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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

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☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

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or

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☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

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For the transition period from          to

Commission file number: 001-38282

METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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New York | 13-4042724
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

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99 Park Avenue, New York, New York | 10016
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 659-0600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Title of each class |  | Ticker Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value | ​ | MCB | ​ | New York Stock Exchange

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. YES◻ NO ⌧

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. YES◻ NO ⌧

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ⌧ NO◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). YES ⌧ NO◻

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of  “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

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Large accelerated filer | ◻ | Accelerated filer | ⌧
Non-accelerated filer | ◻ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) | Emerging growth company | ☒

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES☐ NO☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant on June 30, 2020, as reported by the New York Stock Exchange, was approximately $220.0 million.

As of March 4, 2021, there were issued and outstanding 8,344,954 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock.

DOCUMENTS INCOPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Proxy Statement for the Registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders (Part III).

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Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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​ | ​ | ​
PART I | ​ | ​
Item 1 | Business | 4
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 25
Item 1B | Unresolved Staff Comments | 36
Item 2 | Properties | 36
Item 3 | Legal Proceedings | 36
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 36
PART II | ​ | ​
Item 5 | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 36
Item 6 | Selected Financial Data | 37
Item 7 | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
Item 7A | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 56
Item 8 | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 58
Item 9 | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 58
Item 9A | Controls and Procedures | 58
Item 9B | Other Information | 59
PART III | ​ | ​
Item 10 | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 59
Item 11 | Executive Compensation | 60
Item 12 | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 60
Item 13 | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 60
Item 14 | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 60
PART IV | ​ | ​
Item 15 | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 60
Item 16 | Form 10-K Summary | 62
SIGNATURES | 63

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NOTE ABOUT FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain “forward looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which may be identified by the use of such words as “may,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “consider,” “should,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “continue,” “probable,” and “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, estimates with respect to the financial condition, results of operations and business of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. (the “Company”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary Metropolitan Commercial Bank (the “Bank”), and the Company’s strategies, plans, objectives, expectations and intentions, and other statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical facts. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors (many of which are beyond the Company’s control) that could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results to differ from those results expressed or implied include those factors listed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and as described in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this report. In addition, these factors include but are not limited to:

| ● | increases in competitive pressure among financial institutions or from non-financial institutions;

| ● | changes in the interest rate environment may reduce interest margins or affect the value of the Bank’s investments;

| ● | changes in deposit flows, loan demand or real estate values may adversely affect the Bank’s business;

| ● | changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines may cause the Company’s financial condition to be perceived differently;

| ● | general economic conditions, including unemployment rates, either nationally or locally in some or all of the areas in which the Bank does business, or conditions in the securities markets or the banking industry may be less favorable than currently anticipated;

| ● | declines in real estate values in Bank’s market area may adversely affect its loan production;

| ● | legislative or regulatory changes may adversely affect the Bank’s business;

| ● | applicable technological changes may be more difficult or expensive than anticipated;

| ● | system failures or cyber-security breaches of our information technology infrastructure and those of our third-party service providers;

| ● | the failure to maintain current technologies and to successfully implement future information technology enhancements;

| ● | the ability to retain key employees;

| ● | success or consummation of new business initiatives may be more difficult or expensive than anticipated;

| ● | the risks associated with adverse changes to credit quality, including changes in the level of loan delinquencies and non-performing assets and charge-offs and changes in estimates of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses;

| ● | difficulties associated with achieving or predicting expected future financial results; and

| ● | the potential impact on the Bank’s operations and customers resulting from natural or man-made disasters, wars, acts of terrorism, cyber-attacks and pandemics such as the Novel Coronavirus (“COVID-19”), as discussed below.

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Given its ongoing and dynamic nature, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Company’s business. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including when COVID-19 can be controlled and abated, the timing of inoculation against the virus and whether the gradual reopening of businesses will result in a meaningful increase in economic activity. As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, the Company could be subject to any of the following risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on its business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations: the demand for the Bank’s products and services may decline, making it difficult to grow assets and income; if the economy is unable to substantially reopen, and high levels of unemployment continue for an extended period of time, loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase, resulting in increased charges and reduced income; collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, which could cause loan losses to increase; the Company’s allowance for loan losses may increase if borrowers experience financial difficulties, which will adversely affect the Company’s net income; the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to the Bank; as the result of the decline in the Federal Reserve Board’s target federal funds rate to near 0%, the yield on the Company’s assets may decline to a greater extent than the decline in the Company’s cost of interest-bearing liabilities, reducing its net interest margin and spread and reducing net income; if legislation is enacted or governmental or regulatory action is enacted limiting the amount of ATM fees or surcharges the Bank may receive or on its ability to charge overdraft or other fees, it could adversely impact the Company’s financial results; the Company’s cyber security risks are increased as the result of an increased use of the Bank’s online banking platform and an increase in the number of employees working remotely; and FDIC premiums may increase if the agency experiences additional resolution costs.

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The impact of COVID-19 is likely to be felt over the next several quarters particularly as the term of loan modifications expire and borrowers return to a normal debt service schedule as well as the commencement of a repayment schedule for payments that were deferred. As such, significant adjustments to the Allowance for Loan Losses may be required as the full impact of COVID-19 on the Bank’s borrowers becomes known.

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The Company’s ability to predict results or the actual effects of its plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. As such, forward-looking statements can be affected by inaccurate assumptions made or by known or unknown risks and uncertainties. Consequently, no forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect conditions only as of the date of this filing. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly release the result of any revisions which may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances occurring after the date of such statements, except as required by the law.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

The Company is a bank holding company headquartered in New York, New York and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). Through its wholly owned bank subsidiary, Metropolitan Commercial Bank, a New York state chartered bank, the Company provides a broad range of business, commercial and retail banking products and services to small businesses, middle-market enterprises, public entities and affluent individuals primarily in the New York metropolitan area. The Company’s founding members, including the Chief Executive Officer, Mark DeFazio, recognized a need in the New York metropolitan area for a solutions-oriented, relationship bank focused on middle market companies and real estate entrepreneurs whose financial needs are often overlooked by larger financial institutions. The Bank was established in 1999 with the goal of helping these under-served clients build and sustain wealth. Its motto, “The Entrepreneurial Bank,” is a reflection of the Bank’s aspiration to develop a middle-market bank that shares the same entrepreneurial spirit of its clients. By combining the high-tech service and relationship-based focus of a community bank with an extensive suite of financial products and services, Metropolitan is well-positioned to continue to capitalize on the significant growth opportunities available in the New York metropolitan area.

In addition to traditional commercial banking products, the Bank offers corporate cash management and retail banking services and, through its Global Payments Group (“global payments business”), provides global payments infrastructure to its FinTech partners, which includes serving as an issuing bank for third-party debit card programs nationwide. The Bank has developed various deposit gathering strategies, which generate the funding necessary to operate without a large branch network. These activities, together with six strategically located banking centers, generate a stable source of deposits and a diverse loan portfolio with attractive risk-adjusted yields. As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s assets, loans, deposits and stockholders’ equity totaled $4.33 billion, $3.14 billion, $3.82 billion and $340.8 million, respectively.

As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to the supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“FRB”). The Company is required to file with the FRB reports and other information regarding its business operations and the business operations of its subsidiaries. As a state-chartered bank that is a member of the FRB, the Bank is subject to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) regulations as well as primary supervision, periodic examination and regulation by the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”) as the state regulator and by the FRB as its primary federal regulator.

Amendments to the SEC’s Smaller Reporting Company Definition

On June 28, 2018, the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) adopted amendments to its regulations that raise the thresholds by which entities would be defined as a smaller reporting company (“SRC”), which permits reduced disclosure and later filing deadlines. The amendments to the SRC definition became effective on September 10, 2018. Under the new definition of SRC, a company with less than $250 million of public float will be eligible to provide reduced disclosures. Additionally, companies with less than $100 million in annual revenues and either no public float or a public float that is less than $700 million will also be eligible to provide reduced disclosures. A reporting company will determine whether it qualifies as an SRC annually as of the last business day of its second fiscal quarter. A company must reflect its SRC status in its Form 10-Q for the first fiscal quarter of the next year.

The Company qualified as an SRC for the 2020 fiscal year due to having a public float of less than $250 million as of June 30, 2020 and has elected to take advantage of certain exemptions allowed as an EGC and SRC. In addition, the Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards as permitted by the JOBS Act.

Available Information

The SEC maintains an internet site, www.sec.gov, that contains the Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments thereto, and other reports electronically filed

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with the SEC. The Company makes these documents filed with the SEC available free of charge through the Company’s website, www.mcbankny.com, by clicking the Investor Relations tab and selecting “Annual Reports & SEC Filings.” Information included on the Company’s website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Market Area

The Bank’s primary market consists primarily of the New York metropolitan area, specifically Manhattan and the outer boroughs, and Nassau County. This market is well-diversified and represents the largest market for middle market businesses in the country (defined as businesses with annual revenue of $5 million to $200 million). Middle-market businesses have changed in type, but not in substance, with respect to banking needs in recent decades following a commercial trend out of manufacturing and into services. This has been to the advantage of the middle-market business in the New York metropolitan area, which has continued to grow at a better than average pace relative to other metropolitan regions in the United States. In addition, the Bank’s global payments group issues prepaid debit cards to debit card program managers nationwide and administers global payment settlements for its FinTech partners globally.

The Bank operates six banking centers strategically located within close proximity to target clients. There are four banking centers in Manhattan, one in Brooklyn, New York, and one in Great Neck, Long Island. The 99 Park Avenue banking center, adjacent to the Company headquarters, is located at the center of one of the largest markets for bank deposits in the New York Metropolitan Statistical Area due to the abundance of corporate and high net worth clients. The Manhattan banking centers are centrally located in the heart of neighborhoods strongly identified with specific business sectors, with which the Bank has strong existing relationships. The Brooklyn banking center is in the active Boro Park neighborhood, which is home to many small- and medium-sized businesses, and where several important existing lending clients live and work. The banking center in Great Neck, Long Island represents a natural extension of the Bank’s efforts to establish a physical footprint in areas where many of its existing and prospective commercial clients are located, and also serves as a central hub for philanthropic and community events.

Competitors

The bank and non-bank financial services industry in the Bank’s markets and surrounding areas is highly competitive. The Bank competes with a wide range of regional and national banks located in its market areas as well as non-bank commercial finance companies on a nationwide basis. The Bank faces competition in both lending and attracting funds as well as merchant processing services from commercial banks, savings associations, credit unions, consumer finance companies, pension trusts, mutual funds, insurance companies, mortgage bankers and brokers, brokerage and investment banking firms, non-bank lenders, government agencies and certain other non-financial institutions. Many of these competitors have higher lending limits and more assets, capital and resources than the Bank, and may be able to conduct more intensive and broader-based promotional efforts to reach both commercial and individual customers. Competition for deposit products can depend heavily on pricing because of the ease with which customers can transfer deposits from one institution to another.

The Bank’s primary market consists of the New York metropolitan area, specifically Manhattan and the outer boroughs, and Nassau County. The Bank’s market area has a diversified economy typical of most urban population centers, with the majority of employment provided by services, wholesale/retail trade, finance/insurance/real estate (“FIRE”), technology companies and construction. The services industry accounts for the largest employment sector across the two primary market area counties, while wholesale/retail trade accounts for the second largest employment sector in Nassau and New York Counties. FIRE is the third largest employment sector in New York County.

Accessibility, tailored product offerings, disciplined underwriting and differentiated execution create a unique opportunity for the Bank to distinguish itself in the market of its target clients, which the Bank views as under-served by today’s global financial services industry. Establishing banking centers in close proximity to a “critical mass” of its clients has advanced the Bank’s ability to retain and grow deposits, provided opportunities to deepen client relationships, and enhance franchise value.

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Business Strategy

The Bank’s strategy is to continue to build a relationship-oriented commercial bank through organically growing its existing client relationships and developing new long-term clients. The Bank focuses on New York metropolitan area middle-market businesses with annual revenue of $200 million or less and New York metropolitan area real estate entrepreneurs with a net worth of $5 million or more. The Bank originates and services commercial real estate (“CRE”) and Commercial and Industrial (“C&I”) loans of generally between $2 million and $20 million, which it believes is an under-served segment of the market. Management believes that the Bank is positioned in a market area offering significant growth opportunities. As it grows, the Bank plans to continue its success in converting many of its lending clients into full retail relationships.

The Bank differentiates itself in the marketplace by offering excellent service, competitive products, innovative solutions, access to senior management, and an ability to make lending decisions in a timely manner combined with certainty of execution. The Bank’s lending team has developed industry expertise that enables it to better understand its clients’ businesses and differentiates it from other banks in the market.

On-going relationships and tailored products

Management believes that the focus on servicing all aspects of the clients’ businesses, including cash management and lending solutions, positions the Bank to be able to provide a host of services designed to meet clients’ current and future needs. The Bank has the flexibility and commitment to create solutions tailored to the needs of each client. For example, the Bank entered the healthcare lending space in 2001 and built out processes, procedures, and customized infrastructure to support its clients in this industry. Management intends to continue leveraging the quality of its team, existing relationships and its client-centered approach to further grow its tailored banking solutions, build deeper relationships and increase penetration in its market area. Additionally, the Bank is always working to expand its team by attracting and developing individuals that embody its spirit as “The Entrepreneurial Bank.” This ensures that it continues to meet its high standard of excellence, which drives relationships and loan growth.

