the securities underlying the repurchase agreements and reverse repurchase agreements exist in "book entry" form and certain other requirements are met.
The following table presents a disaggregation of the gross obligation by the class of collateral pledged and the remaining contractual maturity of the repurchase agreements and securities loaned transactions as of September 30, 2025:

(Expressed in thousands) |
| Overnight and Open
Repurchase agreements: |
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 1,208,900 |
Securities loaned: |
Corporate equities | 286,694 |
Gross amount of recognized liabilities for repurchase agreements and securities loaned | $ | 1,495,594 |

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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The following tables present the gross amounts and the offsetting amounts of reverse repurchase agreements, repurchase agreements, securities borrowed and securities loaned transactions as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

As of September 30, 2025
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Reverse repurchase agreements | $ | 236,733 |  |  | $ | (236,733) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities borrowed (1) | 164,230 |  |  | — |  |  | 164,230 |  |  | (161,417) |  |  | — |  |  | 2,813 |
Total | $ | 400,963 |  |  | $ | (236,733) |  |  | $ | 164,230 |  |  | $ | (161,417) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,813 |

(1)Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
Repurchase agreements | $ | 1,208,900 |  |  | $ | (236,733) |  |  | $ | 972,167 |  |  | $ | (972,167) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities loaned (2) | 286,694 |  |  | — |  |  | 286,694 |  |  | (278,895) |  |  | — |  |  | 7,799 |
Total | $ | 1,495,594 |  |  | $ | (236,733) |  |  | $ | 1,258,861 |  |  | $ | (1,251,062) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 7,799 |

(2)Included in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

As of December 31, 2024
(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Assets Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Received |  | Net Amount
Reverse repurchase agreements | $ | 68,055 |  |  | $ | (68,055) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities borrowed (1) | 137,177 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,177 |  |  | (130,568) |  |  | — |  |  | 6,609 |
Total | $ | 205,232 |  |  | $ | (68,055) |  |  | $ | 137,177 |  |  | $ | (130,568) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,609 |

(1)Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gross Amounts Not Offset on the Balance Sheet |  |
| Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities |  | Gross Amounts Offset on the Balance Sheet |  | Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented on the Balance Sheet |  | Financial Instruments |  | Cash Collateral Pledged |  | Net Amount
Repurchase agreements | $ | 999,809 |  |  | $ | (68,055) |  |  | $ | 931,754 |  |  | $ | (931,754) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Securities loaned (2) | 235,498 |  |  | — |  |  | 235,498 |  |  | (229,156) |  |  | — |  |  | 6,342 |
Total | $ | 1,235,307 |  |  | $ | (68,055) |  |  | $ | 1,167,252 |  |  | $ | (1,160,910) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,342 |

(2)Included in payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

The Company receives collateral in connection with securities borrowed and reverse repurchase agreement transactions and customer margin loans. Under many agreements, the Company is permitted to sell or re-pledge the securities received (e.g., use the securities to enter into securities lending transactions, or deliver to counterparties to cover short positions). As of September 30, 2025, the fair value of securities received as collateral under securities borrowed transactions and reverse repurchase agreements was $160.7 million ($131.7 million as of December 31, 2024) and $238.4 million ($68.1 million as of December 31, 2024), respectively, of which the Company has sold and re-pledged approximately $43.6 million ($39.2 million as of December 31, 2024) under securities loaned transactions and $238.4 million under repurchase agreements ($68.1 million as of December 31, 2024).
The Company pledges certain of its securities owned for securities lending and repurchase agreements and to collateralize bank call loan transactions. The carrying value of pledged securities owned that can be sold or re-pledged by the counterparty was $1.2 billion, as presented on the face of the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 ($1.0 billion as of December 31, 2024).
The Company manages credit exposure arising from repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements by, in appropriate circumstances, entering into master netting agreements and collateral arrangements with counterparties that provide the Company, in the event of a customer default, the right to liquidate securities and the right to offset a counterparty's rights and obligations. The Company manages market risk of repurchase agreements and securities loaned by monitoring the market value of collateral held and the market value of securities receivable from others. It is the Company's policy to request and obtain additional collateral when exposure to loss exists. In the event the counterparty is unable to meet its contractual obligation to return the securities, the Company may be exposed to off-balance sheet risk of acquiring securities at prevailing market prices.
Credit Concentrations
Credit concentrations may arise from trading, investing, underwriting and financing activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. In the normal course of business, the Company may be exposed to credit risk in the event customers, counterparties including other brokers and dealers, issuers, banks, depositories or clearing organizations are unable to fulfill their contractual obligations. The Company seeks to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures and obtaining collateral as deemed appropriate. Included in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations as of September 30, 2025 were receivables from three major U.S. broker-dealers totaling approximately $104.5 million. Included in receivable from customers as of September 30, 2025 were fully secured margin loans from our two largest customer accounts totaling approximately $652.4 million, comprising 48.4% of total margin loans.
The Company is obligated to settle transactions with brokers and other financial institutions even if its clients fail to meet their obligations to the Company. Clients are required to complete their transactions on the settlement date, generally one business day after the trade date. If clients do not fulfill their contractual obligations, the Company may incur losses. The Company has clearing/participating arrangements with the National Securities Clearing Corporation, the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation ("FICC"), the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division (a division of the FICC), the Options Clearing Corporation and others. With respect to its business in reverse repurchase and repurchase agreements, all open contracts as of September 30, 2025 are with the FICC. In addition, the Company clears its non-U.S. international equities business carried on by Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. through Global Prime Partners, Ltd., a global clearing financial institution located in the United Kingdom. The clearing organizations have the right to charge the Company for losses that result from a client's failure to fulfill its contractual obligations. Accordingly, the Company has credit exposures with these clearing brokers. The clearing brokers can re-hypothecate the securities held on behalf of the Company. As the right to charge the Company has no maximum amount and applies to all trades executed through the clearing brokers, the Company believes there is no maximum amount assignable to this right. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had recorded no liabilities with regard to this right. The Company's policy is to monitor the credit standing of the clearing brokers and banks with which it conducts business.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

10. Variable interest entities ("VIEs")
The Company's policy is to consolidate all subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, as well as any VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary, when it has the power to make the decisions that most significantly affect the economic performance of the VIE and has the obligation to absorb significant losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
In the normal course of business, the Company may sponsor and serve as general partner of hedge funds and private equity funds that were established for the purpose of providing alternative investments to both its institutional and qualified retail clients. Upon initial formation, the Company or its affiliates may extend to these funds a loan to finance the purchase of underlying investments. These loans mature in 90 days or less and are repaid by the fund when the underlying fund interests are sold to qualified clients. Depending on the facts and circumstances, the sponsored investment funds may be considered VIEs, as the loans are considered variable interests. As of September 30, 2025, no such loans were outstanding. Additionally, the Company's investment in and additional capital commitments to these hedge funds and private equity funds are considered variable interests. The Company's additional capital commitments are subject to call at a later date and are limited to the amount committed. As of September 30, 2025, the Company does not have any outstanding or pending investments in or capital commitments to these funds.
For funds that are VIEs, the Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary. In each instance, the Company has determined that it is not the primary beneficiary and therefore need not consolidate the hedge funds or private equity funds. The subsidiaries' general and limited partnership interests and additional capital commitments represent its maximum exposure to loss. The subsidiaries' general partnership and limited partnership interests are included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
As of September 30, 2025, assets and liabilities related to a VIE where the Company is not the primary beneficiary were included in Securities owned, at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and primarily related to a convertible note and warrants issued by a beverage manufacturing company. There was no VIE where the Company was not the primary beneficiary as of December 31, 2024.
The maximum loss exposure indicated in the following table relates solely to our investments in, and unfunded commitments to, the VIE.

