Our consolidated financial statements include the results of Green Dot Corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. We prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. We consolidated our wholly-owned subsidiaries and eliminated all significant intercompany balances and transactions.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Future events and their effects cannot be predicted with certainty; accordingly, accounting estimates require the exercise of judgment. These financial statements were prepared using information reasonably available as of December 31, 2024 and through the date of this report. The accounting estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. Actual results may differ from these estimates due to a variety of factors, including those identified under "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors" in this report.

Our investment portfolio is primarily comprised of fixed income securities. We classify these securities as available-for-sale and report them at fair value with the related unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, unless credit related. We establish an allowance for credit losses limited by the amount that the fair value of the investment is less than its amortized cost. If the impairment of the investment security is credit-related, the impairment is recorded in earnings with any subsequent improvements in credit recognized through a reversal of the allowance established. Non-credit related impairment is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, a component of stockholders' equity. We classify investment securities with maturities less than or equal to 365 days as current assets.

We regularly evaluate each fixed income security where the value has declined below amortized cost to assess whether the decline in fair value is credit or non-credit related. In determining whether an impairment is credit related or not, we consider the extent of the decline in fair value compared to the security's amortized cost, the presence of adverse conditions such as the financial condition of the issuer, the payment structure of the security, credit rating changes and other qualitative factors, as well as whether we either plan to sell the security or it is more likely-than-not that we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost. If we intend to sell an investment security or believe we will more-likely-than-not be required to sell a security, we record the full amount of the impairment in earnings.

Settlement assets represent the amounts due from our retail distributors and other partners for customer funds collected at the point of sale that have not yet been received by our subsidiary bank, payroll deposits funded in advance (up to two days early) to certain accountholders who are eligible to participate in our early direct deposit programs and amounts due from third-party payment processors for customer transactions.

At the point of sale, our retail distributors and other partners collect customer funds for purchases of new cards and utilization of our cash transfer services and then remit these funds directly to our subsidiary bank. Additionally, certain of our deposit account programs can be funded from external accounts, which is settled with third-party payment processors. Remittance of these funds with our retail distributors, third-party payment processors and other partners takes an average of two business days.

Accounts receivable is comprised principally of trade accounts receivable, receivables due from card issuing banks, overdrawn account balances due from accountholders, fee advances and other receivables. We record accounts receivable net of reserves for estimated uncollectible accounts. Receivables due from card issuing banks primarily represent revenue-related funds held at the third-party card issuing banks related to our network branded programs that have yet to be remitted to us. These receivables are generally collected within a short period of time based on the remittance terms in our agreements with the third-party card issuing banks. Fee advances represent short-term advances to in-person tax return preparation companies made prior to and during tax season. These advances are collateralized by their clients' tax preparation fees and are generally collected within a short period of time as the in-person tax preparation companies begin preparing and processing their clients' tax refunds.

For accountholders who are not enrolled or do not meet eligibility requirements of our overdraft protection program, we generally decline authorization attempts for amounts that exceed the available balance in an accountholder’s account, however, the application of card association rules, the timing of the settlement of transactions and the assessment of the card’s monthly maintenance fee, among other things, can still result in overdrawn accounts. These overdrawn account balances are deemed to be receivables due from accountholders, and are included as a component of accounts receivable, net, on our consolidated balance sheets. We are exposed to losses from any unrecovered overdrawn account balances. Our provision for overdrawn account balances from purchase transactions is included as a component of other general and administrative expenses on our consolidated statements of operations.

We classify overdrawn accounts from purchase transactions into age groups based on the number of days that have elapsed since an account last had activity, such as a purchase, ATM transaction or fee assessment. We calculate a reserve factor for each age group based on the average recovery rate for the most recent six months. These factors are applied to these age groups to estimate our overall expected loss reserve. When more than 60 days have passed without activity in an account, we write off the full amount of the overdrawn account balance.