Strong deposit franchise

The strength of the Bank’s deposit franchise comes from its long-standing relationships with clients and the strong ties it has in its market area. The Bank provides commercial clients with convenient solutions such as remote deposit capture, business online banking and various other retail services and products. The Bank has also developed a diversified funding strategy, which affords it the opportunity to be less reliant on branches. Deposit funding is provided by the following deposit verticals:

| 1) | Borrowing clients – the Bank generates significant deposits from its borrowing clients. The Bank provides commercial clients with convenient solutions such as remote deposit capture, business online banking and various other retail services and products. The Bank expects to continue its success of converting lending clients into full retail clients and strategically expand its retail presence.

| 2) | Non-borrowing retail clients – these customers, located primarily in the New York City metropolitan area, need an efficient technology interface and the personal service of an experienced banker who can assist them in managing their day to day operations. Management believes that not every potential client of the Bank is in need of extensions of credit; instead, these clients require a bank that can assist in making them make them more efficient and competitive.

| 3) | Global payments business – the Bank is an active issuer of debit cards for third-party debit card programs and administers domestic and international digital payments settlements for its FinTech clients. Additionally, the Bank provides digital currency customers with a suite of cash management solutions; although, it does not have any digital assets or liabilities on its statement of financial condition. It is expected that the global payments business will continue to be a diverse source of low-cost deposits as the Bank continues to add new clients.

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| 4) | Corporate cash management clients – the Bank provides corporate cash management services to clients who are in possession of or have discretion over large deposits such as, but not limited to, property management companies, title companies and bankruptcy trustees.

Products and Services

The Bank provides a comprehensive set of commercial and retail banking products and services customized to meet the needs of its clients. The Bank offers a broad range of lending products, primarily CRE and C&I loans.

Lending Products

The Bank’s CRE products include acquisition loans, loans to refinance or return borrower equity on income producing properties, renovation loans, loans on owner-occupied properties and construction loans. The Bank lends against a variety of asset classes, including multi-family, mixed use, retail, office, hospitality and warehouse.

The Bank’s C&I products consist primarily of working capital lines of credit secured by business assets, self-liquidating term loans generally made for acquisition of equipment and other long-lived company assets, trade finance and letters of credit. The majority of C&I loans carry the personal guarantee of the principals of the borrowing entity.

Commercial Real Estate

Non-owner-occupied CRE comprises the largest component of the Bank’s real estate loan portfolio. These mortgage loans are secured by mixed-use properties, office buildings, commercial condominium units, retail properties, hotels and warehouses. In underwriting these loans, the Bank generally relies on the income that is to be generated by the property as the primary means of repayment. However, the personal guarantee of the principals will frequently be required as a credit enhancement, particularly when the collateral property is in transition (i.e., under renovation and/or in the lease-up stage). A Phase I Environmental Report is generally required for all new CRE loans.

Loans are generally written for terms of three to five years, although loans with longer terms are occasionally written. Interest rates may be fixed or floating, and repayment schedules are generally based on a 25- to 30-year amortization schedule although interest only loans are also offered.

Factors considered in the underwriting include: the stability of the projected cash flows from the real estate based on operating history, tenancy, and current rental market conditions; development and property management experience of the principals; financial wherewithal of the principals, including an analysis of global cash flows; and credit history of the principals. Maximum loan to value ratios range from 50% to 75%, depending on the property type. The minimum debt coverage ratio is 1.20x, with higher coverage required for hospitality and special use properties.

At December 31, 2020, $596.1 million, or 25.7% of the Bank’s real estate loan portfolio consisted of loans to the healthcare industry, of which $593.0 million, or 99.5%, of these loans were made to nursing and residential care facilities. These loans are made to borrowers with strong cash flows and the Bank generally obtains the personal guarantee of high net worth sponsors. The Bank has lenders who are well experienced in lending to the healthcare industry, and particularly to skilled nursing homes. They generally originate loans with very experienced operators who typically have over 1,000 beds under management. In addition to being secured by real estate, these loans are also secured by the assets of the operating company, and in almost all cases the credit facilities are personally guaranteed by principals of the company, who are typically high net worth individuals. The Bank also originates term loans to standalone medical facilities such as radiology and dialysis centers and medical practices, which are secured by the assets of the company and the personal guaranties of the physicians within the practice.

Multi-family

The multi-family loan portfolio consists of loans secured by multi-tenanted residential properties located in the New York City or the greater New York area. In underwriting multi-family loans, the Bank employs the same underwriting standards and procedures as are employed for non-owner occupied CRE.

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During the second quarter of 2019, new and onerous rent regulations were signed into law by the State of New York. These new laws mostly impact rent stabilized units in the New York City boroughs. The new laws limit rent increases for rent stabilized multi-family properties, which may make it difficult for owners of these properties to offset increasing property expenses and generate excess cash flows. If expense growth exceeds revenue growth, the property may not generate sufficient cash flows to cover debt service.

The Bank analyzed its portfolio of stabilized multi-family loans, including free market or combinations of rent controlled and free market multi-family properties, to determine if any of the business plans of the properties could be adversely affected by the new regulations in a way that the Bank’s underwritten debt service coverage levels could be meaningfully lower than those which might ultimately be achieved. The Bank has concluded that the new New York City rent regulations had a very modest impact since the Bank’s multi-family loans are underwritten to current cash flows. The weighted average debt coverage ratio on rent-regulated stabilized multi-family properties was 1.8x at December 31, 2020. The properties had an average loan-to-value of 44.5% at December 31, 2020, which provides a cushion against potential declines in value.

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Construction Loans

Construction lending involves additional risks when compared to permanent loans. These risks include completion risk, which is impacted by unanticipated delays and/or cost overruns, and market risk, i.e., the risk that market rental rates and/or market sales prices may decline before the project is completed. Therefore, only on a very selective basis will the Bank originate construction loans. These loans are both extensive renovation loans as well as ground-up construction. In all cases the owner/developer will have extensive construction experience, sufficient equity in the transaction (maximum loan to cost of 65%) and personal recourse on the loan. The Bank has established limits for construction lending as a percentage of risk-based capital.

Commercial and Industrial Loans

C&I credit facilities are made to a wide range of industries. The principals of the companies have extensive experience in acquiring and operating their business. The industries include retail, wholesale and importers and exporters of a wide range of products. The loans are secured by the assets of the company including accounts receivable, inventory and equipment and, in almost all cases, are personally guaranteed. Collateral may also include owner-occupied real estate. The Bank targets companies that have $200 million of revenues or less.

The Bank’s lines of credit are generally renewed on an annual basis, and its term loans typically have terms of two to five years. The credit facilities may be made with either fixed or floating rates.

C&I loans are subject to risk factors that are unique to each business. In underwriting these loans, the Bank seeks to gain an understanding of each client’s business in order to accurately assess the reliability of the company’s cash flows. The Bank prefers to lend to borrowers who are well capitalized, and have an established track record in their business, with predictable growth and cash flows.

At December 31, 2020, $218.7 million, or 37.0% of the Bank’s commercial and industrial loan portfolio consisted of loans to the healthcare industry, of which $103.5 million, or 47.3%, of these loans were made to nursing and residential care facilities. These loans are made to borrowers with strong cash flows and the Bank generally obtains the personal guarantee of high net worth sponsors. Within the C&I lending group, the Bank has lenders who are well experienced in lending to the healthcare industry, and particularly to skilled nursing homes. They generally originate loans with very experienced operators who typically have over 1,000 beds under management. In all cases these loans are secured by the assets of the operating company, and in almost all cases the credit facilities are personally guaranteed by principals of the company, who are typically high net worth individuals. The Bank also originates term loans to standalone medical facilities such as radiology and dialysis centers and medical practices, which are secured by the assets of the company and the personal guaranties of the physicians within the practice.

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Consumer Loans

The Bank purchases consumer loans nationwide through a physician-focused finance company. The loans are made only to healthcare professionals who meet specific credit criteria, and all loans are independently underwritten by the Bank. The Bank also purchased consumer loans from a regional bank that offers student loan refinancing to individuals who are no longer students, but are now employed in their chosen professions. These individuals must also meet high credit standards and the Bank independently re-underwrites these loans. At December 31, 2020, consumer loans comprised 1.5% of the Bank’s loan portfolio. Beginning in 2019, the Bank had decided to no longer purchase or originate consumer loans; however, this may change in the future.

Deposit Products and Services

The Bank’s retail products and services are similar to those of mid-to-large competitive banks in its market, and include, but are not limited to, online banking, mobile banking, ACH, and remote deposit capture. The Bank has and will continue to make investments in technology to meet the needs of its customers.

Global Payments Business

The Bank administers domestic and international digital payment settlements on behalf of its FinTech clients, provides cash management solutions to its digital currency clients and serves as an issuing bank for third-party debit card programs nationwide. The Bank acts as the depository institution for the processing of credit and debit card payments made to various businesses. The Bank has designed products that enable clients to process electronic payments more easily and to better manage their risk of loss. These client accounts are a source of demand deposits and fee income. The Bank maintains a robust risk management program that is designed to ensure safe and sound operations in compliance with applicable laws, rules and guidance around its global payments products.

Corporate Cash Management Deposit Accounts

The Bank’s entrepreneurial approach has encouraged management to find alternatives to traditional retail bank services, such as corporate cash management deposit accounts. These accounts belong to clients who are in possession of or have discretion over large deposits such as, but not limited to, property management companies, title companies and bankruptcy trustees. The accounts provide a significant source of deposits. At December 31, 2020, deposits in these accounts amounted to $1.61 billion, which was 42.2% of total deposits. These accounts included money market accounts, demand accounts and other interest-bearing transaction accounts.

Asset Quality

Non-Performing Assets

Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, non-accrual troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”), loans past due 90 days and still accruing and other real estate owned that has been acquired in partial or full satisfaction of loan obligations or upon foreclosure. Past due status on all loans is based on the contractual terms of the loan. It is generally the Bank’s policy that a loan 90 days past due be placed on non-accrual status unless factors exist that would eliminate the need to place a loan in this status. A loan may also be designated as non-accrual at any time if payment of principal or interest in full is not expected due to deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. At the time loans are placed on non-accrual status, the accrual of interest is discontinued, and previously accrued interest is reversed. Payments received on non-accrual loans are generally applied to principal. Loans are considered for return to accrual status when they become current as to principal and interest and remain current for a period of six consecutive months or when, in the opinion of management, the Bank expects to receive all of its original principal and interest.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The Bank works closely with borrowers that have financial difficulties to identify viable solutions that minimize the potential for loss. In that regard, the Bank modifies the terms of certain loans to maximize their collectability. Loans

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for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered TDRs under current accounting guidance. Modifications generally involve short-term deferrals of principal and/or interest payments, reductions of scheduled payment amounts, interest rates or principal of the loan, and forgiveness of accrued interest.

Impaired Loans

A loan is considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect both the principal and interest due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement.

The majority of the Bank’s impaired loans are secured and measured for impairment based on collateral valuations. It is the Bank’s policy to obtain updated appraisals by independent third parties on loans secured by real estate at the time a loan is determined to be impaired. An impairment measurement is performed based upon the most recent appraisal on file to determine the amount of any specific allocation or charge-off. In determining the amount of any specific allocation or charge-off, the Bank will make adjustments to reflect the estimated costs to sell the collateral. Upon receipt and review of the updated appraisal, an additional measurement is performed to determine if any adjustments are necessary to reflect the proper provisioning or charge-off. Impaired loans are reviewed on a quarterly basis to determine if any changes in credit quality or market conditions would require any additional allocation or recognition of additional charge-offs. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using (i) an appraisal, (ii) net book value of the collateral per the borrower’s financial statements, or (iii) accounts receivable aging reports, that may be adjusted based on management’s knowledge of the client and client’s business. If market conditions warrant, future appraisals are obtained for both real estate and non-real estate collateral.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The Allowance for Loan Losses (“ALLL”) is established based on management’s evaluation of the probable incurred losses inherent in the Bank’s portfolio in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and is comprised of both specific valuation allowances and general valuation allowances.

Specific valuation allowances are established based on management’s analysis of individually impaired loans. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, evaluations of the underlying collateral, expected cash flows, delinquent or unpaid property taxes, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. If a loan is determined to be impaired and is placed on non-accrual status, all future payments received are applied to principal and a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from sale of the collateral.

The general component of ALLL covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current qualitative factors. Loans not impaired but classified as substandard and special mention use a historical loss factor on a rolling two-year history of net losses. For unclassified loans, the historical loss experience is determined by portfolio class and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Bank over the most recent two years. This actual loss experience is supplemented with other qualitative factors based on the risks present for each portfolio class. These qualitative factors include consideration of the following: (1) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses; (2) changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; (3) changes in the trends in the type and volume and in terms of loans; (4) changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; (5) changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of non-accrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans; (6) changes in the quality of the Bank’s loan review system; (7) changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans; (8) the

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existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and (9) the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the institution’s existing portfolio.

The ALLL is increased through a provision for loan losses that is charged to operations. Loans are charged off against the allowance for loan losses when management believes that the collectability of all or a portion of the principal is unlikely. Management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is performed on a quarterly basis and takes into consideration such factors as the credit risk grade assigned to the loan, historical loan loss experience and review of specific impaired loans. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), which requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date be based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This Accounting Standard Update will be effective January 1, 2023 for the Company. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Accounting Matters – The FASB issued an accounting standard update that will result in a significant change in how the Company recognizes credit losses, which may have a material impact on its financial condition or results of operations.”

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The Bank controls credit risk both through disciplined underwriting of each transaction, as well as active credit management processes and procedures to manage risk and minimize loss throughout the life of a transaction. It seeks to maintain a broadly diversified loan portfolio in terms of type of customer, type of loan product, geographic area and industries in which business customers are engaged. The Bank has developed tailored underwriting criteria and credit management processes for each of the various loan product types it offers customers.

Credit Risk Management

Underwriting

In evaluating each potential loan relationship, the Bank adheres to a disciplined underwriting evaluation process including but not limited to the following:

| ● | understanding the customer’s financial condition and ability to repay the loan;

| ● | verifying that the primary and secondary sources of repayment are adequate in relation to the amount and structure of the loan;

| ● | observing appropriate loan to value guidelines for collateral-secured loans;

| ● | identifying the customer’s level of experience in their business;

| ● | identifying macroeconomic and industry level trends;

| ● | maintaining targeted levels of diversification for the loan portfolio, both as to type of borrower and geographic location of collateral; and

| ● | ensuring that each loan is properly documented with perfected liens on collateral.