(Expressed in thousands) |
| As of September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Assets | $ | 3,143 |  |  | $ | — |
Liabilities | — |  |  | — |
Unfunded commitments | — |  |  | — |
Maximum loss exposure | $ | 3,143 |  |  | $ | — |

11. Income taxes
The effective income tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 31.4% and 29.6%, respectively, compared with 30.7% and 31.8% for the three and nine month ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and reflects the Company's annual estimate of the statutory federal and state tax rates adjusted for certain discrete items. The effective tax rate for the third quarter of 2025 was impacted by certain unfavorable permanent items.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

12. Stockholders' Equity
The Company's authorized shares consist of (a) 50,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share; (b) 50,000,000 shares of Class A Stock, par value $0.001 per share; and (c) 99,665 shares of Class B Stock, par value $0.001 per share. No Preferred Stock has been issued. 99,665 shares of Class B Stock have been issued and are outstanding.
The Class A Stock and the Class B Stock are equal in all respects except that the Class A Stock is non-voting.
The following table reflects changes in the number of shares of Class A Stock outstanding for the periods indicated:

| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Class A Stock outstanding, beginning of period | 10,418,259 |  |  | 10,227,845 |  |  | 10,231,736 |  |  | 10,186,783 |  |  |  |  |
Issued pursuant to share-based compensation plans | 2,625 |  |  | 9,872 |  |  | 200,533 |  |  | 288,759 |  |  |  |  |
Repurchased and cancelled | — |  |  | (5,981) |  |  | (11,385) |  |  | (243,806) |  |  |  |  |
Class A Stock outstanding, end of period | 10,420,884 |  |  | 10,231,736 |  |  | 10,420,884 |  |  | 10,231,736 |  |  |  |  |

Stock buy-back
As of December 31, 2023, 223,699 shares remained available to be purchased under its share repurchase program. On March 1, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program that authorized the Company to purchase up to 518,000 shares of the Company's Class A Stock, representing approximately 5.0% of its 10,357,376 then issued and outstanding shares of Class A Stock. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 243,806 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $9.6 million ($39.39 per share) under its share repurchase program. As of December 31, 2024, 497,893 shares remained available to be purchased under its share repurchase program.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the Company did not purchase any shares of Class A Stock under its share repurchase program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 11,385 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $670,310 ($58.88 per share) under its share repurchase program. During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 5,981 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $294,862 ($49.30 per share) under this program. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company purchased and canceled an aggregate of 243,806 shares of Class A Stock for a total consideration of $9.6 million ($39.39 per share) under this program. As of September 30, 2025, 486,508 shares remained available to be purchased under the share repurchase program.
Share purchases will be made by the Company from time to time in the open market at the prevailing open market price using cash on hand, in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange and federal and state securities laws. All shares purchased will be canceled. The share repurchase program is expected to continue indefinitely. The timing and amounts of any purchases will be based on market conditions and other factors including price, regulatory requirements and capital availability. The share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount or number of shares of Class A Stock. Depending on market conditions and other factors, these repurchases may be commenced or suspended from time to time without prior notice.
On October 31, 2025, the Company announced a quarterly dividend in the amount of $0.18 per share, payable on November 28, 2025 to holders of Class A Stock and Class B Stock of record on November 14, 2025.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

13. Commitments and Contingencies
Underwriting commitments
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into commitments for debt and equity underwritings. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had certain open underwriting commitments, which were subsequently settled in open market transactions and did not result in any losses.
Contingencies
Many aspects of the Company's business involve substantial risks of liability. In the normal course of business, the Company has been named as defendant or co-defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, creating substantial exposure and periodic expenses. Certain of the actual or threatened legal matters include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. These proceedings arise primarily from securities brokerage, asset management and investment banking activities. The Company is also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding the Company's business, which may result in expenses, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. The investigations include inquiries from the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") and other regulators.
The Company accrues for estimated loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters within Other Expenses in the condensed consolidated income statement when available information indicates that it is probable a liability had been incurred and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss. In many proceedings, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where a loss is possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is often not possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss or possible additional losses or range of additional losses.
For certain legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate such losses, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial, indeterminate or special damages. Counsel may be required to review, analyze and resolve numerous issues, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings in question, before the Company can reasonably estimate a loss or range of loss or additional loss for the proceeding. Even after lengthy review and analysis, the Company, in many legal and regulatory proceedings, may not be able to reasonably estimate possible losses or range of losses.
For certain other legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company can estimate possible losses, or range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, but does not believe, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that such losses individually, or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as a whole.
For legal and regulatory proceedings where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred, the Company estimates a range of aggregate loss in excess of amounts accrued of up to $3 million. This estimated aggregate range is based upon currently available information for those legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, where the Company can make an estimate for such losses. For certain cases, the Company does not believe that it can make an estimate. The foregoing aggregate estimate is based on various factors, including the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that some are currently in preliminary stages), the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more than the current estimate.
In June and August of 2023, Oppenheimer was served with two complaints in Georgia State Court, by plaintiffs, virtually all of whom were never Oppenheimer customers, alleging unspecified losses arising from an investment in Horizon Private Equity III
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

LLC. In 2024, each of those complaints was dismissed by the trial court. Plaintiffs in each case subsequently filed an appeal of the court’s order dismissing the cases. In May of 2025, the Georgia Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s decision dismissing the cases. In May of 2025, plaintiffs filed a writ of certiorari with the Georgia Supreme Court. On September 30, 2025, the Georgia Supreme Court denied the writ of certiorari.
On September 13, 2022, the SEC filed a complaint against Oppenheimer in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court") alleging that Oppenheimer violated Section 15B(c)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Rule 15c2-12 thereunder as well as Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Rules G-17 and G-27 for not having fully complied with the exemption from the continuing disclosure obligations under Rule 15c2-12. The SEC asked the Court to enter an order enjoining Oppenheimer from violating the above-referenced rules and requiring it to disgorge approximately $1.9 million plus interest and pay a civil penalty. On January 30, 2024, Oppenheimer and the SEC reached an agreement in principle to settle the litigation pursuant to which Oppenheimer would pay a civil penalty of $1.2 million. The settlement is subject to Oppenheimer obtaining a waiver of certain statutory disqualifications.
On June 6, 2025, a complaint in a putative class action entitled Liberty Capital Group, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated v. Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff purports to represent customers who had cash deposits or balances in the Advantage Bank Deposit (“ABD”) program. Plaintiff alleges that the Company paid customers unreasonably low interest rates in the ABD program and seeks unspecified damages. Plaintiff alleges breaches of the terms and conditions of the ABD program and its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duties, violation of New York General Business Law (“GBL”), negligence, negligent misrepresentations and unjust enrichment. On August 8, 2025, Oppenheimer filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on a number of grounds. On October 4, 2025, the court issued an order dismissing Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. from the case, and granting in part, and denying in part, Oppenheimer’s motion to dismiss. Specifically, Oppenheimer's motion to dismiss plaintiff's causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty for non-advisory clients, unjust enrichment, negligence and negligent misrepresentation were granted, while the motion to dismiss causes of action for breach of the terms and conditions and its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty for advisory clients and violation of GBL were denied. The court further set November 21, 2025 for oral argument on class certification. Oppenheimer believes the claims to be without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself against this action.
14. Regulatory requirements
The Company's U.S. broker dealer subsidiaries, Oppenheimer and Freedom, are subject to the uniform net capital requirements of the SEC under Rule 15c3-1 (the "Rule") promulgated under the Exchange Act. Oppenheimer computes its net capital requirements under the alternative method provided for in the Rule which requires that Oppenheimer maintain net capital equal to two percent of aggregate customer-related debit items, as defined in SEC Rule 15c3-3. As of September 30, 2025, the net capital of Oppenheimer as calculated under the Rule was $383.0 million or 24.43% of Oppenheimer's aggregate debit items. This was $351.7 million in excess of the minimum required net capital at that date.
Freedom computes its net capital requirement under the basic method provided for in the Rule, which requires that Freedom maintain net capital equal to the greater of $100,000 or 6-2/3% of aggregate indebtedness, as defined. As of September 30, 2025, Freedom had net capital of $3.4 million, which was $3.3 million in excess of the $100,000 required to be maintained at that date.
As of September 30, 2025, the capital required and held under the Financial Conduct Authority's Investment Firms’ Prudential Regime (“IFPR”) for Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. was as follows:
•Common Equity Tier 1 ratio 130% (required 56.0%);
•Tier 1 Capital ratio 130% (required 75.0%); and
•Total Capital ratio 174% (required 100.0%).
As of September 30, 2025, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. was in compliance with its regulatory requirements.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