Fees due from our accountholders for our overdraft service are included as a component of accounts receivable. Overdrawn balances are unsecured and considered immediately due from the accountholder. Also included in consumer loans are advances made to taxpayers under our tax advance program. These loan balances generally fluctuate over the first half of each year due to the seasonal nature of these advances.

Nonperforming loans generally include loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status. We generally place loans and secured credit cards on nonaccrual status when they are past due 90 days or more. We reverse the related accrued interest receivable and apply interest collections on nonaccrual loans as principal reductions; otherwise, we credit such collections to interest income when received. These loans may be restored to accrual status when all principal and interest is current and full repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest is expected. For our secured credit card portfolio, when an account is past due 90 days, collateral deposits are applied against outstanding credit card balances. Any balance, inclusive of principal and interest in excess of the collateral balance is charged off at 180 days.

We consider a loan to be impaired when it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Once we determine a loan to be impaired, we measure the impairment based on the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate. We may also measure impairment based on observable market prices, or for loans that are solely dependent on the collateral for repayment, the estimated fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell. If the recorded investment in impaired loans exceeds this amount, we establish a specific allowance as a component of the allowance for credit losses or by adjusting an existing valuation allowance for the impaired loan.

We establish an allowance for estimated credit losses inherent in our loan portfolio over the life of the loans, including our secured credit cards and overdrawn balances associated with our overdraft protection program. For each portfolio of loans, we analyze historical loss rates and other factors to determine a loss rate, and consider if adjustments are needed for current conditions, and other reasonable and supportable forecasts beyond our balance sheet date that may differ from historical results. We also consider adjustments based on qualitative factors which in our judgment may affect the expected credit losses including, but not limited to, changes in prevailing economic or market conditions and the estimated value of the underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans. We separately establish specific allowances for impaired loans based on the present value of changes in cash flows expected to be collected, or for impaired loans that are considered collateral dependent, the estimated fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, if any.

We carry our property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. We generally compute depreciation on property and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, except for land, which is not depreciated. We generally compute amortization on tenant improvements using the straight-line method over the shorter of the related lease term or estimated useful lives of the improvements. We expense expenditures for maintenance and repairs as incurred.

We capitalize certain internal and external costs incurred to develop internal-use software during the application development stage. We also capitalize the cost of specified upgrades and enhancements to internal-use software that result in additional functionality. Once a development project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended use, we begin depreciating these costs on a straight-line basis over the internal-use software’s estimated useful life.

We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception of the agreement. Right-of-use (ROU) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of remaining lease payments over the lease term. For this purpose, we consider only fixed payments stated in the leases at the time of commencement. Variable lease payments that are not based on a specified rate or index are expensed when incurred. Since an implicit interest rate for our leases generally cannot be determined under our contracts, we use an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available to us at the commencement date in determining the present value of our lease payments. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on a variety of considerations, including borrowing rates currently available to us for loans with similar terms and market participant information based on credit spreads for issuers of similar risk and credit rating.

The ROU asset also reflects any lease payments made prior to commencement and is recorded net of any lease incentives received. Our ROU asset and liability reflects, as applicable, options to extend or terminate a lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. We exclude all leases with an initial term of 12 months or less under the short term lease exemption. We have also made a policy election to combine our lease and non-lease components for each of our existing classes of leased assets. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

We evaluate long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows from an asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, we estimate the fair value of the assets. We measure the loss as the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value calculated using the present value of estimated net future cash flows. We recorded total impairment charges of $4.9 million and $4.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022, respectively, related to internal-use software that we determined would no longer be utilized. No impairment charge was recognized related to long-lived assets for the year ended December 31, 2023. These impairment charges are included in other general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill is the purchase premium after adjusting for the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for potential impairment on an annual basis, or when events or circumstances indicate a potential impairment, at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit, as defined under applicable accounting guidance, is an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, referred to as a component. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely-than-not (i.e., a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. This step serves as the basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative impairment test. If it is more likely-than-not goodwill is impaired, a quantitative impairment test compares the estimated fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired, however, if the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss directly to goodwill. We may in any given period bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to a quantitative method to assess and measure impairment of the reporting unit's goodwill.