Credit Risk Management for Lending Products

Credit Risk Management strategies for specific lending products are outlined in the “Lending Products” section above.

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Loan Approval Authority

The Bank’s lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory, underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by its Board of Directors and management. The Bank has established several levels of lending authority that have been delegated by the Board of Directors to the Loan Committee and other personnel in accordance with the Lending Authority in the Commercial Loan Policy. Authority limits are based on the individual loan size and the total exposure of the borrower and are conditioned on the loan conforming to the policies contained in the Commercial Loan Policy. All loans over $7.5 million go to Loan Committee for approval. The Loan Committee is comprised of Board members and does not include members of management. There are four Board members who are permanent members of the Loan Committee; and a minimum of two other Board members rotate quarterly. Loans less than $7.5 million are approved by management subject to individual officer approval limits. Any loan policy exceptions are fully disclosed to the approving authority.

Loans to One Borrower

In accordance with loans-to-one-borrower regulations promulgated by the NYSDFS, the Bank is generally limited to lending no more than 15% of its capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits to any one borrower or borrowing entity. This limit may be increased by an additional 10% for loans secured by readily marketable collateral having a market value, as determined by reliable and continuously available price quotations, at least equal to the amount of funds outstanding. To qualify for this additional 10%, the Bank must perfect a security interest in the collateral and the collateral must have a market value at all times of at least 100% of the loan amount that exceeds 15% of the Bank’s capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits. At December 31, 2020, the Bank’s regulatory limit on loans-to-one borrower was $61.5 million.

Management understands the importance of concentration risk and continuously monitors the Bank’s loan portfolio to ensure that risk is balanced between such factors as loan type, industry, geography, collateral, structure, maturity and risk rating, among other things. The Bank’s Commercial Loan Policy establishes detailed concentration limits and sub-limits by loan type and geography.

Ongoing Credit Risk Management

In addition to the underwriting process described above, the Bank performs ongoing risk monitoring and reviews processes for all credit exposures. Although it grades and classifies its loans internally, the Bank has an independent third-party firm perform regular loan reviews to confirm loan classifications. The Bank strives to identify potential problem loans early in an effort to aggressively seek resolution of these situations before the loans create a loss, record any necessary charge-offs promptly and maintain adequate allowance levels for probable loan losses incurred in the loan portfolio.

In general, whenever a particular loan or overall borrower relationship is downgraded to pass-watch, special mention or substandard based on one or more standard loan grading factors, the Bank’s credit officers engage in active evaluation of the asset to determine the appropriate resolution strategy. Management and the Board of Directors regularly review the status of the watch list and classified assets portfolio as well as the larger credits in the portfolio.

Investments

The Bank’s investment objectives are primarily to provide and maintain liquidity, establish an acceptable level of interest rate risk and safely invest excess funds when demand for loans is weak. Subject to these primary objectives, the Bank also seeks to generate a favorable return. The Board of Directors has the overall responsibility for the investment portfolio, including approval of the Investment Policy. The Asset Liability Committee (“ALCO”) and management are responsible for implementation of the Bank’s investment policy and monitoring its investment performance. The ALCO reviews the status of its investment portfolio quarterly.

The Bank has legal authority to invest in various types of investment securities and liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various government-sponsored agencies, mortgage-backed and municipal government

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securities, deposits at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”), certificates of deposit of federally insured institutions, investment grade corporate bonds and investment grade money market mutual funds. It is also required to maintain an investment in FHLBNY stock, which investment is based primarily on the level of its FHLBNY borrowings. Additionally, the Bank is required to maintain an investment in Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) stock equal to six percent of its capital and surplus.

The large majority of its investments are classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and can be used to collateralize FHLBNY borrowings, FRB borrowings, public funds deposits or other borrowings. At December 31, 2020, the investment portfolio consisted primarily of residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, U.S. Government Agency securities, and CRA mutual funds.

In the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into an interest rate cap derivative contract as a part of its asset liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. The notional amount of the interest rate cap does not represent the amount exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the derivative contract. The interest rate subject to the cap is 30-day LIBOR.

Sources of Funds

Deposits

Deposits have traditionally been the Bank’s primary source of funds for use in lending and investment activities. The Bank generates deposits from prepaid third-party debit card programs, digital currency customers, its cash management platform offered to bankruptcy trustees, property management companies and others, local businesses, individuals through client referrals and other relationships and through its retail branch network. The Bank believes that it has a very stable deposit base as it successfully encourages its business borrowers to maintain their operating banking relationship with it. The Bank’s deposit strategy primarily focuses on developing borrowing and other service-oriented relationships with customers rather than competing with other institutions on rate. It has established deposit concentration thresholds to avoid the possibility of dependence on any single depositor base for funds.

Borrowings

The Bank maintains diverse funding sources including borrowing lines at the FHLB and the FRB discount window. The Bank utilizes advances from the FHLB to supplement its funding sources. The FHLB provides a central credit facility primarily for its member financial institutions. As a member, the Bank is required to own capital stock in the FHLB and is authorized to apply for advances collateralized by the security of such stock and certain of its whole first mortgage loans and other assets (principally securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the full faith and credit of the United States), provided certain standards related to creditworthiness have been met. Advances are made under several different programs, each having its own interest rate and range of maturities. Depending on the program, limitations on the amount of advances are based either on a fixed percentage of an institution’s net worth or on the FHLB’s assessment of the institution’s creditworthiness. The FRB discount window is maintained primarily for contingency funding sources.

As of December 31, 2020, the Bank did not have any borrowings from the FHLB or the FRB.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2020, the Company employed 189 individuals, nearly all of whom are full-time employees. This marks an increase of 19 employees, or approximately 10%, from December 31, 2019. Headcount growth to support our expanding businesses occurred in the Company’s Lending and Global Payments business lines as well as in the Operations, Technology and Risk Management groups. The Company employs a business model that combines high-touch service, new technologies and the relationship-based focus of a community bank with an extensive suite of banking and innovative financial services to businesses and individuals embracing the digital banking era.

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Talent Acquisition and Retention. Management seeks to hire, develop, promote and retain well-qualified employees who are aligned with the Company’s business model and community. The Company’s selection and promotion processes are without bias and include the active recruitment of minorities and women; approximately 50% of employees are women and 50% are minorities. The New York City labor market is very competitive. To attract and retain talent, the Company offers a competitive, performance-based compensation program and a benefits plan that includes health care coverage, retirement benefits, life and disability insurance, wellness programs, paid time off and leave policies, including paid maternity/paternity leave.

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Training and Development. The Company encourages and supports the growth and development of its employees and, whenever possible, seeks to fill positions by promotion and transfer from within the organization. The training and development of employees is a priority. All employees are required to do a minimum of 6.5 hours of compliance and technical training annually. Departments average an additional two hours per employee in additional training. The Company provides in-house training to employees on topics including leadership and professional development, cybersecurity, risk and compliance and technology.

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Safety, Health and Welfare. The safety, health and wellness of our employees is a top priority. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank continued to responsibly serve the needs of its customers while prioritizing the health and safety of employees. The Company identified the potential threat of COVID-19 in February 2020, activated its Pandemic Plan in March 2020, and had a fully remote workforce for its corporate office by early April 2020 as COVID-19 began to affect New York City, the Bank’s primary market. In September 2020, the Bank implemented its Return-to-Work Plan by bringing staff back incrementally subject to the recommended health protocols, with the objective of full return to premises in March 2021. The Pandemic Plan and Return-to-Work Plan incorporate guidance from the regulatory and health communities, defined by the Bank’s Business Continuity Response Team and the actions to be taken from the business lines up through the Board of Directors.

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The Bank’s actions ensured the Bank’s uninterrupted operational effectiveness, while safeguarding the health and safety of customers and employees. The Bank’s branch network continues to serve the local community and its online platforms facilitate alternate methods for its customers to meet their financial needs. While COVID-19 has resulted in widespread disruption to the lives and businesses of the Bank’s customers and employees, the Bank’s Pandemic Plan has enabled the Bank to remain focused on assisting customers and ensuring that the Bank remains fully operational.

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Subsidiaries

Metropolitan Commercial Bank is the sole subsidiary of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. and there are no subsidiaries of Metropolitan Commercial Bank.

Federal, State and Local Taxation

The following is a general description of material tax matters and does not purport to be a comprehensive review of the tax rules applicable to the Company.

For federal income tax purposes, the Company files a consolidated income tax return on a calendar year basis using the accrual method of accounting. The Company is subject to federal income taxation in the same manner as other corporations. For its 2020 taxable year, the Bank is subject to a maximum Federal income rate of 21%.

State and Local Taxation

The Company is subject to New York State and New York City income taxes on a consolidated basis.

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REGULATION

General

The Bank is a commercial bank organized under the laws of the state of New York. It is a member of the Federal Reserve System and its deposits are insured under the Deposit Insurance Fund (“DIF”) of the FDIC up to applicable legal limits. The lending, investment, deposit-taking, and other business authority of the Bank is governed primarily by state and federal law and regulations and the Bank is prohibited from engaging in any operations not authorized by such laws and regulations. The Bank is subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by, and the enforcement authority of, the NYSDFS and FRB, and to a lesser extent by the FDIC, as its deposit insurer. The Bank is also subject to federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), though, because it has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, the FRB and NYSDFS are responsible for examining and supervising the Bank’s compliance with these laws. The regulatory structure establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which a state member bank may engage and is primarily intended for the protection of depositors, customers and the DIF. The regulatory structure gives the regulatory agencies extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes.

The Company is a bank holding company, due to its control of the Bank, and is therefore subject to the requirements of the BHCA, and regulation and supervision by the FRB. The Company files reports with and is subject to periodic examination by the FRB.

Any change in the applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse impact on the Company and the Bank and their operations and the Company’s stockholders.

On May 24, 2018, the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief and Consumer Protection Act (the “Economic Growth Act”) was enacted to modify or remove certain financial reform rules and regulations, including some of those implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”). While the Economic Growth Act maintains most of the regulatory structure established by the Dodd-Frank Act, it amends certain aspects of the regulatory framework for small depository institutions with assets of less than $10 billion and for large banks with assets of more than $50 billion. Many of these changes could result in meaningful regulatory changes for banks and their holding companies.

In addition, the Economic Growth Act includes regulatory relief for community banks regarding regulatory examination cycles, call reports, the Volcker Rule, mortgage disclosures and risk weights for certain high-risk commercial real estate loans.

What follows is a summary of some of the laws and regulations applicable to the Bank and the Company. The summary is not intended to be exhaustive and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the actual laws and regulations.

Regulations of the Bank

Loans and Investments

State commercial banks have authority to originate and purchase any type of loan, including commercial, commercial real estate, residential mortgages or consumer loans. Aggregate loans by a state commercial bank to any single borrower or group of related borrowers are generally limited to 15% of the Bank’s capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits, plus an additional 10% if secured by specified readily marketable collateral.

Federal and state law and regulations limit the Bank’s investment authority. Generally, a state member bank is prohibited from investing in corporate equity securities for its own account other than the equity securities of companies through which the bank conducts its business. Under federal and state regulations, a New York state member bank may invest in investment securities for its own account up to specified limits depending upon the type of security. “Investment securities” are generally defined as marketable obligations that are investment grade and not predominantly

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speculative in nature. The NYSDFS classifies investment securities into five different types and, depending on its type, a state commercial bank may have the authority to deal in and underwrite the security. The NYSDFS has also permitted New York state member banks to purchase certain non-investment securities that can be reclassified and underwritten as loans.

Lending Standards and Guidance

The federal banking agencies adopted uniform regulations prescribing standards for extensions of credit that are secured by liens or interests in real estate or made for the purpose of financing permanent improvements to real estate. Under these regulations, all insured depository institutions, such as the Bank, must adopt and maintain written policies establishing appropriate limits and standards for extensions of credit that are secured by liens or interests in real estate or are made for the purpose of financing permanent improvements to real estate. These policies must establish loan portfolio diversification standards, prudent underwriting standards (including loan-to-value limits) that are clear and measurable, loan administration procedures, and documentation, approval and reporting requirements. The real estate lending policies must reflect consideration of the federal bank regulators’ Interagency Guidelines for Real Estate Lending Policies that have been adopted.

The FDIC, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the FRB have also jointly issued the “Concentrations in Commercial Real Estate Lending, Sound Risk Management Practices” (the “CRE Guidance”). The CRE Guidance, which addresses land development, construction, and certain multi-family loans, as well as commercial real estate loans, does not establish specific lending limits but rather reinforces and enhances these agencies’ existing regulations and guidelines for such lending and portfolio management. Specifically, the CRE Guidance provides that a bank has a concentration in CRE lending if  (1) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 100% or more of total risk-based capital; or (2) total reported loans secured by multi-family properties, non-farm non-residential properties (excluding those that are owner-occupied), and loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 300% or more of total risk-based capital and the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months. If a concentration is present, management must employ heightened risk management practices that address key elements, including board and management oversight and strategic planning, portfolio management, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing, and maintenance of increased capital levels as needed to support the level of commercial real estate lending.

Federal Deposit Insurance

Deposit accounts at the Bank are insured up to applicable legal limits by the FDIC’s DIF. Effective July 22, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act permanently raised the deposit insurance available on all deposit accounts to $250,000.