As of September 30, 2025, the regulatory capital of Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited was $1.5 million, which was $1.1 million in excess of the $385,582 required to be maintained on that date. Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited computes its regulatory capital pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong. As of September 30, 2025, Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited was in compliance with its regulatory requirements.
As of September 30, 2025, Oppenheimer Trust is required to maintain minimal capital of $4.15 million. Oppenheimer Trust is currently in compliance with its capital requirements.
15. Segment information
The Company has determined its reportable segments based on the Company's method of internal reporting, which disaggregates its retail business by branch and its proprietary and investment banking businesses by product. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the chief executive officer.
The CODM evaluates the performance of the Company’s reportable segments based on their year-over-year revenue and pre-tax profit or loss and uses these measures to allocate resources (including employee, financial and/or capital resources), largely in conjunction with monthly and/or quarterly reviews of segment financial performance. The CODM also uses segment profit or loss in evaluating the incentive and other compensation of segment employees as well as capital investment for facilities and information technology development.
Effective in the fourth quarter of 2024, the Company combined the former Private Client and Asset Management business segments to form the Wealth Management segment. The revised segment structure is aligned with how the CODM and senior management view the performance and operations of our retail-focused business. Our Capital Markets and Corporate/Other segments were not impacted by these changes. To provide historical information on a basis consistent with the revised segment presentation, the Company recast prior period segment results.
The Company's reportable segments are:
Wealth Management — includes commissions and fee income earned on assets under management ("AUM"), net interest earnings on client margin loans and cash balances, fees from money market funds, custodian fees, net contributions from stock loan activities and financing activities, and direct expenses; and
Capital Markets — includes investment banking, institutional equities sales, trading, and research, taxable fixed income sales, trading, and research, public finance and municipal trading, as well as the Company's operations in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and Israel, and direct expenses associated with this segment.
The Company does not allocate costs associated with certain infrastructure support groups that are centrally managed for its reportable segments. These areas include, but are not limited to, legal, compliance, operations, accounting, and internal audit. Costs associated with these groups are separately reported in a Corporate/Other category and primarily include compensation and benefits. The costs of certain centralized or shared functions are allocated based on methodologies that reflect utilization. The Company also includes activities associated with BondWave, LLC, an indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary, in Corporate/Other.
The tables below present information about the Company’s reported segment revenues, segment pre-tax income or loss, compensation expenses, and other segment items for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. There are no adjustments or reconciling items for any of the periods presented. Asset information by reportable segment is not reported, since the Company does not produce such information for internal use by the CODM.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  | Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 259,726 |  |  | $ | 162,145 |  |  | $ | 2,567 |  |  | $ | 424,438 |
Less : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation expenses |  | 148,978 |  |  | 106,245 |  |  | 34,999 |  |  | 290,222 |
Other segment items (1) |  | 48,220 |  |  | 43,611 |  |  | 10,750 |  |  | 102,581 |
Pre-tax income (loss) |  | $ | 62,528 |  |  | $ | 12,289 |  |  | $ | (43,182) |  |  | $ | 31,635 |

(1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  | Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 246,049 |  |  | $ | 124,030 |  |  | $ | 3,273 |  |  | $ | 373,352 |
Less : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation expenses |  | 125,270 |  |  | 87,649 |  |  | 25,016 |  |  | 237,935 |
Other segment items (1) |  | 48,764 |  |  | 42,525 |  |  | 8,758 |  |  | 100,047 |
Pre-tax income (loss) |  | $ | 72,015 |  |  | $ | (6,144) |  |  | $ | (30,501) |  |  | $ | 35,370 |

(1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
|  | Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 748,133 |  |  | $ | 408,387 |  |  | $ | 8,921 |  |  | $ | 1,165,441 |
Less : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation expenses |  | 400,917 |  |  | 274,199 |  |  | 81,271 |  |  | 756,387 |
Other segment items (1) |  | 153,990 |  |  | 130,860 |  |  | 18,983 |  |  | 303,833 |
Pre-tax income (loss) |  | $ | 193,226 |  |  | $ | 3,328 |  |  | $ | (91,333) |  |  | $ | 105,221 |

(1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses.

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
|  | Wealth Management |  | Capital Markets |  | Corporate/Other |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 718,536 |  |  | $ | 328,254 |  |  | $ | 10,289 |  |  | $ | 1,057,079 |
Less : |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation expenses |  | 364,381 |  |  | 242,527 |  |  | 73,469 |  |  | 680,377 |
Other segment items (1) |  | 142,124 |  |  | 120,348 |  |  | 25,540 |  |  | 288,012 |
Pre-tax income (loss) |  | $ | 212,031 |  |  | $ | (34,621) |  |  | $ | (88,720) |  |  | $ | 88,690 |

(1) Other segment items include communication and technology expenses, occupancy and equipment costs, clearing and exchange fees, interest and other expenses.
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OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC. Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)

Revenue, classified by the major geographic areas in which it was earned, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was:

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Americas | $ | 407,677 |  |  | $ | 360,557 |  |  | $ | 1,121,198 |  |  | $ | 1,018,441 |
Europe/Middle East | 16,092 |  |  | 11,858 |  |  | 42,182 |  |  | 36,026 |
Asia | 669 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 2,061 |  |  | 2,612 |
Total | $ | 424,438 |  |  | $ | 373,352 |  |  | $ | 1,165,441 |  |  | $ | 1,057,079 |

