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5. Financial risk management | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Financial Risk Management |
Financial risk management |
| Note | 5.1 | Financial risk factors
The Company’s activities and the market in which it operates expose the Company to a series of financial risks: market risk (including currency risk, cash flows interest rate risk, fair value interest rate risk and price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The management of the financial risk is part of the Company’s overall policies, which focus on the unpredictability of the financial markets and seek to minimize potential adverse effects on its financial performance. Financial risks are the risks derived from the financial instruments to which the Company is exposed during or at the end of each year. The Company uses derivative instruments to hedge exposure to certain risks whenever it deems appropriate in accordance with its internal risk management policy. Risk management is controlled by the Finance and Control Department, which identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks. Risk management policies and systems are periodically reviewed so that they can reflect the changes in the market’s conditions and the Company’s activities. This section includes a description of the main risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s strategy, performance, results of operations and financial position.
| a. | Market risks
| i. | Currency risk
Currency risk is the risk of fluctuation in the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company’s exposure to currency risk relates to the collection of its revenue in pesos, in conformity with regulated electricity rates that are not indexed in relation to the US dollar, whereas a significant portion of its existing financial liabilities is denominated in US dollars. Therefore, the Company is exposed to the risk of a loss resulting from a devaluation of the peso. The Company may hedge its currency risk trying to enter into currency futures. At the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company has not hedged its exposure to the US dollar. If the Company continued to be unable to effectively hedge all or a significant part of its exposure to currency risk, any devaluation of the peso could significantly increase its debt service burden, which, in turn, could have a substantial adverse effect on its financial and cash position (including its ability to repay its Corporate Notes) and the results of its operations. The exchange rates used as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are $ 37.70 and $ 18.65 per U.S.$., respectively.
|  | Currency |  | Amount in foreign currency |  | Exchange rate (1) |  | Total 12.31.18 |  | Total 12.31.17
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NON-CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other receivables |  | USD |  | 20,416 |  | 37.500 |  | 765,600 |  | -
TOTAL NON-CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  | 20,416 |  |  |  | 765,600 |  | -
CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other receivables |  | USD |  | 3,989 |  | 37.500 |  | 149,588 |  | -
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss |  | USD |  | 87,621 |  | 37.500 |  | 3,285,788 |  | 1,829,881
Cash and cash equivalents |  | USD |  | 250 |  | 37.500 |  | 9,375 |  | 6,519
|  | EUR |  | - |  | 42.840 |  | - |  | 394
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS |  |  |  | 91,860 |  |  |  | 3,444,751 |  | 1,836,794
TOTAL ASSETS |  |  |  | 112,276 |  |  |  | 4,210,351 |  | 1,836,794
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Borrowings |  | USD |  | 190,782 |  | 37.700 |  | 7,192,467 |  | 6,189,294
TOTAL NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |  | 190,782 |  |  |  | 7,192,467 |  | 6,189,294
CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade payables |  | USD |  | 17,519 |  | 37.700 |  | 660,459 |  | 386,504
|  | EUR |  | 93 |  | 43.163 |  | 4,014 |  | 9,248
|  | CHF |  | 5 |  | 38.312 |  | - |  | 15,454
|  | NOK |  | 68 |  | 4.346 |  | 296 |  | 230
Borrowings |  | USD |  | 28,580 |  | 37.700 |  | 1,077,453 |  | 105,139
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES |  |  |  | 46,265 |  |  |  | 1,742,222 |  | 516,575
TOTAL LIABILITIES |  |  |  | 237,047 |  |  |  | 8,934,689 |  | 6,705,869
| (1) | The exchange rates used are the BNA exchange rates in effect as of December 31, 2018 for US Dollars (U.S.$.), Euros (EUR), Swiss Francs (CHF) and Norwegian Krones (NOK).