Under the FDIC’s risk-based assessment system, insured depository institutions were assigned a risk category based on supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital levels and certain other factors. An institution’s rate depended upon the category to which it is assigned, and certain adjustments specified by FDIC regulations. Institutions deemed less risky pay lower FDIC assessments. The Dodd-Frank Act required the FDIC to revise its procedures to base its assessments upon each insured depository institution’s total assets less tangible equity instead of deposits. The FDIC finalized a rule, effective April 1, 2011, that set the assessment range at 2.5 to 45 basis points of total assets less tangible equity. Effective July 1, 2016, the FDIC adopted changes that eliminated the risk categories and base assessments for most banks on financial measures and supervisory ratings derived from statistical modeling estimating the probability of failure over three years. In conjunction with the DIF reserve ratio achieving 1.5%, the assessment range (inclusive of possible adjustments) was also reduced for small institutions to a range of 1.5 to 30 basis points of total assets less tangible equity.

The FDIC may adjust its assessment scale uniformly, except that no adjustment can deviate more than two basis points from the base scale without notice and comment. No insured depository institution may pay a dividend if in default of the federal deposit insurance assessment.

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The FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. The Bank does not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of the Bank’s deposit insurance.

Capitalization

The FRB regulations require state member banks, such as the Bank, to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio, a total capital to risk-based assets and a Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. The existing capital requirements were effective January 1, 2015 and are the result of a final rule implementing regulatory amendments based on recommendations of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act.

The capital standards require the maintenance of a common equity Tier 1 capital ratio, Tier 1 capital ratio and total capital to risk-weighted assets ratio of at least 4.5%, 6% and 8%, respectively, and a leverage ratio of at least 4% Tier 1 capital. Common equity Tier 1 capital consists primarily of common stockholders’ equity and related surplus, plus retained earnings, less any amounts of goodwill, other intangible assets, and other items required to be deducted. Tier 1 capital consists primarily of common equity Tier 1 and Additional Tier 1 capital. Additional Tier 1 capital generally includes certain noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and related surplus and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital (common equity Tier 1 capital plus Additional Tier 1 capital) and Tier 2 capital. Tier 2 capital primarily includes capital instruments and related surplus meeting specified requirements and may include cumulative preferred stock and long-term perpetual preferred stock, mandatory convertible securities, intermediate preferred stock and subordinated debt. Also included in Tier 2 capital is the allowance for loan losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets. Calculation of all types of regulatory capital is subject to deductions and adjustments specified in the regulations.

In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets for purposes of calculating risk-based capital ratios, a bank’s assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets (e.g., recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes, residual interests), are multiplied by a risk weight factor assigned by the regulations based on perceived risks inherent in the type of asset. Higher levels of capital are required for asset categories believed to present greater risk. For example, a risk weight of 0% is assigned to cash and U.S. government securities, a risk weight of 50% is generally assigned to prudently underwritten first lien one-to four-family residential mortgages, a risk weight of 100% is assigned to commercial and consumer loans, a risk weight of 150% is assigned to certain past due loans or are on non-accrual status and a risk weight of between 0% to 600% is assigned to permissible equity interests, depending on certain specified factors.

In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The Bank’s capital conservation buffer was at 2.5% of risk-weighted assets at December 31, 2020.

As a result of the Economic Growth Act, banking regulatory agencies adopted a revised definition of “well capitalized” for financial institutions and holding companies with assets of less than $10 billion and that are not determined to be ineligible by their primary federal regulator due to their risk profile (a “Qualifying Community Bank”). The new definition expanded the ways that a Qualifying Community Bank may meet its capital requirements and be deemed “well capitalized.” The new rule establishes a community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) equal to the tangible equity capital divided by the average total consolidated assets. Regulators have established the CBLR to be set at 8.5% through calendar year 2021 and 9% thereafter. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, signed into law in response to the Novel Coronavirus pandemic, temporarily reduced the CBLR to 8%.

A Qualifying Community Bank that maintains a leverage ratio greater than 9% is considered to be well capitalized and to have met generally applicable leverage capital requirements, generally applicable risk-based capital requirements, and any other capital or leverage requirements to which such financial institution or holding company is subject.

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The Bank did not elect into the CBLR framework and at December 31, 2020, the Bank’s capital exceeded all applicable requirements.

Safety and Soundness Standards

Each federal banking agency, including the FRB, has adopted guidelines establishing general standards relating to, among other things, internal controls, information and internal audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings, compensation, fees and benefits and information security standards. In general, the guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired, and require appropriate systems and practices to identify and manage the risks and exposures specified in the guidelines. The guidelines prohibit excessive compensation as an unsafe and unsound practice and describe compensation as excessive when the amounts paid are unreasonable or disproportionate to the services performed by an executive officer, employee, director, or principal stockholder. The FDIC also has issued guidance on risks banks may face from third-party relationships (e.g., relationships under which the third-party provides services to the bank). The guidance generally requires the Bank to perform adequate due diligence on the third-party, appropriately document the relationship, and perform adequate oversight and auditing, in order to the limit the risks to the Bank.

Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action

Federal law requires that federal bank regulatory authorities take “prompt corrective action” with respect to institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the statute establishes five capital tiers: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized.

State member banks that have insufficient capital are subject to certain mandatory and discretionary supervisory measures. For example, a bank that is “undercapitalized” (i.e., fails to comply with any regulatory capital requirement) is subject to growth, capital distribution (including dividend) and other limitations, and is required to submit a capital restoration plan; a holding company that controls such a bank is required to guarantee that the bank complies with the restoration plan. If an undercapitalized institution fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” A “significantly undercapitalized” bank is subject to additional restrictions. State member banks deemed by the FRB to be “critically undercapitalized” also may not make any payment of principal or interest on certain subordinated debt, extend credit for a highly leveraged transaction, or enter into any material transactions outside the ordinary course of business after 60 days of obtaining such status, and are subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after obtaining such status.

The final rule that increased regulatory capital standards also adjusted the prompt corrective action tiers as of January 1, 2015 to conform to the new capital standards. The various categories now incorporate the newly adopted common equity Tier 1 capital requirement, an increase in the Tier 1 to risk-based assets requirement and other changes. Under the revised prompt corrective action requirements, insured depository institutions are required to meet the following in order to qualify as “well capitalized:” (1) a common equity Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.5%; (2) a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8%; (3) a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% and (4) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5%.

Dividends

Under federal and state law and applicable regulations, a state member bank may generally declare a dividend, without approval from the NYSDFS or FRB, in an amount equal to its year-to-date net income plus the prior two years’ net income that is still available for dividend. Dividends exceeding those amounts require application to and approval by the NYSDFS or FRB. To pay a cash dividend, a state member bank must also maintain an adequate capital conservation buffer under the new capital rules discussed above.

Incentive Compensation Guidance

The FRB, OCC, FDIC and other federal banking agencies have issued comprehensive guidance intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations, including state member banks and bank holding

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companies, do not undermine the safety and soundness of those organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The incentive compensation guidance sets expectations for banking organizations concerning their incentive compensation arrangements and related risk-management, control and governance processes. In addition, under the incentive compensation guidance, a banking organization’s federal supervisor, which for the Bank and the Company is the FRB, may initiate enforcement action if the organization’s incentive compensation arrangements pose a risk to the safety and soundness of the organization. Further, provisions of the Basel III regime described above limit discretionary bonus payments to bank and bank holding company executives if the institution’s regulatory capital ratios fail to exceed certain thresholds. The scope and content of the banking regulators’ policies on incentive compensation are likely to continue evolving.

Transactions with Affiliates and Insiders

Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act govern transactions between an insured depository institution and its affiliates, which includes the Company. The FRB has adopted Regulation W, which implements and interprets Sections 23A and 23B, in part by codifying prior FRB interpretations.

An affiliate of a bank is any company or entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the bank. A subsidiary of a bank that is not also a depository institution or a “financial subsidiary” under federal law is not treated as an affiliate of the bank for the purposes of Sections 23A and 23B; however, the FRB has the discretion to treat subsidiaries of a bank as affiliates on a case-by-case basis. Section 23A limits the extent to which a bank or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions” with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus. There is an aggregate limit of 20% of the bank’s capital stock and surplus for such transactions with all affiliates. The term “covered transaction” includes, among other things, the making of a loan to an affiliate, a purchase of assets from an affiliate, the issuance of a guarantee on behalf of an affiliate and the acceptance of securities of an affiliate as collateral for a loan. All such transactions are required to be on terms and conditions that are consistent with safe and sound banking practices and no transaction may involve the acquisition of any “low quality asset” from an affiliate unless certain conditions are satisfied. Certain covered transactions, such as loans to or guarantees on behalf of an affiliate, must be secured by collateral in amounts ranging from 100 to 130 percent of the loan amount, depending upon the type of collateral. In addition, Section 23B requires that any covered transaction (and specified other transactions) between a bank and an affiliate must be on terms and conditions that are substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the bank, as those that would be provided to a non-affiliate.

A bank’s loans to its executive officers, directors, any owner of more than 10% of its stock (each, an “insider”) and certain entities affiliated with any such person (an insider’s “related interest”) are subject to the conditions and limitations imposed by Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and the FRB’s Regulation O. The aggregate amount of a bank’s loans to any insider and the insider’s related interests may not exceed the loans-to-one-borrower limit applicable to state member banks. Aggregate loans by a bank to its insiders and insiders’ related interests may not exceed 15% of the bank’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus plus an additional 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus in the case of loans that are fully secured by readily marketable collateral, or when the aggregate amount on all of the extensions of credit outstanding to all of these persons would exceed the bank’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. With certain exceptions, such as education loans and certain residential mortgages, a bank’s loans to its executive officers may not exceed the greater of $25,000 or 2.5% of the bank’s unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus, but in no event more than $100,000. Regulation O also requires that any loan to an insider or a related interest of an insider be approved in advance by a majority of the board of directors of the bank, with any interested director not participating in the voting, if the loan, when aggregated with any existing loans to that insider or the insider’s related interests, would exceed the higher of $25,000 or 5% of the bank’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Generally, such loans must be made on substantially the same terms as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are no less stringent than, those that are prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with other persons and must not involve more than a normal risk of repayment. An exception is made for extensions of credit made pursuant to a benefit or compensation plan of a bank that is widely available to employees of the bank and that does not give any preference to insiders of the bank over other employees of the bank.

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Enforcement

The NYSDFS and the FRB have extensive enforcement authority over state member banks to correct unsafe or unsound practices and violations of law or regulation. Such authority includes the issuance of cease and desist orders, assessment of civil money penalties and removal of officers and directors. The FRB may also appoint a conservator or receiver for a state member bank under specified circumstances, such as where (i) the bank’s assets are less than its obligations to creditors, (ii) the bank is likely to be unable to pay its obligations or meet depositors’ demands in the normal course of business, or (iii) a substantial dissipation of bank assets or earnings has occurred due to a violation of law of regulation or unsafe or unsound practices. Separately, the Superintendent of the NYSDFS also has the authority to appoint a receiver or liquidator of any state-chartered bank under specified circumstances, including where (i) the bank is conducting its business in an unauthorized or unsafe manner, (ii) the bank has suspended payment of its obligations, or (iii) the bank cannot with safety and expediency continue to do business.

Federal Reserve System

Under FRB regulations, the Bank is required to maintain reserves at the FRB against its transaction accounts, including checking and Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (“NOW”) accounts. The regulations currently require that banks maintain average daily reserves of 3% on aggregate transaction accounts over $16.3 million and up to $124.2 million and 10% against that portion of total transaction accounts in excess of $124.2 million. The first $16.3 million of otherwise reservable balances are exempted from the reserve requirements. The Bank is in compliance with these requirements. The requirements are adjusted annually by the FRB and the FRB began paying interest on reserves in 2008.

Examinations and Assessments

The Bank is required to file periodic reports with and is subject to periodic examination by the NYSDFS and FRB. Federal and state regulations generally require periodic on-site examinations for all depository institutions. The Bank is required to pay an annual assessment to the NYSDFS and FRB to fund the agencies’ operations.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws

Federal Regulation

Under the CRA, the Bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation consistent with its safe and sound operation to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community. The CRA requires the FRB to assess its record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take that record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by the Bank. For example, the regulations specify that a bank’s CRA performance will be considered in its expansion (e.g., branching or merger) proposals and may be the basis for approving, denying or conditioning the approval of an application. As of the date of its most recent FRB examination during 2019, the Bank was rated “Satisfactory” with respect to its CRA compliance.

New York State Regulation

The Bank is also subject to provisions of the New York State Banking Law that impose continuing and affirmative obligations upon a banking institution organized in New York State to serve the credit needs of its local community. Such obligations are substantially similar to those imposed by the CRA. The latest New York State CRA rating received by the Bank is “Satisfactory.”

USA PATRIOT Act and Money Laundering

The Bank is subject to the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”), which incorporates several laws, including the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, or

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the USA PATRIOT Act and related regulations. The USA PATRIOT Act gives the federal government powers to address money laundering and terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. By way of amendments to the BSA, Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act implemented measures intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies. Further, certain provisions of Title III impose affirmative obligations on a broad range of financial institutions, including banks, thrifts, brokers, dealers, credit unions, money transfer agents and parties registered under the Commodity Exchange Act.

Among other things, Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act and the related regulations require:

| ● | Establishment of anti-money laundering compliance programs that includes policies, procedures, and internal controls; the designation of a BSA officer; a training program; and independent testing;

| ● | Filing of certain reports to Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and law enforcement that are designated to assist in the detection and prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing activities;

| ● | Establishment of a program specifying procedures for obtaining and maintaining certain records from customers seeking to open new accounts, including verifying the identity of customers;

| ● | In certain circumstances, compliance with enhanced due diligence policies, procedures and controls designed to detect and report money-laundering, terrorist financing and other suspicious activity;

| ● | Monitoring account activity for suspicious transactions; and

| ● | A heightened level of review for certain high-risk customers or accounts.

The USA PATRIOT Act also includes prohibitions on correspondent accounts for foreign shell banks and requires compliance with record keeping obligations with respect to correspondent accounts of foreign banks.