16. Subsequent events
The Company has performed an evaluation of events that occurred since September 30, 2025 and through the date on which the condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, and determined t here are no events that have occurred that would require recognition or additional disclosure except as disclosed in Note 12 related to the Company's declaration of a quarterly dividend.
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Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
BACKGROUND
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries (together, the "Company", "Firm", "Parent", "we", "our" or "us"). The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto which appear elsewhere in this quarterly report.
Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., through its operating subsidiaries, is a leading middle market investment bank and full service broker-dealer that is engaged in a broad range of activities in the securities industry, including retail securities brokerage, institutional sales and trading, market-making, research, investment banking (both corporate and public finance), investment advisory and asset management services and trust services. Its principal subsidiaries are Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. ("Oppenheimer") and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. ("OAM"). As of September 30, 2025, we provided our services from 88 offices in 25 states located throughout the United States and offices in Puerto Rico, Tel Aviv, Israel, Hong Kong, China, London, England, St. Helier, Isle of Jersey and Geneva, Switzerland. The Company provides investment advisory services through OAM and Oppenheimer Investment Management LLC ("OIM") and Oppenheimer's financial advisor directed programs. At September 30, 2025, client assets under management ("AUM") totaled $55.1 billion. AUM includes the total market value of client investments in discretionary and non-discretionary advisory programs as well as the net asset value of private placements of alternative investments offered by and held by clients of the Company. Client assets under administration ("CAUA") as of September 30, 2025 totaled $143.5 billion. CAUA includes AUM and the other assets held for which the Company provides services. We also provide trust services and products through Oppenheimer Trust Company of Delaware. Through OPY Credit Corp., we conduct secondary trading activities related to the purchase and sale of loans and trade claims, primarily on a riskless principal basis. At September 30, 2025, the Company employed 2,978 employees (2,938 full-time, 35 part-time, and 5 interns), of whom 927 were financial advisors.
In September 2025, the Company announced Freedom's plans to cease operations and formally deregister as a broker-dealer. Pursuant to this action, Freedom expects to cease all broker-dealer activities and close or transfer any remaining customer accounts by the end of 2025. Once all customer accounts have been moved or closed, Freedom will submit a Uniform Request for Broker-Dealer Withdrawal (“Form BDW”) to FINRA and the SEC to formally deregister as a broker-dealer. Freedom has been winding down its business for a number of years and the Company does not expect that the closing of Freedom will have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.
Outlook
We are focused on growing our wealth management business through strategic additions of experienced financial advisors in our existing branch system and employment of experienced money management personnel in our asset management business as well as deploying our capital for expansion through targeted acquisitions or strategic partnerships. We are increasingly creating and investing in private market opportunities on our own behalf and on behalf of qualified clients. We are also focused on opportunities in our capital market businesses, including integrating new technology platforms to expand the suite of services offered to our clients and onboarding experienced personnel and/or small units that will improve our ability to attract institutional clients in both equities and fixed income without significantly raising our risk profile. In investment banking, we are committed to growing our footprint by adding experienced bankers within our existing industry practices as well as new industry practices where we believe we can be successful.
We continuously invest in and improve our technology platform to support client service and to remain competitive, while simultaneously managing expenses. The Company's long-term growth plan is to continue to expand existing offices by hiring experienced professionals, qualified trainees as well as to expand through the purchase of operating branch offices from other broker-dealers or the opening of new branch offices in attractive locations, and to continue to grow and develop the existing trading, investment banking, investment advisory and other divisions. We recognize employee work habits have changed in a post-pandemic world. As a result, we are continuously reviewing our physical footprint on lease renewals, and in many cases reducing office size and configuration. We are committed to continuing to improve our capabilities to ensure compliance with industry regulations, support client service and expand our wealth management and capital markets capabilities. We recognize the importance of compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and are committed to performing rigorous and ongoing assessments of our compliance and risk
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management effort, and investing in people and programs, while providing a platform with first class investment programs and services.
The Company also reviews its full service business model to determine the opportunities available to build or acquire closely related businesses in areas where others have shown some success. Equally important is the search for viable acquisition candidates. Our long-term intention is to pursue growth by acquisition where we can find a comfortable match in terms of corporate goals and personnel at a price that would provide our stockholders with incremental value. We review potential acquisition opportunities from time to time with the aim of fulfilling the Company's strategic goals, while evaluating and managing our existing businesses. In addition, the Company may from time to time acquire a controlling financial interest in a business or make minority private investments out of excess capital in allied or unrelated businesses with the goal of either syndicating the investment to eligible clients or retaining ownership because we believe them to be an attractive investment or offer products and services aligned with the Company's long-term business objectives.
Short-term Interest Rate Environment
After holding rates steady for the first nine months of the year amidst uncertainty over the potential inflationary impact of tariffs, the Federal Reserve (the “FED”) voted at its September 2025 meeting to reduce the federal funds rate by 25 basis points. The FED followed suit with another quarter point reduction at its October meeting. The new target range of 3.75% to 4.0% reflects the FED’s pivot from an inflationary focus to one centered around addressing the softening labor market.
Potential changes to the federal funds rate may impact our interest-based revenues. While decreases in interest rates will lower fees the Company earns from FDIC-insured deposits of clients through a program offered by the Company, such decreases may be offset to a degree if the cash sweep balances increase as clients find fewer higher-yielding alternatives to deploy these balances. Future rate decreases will also reduce the rates the Company charges on customer margin loans and earns on other interest-sensitive assets, which will have a negative impact on our earnings. The Company may enjoy an offset to such interest reduced revenues by increased activities in other parts of its business as has traditionally been the case. Additionally, lower rates may also reduce the Company's short-term borrowing costs, reducing the Company's interest-related expenses.
Gaza War
On October 7, 2023, Hamas initiated an unprovoked invasion of Israel from the Gaza Strip, resulting in thousands of casualties. Israel formally declared war on Hamas in response to the attack and initiated several military operations in an effort to clear militants from the area. Israel and Hamas have recently announced a tentative agreement whereby Hamas will release all hostages and a permanent ceasefire will take hold, subject to numerous conditions yet to be defined. If there is continued unrest, there remains a risk that the conflict expands into a wider regional war which could have an adverse impact on the worldwide economy, financial markets and thus on our business. We continue to monitor for any adverse impacts of this conflict on our business operations and financial performance in Israel or elsewhere.
Recent Changes in U.S. Trade Policies
In recent months, the United States has significantly increased tariffs across a broad range of imports from all of its major trading partners. While the current administration has paused certain tariffs while trade negotiations unfold, it is possible that these negotiations if unsuccessful could prompt retaliatory levies from impacted countries. The proposed tariffs are also likely to disrupt supply lines, increase inflation and negatively impact consumer spending in the U.S. While the recent changes to U.S. trade policies have not had a significant impact on the Company’s financial results to date, adverse changes or sudden policy announcements, including retaliatory tariffs, could adversely impact the financial markets, reducing the value of our assets under management and related advisory fees. To date, turmoil created by proposed tariffs, as well as expected lower interest rates and constantly changing U.S. policy, have substantially and adversely impacted the value of the U.S. dollar in comparison with other major currencies. Changes or adverse developments to U.S trade policies may also depress trading volumes as well as capital market and deal making activities, reducing our related commissions and investment banking revenues. Uncertainty over the outcome of trade negotiations may also impact activity levels in the capital markets as well as general price levels in the equity and debt markets.
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Potential Impacts of the U.S. Government Shutdown
The U.S. government shutdown began on October 1, 2025 due to congressional inaction in passing appropriations legislation amid partisan disagreements. As a result of the shutdown, the SEC is operating with limited staffing levels and is unable to review or approve IPO filings, which may adversely impact the Company’s underwriting and related investment banking fees in the fourth quarter of 2025. Furthermore, a prolonged U.S. government shutdown may erode investor confidence or drive higher market volatility, which could lead to lower client trading activity and related transaction-based fee revenues. It may also trigger a decline in the broader financial markets, which would result in lower AUMs and a reduction in our advisory fee revenues.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Our third quarter operating performance saw a substantial increase in investment banking revenues amid a still-favorable capital raising environment. Market concerns about lingering inflation, a weakening labor market and eroding central bank independence were outweighed by the positive sentiments emanating from the Federal Reserve embarking on a new rate cutting cycle. In addition, continuing enthusiasm around the potential for spending related to the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) resulted in extended rallies that pushed all major indices to new record highs in September. These conditions spurred a significant rise in new equity issuance volumes and resulted in significantly higher investment banking revenues during the third quarter.
The momentum in the financial markets also provided a positive backdrop for our Wealth Management business, as rising markets propelled AUM to a new all-time high. This in turn drove higher fee-based revenues while strong investor sentiment also led to higher transaction volumes and commissions. Our Wealth Management results, however, were adversely impacted by reduced interest-sensitive sweep income largely due to lower average sweep balances and rates.
Although we were gratified to see markets recognize our success by bidding up our share price to a new record high, it also drove higher compensation expense associated with certain employee liability-based awards that rose in value in direct correlation with the increase in our share price during the quarter and negatively impacted our results for the quarter. Specifically, compensation expenses for these liability-based awards totaled $13.5 million or $0.95 basic earnings per share (after-tax).
With three-quarters of the year now behind us, we have already exceeded the Company’s full year 2024 operating results. As we enter the fourth quarter, we remain focused on our clients, helping them raise, manage and allocate their capital. Our success is a reflection of good client outcomes and long-term relationships built over many market cycles. We are optimistic about the future and the many investment opportunities available, while remaining cautious and vigilant about the uncertainties that could emerge.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The Company reported net income of $21.7 million or $2.06 basic earnings per share for the third quarter of 2025, compared with net income of $24.5 million or $2.38 per share for the third quarter of 2024. Revenue for the third quarter of 2025 was $424.4 million, an increase of 13.7%, compared to revenue of $373.4 million for the third quarter of 2024.
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(Expressed in thousands, except Per Share Amounts or otherwise indicated) |  |  |  |
| 3Q-2025 |  | 3Q-2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 424,438 |  |  | $ | 373,352 |  |  | $ | 51,086 |  |  | 13.7 |
Compensation expenses | $ | 290,222 |  |  | $ | 237,935 |  |  | $ | 52,287 |  |  | 22.0 |
Non-compensation expenses | $ | 102,581 |  |  | $ | 100,047 |  |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | 2.5 |
Pre-tax income | $ | 31,635 |  |  | $ | 35,370 |  |  | $ | (3,735) |  |  | (10.6) |
Income tax provision | $ | 9,923 |  |  | $ | 10,862 |  |  | $ | (939) |  |  | (8.6) |
Net income | $ | 21,712 |  |  | $ | 24,508 |  |  | $ | (2,796) |  |  | (11.4) |
Earnings per share (basic) | $ | 2.06 |  |  | $ | 2.38 |  |  | $ | (0.32) |  |  | (13.4) |
Earnings per share (diluted) | $ | 1.90 |  |  | $ | 2.16 |  |  | $ | (0.26) |  |  | (12.0) |
Book Value Per Share | $ | 87.47 |  |  | $ | 81.10 |  |  | $ | 6.37 |  |  | 7.9 |
Tangible Book Value Per Share (1) | $ | 70.48 |  |  | $ | 64.03 |  |  | $ | 6.45 |  |  | 10.1 |
Class A Shares Outstanding | 10,420,884 |  |  | 10,231,736 |  |  | 189,148 |  |  | 1.8 |
AUA ($ billions) | $ | 143.5 |  |  | $ | 129.8 |  |  | $ | 13.7 |  |  | 10.6 |
AUM ($ billions) | $ | 55.1 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | 12.2 |
(1) Represents book value less goodwill and intangible assets divided by number of shares outstanding.