For intangible assets subject to amortization, we recognize an impairment loss if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is not recoverable and exceeds its estimated fair value. The carrying amount of the intangible asset is considered not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset. No impairment charges were recognized related to goodwill or intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include fixed income securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments. This category generally includes U.S. government and agency mortgage-backed fixed income securities and corporate fixed income securities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the overall fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, market comparables, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. This category generally includes certain private equity investments and certain asset-backed securities.

Our operating revenues consist of card revenues and other fees, cash processing revenues and interchange revenues. The core principle of the revenue standard is that these revenues will be recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services, as determined under a five-step process.

Card revenues and other fees consist of monthly maintenance fees, new card fees, ATM fees, and other card revenues. We earn these fees based upon the underlying terms and conditions with each of our accountholders that obligate us to stand ready to provide account services to each of our accountholders over the contract term. Agreements with our accountholders are considered daily service contracts as they are not fixed in duration. Also included in card revenues and other fees are program management service fees earned from our BaaS partners for accountholder programs we manage on their behalf.

We charge maintenance fees on a monthly basis pursuant to the terms and conditions in the applicable accountholder agreements. We recognize monthly maintenance fees ratably over each day in the monthly bill cycle in which the fee is assessed, which represents the period our accountholders receive the benefits of our services and our performance obligation is satisfied. To the extent a maintenance fee results in an overdrawn accountholder balance, we only reflect the net amount we expect to receive based on, among other things, the number of days that have elapsed since an account last had activity, such as a purchase or an ATM transaction.

We charge new card fees when a consumer purchases a new card in a retail store. The new card fee provides our accountholders a material right and accordingly, we defer and recognize new card fee revenues on a straight-line basis over our average card lifetime, which is currently less than one year for our deposit account programs acquired through our Retail channel. The average card lifetime is determined based on recent historical data using the period from sale (or activation) of the card through the date of last positive balance. We reassess average card lifetime for prepaid cards and checking accounts quarterly. We report the unearned portion of new card fees as a component of deferred revenue in our consolidated balance sheets. See Contract Balances discussed in Note 3—Revenues, for further information.

We charge ATM fees to accountholders when they withdraw money at certain ATMs in accordance with the terms and conditions in our accountholder agreements. We recognize ATM fees when the withdrawal is made by the accountholder, which is the point in time our performance obligation is satisfied and service is performed. Since our accountholder agreements are considered daily service contracts, our performance obligations for these types of transactional based fees are satisfied on a daily basis, or as each transaction occurs.

Other revenues consist primarily of revenue associated with our gift card program, transaction-based fees and fees associated with optional products or services, such as our overdraft protection program, which we offer our accountholders at their election. Since our performance obligations are settled daily, we recognize most of these fees at the point in time the transactions occur which is when the underlying performance obligation is satisfied. In the case of our gift card program, we record the related revenues using the redemption method. To the extent a fee results in an overdrawn accountholder balance, we only reflect the net amount we expect to receive based on, among other things, the number of days that have elapsed since an account last had activity, such as a purchase or an ATM transaction.

We also offer cash-back rewards to accountholders on certain programs. The amount of these cash rewards varies based on multiple factors, including the terms and conditions for accountholder eligibility, the redemption amount based on accountholder activity, and the accountholder redemption rates. We accrue our estimated cash-back rewards as a component of other accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and as a reduction to card revenues and other fees on our consolidated statements of operations.

We generate cash transfer revenues when consumers purchase our cash transfer products (reload services) in a retail store. Our reload services are subject to the same terms and conditions in each of the applicable accountholder agreements as discussed above. We recognize these revenues at the point in time the reload services are completed. Similarly, we earn disbursement fees from our business partners as payment disbursements are made.