The bank regulatory agencies have increased the regulatory scrutiny of the BSA and anti-money laundering programs maintained by financial institutions. Significant penalties and fines, as well as other supervisory orders may be imposed on a financial institution for non-compliance with these requirements. In addition, for financial institutions engaging in a merger transaction, federal bank regulatory agencies must consider the effectiveness of the financial institution’s efforts to combat money laundering activities.

The Bank has adopted policies and procedures to comply with these requirements.

Privacy Laws

The Bank is subject to a variety of federal and state privacy laws, which govern the collection, safeguarding, sharing and use of customer information, and require that financial institutions have in place policies regarding information privacy and security. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires all financial institutions offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with the financial institution’s privacy policy and practices for sharing nonpublic information with third parties, provide advance notice of any changes to the policies and provide such customers the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of certain personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties. It also requires banks to safeguard personal information of consumer customers. Some state laws also protect the privacy of information of state residents and require adequate security for such data, and certain state laws may, in some circumstances, require the Bank to notify affected individuals of security breaches of computer databases that contain their personal information. These laws may also require the Bank to notify law enforcement, regulators or consumer reporting agencies in the event of a data breach, as well as businesses and governmental agencies that own data.

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Third-Party Debit Card Products and Merchant Services

The Bank is also subject to the rules of Visa, Mastercard and other payment networks in which it participates. If the Bank fails to comply with such rules, the networks could impose fines or require it to stop providing merchant services for cards under such network’s brand or routed through such network.

Consumer Finance Regulations

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. In this regard, the CFPB has several rules that implement various provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act that were specifically identified as being enforced by the CFPB. While the Bank is subject to the CFPB regulations, because it has less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets, the FRB and the NYSDFS are responsible for examining and supervising the Bank’s compliance with these consumer financial laws and regulations. In addition, the Bank is subject to certain state laws and regulations designed to protect consumers.

Other Regulations

The Bank’s operations are also subject to federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as:

| ● | The Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;

| ● | The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, requiring that borrowers for mortgage loans for one-to four-family residential real estate receive various disclosures, including good faith estimates of settlement costs, lender servicing and escrow account practices, and prohibiting certain practices that increase the cost of settlement services;

| ● | The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;

| ● | The Equal Credit Opportunity Act and other fair lending laws, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex and other prohibited factors in extending credit;

| ● | The Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use of credit reports on consumers and the provision of information to credit reporting agencies;

| ● | Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices laws and regulations;

| ● | The Fair Debt Collection Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies;

| ● | The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act; and

| ● | The rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.

The operations of the Bank are further subject to the:

| ● | The Truth in Savings Act, which specifies disclosure requirements with respect to deposit accounts;

| ● | The Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;

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| ● | The Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services;

| ● | The Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (also known as “Check 21”), which gives “substitute checks,” such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check; and

| ● | State unclaimed property or escheatment laws; and

| ● | Cybersecurity regulations, including but not limited to those implemented by NYSDFS.

Holding Company Regulation

The Company, as a bank holding company controlling the Bank, is subject to regulation and supervision by the FRB under the BHCA. The Company is periodically examined by and required to submit reports to the FRB and must comply with the FRB’s rules and regulations. Among other things, the FRB has authority to restrict activities by a bank holding company that are deemed to pose a serious risk to the subsidiary bank.

The FRB has historically imposed consolidated capital adequacy guidelines for bank holding companies structured similar, but not identical, to those of state member banks. The Dodd-Frank Act directed the FRB to issue consolidated capital requirements for depository institution holding companies that are no less stringent, both quantitatively and in terms of components of capital, than those applicable to institutions themselves. Consolidated regulatory capital requirements identical to those applicable to the subsidiary banks applied to bank holding companies as of January 1, 2015. The Company is subject to the consolidated holding company capital requirements.

The policy of the FRB is that a bank holding company must serve as a source of financial and managerial strength to its subsidiary banks by providing capital and other support in times of distress. The Dodd-Frank Act codified the source of strength policy.

Under the prompt corrective action provisions of federal law, a bank holding company parent of an undercapitalized subsidiary bank is required to guarantee, within specified limits, the capital restoration plan that is required of an undercapitalized bank. If an undercapitalized bank fails to file an acceptable capital restoration plan or fails to implement an accepted plan, the FRB may prohibit the bank holding company parent of the undercapitalized bank from paying dividends or making any other capital distribution.

As a bank holding company, the Company is required to obtain the prior approval of the FRB to acquire direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of a class of voting securities of any additional bank or bank holding company, to acquire all or substantially all of the assets of any additional bank or bank holding company or merging or consolidating with any other bank holding company. In evaluating acquisition applications, the FRB evaluates factors such as the financial condition, management resources and future prospects of the parties, the convenience and needs of the communities involved and competitive factors. In addition, bank holding companies may generally only engage in activities that are closely related to banking as determined by the FRB. Bank holding companies that meet certain criteria may opt to become a financial holding company and thereby engage in a broader array of financial activities.

FRB policy is that a bank holding company should pay cash dividends only to the extent that the company’s net income for the past two years is sufficient to fund the dividends and the prospective rate of earnings retention is consistent with the company’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. In addition, FRB guidance sets forth the supervisory expectation that bank holding companies will inform and consult with FRB staff in advance of issuing a dividend that exceeds earnings for the quarter and should inform the FRB and should eliminate, defer or significantly reduce dividends if  (i) net income available to stockholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividends, (ii) prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with the bank holding company’s capital needs and overall current and prospective financial condition,

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or (iii) the bank holding company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital adequacy ratios.

A bank holding company that is not well capitalized or well managed, or that is subject to any unresolved supervisory issues, is required to give the FRB prior written notice of any repurchase or redemption of its outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for repurchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such repurchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, will be equal to 10% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. The FRB may disapprove such a repurchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice or violate a law or regulation. However, FRB guidance generally provides for bank holding company consultation with FRB staff prior to engaging in a repurchase or redemption of a bank holding company’s stock, even if a formal written notice is not required.

The above FRB requirements may restrict a bank holding company’s ability to pay dividends to stockholders or engage in repurchases or redemptions of its shares.

Acquisition of Control of the Company

Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire control of a bank holding company such as the Company unless the FRB has prior written notice and has not issued a notice disapproving the proposed acquisition. In evaluating such notices, the FRB takes into consideration such factors as the financial resources, competence, experience and integrity of the acquirer, the future prospects the bank holding company involved and its subsidiary bank and the competitive effects of the acquisition. Control, as defined under federal law, means ownership, control of or holding irrevocable proxies representing more than 25% of any class of voting stock, control in any manner of the election of a majority of the company’s directors, or a determination by the regulator that the acquirer has the power to direct, or directly or indirectly to exercise a controlling influence over, the management or policies of the institution. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a bank holding company’s voting stock constitutes a rebuttable presumption of control under the regulations under certain circumstances including where, is the case with the Company, the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Federal Securities Laws

Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. is a reporting company subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”), which was enacted in April 2012, has made numerous changes to the federal securities laws to facilitate access to capital markets. Under the JOBS Act, a company with total annual gross revenues of less than $1.07 billion during its most recently completed fiscal year qualifies as an Emerging Growth Company (“EGC”). The Company qualifies as an EGC under the JOBS Act.

An EGC may choose not to hold stockholder votes to approve annual executive compensation (more frequently referred to as “say-on-pay” votes) or executive compensation payable in connection with a merger (more frequently referred to as “say-on-golden parachute” votes). An EGC also is not subject to the requirement that its auditors attest to the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting and can provide reduced disclosure regarding executive compensation. Finally, an EGC may elect to comply with new or amended accounting pronouncements in the same manner as a private company, but must make such election when the company is first required to file a registration statement. Such an election is irrevocable during the period a company is an EGC.

A company loses EGC status on the earlier of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year of the company during which it had total annual gross revenues of  $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year of the issuer following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of common equity securities of the company pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933; (iii) the date on which such company has, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.05 billion in non-convertible debt; or (iv) the date on which such company is deemed to be a

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“large accelerated filer” under Securities and Exchange Commission regulations (generally, at least $700 million of voting and non-voting equity held by non-affiliates).

The Company is likely to lose its EGC status on December 31, 2022 since that would the last day of the fiscal year of the Company following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of the common equity securities of the Company pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. The Company has policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations, and it reviews and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with these regulations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The Company’s operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to those described below, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, results of

operations, cash flows and the trading price of its common stock.

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Risks Related to the COVD-19 Outbreak

​

The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

​

The Novel Coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic has caused significant economic dislocation in the United States as many state and local governments have placed restrictions on businesses and residents. This has resulted in a slow-down in economic activity and a related increase in unemployment; and the stock markets have been highly volatile, and the value of bank stocks has been significantly impacted. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Federal Reserve reduced the benchmark fed funds rate to a target range of 0% to 0.25%, and the yields on 10- and 30-year treasury notes have declined to historic lows. Various state governments and federal agencies are requiring lenders to provide forbearance and other relief to borrowers (e.g., waiving late payment and other fees). The federal banking agencies have encouraged financial institutions to prudently work with affected borrowers and passed legislation to provide relief from reporting loan classifications due to modifications related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Certain industries have been particularly hard-hit, including the travel and hospitality industry, the restaurant industry and the retail industry. Finally, the spread of COVID-19 has caused the Bank to modify its business practices, including employee travel, implementing social-distancing protocols and requiring face coverings in public areas of Company facilities, and placing limitations on physical participation in meetings, events and conferences. The Bank may take further actions that may be required by government authorities or that the Bank determines are in the best interests of its employees, customers and business partners.

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Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the Bank. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain, including when COVID-19 can be controlled and abated resulting in a meaningful increase in economic activity. As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the related adverse local and national economic consequences, the Bank could be subject to any of the following risks, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on its business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations:

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| ● | demand for the Bank’s products and services may decline, making it difficult to grow assets and income;

| ● | if the economy is unable to substantially reopen, and high levels of unemployment continue for an extended period of time, loan delinquencies, problem assets, and foreclosures may increase, resulting in increased charge-offs and reduced income;

| ● | collateral for loans, especially real estate, may decline in value, which could cause loan losses to increase;

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| ● | due to recent legislation and government action limiting foreclosure of real property and reduced governmental capacity to effect business transactions and property transfers, the Bank may have more difficulty taking possession of collateral supporting its loans, which may negatively impact its ability to minimize losses, which could adversely impact its financial results;

| ● | access to collateral for existing loans and new loan production may be difficult as a result of COVID-19 making it difficult to obtain, on a timely basis, appraisals on the collateral;

| ● | the Bank’s allowance for loan losses may have to be increased if borrowers experience financial difficulties beyond forbearance periods, which will adversely affect its net income;

| ● | the net worth and liquidity of loan guarantors may decline, impairing their ability to honor commitments to the Bank;

| ● | as the result of the decline in the Federal Reserve Board’s target federal funds rate, the yield on the Bank’s assets may decline to a greater extent than the decline in its cost of interest-bearing liabilities, reducing its net interest margin and spread and reducing net income;

| ● | if legislation is enacted or governmental or regulatory action is enacted limiting the amount of ATM fees or surcharges that the Bank may receive or on its ability to charge overdraft or other fees, it could adversely impact the Bank’s financial results;

| ● | the Bank’s cyber security risks are increased as the result of an increased use of the Bank’s online banking platform and an increase in the number of employees working remotely;

| ● | the Bank relies on third party vendors for certain services and the unavailability of a critical service due to the COVID-19 outbreak could have an adverse effect on it; and

| ● | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation premiums may increase if the agency experiences additional resolution costs.

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Moreover, the Company’s future success and profitability substantially depends on the skills of its employees, including executive directors and officers, many of whom have held their positions with the Company for many years. The unanticipated loss or unavailability of key employees and/or a large number of employees due to the outbreak could harm the Company’s ability to operate or execute its business strategy. The Company may not be successful in finding and integrating suitable replacements in the event of such employee loss or unavailability.

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Risks Related to Lending Activities

A substantial portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio consists of CRE, multi-family real estate loans and commercial loans, which have a higher degree of risk than other types of loans.

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CRE, multi-family real estate and commercial loans are often larger and involve greater risks than other types of loans since payments on such loans are often dependent on the successful operation or development of the property or business involved. Accordingly, a downturn in the real estate market and/or a challenging business and economic environment may increase the Bank’s risk related to CRE, multi-family real estate and commercial loans. If the cash flows from business operations is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Further, due to the larger average size of such loans and that they are secured by collateral that is generally less readily-marketable as compared with other loan types, losses incurred on a small number of such loans could have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.

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In addition, CRE loan concentration is an area that has experienced heightened regulatory focus. Under CRE guidance issued by banking regulators, banks with holdings of CRE, land development, construction, and certain multi-family loans in excess of certain thresholds must employ heightened risk management practices. These loans are also subject to written policies that establish certain limits and standards. Such compliance requirements imposed on the Company’s CRE, multi-family or construction lending and the potential limits to the generation of these types of loans could have material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

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Because the Bank intends to continue to increase its commercial loans, its credit risk may increase.

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The Bank intends to increase its portfolio of commercial loans, including working capital lines of credit, equipment financing, healthcare and medical receivables, documentary letters of credit and standby letters of credit. These loans

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generally have more risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans and commercial loans secured by real estate. Since repayment of commercial loans depends on the successful management and operation of borrowers’ businesses, repayment of such loans can be affected by adverse conditions in the local and national economy. In addition, commercial loans generally have a larger average size as compared with other loans such as residential loans, and the collateral for commercial loans is generally less readily-marketable. The Bank’s plans to increase its portfolio of these loans could result in increased credit risk in the portfolio. An adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose the Bank to significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential mortgage loan or a commercial real estate loan.

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If the allowance for loan losses is not sufficient to cover actual loan losses, earnings could decrease.