Highlights
•Higher revenue for the third quarter of 2025 was primarily driven by robust equity underwriting volumes, an increase in transaction-based commissions and greater advisory fees attributable to a rise in billable AUM
•Rising equities markets propelled both assets under administration and assets under management to new record highs at September 30, 2025
•Compensation expenses increased from the prior year quarter largely as the result of greater production-related expenses, higher bonus accruals and elevated costs associated with stock appreciation rights tied to the Company's share price
•Non-compensation expenses increased from the prior year quarter primarily due to higher underwriting and technology-related expenses partially offset by lower interest costs
•Total stockholders' equity, book value and tangible book value per share reached new record highs as a result of positive earnings
BUSINESS SEGMENTS
The table below presents information about the reported revenue and pre-tax income (loss) of the Company's reportable business segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:
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(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| For the Three Months Ended September 30, |  | For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | % Change
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Wealth Management | $ | 259,726 |  |  | $ | 246,049 |  |  | 5.6 |  | $ | 748,133 |  |  | $ | 718,536 |  |  | 4.1
Capital Markets | 162,145 |  |  | 124,030 |  |  | 30.7 |  | 408,387 |  |  | 328,254 |  |  | 24.4
Corporate/Other | 2,567 |  |  | 3,273 |  |  | (21.6) |  | 8,921 |  |  | 10,289 |  |  | (13.3)
Total | $ | 424,438 |  |  | $ | 373,352 |  |  | 13.7 |  | $ | 1,165,441 |  |  | $ | 1,057,079 |  |  | 10.3
Pre-Tax Income (Loss) |  |  |  |  |  |
Wealth Management | $ | 62,528 |  |  | $ | 72,015 |  |  | (13.2) |  | $ | 193,226 |  |  | $ | 212,031 |  |  | (8.9)
Capital Markets | 12,289 |  |  | (6,144) |  |  | * |  | 3,328 |  |  | (34,621) |  |  | *
Corporate/Other | (43,182) |  |  | (30,501) |  |  | 41.6 |  | (91,333) |  |  | (88,720) |  |  | 2.9
Total | $ | 31,635 |  |  | $ | 35,370 |  |  | (10.6) |  | $ | 105,221 |  |  | $ | 88,690 |  |  | 18.6
* Not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Wealth Management
Wealth Management reported revenue for the current quarter of $259.7 million, 5.6% higher compared with the prior year period. Pre-tax income was $62.5 million in the current quarter, a decrease of 13.2% compared with a year ago. Financial advisor headcount at the end of the current quarter was 927, flat when compared to 928 at the end of the third quarter of 2024.

('000s unless otherwise indicated) |  |  |  |
| 3Q-2025 |  | 3Q-2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 259,726 |  |  | $ | 246,049 |  |  | $ | 13,677 |  |  | 5.6
Commissions | $ | 61,862 |  |  | $ | 54,872 |  |  | $ | 6,990 |  |  | 12.7
Advisory fee revenue | $ | 134,396 |  |  | $ | 121,619 |  |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | 10.5
Bank deposit sweep income | $ | 28,349 |  |  | $ | 34,875 |  |  | $ | (6,526) |  |  | (18.7)
Interest | $ | 22,381 |  |  | $ | 24,331 |  |  | $ | (1,950) |  |  | (8.0)
Other | $ | 12,738 |  |  | $ | 10,352 |  |  | $ | 2,386 |  |  | 23.0
Total Expenses | $ | 197,198 |  |  | $ | 174,034 |  |  | $ | 23,164 |  |  | 13.3
Compensation | $ | 148,978 |  |  | $ | 125,270 |  |  | $ | 23,708 |  |  | 18.9
Non-compensation | $ | 48,220 |  |  | $ | 48,764 |  |  | $ | (544) |  |  | (1.1)
Pre-Tax Income | $ | 62,528 |  |  | $ | 72,015 |  |  | $ | (9,487) |  |  | (13.2)
Compensation Ratio | 57.4 | % |  | 50.9 | % |  | 6.5 | % |  | 12.8
Non-compensation Ratio | 18.6 | % |  | 19.8 | % |  | (1.2) | % |  | (6.1)
Pre-Tax Margin | 24.1 | % |  | 29.3 | % |  | (5.2) | % |  | (17.7)
Asset Under Administration (billions) | $ | 143.5 |  |  | $ | 129.8 |  |  | $ | 13.7 |  |  | 10.6
Asset Under Management (billions) | $ | 55.1 |  |  | $ | 49.1 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | 12.2
Cash Sweep Balances (billions) | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | —

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•Retail commissions increased 12.7% from the prior year period primarily due to higher retail transaction volumes
•Advisory fees increased 10.5% due to higher AUM during the billing period
•Bank deposit sweep income decreased $6.5 million from a year ago due to lower average cash sweep balances and lower short-term interest rates
•Interest revenue decreased 8.0% from a year ago primarily due to lower short-term interest rates
•Other revenue increased slightly from a year ago due to a number of items, including an increase in the cash surrender value of Company-owned life insurance policies, which fluctuates based on changes in the fair value of the policies' underlying investments and greater death benefit insurance proceeds
•Compensation expenses increased 18.9% from the prior year period primarily due to higher production related expenses and elevated expenses associated with share appreciation rights
•Non-compensation expenses were flat from a year ago
The following table provides a breakdown of the change in assets under management for the three months ended September 30, 2025:

(Expressed in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Fund Type |  | Beginning Balance |  | Contributions |  | Redemptions/Profit Distribution |  | Appreciation (Depreciation) |  | Ending Balance
Traditional (1) |  | $ | 45,784 |  |  | $ | 1,751 |  |  | $ | (2,778) |  |  | $ | 2,785 |  |  | $ | 47,542 |
Institutional Fixed Income (2) |  | 911 |  |  | 24 |  |  | (44) |  |  | 17 |  |  | 908 |
Alternative Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Hedge funds (3) |  | 4,544 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (125) |  |  | 411 |  |  | 4,886 |
Private Equity Funds (4) |  | 1,371 |  |  | 104 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 87 |  |  | 1,552 |
Portfolio Enhancement Program (5) |  | 227 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (15) |  |  | (4) |  |  | 211 |
Other |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
|  | $ | 52,840 |  |  | $ | 1,938 |  |  | $ | (2,972) |  |  | $ | 3,296 |  |  | $ | 55,102 |

(1)Traditional investments include third party advisory programs, Oppenheimer financial advisor managed and advisory programs, and Oppenheimer Asset Management taxable and tax-exempt portfolio management strategies.
(2)Institutional fixed income provides solutions to institutional investors including: Taft-Hartley Funds, Public Pension Funds, Corporate Pension Funds, and Foundations and Endowments.
(3)Hedge funds represent investments in strategies including long/short equity, global macro, event driven, merger arbitrage, multi-strategy and credit. They may be single manager or fund of funds.
(4)Private equity funds include portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities.
(5)The portfolio enhancement program sells uncovered, out-of-money puts and calls on the S&P 500 Index. The program is market neutral and uncorrelated to the index. Valuation is based on collateral requirements for a series of contracts representing the investment strategy.
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Capital Markets
Capital Markets reported revenue for the current quarter of $162.1 million, 30.7% higher when compared with the prior year period. Pre-tax income was $12.3 million compared with a pre-tax loss of $6.1 million a year ago.

('000s) | 3Q-2025 |  | 3Q-2024 |  | Change |  | % Change
Revenue | $ | 162,145 |  |  | $ | 124,030 |  |  | $ | 38,115 |  |  | 30.7
Investment Banking | $ | 75,045 |  |  | $ | 50,098 |  |  | $ | 24,947 |  |  | 49.8
Advisory fees | $ | 21,865 |  |  | $ | 32,798 |  |  | $ | (10,933) |  |  | (33.3)
Equities underwriting | $ | 48,326 |  |  | $ | 12,588 |  |  | $ | 35,738 |  |  | 283.9
Fixed income underwriting | $ | 3,818 |  |  | $ | 4,390 |  |  | $ | (572) |  |  | (13.0)
Other | $ | 1,036 |  |  | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 714 |  |  | 221.7
Sales and Trading | $ | 86,753 |  |  | $ | 72,755 |  |  | $ | 13,998 |  |  | 19.2
Equities | $ | 44,139 |  |  | $ | 33,303 |  |  | $ | 10,836 |  |  | 32.5
Fixed Income | $ | 42,614 |  |  | $ | 39,452 |  |  | $ | 3,162 |  |  | 8.0
Other | $ | 347 |  |  | $ | 1,177 |  |  | $ | (830) |  |  | (70.5)
Total Expenses | $ | 149,856 |  |  | $ | 130,174 |  |  | $ | 19,682 |  |  | 15.1
Compensation | $ | 106,245 |  |  | $ | 87,649 |  |  | $ | 18,596 |  |  | 21.2
Non-compensation | $ | 43,611 |  |  | $ | 42,525 |  |  | $ | 1,086 |  |  | 2.6
Pre-Tax Income (Loss) | $ | 12,289 |  |  | $ | (6,144) |  |  | $ | 18,433 |  |  | *
Compensation Ratio | 65.5 | % |  | 70.7 | % |  | (5.2) | % |  | (7.4)
Non-compensation Ratio | 26.9 | % |  | 34.3 | % |  | (7.4) | % |  | (21.6)
Pre-Tax Margin | 7.6 | % |  | (5.0) | % |  | 12.6 | % |  | (252.0)
* Not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |

•Advisory fees earned from investment banking activities decreased 33.3% compared with the prior year period primarily due to the absence of a large restructuring related transaction that closed in the prior year period
•Equities underwriting fees increased significantly when compared with the prior year period due to robust underwriting volumes with large completed transactions in the financial institutions and technology sectors
•Equities sales and trading revenue increased 32.5% compared with the prior year period mostly due to higher overall trading volumes, including greater options-related commissions
•Fixed income sales and trading revenue increased 8.0% compared with a year ago largely due to higher trading volumes and interest income on trading inventory
•Compensation expenses increased 21.2% compared with the prior year period largely due to greater production-related expenses and higher incentive compensation accruals
•Non-compensation expenses were modestly higher than a year ago primarily due to an increase in underwriting expenses associated with increased activity
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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Reference is also made to the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
The Company's accounting policies are essential to understanding and interpreting the financial results reported on the condensed consolidated financial statements. The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements are summarized in Note 2 to those statements and the notes thereto found in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. Certain of those policies are considered to be particularly important to the presentation of the Company's financial results because they require management to make difficult, complex or subjective judgments, often as a result of matters that are inherently uncertain.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to matters discussed under the heading "Critical Accounting Polices" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
New Accounting Pronouncements
The following Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") have not yet been adopted by the Company:
ASU 2023-09 – Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures
The FASB issued this ASU in December of 2023 to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments require certain entities to enhance the annual reconciliation of its statutory income tax rate to its effective tax rate by mandating the disclosure of the impact associated with specific categories and requiring separate disclosure for reconciling items exceeding certain quantitative thresholds. The amendments also require entities to annually disclose the amount of taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes, with separate disclosure of individual jurisdictions exceeding 5% of total income taxes paid. The new guidance, which becomes effective for 2025 year-end reporting, will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations since it only amends certain disclosures.
ASU 2024-03 – Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses
The FASB issued this ASU in November of 2024 which will require public business entities to disclose specified information about certain costs and expenses, including employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization at each interim and annual reporting period. The new guidance, which becomes effective in 2027, will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations since it only amends certain disclosures.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
At September 30, 2025, total assets increased by 12.9% from December 31, 2024. The Company satisfies its need for financing from internally generated funds and collateralized and uncollateralized borrowings, consisting primarily of bank call loans, stock loans, and uncommitted lines of credit. We finance our trading in government securities through the use of securities sold under repurchase agreements. Oppenheimer has uncommitted arrangements with banks for borrowings on a fully collateralized basis. The amount of Oppenheimer's bank borrowings fluctuates in response to changes in the level of the Company's securities inventories and customer margin debt, changes in notes receivable from employees, investment in furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, and changes in stock loan balances and financing through repurchase agreements. At September 30, 2025, the Company had an outstanding bank call loan balance of $262.3 million compared to $252.1 million at December 31, 2024. The Company also has some availability of uncommitted short-term bank financing on an unsecured basis.
The Company's overseas subsidiaries, Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited, are subject to local regulatory capital requirements that restrict our ability to utilize their capital for other purposes.
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The regulatory capital requirements for Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited were $6.9 million and $385,582, respectively, at September 30, 2025. The liquid assets at Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. are primarily comprised of cash deposits in bank accounts.
The liquid assets at Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited are primarily comprised of investments in U.S. Treasuries and cash deposits in bank accounts. Any transfer of these liquid assets from Oppenheimer Europe Ltd. and Oppenheimer Investments Asia Limited to the Company or its other subsidiaries would be limited by regulatory capital requirements.
The Company permanently reinvests eligible earnings of its foreign subsidiaries and, accordingly, does not accrue any U.S. income taxes that would arise if these earnings were repatriated. The unrecognized deferred tax liability associated with the outside basis difference of its foreign subsidiaries is estimated at $3.6 million for those subsidiaries. We have continued to reinvest permanently the excess earnings of Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. in its own business and in the businesses in Europe and Asia to support business initiatives in those regions. We will continue to review our historical treatment of these earnings to determine whether our historical practice will continue or whether a change is warranted.
While the results of Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. are not material, based on its recent performance, it is possible that a valuation allowance on the deferred tax assets of $2.6 million as of September 30, 2025 may be required in a future reporting period. Currently, based on all available evidence, a valuation allowance is not needed and we are looking to mitigate the need to record a valuation allowance in the future.
Liquidity
For the most part, the Company's assets consist of cash and cash equivalents and assets that it can readily convert into cash. The receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations represents deposits for securities borrowed transactions, margin deposits and current transactions awaiting settlement. The receivable from customers represents margin balances and amounts due on transactions awaiting settlement. Our receivables are, for the most part, collateralized by marketable securities. Our collateral maintenance policies and procedures are designed to limit our exposure to credit risk. Securities owned are mainly comprised of actively traded readily marketable securities. We issued $5.5 million in forgivable notes (which are inherently illiquid) to employees during the three months ended September 30, 2025 ($1.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024) as upfront or backend inducements to commence or continue employment as the case may be. The amount of funds allocated to such inducements will vary with hiring activity and retention initiatives.
We satisfy our need for liquidity from internally generated funds, collateralized and uncollateralized bank borrowings, stock loans and repurchase agreements. Bank borrowings are uncommitted in nature and, in most cases, collateralized by Company and customer securities.
We obtain short-term borrowings primarily through bank call loans. Bank call loans are generally payable on demand, uncommitted in nature and bear interest at various rates. At September 30, 2025, the Company had $262.3 million of bank call loans ($252.1 million at December 31, 2024). The average daily bank loan balance outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $235.6 million and $279.4 million, respectively ($235.0 million and $147.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively). The largest daily bank loan balance outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $373.7 million and $491.7 million, respectively ($346.9 million for each the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024).
At September 30, 2025, securities loan balances totaled $286.7 million ($235.5 million at December 31, 2024 and $272.0 million at September 30, 2024). The average daily securities loan balances outstanding for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $379.8 million and $384.3 million, respectively ($299.6 million and $296.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively). The largest daily stock loan balances for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $435.8 million and $502.9 million, respectively ($375.5 million for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024).
We finance our government trading operations through the use of securities purchased under reverse repurchase agreements and securities sold under agreements to repurchase. Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements, primarily involving government securities, are carried at amounts at which securities subsequently will be resold or reacquired as specified in the respective agreements and include accrued interest.
Repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are presented on a net-by-counterparty basis, when the repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements are executed with the same counterparty, have the same explicit settlement date, are
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executed in accordance with a master netting arrangement, the securities underlying the repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements exist in "book entry" form and certain other requirements are met.
At September 30, 2025, the gross balances of reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements were $236.7 million and $1,208.9 million, respectively. The average daily balance of reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements on a gross basis for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $233.6 million and $1,143.6 million, respectively ($233.0 million and $915.8 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2024). The largest amount of reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements outstanding on a gross basis during the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $339.3 million and $1,405.8 million, respectively ($569.1 million and $1,035.9 million, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2024).
Liquidity Management
We manage our liquidity to meet our current obligations and upcoming liquidity needs as well as to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. Our liquidity needs may be affected by market conditions, increased inventory positions, business expansion and other unanticipated occurrences. In the event that existing financial resources do not satisfy our liquidity needs, we may have to seek additional external financing. The availability of such additional external financing may depend on market factors outside our control.
We have Company-owned life insurance policies which are utilized to fund certain non-qualified deferred compensation plans. A portion of the assets underling these policies are invested in mutual funds that match those offered within the deferred compensation plans. As such, increases in deferred compensation costs recognized within Compensation and related expenses may be offset to a degree by increases in the cash surrender value of the Company-owned life insurance policies recognized within Other revenue and vice versa. Certain policies which could provide additional liquidity if needed had a cash surrender value of $107.7 million as of September 30, 2025.
We regularly review our sources of liquidity and financing, both on a short term and long term basis, and conduct internal stress analyses to determine the impact on the Company of events that could remove sources of liquidity or financing and to plan actions the Company could take in the case of such an eventuality. Regulators are increasingly focused on liquidity management and we have seen increased regulatory scrutiny of liquidity management by our industry. Should a disruption occur in our liquidity and financing sources, we have developed a contingency funding plan that we believe would result in a reduction of assets through liquidation that would significantly reduce the Company's need for external financing.
We have long-term cash requirements of $195.7 million for operating lease obligations. The total cash requirement for operating lease obligations is estimated to be $10.9 million for the remainder of 2025 year.
Funding Risk

(Expressed in thousands) |  |  |
| For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash provided by/(used in) operating activities | $ | 11,752 |  |  | $ | (182,880) |
Cash (used in)/provided by investing activities | (618) |  |  | 455 |
Cash (used in)/provided by financing activities | (5,996) |  |  | 185,832 |
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 5,138 |  |  | $ | 3,407 |