We earn tax refund processing service revenues when a customer of a third-party tax preparation company chooses to pay their tax preparation fee through the use of our tax refund processing services. Revenues we earn from these services are generated from our contractual relationships with the tax software transmitters. These contracts may be multi-year agreements and vary in length, however, our underlying promise obligates us to process each refund transfer on a transaction by transaction basis as elected by the taxpayer. Accordingly, we recognize tax refund processing service revenues at the point in time we satisfy our performance obligation by remitting each taxpayer’s proceeds from his or her tax return.

We pay our retail distributors, and brokers' commissions based on sales of our cards and cash transfer products in their stores. We defer and expense commissions related to new cards sales ratably over the average card lifetime, which is currently less than one year for our cards acquired through our Retail channel. Absent a new card fee, we recognize the cost of the related commissions immediately. We recognize the cost of commissions related to cash transfer products when the cash transfer transactions are completed. We recognize costs for the production of advertising as incurred. The cost of media advertising is recorded when the advertising first takes place. We record the costs associated with card packages and placards as prepaid expenses, and for our cards acquired in our Retail channel, we record the costs associated with personalizing the cards as deferred expenses. We recognize the prepaid cost of card packages and placards over the related sales period, and we amortize the deferred cost of personalizing the cards, when activated, over the average card lifetime.

Included in sales and marketing expenses are advertising and marketing expenses of $25.3 million, $28.5 million and $31.2 million and shipping and handling costs of $1.6 million, $1.7 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Also included in sales and marketing expenses are use taxes for various states related to purchases of materials since we do not charge sales tax to customers when new cards or cash transfer transactions are purchased.

We record stock-based compensation expense based on the grant-date fair value of the award. For stock options and stock purchases under our employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, we base compensation expense on fair values estimated at the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. For stock awards, including restricted stock units, we base compensation expense on the fair value of our common stock at the grant date. We recognize compensation expense for awards with only service conditions that have graded vesting schedules on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. Vesting is based upon continued service to our company and we account for any forfeitures as they occur.

For awards subject to performance conditions, we determine the grant-date fair value of the stock and recognize compensation cost for the awards if and when we conclude it is probable that the performance metrics will be satisfied, over the requisite service period. The grant-date fair value of the awards are not subsequently remeasured, however, we reassess the probability of vesting at each reporting period and record a cumulative adjustment to compensation expense based on the likelihood the performance metrics will be achieved. For awards subject to market conditions, we base compensation expense on the fair value estimated at the date of grant using a Monte Carlo simulation or similar lattice model. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period regardless of the market condition being satisfied, provided that the requisite service has been rendered, since the estimated grant date fair value incorporates the probability of outcomes that the market condition will be achieved.

Under our retirement policy, any service-based requirement for unvested stock awards held by a retirement eligible employee is eliminated. Accordingly, the related compensation expense is recognized immediately for qualifying awards granted to eligible employees, or in the case of ineligible employees who later become eligible under the retirement policy, over the period from the grant date to the date a qualifying retirement is achieved, if earlier than the standard vesting dates. Performance-based awards issued to retirement eligible employees remain subject to the stock awards’ annual performance targets and the expense is adjusted accordingly based on expected achievement.

Our income tax expense is comprised of current and deferred income tax expense and benefit. Current income tax expense approximates taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period. Deferred income tax expense and benefit results from the changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities during the periods. These gross deferred tax assets and liabilities represent decreases or increases in taxes expected to be paid in the future because of future reversals of temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities as measured by tax laws and their basis as reported in our consolidated financial statements. We also recognize deferred tax assets for tax attributes such as net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards. We record valuation allowances to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts we conclude are more likely-than-not to be realized in the foreseeable future.