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Loan customers may not repay their loans according to the terms of their loans, and the collateral securing the payment of their loans may be insufficient to assure repayment. The Bank may experience significant credit losses, which could have a material adverse effect on its operating results. Various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of the loan portfolio are made, including the creditworthiness of borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many loans. In determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses, management reviews the quality of its loan portfolio and its loss and delinquency experience and evaluates industry trends and economic conditions.

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The determination of the appropriate level of allowance is subject to judgment and requires the Bank to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which are subject to material changes. If assumptions prove to be incorrect, the allowance for loan losses may not cover losses in the loan portfolio at the date of the financial statements. Significant additions to the allowance would materially decrease net income. In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review the allowance for loan losses, the policies and procedures the Bank uses to determine the level of the allowance and the value attributed to non-performing loans or to real estate acquired through foreclosure. Such regulatory agencies may require an increase in the allowance for loan losses or the Bank to recognize loan charge-offs. Any significant increase in allowance for loan losses or loan charge-offs as required by these regulatory agencies could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition. See “Risk Factors – Risk Factors – The FASB issued an accounting standard update that will result in a significant change in how the Company recognizes credit losses, which may have a material impact on its financial condition or results of operations.”

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The performance of the Bank’s multi-family and mixed-use loans could be adversely impacted by regulation.

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Multi-family and mixed-use loans generally involve a greater risk than one- to-four family residential loans because of legislation and government regulations involving rent control and rent stabilization, which are outside the control of the borrower or the Bank, and could impair the value of the security for the loan or the future cash flows of such properties. On June 14, 2019, the State of New York enacted legislation increasing restrictions on rent increases in a rent-regulated apartment building, including, among other provisions, (i) repealing the “vacancy bonus” and “longevity bonus,” which allowed a property owner to raise rents as much as 20% each time a rental unit became vacant, (ii) eliminating high-rent vacancy deregulation and high-income deregulation, which allowed a rental unit to be removed from rent stabilization once it crossed a statutory high-rent threshold and became vacant, or the tenant’s income exceeded the statutory amount in the preceding two years, and (iii) eliminating an exception that allowed a property owner who offered preferential rents to tenants to raise the rent to the full legal rent upon renewal. The legislation still permits a property owner to charge up to the full legal rent once the tenant vacates. As a result, it is possible that rental income on certain rent-regulated properties might not rise sufficiently over time to satisfy increases in the loan rate at repricing or increases in overhead expenses (e.g., utilities, taxes, etc.). At December 31, 2020, the Bank has $187.2 million of rent-regulated stabilized multi-family loans, which had a weighted-average loan-to-value of 44.5%, a weighted average debt coverage ratio of 1.8x and a weighted average debt yield of 12.2%.

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Additionally, in order to provide meaningful support to homeowners struggling financially as a result of the COVID-19, several federal, state and local agencies have placed moratoriums on evictions and foreclosures within their respective jurisdictions.

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As a result of these legislative and regulatory actions as well as previously existing laws and regulations, it is possible that, if the cash flows from a collateral property is reduced (e.g., if leases are not obtained or renewed; or rental income cannot be collected and a non-paying tenant cannot be replaced), a borrower’s ability to repay a loan and the value of the security for the loan may be impaired. Therefore, it may be more difficult to identify impaired multi-family and mixed-use loans before they become problematic than residential loans.

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The Bank could be subject to environmental risks and associated costs on its foreclosed real estate assets, which could materially and adversely affect it.

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A material portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio is comprised of loans collateralized by real estate. There is a risk that hazardous or toxic waste could be discovered on the properties that secure these loans. If the Bank acquires such properties as a result of foreclosure, it could be held responsible for the cost of cleaning up or removing this waste, and this cost could exceed the value of the underlying properties and materially and adversely affect the Bank’s financial condition and results of operation.

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Risks Related to Economic Conditions

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A downturn in economic conditions could cause deterioration in credit quality, which could depress net income and growth.

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The Bank’s principal economic risk is the creditworthiness of its borrowers, which is affected by the strength of the relevant business market segment, local market conditions, and general economic conditions. The Bank’s loan portfolio includes many real estate secured loans, demand for which may decrease during economic downturns as a result of, among other things, an increase in unemployment, a decrease in real estate values and a slowdown in housing. If negative economic conditions develop in the New York market or the United States, the Bank could experience higher delinquencies and loan charge-offs, which would adversely affect its net income and financial condition. Furthermore, to the extent that real estate collateral is obtained through foreclosure, the costs of holding and marketing real estate collateral, as well as the ultimate values obtained from disposition, could reduce earnings and adversely affect the Bank’s financial condition.

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The Bank’s business and operations may be adversely affected by weak economic conditions.

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The Bank’s business and operations, which primarily consist of lending money to customers, borrowing money from customers in the form of deposits and investing in securities, are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States. If the U.S. economy weakens, growth and profitability from the Bank’s lending, deposit and investment operations could be constrained. Uncertainty about the federal fiscal policymaking process, the medium and long-term fiscal outlook of the federal government, and future tax rates is a concern for businesses, consumers and investors in the United States.

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The Bank’s business is also significantly affected by monetary and related policies of the U.S. federal government and its agencies. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond the Bank’s control. Adverse economic conditions and government policy responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects of the Bank.

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A substantial majority of the Bank’s loans and operations are in New York, and therefore its business is particularly vulnerable to a downturn in the New York City economy.

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The Bank is a community banking institution that provides banking services to the local communities in the market areas in which it operates, and therefore, its ability to diversify its economic risks is limited by its own local markets and economies. A large portion of the Bank’s business is concentrated in New York, and in New York City in particular. A significant decline in local economic conditions, caused by inflation, recession, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic calamities, unemployment or other factors beyond the Bank’s control, would likely cause an increase in the rates of delinquencies, defaults, foreclosures, bankruptcies and losses in its loan portfolio.

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As a result, a downturn in the local economy, generally and the real estate market specifically, could significantly reduce the Bank’s profitability and growth and adversely affect its financial condition.

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Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

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Interest rate shifts may reduce net interest income and otherwise negatively impact the Bank’s financial condition and results of operations.

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The majority of the Company’s banking assets are monetary in nature and subject to risk from changes in interest rates. The Bank’s earnings and cash flows depend, to a great extent, upon the level of its net interest income (the difference between the interest income earned on loans, investments, other interest earning assets, and the interest paid on interest bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings). Changes in interest rates can increase or decrease net interest income, because different types of assets and liabilities may react differently, and at different times, to market interest rate changes.

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When interest bearing liabilities mature or reprice more quickly, or to a greater degree, than interest earning assets in a period, an increase in interest rates could reduce net interest income. Similarly, when interest earning assets mature or reprice more quickly, or to a greater degree, than interest bearing liabilities, falling interest rates could reduce net interest income. Additionally, an increase in interest rates may, among other things, reduce the demand for loans and the Bank’s ability to originate loans and decrease loan repayment rates. A decrease in the general level of interest rates may affect the Bank through, among other things, increased prepayments on its loan portfolio and increased competition for deposits. Accordingly, changes in the level of market interest rates affect the Bank’s net yield on interest earning assets, loan origination volume and overall results.

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The Bank’s securities portfolio may be impacted by fluctuations in market value, potentially reducing accumulated other comprehensive income and/or earnings. Fluctuations in market value may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand.

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Risk Related to the Bank’s Operations

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A failure in the Bank’s operational systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could impair the Bank’s liquidity, disrupt its businesses, result in the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, damage its reputation and cause financial losses.

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The Bank’s operations rely on its computer systems, networks and third-party providers for the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other sensitive customer information. The Bank’s business, and in particular, the debit card and cash management solutions business, is dependent on its ability to process and monitor, on a daily basis, a large number of transactions, many of which are highly complex, across numerous and diverse markets. These transactions, as well as the information technology services provided to clients, often must adhere to client-specific guidelines, as well as legal and regulatory standards. Due to the breadth and geographical reach of the Bank’s client base, developing and maintaining its operational systems and infrastructure is challenging, particularly as a result of rapidly evolving legal and regulatory requirements and technological shifts. This is further exacerbated by the increased cybersecurity risks that exist during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Although the Bank takes protective measures to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information, its computer systems, software and networks may be vulnerable to unauthorized access, loss or destruction of data (including confidential client information), account takeovers, unavailability of service, computer viruses or other malicious code, cyber-attacks and other events that could have an adverse security impact. Furthermore, the Bank may not be able to ensure that all of its clients, suppliers, counterparties and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect themselves from cyber-attacks or to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. Given the increasingly high volume of transactions, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they can be discovered and rectified. In addition, the increasing reliance on technology systems and networks and the occurrence and potential adverse impact of attacks on such systems and networks, both generally and in the financial services industry, have enhanced government and

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regulatory scrutiny of the measures taken by companies to protect against cyber-security threats. As these threats and government and regulatory oversight of associated risks continue to evolve, the Company may be required to expend additional resources to enhance or expand upon the security measures it currently maintains. Although the Bank has developed, and continues to invest in, systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks, a breach of its systems or those of processors could result in: losses to the Bank and its customers; loss of business and/or customers; damage to its reputation; the incurrence of additional expenses (including the cost of notification to consumers, credit monitoring and forensics, and fees and fines imposed by the card networks); disruption to its business; an inability to grow its online services or other businesses; additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties, or the exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability — any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The Bank faces risks related to its operational, technological and organizational infrastructure.

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The Bank’s ability to grow and compete is dependent on its ability to build or acquire the necessary operational and technological infrastructure and to manage the cost of that infrastructure as it expands. Similar to other large corporations, operational risk can manifest itself in many ways, such as errors related to failed or inadequate processes, faulty or disabled computer systems, fraud by employees or outside persons and exposure to external events. In addition, the Bank is heavily dependent on the strength and capability of its technology systems, which are used both to interface with customers and manage internal financial and other systems. The Bank’s ability to develop and deliver new products that meet the needs of its existing customers and attract new ones depends on the functionality of its technology systems.

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The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The Bank’s future success will depend in part upon its ability to address the needs of its clients by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy client demands for convenience as well as to provide secure electronic environments and create additional efficiencies in its operations as it continues to grow and expand its market area. The Bank continuously monitors its operational and technological capabilities and makes modifications and improvements when it believes it will be cost effective to do so. Many of the Bank’s larger competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in operational and technological infrastructure. As a result, competitors may be able to offer more convenient products than the Bank, which would put it at a competitive disadvantage.

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The Bank also outsources some of its operational and technological infrastructure, including modifications and improvements to these systems, to third parties. If these third-party service providers experience difficulties, fail to comply with banking regulations or terminate their services and if the Bank is unable to replace them with other service providers, its operations could be interrupted. If an interruption were to continue for a significant period of time, its business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, perhaps materially. Even if the Bank were able to replace the third-party providers, it may be at a higher cost, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The Bank is subject to certain operational risks, including, but not limited to, customer or employee fraud and data processing system failures and errors.

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Employee errors and employee and customer misconduct could subject the Bank to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and have a material adverse impact on its reputation. Misconduct by its employees could include concealing unauthorized activities, engaging in improper or unauthorized activities on behalf of customers or improper use of confidential information. It is not always possible to prevent employee errors and misconduct, and the precautions the Bank takes to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases. Employee errors could also subject the Bank to financial claims for negligence.

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The Bank maintains a system of internal controls and insurance coverage to mitigate operational risks, including data processing system failures and errors and customer or employee fraud. If internal controls fail to prevent or detect an occurrence, or if any resulting loss is not insured or exceeds applicable insurance limits, it could have a material adverse impact on the Bank’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The Bank relies heavily on its executive management team and other key employees and could be adversely affected by the unexpected loss of their services.

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The Bank’s success depends in large part on the performance of its key personnel, as well as on its ability to attract, motivate and retain highly qualified senior and middle management and other skilled employees. Competition for employees is intense, and the process of locating key personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to execute its business plan may be lengthy. The Bank may not be successful in retaining its key employees, and the unexpected loss of services of one or more of key personnel could have a material adverse effect on its business because of their skills, knowledge of primary markets, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. If the services of any key personnel should become unavailable for any reason, the Bank may not be able to identify and hire qualified persons on acceptable terms, or at all, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects of the Bank.

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If the Bank’s enterprise risk management framework is not effective at mitigating interest rate risk, market risk and strategic risk, it could suffer unexpected losses and its results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

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The Bank’s enterprise risk management framework seeks to achieve an appropriate balance between risk and return, which is critical to optimizing stockholder value. The Bank has established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report and analyze the types of risk to which it is subject, including credit, liquidity, operational, regulatory compliance and reputational risks. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to these risk management strategies as there may exist, or develop in the future, risks that have not been appropriately anticipated or identified. If the Bank’s risk management framework proves ineffective, it could suffer unexpected losses and its business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

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A lack of liquidity could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

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Liquidity is essential to the Bank’s business. The Bank relies on its ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment and maturity schedules of loans to ensure that there is adequate liquidity to fund its operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on liquidity. The Bank’s most important source of funds is deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk/return tradeoff, which are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, local and national economic conditions, the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments and competing deposits. Further, the demand for the deposit products offered may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers’ disposable income or the monetary policy of the FRB, regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, the Bank would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase its funding costs and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposit products to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity.

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Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities and borrowings from the FHLB of New York. The Bank also has an available line of credit with FRBNY discount window. The Bank also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. The Bank’s access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize its activities, or on terms that are acceptable, could be impaired by factors that affect the Bank directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry, a decrease in the level of the Bank’s business activity as a result of a downturn in markets or by one or more adverse regulatory actions against the Bank.

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Any decline in available funding could adversely impact the Bank’s ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet expenses, or to fulfill obligations such as repaying borrowings or meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on its liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Other Risks Related to the Bank’s Business

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The Bank may be adversely impacted by the transition from LIBOR as a reference rate.