The table below shows the Company’s exposure to currency risk resulting from the financial assets and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the Company’s functional currency.
|  | 12.31.18 |  | 12.31.17
Net position Assets/(Liabilities) |  |  |  |
US dollar |  | (4,720,028) |  | (4,844,537)
Euro |  | (4,014) |  | (8,854)
Norwegian krone |  | (296) |  | (230)
Swiss franc |  | - |  | (15,454)
Total |  | (4,724,338) |  | (4,869,075)
The Company estimates that a 10% devaluation of the Argentine peso with respect to each foreign currency, with all the other variables remaining constant, would give rise to the following decrease in the profit for the year:
|  | 12.31.18 |  | 12.31.17
Net position Assets/(Liabilities) |  |  |  |
US dollar |  | (472,003) |  | (484,454)
Euro |  | (401) |  | (886)
Norwegian krone |  | (30) |  | (24)
Swiss franc |  | - |  | (1,546)
Decrease in the results of operations for the year |  | (472,434) |  | (486,910)
| i. | Price risk
The Company’s investments in listed equity instruments are susceptible to market price risk arising from the uncertainties concerning the future value of these instruments. Due to the low significance of the investments in equity instruments in relation to the net asset/liability position, the Company is not significantly exposed to the referred to instruments price risk. Furthermore, the Company is not exposed to commodity price risk.
| ii. | Interest rate risk
Interest rate risk is the risk of fluctuation in the fair value or cash flows of an instrument due to changes in market interest rates. The Company’s exposure to interest rate risk is related mainly to the long-term debt obligations. Indebtedness at floating rates exposes the Company to interest rate risk on its cash flows. Indebtedness at fixed rates exposes the Company to interest rate risk on the fair value of its liabilities. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017 -except for a loan applied for by the Company and granted by ICBC Bank as from October 2017 for a three-year term at a six-month Libor rate plus an initial 2.75% spread, which will be adjusted semi-annually by a quarter-point-, 100% of the loans were obtained at fixed interest rates. The Company’s policy is to keep the largest percentage of its indebtedness in instruments that accrue interest at fixed rates. The Company analyzes its exposure to interest rate risk in a dynamic manner. Several scenarios are simulated taking into account the positions with respect to refinancing, renewal of current positions, alternative financing and hedging. Based on these scenarios, the Company calculates the impact on profit or loss of a specific change in interest rates. In each simulation, the same interest rate fluctuation is used for all the currencies. Scenarios are only simulated for liabilities that represent the most relevant interest-bearing positions. The table below shows the breakdown of the Company’s loans according to interest rate and the currency in which they are denominated:
|  | 12.31.18 |  | 12.31.17
Fixed rate: |  |  |  |
US dollar |  | 6,359,986 |  | 4,904,361
Subtotal loans at fixed rates |  | 6,359,986 |  | 4,904,361
Floating rate: |  |  |  |
US dollar |  | 1,909,934 |  | 1,390,072
Subtotal loans at floating rates |  | 1,909,934 |  | 1,390,072
Total loans |  | 8,269,920 |  | 6,294,433
Based on the simulations performed, a 1% increase in floating interest rates, with all the other variables remaining constant, would give rise to the following decrease in the profit for the year:
|  | 12.31.18 |  | 12.31.17
Floating rate: |  |  |  |
US dollar |  | (4,241) |  | (3,098)
Decrease in the results of operations for the year |  | (4,241) |  | (3,098)
Based on the simulations performed, a 1% decrease in floating interest rates, with all the other variables remaining constant, would give rise to the following increase in the profit for the year:
|  | 12.31.18 |  | 12.31.17
Floating rate: |  |  |  |
US dollar |  | 4,241 |  | 3,098
Increase in the results of operations for the year |  | 4,241 |  | 3,098
| a. | Credit risk
Credit risk is the risk of a financial loss as a consequence of a counterparty’s failure to comply with the obligations assumed in a financial instrument or commercial contract. The Company’s exposure to credit risk results from its operating (particularly from its commercial receivables) and financial activities, including deposits in financial entities and other instruments. Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, deposits with banks and financial entities and derivative financial instruments, as well as from credit exposure to customers, included in outstanding balances of accounts receivable and committed transactions. With regard to banks and financial entities, only those with high credit quality are accepted. With regard to debtors, if no independent credit risk ratings are available, the Finance Department evaluates the debtors’ credit quality, past experience and other factors. Individual credit limits are established in accordance with the limits set by the Company’s CEO, on the basis of the internal or external ratings approved by the Finance and Control Department. The Company has different procedures in place to reduce energy losses and allow for the collection of the balances owed by its customers. The Commercial Department periodically monitors compliance with the above-mentioned procedures. One of the significant items of delinquent balances is that related to the receivable amounts with Municipalities, in respect of which the Company either applies different offsetting mechanisms against municipal taxes it collects in the name and to the order of those government bodies, or implements debt refinancing plans, with the aim of reducing them. At each year-end, the Company analyzes whether the recording of an impairment is necessary. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, delinquent trade receivables totaled approximately $ 2 billion and $ 1.5 billion, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the financial statements included allowances for $ 901.3 million and $ 677.5 million, respectively. The inability to collect the accounts receivable in the future could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and its financial position, which, in turn, could have an adverse effect on the Company’s ability to repay loans, including payment of the Corporate Notes. The balances of the bills for electricity consumption of small-demand (T1), medium-demand (T2) and large-demand (T3) customers that remain unpaid 7 working days after the bills’ first due dates are considered delinquent trade receivables. Additionally, the amounts related to the Framework Agreement are not considered within delinquent balances. The Company’s maximum exposure to credit risk is based on the book value of each financial asset in the financial statements, after deducting the corresponding allowances.