We recognize and measure income tax benefits based upon a two-step model: 1) a tax position must be more likely-than-not to be sustained based solely on its technical merits in order to be recognized, and 2) the benefit is measured as the largest dollar amount of that position that is more likely-than-not to be sustained upon settlement. The difference between the benefit recognized for a position and the tax benefit claimed on a tax return is referred to as an unrecognized tax benefit. We accrue income tax related interest and penalties, if applicable, within income tax expense.

We apply the two-class method in calculating earnings per common share, or EPS, because we have had certain unvested restricted shares outstanding in prior periods that were entitled to participate with our common stockholders in the distributions of earnings based on their dividend rights. The two-class method requires net income to be allocated between each class or series of common stock and other participating securities based on their respective rights to receive dividends, whether or not declared. Basic EPS is then calculated by dividing net income allocated to each class of common stockholders by the respective weighted-average common shares issued and outstanding.

Diluted EPS is calculated by dividing adjusted net income for each class of common stock by the respective weighted-average number of the common shares issued and outstanding for each period plus amounts representing the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options, restricted stock units (including performance based restricted stock units), shares to be purchased under our employee stock purchase plan and participating unvested restricted shares. We calculate dilutive potential common shares using the treasury stock method and the two-class method, as applicable. We exclude the effects of such equity instruments from the computation of diluted EPS in periods in which the effect would be anti-dilutive. Additionally, we exclude any performance-based restricted stock units and performance-based stock options for which the performance contingency has not been met as of the end of the period.

As a bank holding company, we are subject to comprehensive supervision and examination by the Federal Reserve Board and the State of Utah Department of Financial Institutions and must comply with applicable regulations and other commitments we have agreed to, including financial commitments with respect to minimum capital and leverage requirements. If we fail to comply with any of these requirements, we may become subject to formal or informal enforcement actions, proceedings, or investigations, which could result in regulatory orders, restrictions on our business operations or requirements to take corrective actions, which may, individually or in the aggregate, affect our results of operations and restrict our ability to grow. If we fail to comply with the applicable capital and leverage requirements, or if our subsidiary bank, Green Dot Bank, fails to comply with its applicable capital and leverage requirements, the Federal Reserve Board may limit our or Green Dot Bank's ability to pay

dividends or fund stock repurchases, or require us to raise additional capital. As a bank holding company and a financial holding company (“FHC”), we are generally prohibited from engaging, directly or indirectly, in any activities other than those permissible for bank holding companies and FHCs. In addition, if at any time we or Green Dot Bank fail to be “well-capitalized” or “well managed,” we may not commence, or acquire any shares of a company engaged in, any activities only permissible for an FHC, without prior Federal Reserve approval. The restriction on our ability to commence, or acquire any shares of a company engaged in, any activities only permissible for an FHC, without prior Federal Reserve approval would also generally apply if Green Dot Bank received a CRA rating of less than “Satisfactory.” Currently, under the BHC Act, we may not be able to engage in new activities or acquire shares or control of other businesses. Such restrictions might limit our ability to pursue future business opportunities which we might otherwise consider but which might fall outside the scope of permissible activities. U.S. bank regulatory agencies from time to time take supervisory actions under certain circumstances that restrict or limit a financial institution's activities, including in connection with examinations, which take place on a continual basis. In some instances, we are subject to significant legal restrictions on our ability to publicly disclose these actions or the full details of these actions, including those in examination reports. In addition, as part of the regular examination process, our and Green Dot Bank's regulators may advise us or our subsidiaries to operate under various restrictions as a prudential matter. Such restrictions may include not being able to engage in certain categories of new activities or acquire shares or control of other companies.

In November 2023, the Financial Standards Accounting Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-07 "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We adopted ASU 2023-07 during the year ended December 31, 2024. See Note 24—Segment Information in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements for further information.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of the updated standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statement disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03 "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses," which requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the consolidated statement of operations, as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The requirements will be applied prospectively with the option for retrospective application. We are currently evaluating the potential effect that the updated standard will have on our consolidated financial statement disclosures.