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In 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority announced that after 2021 it would no longer compel banks to submit the rates required to calculate the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). This announcement indicates that the continuation of LIBOR on the current basis cannot and will not be guaranteed after 2021, which is expected to be extended to June 30, 2023. In the U.S., the Alternative Reference Rates Committee of the FRB and the FRBNY identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as an alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rate.

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The Bank has a significant number of loans, borrowings and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR. The transition from LIBOR could create considerable costs and additional risk. Since proposed alternative rates are calculated differently, payments under contracts referencing new rates will differ from those referencing LIBOR. The transition will change the Bank’s market risk profiles, requiring changes to risk and pricing models, valuation tools, product design and hedging strategies. Furthermore, failure to adequately manage this transition process with customers could adversely impact the Bank’s reputation or could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The Bank is exposed to the risks of natural disasters and global market disruptions.

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The Bank handles a substantial volume of customer and other financial transactions every day. Its financial, accounting, data processing, check processing, electronic funds transfer, loan processing, online and mobile banking, automated teller machines, backup or other operating or security systems and infrastructure may fail to operate properly or become disabled or damaged as a result of a number of factors including events that are wholly or partially beyond its control, including major physical infrastructure outages, natural disasters or events arising from local or larger scale political or social matters, including terrorist acts, pandemics, and cyber-attacks. Operational risk exposures could adversely impact the Company’s results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, and cause reputational harm.

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Additionally, global markets may be adversely affected by natural disasters, the emergence of widespread health emergencies or pandemics, cyber-attacks or campaigns, military conflict, terrorism or other geopolitical events. Global market disruptions may affect the Bank’s business liquidity. Also, any sudden or prolonged market downturn in the United States or abroad, as a result of the above factors or otherwise could result in a decline in revenue and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations and financial condition, including capital and liquidity levels.

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Risks Related to the Bank’s Global Payments Business

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The Bank faces intense competition in the global payments industry.

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The global payments industry is highly competitive, continuously changing, highly innovative, and increasingly subject to regulatory scrutiny and oversight. Many areas in which the Bank competes evolve rapidly with innovative and disruptive technologies, shifting user preferences and needs, price sensitivity of merchants and consumers, and frequent introductions of new products and services. Competition also may intensify as new competitors emerge, businesses enter into business combinations and partnerships, and established companies in other segments expand to become competitive with various aspects of our business.

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The Bank competes with a wide range of businesses, some of which are larger operationally and/or financially, have larger customer bases, greater brand recognition, longer operating histories, a dominant or more secure position, broader geographic scope, volume, scale, resources, and market share than the Bank, or offer products and services that the Bank does not offer, which may provide them significant competitive advantages. Some competitors may also be subject to less burdensome regulatory requirements or may be smaller or younger companies that may be more agile and effective in responding quickly to user needs, technological innovations, and legal and regulatory changes. These competitors may devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sale of products and services, and/or offer lower prices or more effectively offer their own innovative programs, products, and services. If the Bank is not able to differentiate its

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products and services from those of its competitors, drive value for customers, or effectively and efficiently align its resources with its goals and objectives, the Bank may not be able to compete effectively in the market.

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Changes in card network fees could impact operations.

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Card networks periodically increase the fees (known as interchange fees) that are charged to acquirers and that the Bank charges to its merchants. It is possible that competitive pressures will result in the Bank absorbing a portion of such increases in the future, which would its increase costs, reduce profit margin and adversely affect its business and financial condition. In addition, the card networks require certain capital requirements. An increase in the required capital level would further limit the use of capital for other purposes.

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The Bank’s business could suffer if there is a decline in the use of prepaid cards as a payment mechanism or if

there are adverse developments with respect to the prepaid financial services industry in general.

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As the prepaid financial services industry evolves, consumers may find prepaid financial services to be less attractive than traditional or other financial services. If consumers do not continue or increase their usage of prepaid cards, including making changes in the way prepaid cards are loaded, the Bank’s operating revenues and prepaid card deposits may remain at current levels or decline. Any projected growth for the industry may not occur or may occur more slowly than estimated. If consumer acceptance of prepaid financial services does not continue to develop or develops more slowly than expected or if there is a shift in the mix of payment forms away from the Bank’s products and services, it could have a material adverse effect on the Bank’s financial position and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Competitive Matters

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The Bank operates in a highly competitive industry and faces significant competition from other financial

institutions and financial services providers, the result of which may decrease growth or profits.

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The Bank’s market area contains not only a large number of community and regional banks, but also a significant presence of the country’s largest commercial banks and the growing presence of FinTech financial services companies. The Bank competes with other state and national financial institutions, savings and loan associations, savings banks, credit unions and other companies offering financial services. Some of these competitors have a longer history of successful operations nationally and in the New York market area, greater ties to businesses expansive banking relationships, more established depositor bases, fewer regulatory constraints, better technology, and lower cost structures than the Bank does. Competitors with greater resources may possess an advantage through their ability to maintain numerous banking locations in more convenient sites, conduct more extensive promotional and advertising campaigns, or operate a more developed technology platform. Due to their size, many competitors may offer a broader range of products and services, as well as better pricing for certain products and services than the Bank can offer. Further, increased competition among financial services companies due to the recent consolidation of certain competing financial institutions may adversely affect the Bank’s ability to market its products and services.

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In addition, the Bank’s legally mandated lending limits are lower than those of certain of its competitors that have greater capital. Lower lending limits may discourage borrowers with lending needs that exceed these limits from doing business with the Bank. The Bank may try to serve such borrowers by selling loan participations to other financial institutions; however, this strategy may not succeed.

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Risks Related to Business Strategy

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The Bank may not be able to grow and if it does, it may have difficulty managing that growth.

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The Bank’s ability to grow depends, in part, upon its ability to expand its market share, successfully attract deposits, and identify loan and investment opportunities as well as opportunities to generate fee-based income. The Bank may not be successful in increasing the volume of loans and deposits at acceptable levels and upon terms it finds acceptable. The Bank may also not be successful in expanding its operations organically or through strategic acquisitions while managing the costs and implementation risks associated with this growth strategy.

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The Bank expects to grow the number of employees and customers and the scope of its operations, but it may not be able to sustain its historical rate of growth or continue to grow its business at all. Its success will depend upon the ability of its officers and key employees to continue to implement and improve operational and other systems, to manage multiple, concurrent customer relationships, and to hire, train and manage employees. In the event that the Bank is unable to perform all these tasks and meet these challenges effectively, including continuing its operations, and consequently its earnings, could be adversely impacted.

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Risks Related to Accounting Matters

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Changes in accounting standards could materially impact the Company’s financial statements.

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From time to time, the FASB or the SEC may change the financial accounting and reporting standards that govern the preparation of the Company’s financial statements. In addition, the bodies that interpret the accounting standards (such as banking regulators, outside auditors or management) may change their interpretations or positions on how these standards should be applied. These changes may be beyond the Company’s control, can be hard to predict, and can materially impact how it records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply a new or revised standard retrospectively, or apply an existing standard differently, also retrospectively, in each case resulting in it needing to revise or restate prior period financial statements. For more information on changes in accounting standards, see Note 3 to the audited financial statements in this Form 10-K.

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The FASB issued an accounting standard update that will result in a significant change in how the

Company recognizes credit losses, which may have a material impact on its financial condition or results of operations.

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In June 2016, the FASB issued an accounting standard update, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments,” which replaces the current “incurred loss” model for recognizing credit losses with an “expected loss” model referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) model. Under the CECL model, the Company will be required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment and held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the statement of financial condition and periodically thereafter. This differs significantly from the “incurred loss” model required under current GAAP, which delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. Accordingly, the Company expects that the adoption of the CECL model will materially affect how it determines allowance for loan losses and could require it to significantly increase the allowance. Moreover, the CECL model may create more volatility in the level of allowance for loan losses. If the Company is required to materially increase its level of allowance for loan losses for any reason, such increase could adversely affect its business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The new CECL standard will become effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning January 1, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the CECL model will have on its accounting; however, it expects to recognize a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to allowance for loan losses as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the new standard is effective. The Company cannot yet determine the magnitude of any such one-time cumulative adjustment or of the overall impact of the new standard on its financial condition or results of operations.

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Risk Related to Laws and Regulation and Their Enforcement

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The Company and the Bank’s business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects could be adversely affected by the highly regulated environment and the laws and regulations that govern it.

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The Company and the Bank are subject to extensive examination, supervision and comprehensive regulation by various federal and state agencies that govern almost all aspects of their operations. These laws and regulations are not intended to protect the Company’s stockholders. Rather, these laws and regulations are intended to protect customers,

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depositors, the Deposit Insurance Fund and the overall financial stability of the U.S economy. These laws and regulations, among other matters, prescribe minimum capital requirements, impose limitations on the business activities in which the Company or the Bank can engage, limit the dividend or distributions that the Bank can pay to it, restrict the ability of institutions to guarantee its debt, and impose certain specific accounting requirements that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to earnings or reductions in capital than GAAP would require. Compliance with these laws and regulations is difficult and costly, and changes to these laws and regulations often impose additional compliance costs. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could subject the Company or the Bank to restrictions on their business activities, fines and other penalties, the commencement of informal or formal enforcement actions against them, and other negative consequences, including reputational damage, any of which could adversely affect their business, financial condition, results of operations, capital base and the price of its securities. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive.

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The Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, imposed higher capital requirements on bank holding companies and changed the rules regarding FDIC insurance premiums. Compliance with the Dodd-Frank Act and its implementing regulations has and will continue to result in additional operating and compliance costs that could have a material adverse effect on business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects of the Company.

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Legislative and regulatory actions taken now or in the future may increase the Company’s costs and impact its business, governance structure, financial condition or results of operations.

​

Federal and state regulatory agencies frequently adopt changes to their regulations or change the manner in which existing regulations are applied. Certain aspects of current regulatory or legislative changes to laws applicable to the financial industry, if enacted or adopted: could expose it to additional costs, including increased compliance costs; impact the profitability of the Company’s business activities; require more oversight; or change certain of its business practices, including the ability to offer new products, obtain financing, attract deposits, make loans and achieve satisfactory interest spreads. These changes may also require the Company to invest significant management attention and resources to make any necessary changes to operations and could have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

​

Monetary policies and regulations of the FRB could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

​

In addition to being affected by general economic conditions, the Company’s earnings and growth are affected by the policies of the FRB. An important function of the FRB is to regulate the money supply and credit conditions. Among the instruments used by the FRB to implement these objectives are open market purchases and sales of U.S. government securities, adjustments of the discount rate and changes in banks’ reserve requirements against bank deposits. These instruments are used in varying combinations to influence overall economic growth and the distribution of credit, bank loans, investments and deposits. Their use also affects interest rates charged on loans or paid on deposits.

​

The monetary policies and regulations of the FRB have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future. The effects of such policies upon the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations cannot be predicted.

​

Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions. Recently, several banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 2. Properties

The Company’s headquarters are located at 99 Park Avenue, New York, New York. The Company has six banking centers – four are in Manhattan, New York, one is in Brooklyn, New York and one is in Long Island, New York. The Company believes that current facilities at its branches are adequate to meet its present and foreseeable needs. In April 2019, the Company executed a lease agreement to expand the space occupied at its headquarters at 99 Park Ave., New York, New York. The Company took possession of the new space during the third quarter of 2019 and commenced renovations. The Company vacated its existing space and moved into the new office in July 2020.

As of December 31, 2020, each of the Company’s offices and banking centers are leased.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The Bank is subject to certain pending and threatened legal actions that arise out of the normal course of business. Management, following consultation with legal counsel, does not expect the ultimate disposition of any or a combination of these matters to have a material adverse effect on its business. However, given the nature, scope and complexity of the extensive legal and regulatory landscape applicable to the business (including laws and regulations governing consumer protection, fair lending, fair labor, privacy, information security and anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws), the Bank, like all banking organizations, is subject to heightened legal and regulatory compliance and litigation risk.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company’s shares of common stock are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “MCB”. The approximate number of holders of record of the Company’s common stock as of March 4, 2021 was 95. The Company’s common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on November 8, 2017. The Company has not declared any dividends to date.

The Company has not historically declared or paid cash dividends on its common stock and does not expect to pay dividends for the foreseeable future. Instead, the Company anticipates that its future earnings will be retained to support operations and to finance the growth and development of the business. Any future determination to pay dividends on the Company’s common stock will be made by its Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including:

| ● | historical and projected financial condition, liquidity and results of operations;

| ● | the Company’s capital levels and requirements;

| ● | statutory and regulatory prohibitions and other limitations;

| ● | any contractual restriction on the Company’s ability to pay cash dividends, including pursuant to the terms of any of its credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements;

| ● | business strategy;

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| ● | tax considerations;

| ● | alternative use of funds, such as for any potential acquisitions;

| ● | general economic conditions; and

| ● | other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors.

There were no sales of unregistered securities or repurchases of shares of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Selected Financial Data for this item is not required. Information regarding the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and ratios can be found in “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of this Form 10-K.

​

​

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Executive Summary

The Company is a bank holding company headquartered in New York, New York and registered under the Bank Holding Company Act. Through its wholly owned bank subsidiary, Metropolitan Commercial Bank, a New York state chartered bank, the Company provides a broad range of business, commercial and retail banking products and services to small businesses, middle-market enterprises, public entities and affluent individuals in the New York metropolitan area.

The Bank’s primary lending products are commercial real estate loans, multi-family loans and commercial and industrial loans. Substantially all loans are secured by specific items of collateral including business assets, consumer assets, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial loans are expected to be repaid from cash flows from operations of businesses. The Bank’s primary deposit products are checking, savings, and term deposit accounts, and its deposit accounts are insured by the FDIC under the maximum amounts allowed by law. In addition to traditional commercial banking products, the Bank offers corporate cash management and retail banking services and, through its global payments business, provides global payments infrastructure to its FinTech partners, which includes serving as an issuing bank for third-party debit card programs nationwide. The Bank has developed various deposit gathering strategies, which generate the funding necessary to operate without a large branch network. These activities, together with six strategically located banking centers, generate a stable source of deposits and a diverse loan portfolio with attractive risk-adjusted yields.