Management believes that funds from operations, combined with our capital base and available credit facilities, are sufficient for our liquidity needs for the foreseeable future. Under some circumstances, banks including those on whom we rely may back away from providing funding to the securities industry. Such a development might impact our ability to finance our day-to-day activities or increase the costs to acquire funding. We may or may not be able to pass such increased funding costs on to our clients.
During periods of high volatility, we may see increased calls for deposits of collateral to offset perceived risk between the Company's settlement liability to industry clearinghouses such as the Depository Trust Company ("DTCC"), Options Clearing Corporation (“OCC”) and National Securities Clearing Corp. (“NSCC”) as well as more stringent collateral arrangements with our bank lenders. The recent reduction of the settlement cycle for security transactions in the U.S. has
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substantially reduced settlement risks. All such requirements have been and will be met in the ordinary course with available collateral or short-term borrowings.
CYBERSECURITY
Cybersecurity presents significant challenges to the business community in general, including to the financial services industry. Increasingly, bad actors, both domestic and international, attempt to steal personal data and/or interrupt the normal functioning of businesses through accessing individuals' and companies' files and equipment connected to the internet. Recent incidents have reflected the increasing sophistication of intruders and their intent to steal personally identifiable information as well as funds and securities. These intruders sometimes use instructions that are seemingly from authorized parties but, in fact are from parties intent on attempting to steal. In other instances, these intruders attempt to bypass normal safeguards and disrupt or steal significant amounts of information and then either release it to the Internet or hold it for ransom. Regulators are increasingly requiring companies to provide heightened levels of sophisticated defenses. The Company maintains processes and systems with an aim to preventing any such attack from disrupting its services to clients as well as to prevent any loss of client or Company funds or data concerning its clients, their financial affairs, as well as Company-privileged information.
Our management is actively involved in the oversight of our cybersecurity risk management program. We have devoted significant financial and personnel resources to implement and maintain security measures to meet regulatory requirements and customer expectations. We have incorporated cybersecurity processes to assess, identify and manage risks from cybersecurity threats into our overall risk assessment process. The Company maintains a cybersecurity program that is designed to identify, protect from, detect, respond to, and recover from cybersecurity threats and risks, and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of its information systems, including the information residing on such systems. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework helps the Company inform its cybersecurity agenda and prioritize its cybersecurity activities. The Company takes a risk-based approach to cybersecurity, which begins with the identification and evaluation of cybersecurity risks or threats that could affect the Company’s operations, finances, legal or regulatory compliance, or reputation. The Company has processes in place for assessing, identifying and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats along with risk assessment procedures designed to allow such processes to remain responsive to emerging risks. Our processes include, but are not limited to, the following:
•we engage third-party cybersecurity firms and tools to assist with network monitoring, endpoint protection, vulnerability assessments and penetration testing;
•we engage cyber security consultants and auditors to perform tabletop exercises and evaluate our cyber processes including an assessment of our incident response procedures. Identified risks are formally tracked until mitigated or eliminated;
•we perform regular scanning of our systems to identify and resolve critical vulnerabilities;
•we provide periodic training and testing, including phishing tests, to help our employees understand cybersecurity risks and their responsibility in mitigating those risks; and
•we insure against potential losses from cyber incidents by maintaining cybersecurity insurance.
We have a written incident response plan that identifies the steps to be taken in response to a cybersecurity incident that includes investigation, escalation and remediation provisions. The Incident Response Plan includes processes for reporting and escalating cybersecurity incidents to senior management, regulators and criminal enforcement to the extent warranted.
We have processes to evaluate third party service providers and vendors that have access to sensitive systems and Company and customer data, which includes the use of cybersecurity questionnaires and due diligence procedures such as assessments of that service provider’s cybersecurity posture.
Management’s Role
Management has implemented risk management structures, policies and procedures, and manages our risk exposure on a day-to-day basis. The Company has a dedicated cybersecurity organization within its technology department that focuses on current and emerging cybersecurity matters. The Company’s cybersecurity function is led by the Company’s Chief Information Officer ("CIO") and the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer ("CISO"), who reports to the Company’s CIO. The CIO and his direct reports, including the CISO, discuss action items related to risks at a standing monthly meeting. The CISO and many members of his team have multiple decades of cybersecurity related experience. Risk reporting is provided at monthly meetings of the Company's cross-business Cybersecurity Committee and periodic
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presentations to the Company’s Risk Management Committee, at which many members of the Company’s senior management are present.
The CEO meets regularly with the CIO to discuss cybersecurity threats and existing and potentially new technology systems including those related to cybersecurity. The CIO and CISO have a standing monthly meeting with the President/CEO and General Counsel to discuss potential vulnerabilities in the cyber environment. The President/CEO formerly ran the Information Technology Department at the Company and as a result has significant systems experience including experience related to cybersecurity.
Board Oversight
The Board of Directors, both directly and through the Audit Committee, oversees management’s responsibility of ensuring proper functioning of our cybersecurity risk management program. In particular, the Audit Committee assists the Board in its oversight of management’s responsibility to assess, manage and mitigate cybersecurity risks. Recently, the Audit Committee added a member with significant cybersecurity experience. The Audit Committee receives a cybersecurity update at each regular meeting of the Board covering cybersecurity risks, cybersecurity staffing and staff development including certifications and training. These updates are given either in person by the CIO and CISO or in written presentations created by them.
As of the date of this filing, the Company has not identified any cybersecurity threats that have materially affected or are reasonably anticipated to have a material effect on the Company’s business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Although the Company has not experienced cybersecurity incidents that are individually, or in the aggregate, material, the Company has experienced cyberattacks in the past, which the Company believes have thus far been mitigated by preventative, detective, and responsive measures put in place by the Company. Given the continuing reports of cyber incidents in general, we believe that the Company will most likely continue to be a target of cybersecurity attacks by bad actors.
For additional information on how risks from cybersecurity threats may adversely affect the Company, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Our Business” in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
REGULATORY AND TAXATION MATTERS AND DEVELOPMENTS
See the discussion of the regulatory environment in which we operate and the impact on our operations of certain rules and regulations in Item 1 “Business - Regulation” in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for additional information.
Regulatory Capital Requirements
Oppenheimer and many of its affiliates are each subject to various regulatory capital requirements. As of September 30, 2025, all of our active regulated domestic and international subsidiaries had net capital in excess of minimum requirements. See Note 14 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1 for further information on regulatory capital requirements.
Amendments to SEC Rule 15c3-3
On December 20, 2024, the SEC adopted rule amendments to SEC Rule 15c3-3 (the customer protection rule) to require certain broker-dealers, including those with average total credits (amounts owed to customers) equal to or greater than $500 million, to increase the frequency with which they perform computation of the net cash they owe customers and proprietary accounts of other broker-dealers ("PAB") from weekly to daily. Impacted entities must perform the customer and PAB reserve computations daily beginning no later than June 30, 2026. We anticipate that the new amendments will impact our principal broker dealer and may result in an increase in required staffing levels.
One Big Beautiful Bill Act
On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”), which includes several U.S. federal income tax provisions affecting businesses. Among its changes, the OBBBA modifies certain Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) and Tax Cuts & Jobs Act (“TCJA”) provisions, including allowing companies to expense 100% of the cost of qualified property in the year it is initially placed in service. While changes in tax law are
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accounted for in the period of enactment, there are varied effective dates for the OBBBA’s provisions, some of which extend into 2026. The passage of the OBBBA did not and is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
Limitations on Tax Deductions for Compensation Paid to Certain Executives and Officers
Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m) (“Section 162(m)”) currently limits a public company’s tax deductions for compensation above $1 million paid to “covered employees,” which includes the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and the next three highest paid officers. Amendments to Section 162(m) included in the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, which become effective on January 1, 2027, expand the definition of “covered employees” to include the next five highest paid employees or officers. If there are no further changes or amendments to Section 162(m), or if the definition of “covered employees” is further expanded, we expect the Company’s operating results to be adversely impacted due to anticipated increases in the Company’s income tax expense and effective tax rate. Since the impact of these changes is dependent on our compensation and personnel mix beginning in 2027, we are unable to quantify the potential impact at this time.
Frequency of Reporting Requirements for Public Companies
The current administration and the SEC have recently suggested that they will propose rulemaking that will shift certain SEC reporting requirements for public companies from reporting quarterly (on Form 10-Q) to semi-annually. It is the Company's present intention to continue to report results on a quarterly basis.
Other Regulatory Matters
On March 31, 2025, Oppenheimer received an administrative subpoena from the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the United States Department of the Treasury (“OFAC”) requesting certain information regarding Oppenheimer’s anti-money laundering policies and procedures. Oppenheimer has responded and will continue to respond to the OFAC subpoena.
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FACTORS AFFECTING "FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS"