| b. | Liquidity risk
The Company monitors the risk of a deficit in cash flows on a periodical basis. The Finance Department supervises the updated projections of the Company’s liquidity requirements in order to ensure that there is enough cash to meet its operational needs, permanently maintaining sufficient margin for undrawn credit lines so that the Company does not fail to comply with the indebtedness limits or covenants, if applicable, of any line of credit. Such projections give consideration to the Company’s debt financing plans, compliance with covenants, with internal balance sheet financial ratios objectives and, if applicable, with external regulations and legal requirements, such as, restrictions on the use of foreign currency. Cash surpluses held by the Company and the balances in excess of the amounts required to manage working capital are invested in Money Market Funds and/or time deposits that accrue interest, currency deposits and securities, choosing instruments with appropriate maturities or sufficient liquidity to provide sufficient margin as determined in the aforementioned projections. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company’s current financial assets at fair value amount to $ 3.4 billion and $ 4.3 billion, respectively, which are expected to generate immediate cash inflows to manage the liquidity risk. The table below includes an analysis of the Company’s non-derivative financial liabilities, which have been classified into maturity groupings based on the remaining period between the closing date of the fiscal year and the contractual maturity date. Derivative financial liabilities are included in the analysis if their contractual maturities are essential for an understanding of the timing of the cash flows. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows.
|  | No deadline |  | Less than 3 months |  | From 3 months to 1 year |  | From 1 to 2 years |  | From 2 to 5 years |  | More than 5 years |  | Total
As of December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 12,407,373 |  | 9,082,933 |  | 2,760,794 |  | 82,491 |  | 99,953 |  | - |  | 24,433,544
Borrowings |  | - |  | - |  | 684,469 |  | 684,469 |  | 7,676,569 |  | - |  | 9,045,507
Total |  | 12,407,373 |  | 9,082,933 |  | 3,445,263 |  | 766,960 |  | 7,776,522 |  | - |  | 33,479,051
As of December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade and other payables |  | 8,950,249 |  | 5,877,338 |  | 8,195,465 |  | 135,840 |  | 179,584 |  | - |  | 23,338,476
Borrowings |  | - |  | - |  | 499,945 |  | 499,945 |  | 6,107,012 |  | - |  | 7,106,902
Total |  | 8,950,249 |  | 5,877,338 |  | 8,695,410 |  | 635,785 |  | 6,286,596 |  | - |  | 30,445,378
| Note | 5.2 | Concentration risk factors
| a. | Related to customers
The Company’s receivables derive primarily from the sale of electricity. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of sales for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. The collectibility of trade receivables balances related to the Framework Agreement, which amount to $ 10.4 million and $ 231 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as disclosed in Note 2.d), is subject to compliance with the terms of such agreement.
| b. | Related to employees who are union members
As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s employees are members of unions, Sindicato de Luz y Fuerza de Capital Federal (Electric Light and Power Labor Union Federal Capital) and Asociación del Personal Superior de Empresas de Energía (Association of Supervisory Personnel of Energy Companies). These employees labor cost depends on negotiations between the Company and the unions; a sensitive change in employment conditions generates a significant impact on the Company’s labor costs. In November 2018, the Company reached an agreement with the Sindicato de Luz y Fuerza on a total salary increase to be implemented in 5 tranches, beginning in November 2018 and ending in October 2019. Each increase will be calculated on the basis of the previous month salary and paid to the personnel represented by the union and providing services at the time of each payment. The agreed-upon increases are as follow: · 10%, applicable as from December 2018. · 8%, applicable as from February 2019. · 5%, applicable as from April 2019. · 5%, applicable as from July 2019. · 5%, applicable as from October 2019. Additionally, it was agreed that the values of the Attendance Bonus, payable to those who have maintained perfect attendance for a full quarter, or have a maximum of 2 absences over the period, would be adjusted as from November 2018. At present, the Company continues negotiating with the Asociación del Personal Superior de Empresas de Energía (APSEE), but no agreement has been reached as of to date.
| Note | 5.3 | Capital risk management
The Company’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard its ability to continue as a going concern and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital. Consistent with others in the industry, the Company monitors its capital on the basis of the gearing ratio. This ratio is calculated as net debt divided by total capital. Net debt is calculated as total liabilities (current and non-current) less cash and cash equivalents. Total capital is calculated as equity attributable to the owners as shown in the statement of financial position plus net debt. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, gearing ratios were as follow:
|  | 12.31.18 |  | 12.31.17
Total liabilities |  | 46,023,206 |  | 43,088,208
Less: cash and cash equivalents |  | (3,409,158) |  | (4,400,357)
Net debt |  | 42,614,048 |  | 38,687,851
Total Equity |  | 30,968,972 |  | 27,793,719
Total capital attributable to owners |  | 73,583,020 |  | 66,481,570
Gearing ratio |  | 57.91% |  | 58.19%
| Note | 5.4 | Regulatory risk factors
Pursuant to caption C of Section 37 of the Concession Agreement, the Grantor of the Concession may, without prejudice to other rights to which he is entitled thereunder, foreclose on the collateral granted by the Company when the cumulative value of the penalties imposed to the Company in the previous one-year period exceeds 20% of its annual billing, net of taxes and rates. The Company’s Management evaluates the development of this indicator on an annual basis. At the date of issuance of these financial statements, there are no events of non-compliance by the Company that could lead to that situation.
| Note | 5.5 | Fair value estimate
The Company classifies the measurements of financial instruments at fair value using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the relevance of the variables used to carry out such measurements. The fair value hierarchy has the following levels: · Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. · Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices included in level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from the prices). · Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (i.e. unobservable inputs). The table below shows the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  | LEVEL 1 |  | LEVEL 2 |  | LEVEL 3 |  | TOTAL
At December 31, 2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government bonds |  | 3,285,799 |  | - |  | - |  | 3,285,799
Money market funds |  | 95,751 |  | - |  | - |  | 95,751
Total assets |  | 3,381,550 |  | - |  | - |  | 3,381,550
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | - |  | 1,035 |  | - |  | 1,035
Total liabilities |  | - |  | 1,035 |  | - |  | 1,035
At December 31, 2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Government bonds |  | 1,829,888 |  | - |  | - |  | 1,829,888
Money market funds |  | 2,448,120 |  | - |  | - |  | 2,448,120
Total assets |  | 4,278,008 |  | - |  | - |  | 4,278,008
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative financial instruments |  | - |  | 291 |  | - |  | 291
Total liabilities |  | - |  | 291 |  | - |  | 291
The value of the financial instruments negotiated in active markets is based on the market quoted prices on the date of the statement of financial position. A market is considered active when the quoted prices are regularly available through a stock exchange, broker, sector-specific institution or regulatory body, and those prices reflect regular and current market transactions between parties that act in conditions of mutual independence. The market quotation price used for the financial assets held by the Company is the current offer price. These instruments are included in level 1. The fair value of financial instruments that are not negotiated in active markets is determined using valuation techniques. These valuation techniques maximize the use of market observable information, when available, and rely as little as possible on specific estimates of the Company. If all significant variables to establish the fair value of a financial instrument can be observed, the instrument is included in level 2. These derivative financial instruments arise from the variation between the market prices at year-end or sale thereof and the time of negotiation. The market value used is obtained from the “Transactions with securities” report issued by Banco Mariva. When one or more relevant variables used to determine the fair value cannot be observed in the market, the financial instrument is included in level 3. There are no financial instruments that are to be included in level 3.

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