From time to time, the Company may publish or make oral statements that constitute “forward-looking statements” under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 which provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements may relate to such matters as anticipated financial performance, future revenues, earnings, liabilities or expenses, business prospects, projected ventures, new products, anticipated market performance, and similar matters. The Company cautions readers that a variety of factors could cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the Company’s forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s control, include, but are not limited to: (i) transaction volume in the securities markets, (ii) the volatility of the securities markets, (iii) fluctuations in interest rates, (iv) changes in regulatory requirements or taxation policy that could affect the cost and method of doing business, (v) general economic conditions, both domestic and international, including inflation, recession, stagflation, and changes in consumer confidence and spending, (vi) competition from existing financial institutions, new entrants and other participants in the securities markets and financial services industry, (vii) potential cybersecurity threats and attacks, (viii) legal developments affecting the litigation experience of the securities industry and the Company, (ix) changes in foreign, federal and state tax laws that could affect the popularity of products sold by the Company or impose taxes on securities transactions, (x) the adoption and implementation of the SEC’s “Regulation Best Interest” and other regulations adopted in recent years, (xi) war, terrorist acts and nuclear confrontation as well as political unrest, including events relating to the Israel-Hamas war, the conflict with Hezbollah and Iran and related unrest in the Middle East and Russia's invasion of Ukraine and related Western sanctions, (xii) the Company’s ability to achieve its business plan, (xiii) the effects of the economy on the Company’s ability to find and maintain financing options and liquidity, (xiv) credit, operational, legal and regulatory risks, (xv) risks related to foreign operations, (xvi) the effect of technological innovation on the financial services industry and securities business, (xvii) risks related to election results, Congressional gridlock, political and social unrest, government shutdowns and investigations, government spending, inflation, immigration, impact of tariffs and trade wars, bank failures, changes in or uncertainty surrounding regulation, and the potential for default by the U.S. government on the nation's debt, (xviii) risks related to changes in capital requirements under international standards that may cause banks to back away from providing funding to the securities industry and (xix) economic, market, political and social impact of, and uncertainty relating to, any catastrophic events, including pandemics, epidemics or other outbreaks of disease, climate-related risks such as natural disasters and extreme weather events. There can be no assurance that the Company has correctly or completely identified and assessed all of the factors affecting the Company's business. See “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to the information contained in Part II, Item 7A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
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Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a–15(e) of the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures or its internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include, but are not limited to, the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or omission. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost–effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.
The Company confirms that its management, including its Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in its reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal controls over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Many aspects of the Company's business involve substantial risks of liability. In the normal course of business, the Company has been named as defendant or co-defendant in various legal actions, including arbitrations, class actions and other litigation, creating substantial exposure and periodic expenses. Certain of the actual or threatened legal matters include claims for substantial compensatory and/or punitive damages or claims for indeterminate amounts of damages. These proceedings arise primarily from securities brokerage, asset management and investment banking activities. The Company is also involved, from time to time, in other reviews, investigations and proceedings (both formal and informal) by governmental and self-regulatory agencies regarding the Company's business, which may result in expenses, adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, injunctions or other relief. The investigations include inquiries from the SEC, FINRA and other regulators.
The Company accrues for estimated loss contingencies related to legal and regulatory matters within Other Expenses in the condensed consolidated income statement when available information indicates that it is probable a liability had been incurred and the Company can reasonably estimate the amount of that loss. In many proceedings, however, it is inherently difficult to determine whether any loss is probable or even possible or to estimate the amount of any loss. In addition, even where a loss is possible or an exposure to loss exists in excess of the liability already accrued with respect to a previously recognized loss contingency, it is often not possible to reasonably estimate the size of the possible loss or range of loss or possible additional losses or range of additional losses.
For certain legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate such losses, particularly for proceedings that are in their early stages of development or where plaintiffs seek substantial, indeterminate or special damages. Counsel may be required to review, analyze and resolve numerous issues, including through potentially lengthy discovery and determination of important factual matters, and by addressing novel or unsettled legal questions relevant to the proceedings in question, before the Company can reasonably estimate a loss or range of loss or additional loss for the proceeding. Even after lengthy review and analysis, the Company, in many legal and regulatory proceedings, may not be able to reasonably estimate possible losses or range of losses.
For certain other legal and regulatory proceedings, the Company can estimate possible losses, or range of loss in excess of amounts accrued, but does not believe, based on current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, that such losses individually, or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements as a whole.
For legal and regulatory proceedings where there is at least a reasonable possibility that a loss or an additional loss may be incurred, the Company estimates a range of aggregate loss in excess of amounts accrued of up to $3 million. This estimated aggregate range is based upon currently available information for those legal proceedings in which the Company is involved, where the Company can make an estimate for such losses. For certain cases, the Company does not believe that it can make an estimate. The foregoing aggregate estimate is based on various factors, including the varying stages of the proceedings (including the fact that some are currently in preliminary stages), the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings and the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings. Accordingly, the Company's estimate will change from time to time, and actual losses may be more than the current estimate.
In June and August of 2023, Oppenheimer was served with two complaints in Georgia State Court, by plaintiffs, virtually all of whom were never Oppenheimer customers, alleging unspecified losses arising from an investment in Horizon Private Equity III LLC. In 2024, each of those complaints was dismissed by the trial court. Plaintiffs in each case subsequently filed an appeal of the court’s order dismissing the cases. In May of 2025, the Georgia Court of Appeals upheld the trial court’s decision dismissing the cases. In May of 2025, plaintiffs filed a writ of certiorari with the Georgia Supreme Court. On September 30, 2025, the Georgia Supreme Court denied the writ of certiorari.
On September 13, 2022, the SEC filed a complaint against Oppenheimer in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Court") alleging that Oppenheimer violated Section 15B(c)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), and Rule 15c2-12 thereunder as well as Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board Rules G-17 and G-27 for not having fully complied with the exemption from the continuing disclosure obligations under Rule 15c2-12. The SEC asked the Court to enter an order enjoining Oppenheimer from violating the above-referenced rules and requiring it to disgorge approximately $1.9 million plus interest and pay a civil penalty. On January 30, 2024, Oppenheimer and the SEC reached an agreement in principle to settle the litigation pursuant to which Oppenheimer would pay a civil penalty of $1.2 million. The settlement is subject to Oppenheimer obtaining a waiver of certain statutory disqualifications.
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On June 6, 2025, a complaint in a putative class action entitled Liberty Capital Group, Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly Situated v. Oppenheimer Holdings Inc., Oppenheimer & Co. Inc., and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc., was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Plaintiff purports to represent customers who had cash deposits or balances in the Advantage Bank Deposit (“ABD”) program. Plaintiff alleges that the Company paid customers unreasonably low interest rates in the ABD program and seeks unspecified damages. Plaintiff alleges breaches of the terms and conditions of the ABD program and its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duties, violation of New York General Business Law (“GBL”), negligence, negligent misrepresentations and unjust enrichment. On August 8, 2025, Oppenheimer filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on a number of grounds. On October 4, 2025, the court issued an order dismissing Oppenheimer Holdings Inc. and Oppenheimer Asset Management Inc. from the case, and granting in part, and denying in part, Oppenheimer’s motion to dismiss. Specifically, Oppenheimer's motion to dismiss plaintiff's causes of action for breach of fiduciary duty for non-advisory clients, unjust enrichment, negligence and negligent misrepresentation were granted, while the motion to dismiss causes of action for breach of the terms and conditions and its implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, breach of fiduciary duty for advisory clients and violation of GBL were denied. The court further set November 21, 2025 for oral argument on class certification. Oppenheimer believes the claims to be without merit and intends to vigorously defend itself against this action.
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Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, there were no material changes to the information contained in Part I, Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Item 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following table sets forth information with respect to shares of the Company’s Class A Stock purchased by the Company during each of the three months in the Company’s quarter ended September 30, 2025:

| (a) |  | (b) |  | (c) |  | (d)
Period | Total number of shares purchased |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs |  | Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (1)
July 1 - 31, 2025 | — |  | — |  | — |  | 486,508
August 1 - 31, 2025 | — |  | — |  | — |  | 486,508
September 1 - 30, 2025 | — |  | — |  | — |  | 486,508
Q3 2025 Total | — |  | — |  | — |  | 486,508
(1) None of the foregoing authorizations is subject to expiration.

Item 5. OTHER INFORMATION
During the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
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Item 6. EXHIBITS

31.1* | Certification of Robert S. Lowenthal
31.2* | Certification of Brad M. Watkins
32** | Certification of Robert S. Lowenthal and Brad M. Watkins
101* | Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (unaudited): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Income Statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity and Noncontrolling Interests for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, (v) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, and (vi) the notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)
* | Filed herewith.
** | Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

OPPENHEIMER HOLDINGS INC.
Signed at New York, New York, this 31st day of October, 2025
By: /s/ Robert S. Lowenthal
Robert S. Lowenthal, President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
By: /s/ Brad M. Watkins
Brad M. Watkins, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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