The Company is focused on organically growing and expanding its position in the New York metropolitan area. Through an experienced team of commercial relationship managers and its integrated, client-centric approach, the Bank has successfully demonstrated its ability to consistently grow market share by deepening existing client relationships and continually expanding its client base through referrals and seeking out alternatives to traditional retail banking products. The Bank has maintained a goal of converting many of its commercial lending clients into full retail relationship banking clients. Given the size of the market in which the Bank operates and its differentiated approach to client service, there is significant opportunity to continue its loan and deposit growth trajectory. By combining the high-tech service and relationship-based focus of a community bank with an extensive suite of financial products and services, Metropolitan is well-positioned to continue to capitalize on the significant growth opportunities available in the New York metropolitan area.

Recent Events

In April 2019, the Company executed a lease agreement to expand the space occupied at its headquarters at 99 Park Ave., New York, New York. The Company took possession of the new space during the third quarter of 2019 and commenced renovations, which were completed during the third quarter of 2020. When the Company took possession of

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the new space, rent expense increased by $615,000 a quarter. The Company vacated its previous space in July 2020. As a result, beginning in August 2020, the Company has ceased rent payments on the former space resulting in a reduction of rent expense of approximately $195,000 per quarter.

The Novel Coronavirus: The Novel Coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”) has caused significant economic dislocation in the United States as many state and local governments have placed restrictions on businesses and residents. While many regions in the United States have started to reopen in phases, this process has been protracted, especially in New York City, the Company’s primary market area. This has resulted in a slow-down in economic activity and a related increase in unemployment. In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, the Federal Reserve reduced the benchmark fed funds rate to a target range of 0% to 0.25%, and the yields on 10- and 30-year treasury notes have declined to historic lows. Various state governments and federal agencies are requiring lenders to provide forbearance and other relief to borrowers (e.g., waiving late payment and other fees). The federal banking agencies have encouraged financial institutions to prudently work with affected borrowers and passed legislation that provided relief from reporting loan classifications due to modifications related to the COVID-19 outbreak. Certain industries have been particularly hard-hit, including the travel and hospitality industry, the restaurant industry and the retail industry. Finally, the spread of COVID-19 has caused the Bank to modify its business practices, including employee travel, employee work locations, and cancellation of physical participation in meetings, events and conferences. See “Impact of COVID-19 on the Bank” in this Item 7 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations for more information on the impact of COVID-19 on the Bank. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Report for further discussion on the risks to the Bank due to COVID-19.

Critical Accounting Policies

A summary of accounting policies is provided in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included in this report. Critical accounting estimates are necessary in the application of certain accounting policies and procedures and are particularly susceptible to significant change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those involving significant judgments and assumptions by management that could have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets or on income under different assumptions or conditions. Management believes the Company’s most critical accounting policy, which involve the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments, is as follows:

Allowance for Loan Losses

The ALLL has been determined in accordance with GAAP. The Bank is responsible for the timely and periodic determination of the amount of the allowance required. Management believes that the ALLL is adequate to cover specifically identifiable loan losses, as well as estimated losses inherent in the Bank’s portfolio for which certain losses are probable but not specifically identifiable.

Although management evaluates available information to determine the adequacy of the ALLL, the level of allowance is an estimate which is subject to significant judgment and short-term change. Because of uncertainties associated with local economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, collateral values and future cash flows of the loan portfolio, it is possible that a material change could occur in the ALLL in the near term. The evaluation of the adequacy of loan collateral is often based upon estimates and appraisals. Because of changing economic conditions, the valuations determined from such estimates and appraisals may also change. Accordingly, the Company may ultimately incur losses that vary from management’s current estimates. Adjustments to the ALLL will be reported in the period such adjustments become known or can be reasonably estimated. All loan losses are charged to the ALLL when the loss actually occurs or when the collectability of the principal is unlikely. Recoveries are credited to the allowance at the time of recovery. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

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Emerging Growth Company

Pursuant to the JOBS Act, an EGC is provided the option to adopt new or revised accounting standards that may be issued by the FASB or the SEC either (i) within the same periods as those otherwise applicable to non-EGCs or (ii) within the same time periods as private companies. The Company elected the option to utilize the delayed effective dates of recently issued accounting standards. As permitted by the JOBS Act, so long as it qualifies as an EGC, the Company will take advantage of some of the reduced regulatory and reporting requirements that are available to it, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and golden parachute payments.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

For a discussion of the impact of recently issued accounting standards, please see Note 3 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Selected Financial Information

The following table includes selected financial information for the Company for the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At or for the year ended December 31, |
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |
Performance Ratios |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Return on average assets |  | 1.02 | % | 1.06 | % | 1.31 | %
Return on average equity |  | 12.31 |  | 10.66 |  | 10.18 | ​
Net interest spread (1) |  | 2.83 |  | 2.55 |  | 2.74 | ​
Net interest margin (2) |  | 3.26 |  | 3.46 |  | 3.70 | ​
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  | 189.28 |  | 179.97 |  | 245.30 | ​
Non-interest expense/average assets |  | 1.93 |  | 2.11 |  | 2.23 | ​
Efficiency ratio |  | 52.51 |  | 55.39 |  | 52.13 | ​
Average equity to average total asset ratio |  | 8.30 |  | 9.93 |  | 12.86 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Earnings per Share |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Basic earnings per common share | $ | 4.76 | $ | 3.63 | $ | 3.12 | ​
Diluted earnings per common share | ​ | 4.66 | ​ | 3.56 | ​ | 3.06 | ​
​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
Asset Quality Ratios |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-Performing loans to total loans |  | 0.20 | % | 0.17 | % | 0.02 | %
Allowance for loan losses to total loans |  | 1.13 |  | 0.98 |  | 1.02 | ​
Non-performing loans to total assets |  | 0.15 |  | 0.13 |  | 0.01 | ​
Allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans | ​ | 554.19 | ​ | 584.73 | ​ | NM | ​
Allowance for loan losses to non-accrual loans | ​ | 630.02 | ​ | 643.13 | ​ | NM | ​
Non-accrual loans to total loans | ​ | 0.18 | ​ | 0.15 | ​ | 0.00 | ​
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding in aggregate | ​ | 0.01 | ​ | (0.14) | ​ | 0.06 | ​
Ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding by loan segment: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Real Estate: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commercial | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 0.01 | ​
Construction | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
Multi-Family | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
One-to-four family | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
Commercial and industrial | ​ | 0.02 | ​ | (0.86) | ​ | (0.37) | ​
Consumer | ​ | 0.43 | ​ | 0.45 | ​ | 0.42 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Capital Ratios |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Tier 1 leverage ratio |  | 8.46 | % | 9.42 | % | 13.72 | %
Common equity tier 1 |  | 10.07 |  | 10.10 |  | 13.22 | ​
Total risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 12.75 | ​ | 12.52 | ​ | 16.90 | ​
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio |  | 10.88 |  | 11.03 |  | 14.57 | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank: |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Tier 1 leverage ratio |  | 9.05 |  | 10.07 |  | 14.73 | ​
Common equity tier 1 | ​ | 11.63 | ​ | 11.79 | ​ | 15.63 | ​
Total risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 12.73 | ​ | 12.73 | ​ | 16.66 | ​
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 11.63 | ​ | 11.79 | ​ | 15.63 | ​

​

(1) | Determined by subtracting the weighted average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities from the weighted average yield on total interest-earning assets.

(2) | Determined by dividing net interest income by total average interest-earning assets.

NM – Not Meaningful

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Discussion of Financial Condition

Summary

The Company had total assets of $4.33 billion at December 31, 2020, an increase of 29.0% from December 31, 2019. Total loans before deferred fees increased to $3.14 billion at December 31, 2020, as compared to $2.67 billion at December 31, 2019. The increase from December 31, 2019 primarily included increases of $358.4 million in CRE loans (including multi-family and construction loans) and $142.9 million in C&I loans, partially offset by net paydowns and amortization of $11.3 million and $25.5 million in one- to four-family and consumer loans, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Bank’s loan production was $687.2 million, as compared to $1.1 billion for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019.

​

Total cash and cash equivalents were $864.3 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of 122.1% from December 31, 2019. The increases in cash and cash equivalents reflect the strong growth in deposits of $1.03 billion that exceeded growth in loans of $464.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2020. Total securities, primarily those classified as AFS, were $271.2 million at December 31, 2020, an increase of 12.6% from December 31, 2019.

​

Total deposits increased by $1.03 billion, or 36.8%, to $3.82 billion at December 31, 2020 from $2.79 billion at December 31, 2019. The year-to-date increase in deposits was due to increases of $624.6 million in non-interest-bearing deposits to $1.72 billion at December 31, 2020, as compared to $1.09 billion at December 31, 2019 and $403.2 million in interest-bearing deposits to $2.10 billion at December 31, 2020, as compared to $1.70 billion at December 31, 2019. The increase in deposits was primarily due to growth in U.S. bankruptcy trustee and property management accounts, as well as deposit growth in the Bank’s retail network. Non-interest-bearing deposits were 44.9% of total deposits at December 31, 2020, as compared to 39.1% at December 31, 2019.

​

In September 2020, the Bank fully paid down its Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, a decrease of $144.0 million from December 31, 2019.

Total stockholders’ equity was $340.8 million at December 31, 2020, as compared to $299.1 million at December 31, 2019. The increase of $41.7 million was primarily due to net income of $39.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Investments

The following table sets forth the stated maturities and weighted average yields of investment securities, excluding equity securities, at December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands). The table does not include the effect of prepayments or scheduled principal amortization. The weighted average yield for each group of securities was weighted by the par value of the securities in the group. The par values were as of December 31, 2020. Tax exempt-securities, if any, were presented on tax-equivalent basis.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | More than One Year | ​ | More than Five | ​
​ | ​ | One Year or Less | ​ | ​ | to Five Years | ​ | to Ten Years | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Weighted |  | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | Weighted |  | ​ | ​ |  | Weighted | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​
​ |  | Cost |  | Yield |  | ​ | Cost |  | Yield |  | Cost |  | Yield | ​
Available-for-sale |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | ​ | $ | 528 |  | 2.37 | % | $ | 21,170 |  | 1.28 | %
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ | ​ |  | 386 |  | 0.76 | ​ |  | 8,222 |  | 2.09 | ​
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ | ​ |  | 37,997 |  | 0.52 | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | ​ | $ | 38,911 |  | 0.54 | % | $ | 29,392 |  | 1.51 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-maturity | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Residential mortgage-backed securities | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 1,656 |  | 1.93 | %
Total securities held to maturity | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | ​ | $ | — |  | — | % | $ | 1,656 |  | 1.93 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | More than | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Ten Years | ​ | ​ | ​ | Total | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Fair | ​ | Average | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | Cost | ​ | Yield |  | ​ | Cost |  | Value | ​ | Yield | ​ | ​ | ​
Available-for-sale | ​ | ​ | ​ |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 170,465 | ​ | 1.11 | % | ​ | $ | 192,163 | $ | 194,688 | ​ | ​ | 1.13 | % | ​ | ​
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ |  | 23,981 | ​ | 1.39 | ​ | ​ |  | 32,589 |  | 33,492 | ​ | ​ | 1.56 | ​ | ​ | ​
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ |  | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ |  | 37,997 |  | 37,916 | ​ | ​ | 0.52 | ​ | ​ | ​
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 194,446 |  | 1.14 | % | ​ | $ | 262,749 | $ | 266,096 | ​ | ​ | 1.09 | % | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-maturity | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage-backed securities | ​ | $ | 1,104 | ​ | 1.41 | % | ​ |  | 2,760 |  | 2,827 | ​ | ​ | 1.72 | % | ​ | ​
Total securities held to maturity | ​ | $ | 1,104 |  | 1.41 | % | ​ | $ | 2,760 | $ | 2,827 | ​ | ​ | 1.72 | % | ​ | ​

There were no securities pledged as collateral at December 31, 2020. There were $126.2 million of AFS securities pledged as collateral for certain deposits at December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s securities portfolio primarily consisted of investment grade mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by government agencies.

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Other-Than-Temporary Impairment

Each reporting period, the Bank evaluates its AFS and HTM securities with a decline in fair value below the amortized cost of the investment to determine whether or not the impairment is deemed to be other-than-temporary. Other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) is required to be recognized if:  (1) the Bank intends to sell the security; (2) the Bank is more likely than not that the Bank will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) the present value of expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. For impaired securities that the Bank intends to sell, or more likely than not will be required to sell, the full amount of the impairment is recognized as OTTI, resulting in a realized loss that is a charged to earnings through a reduction in noninterest income. For all other impaired debt securities, credit-related OTTI is recognized through earnings and non-credit related OTTI is recognized in other comprehensive income/loss, net of applicable taxes.

The unrealized losses of securities at December 31, 2020 and 2019 are primarily due to the changes in market interest rates subsequent to purchase. The Bank does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired since the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality. In addition, the Bank does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell these investments until there is a full recovery of the unrealized loss, which may be at maturity. As a result, no impairment loss was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.

Loans

Loans are the Bank’s primary interest-earning asset. The following tables set forth certain information about the loan portfolio and asset quality.

The following tables set forth certain information at December 31, 2020 regarding the dollar amount of loan contractual maturities during the periods indicated. The tables do not include any estimate of prepayments that significantly shorten the average loan life and may cause actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below (in thousands).

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | Commercial | ​ | Consumer |  | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Real Estate |  | Construction |  | Multi-family |  | family |  | and industrial |  | loans |  | ​ | Total | ​
Amount due to Mature During the Year Ending: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
One year or less | ​ | $ | 364,550 | ​ | $ | 17,919 | ​ | $ | 8,479 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 246,340 | ​ | $ | 242 | ​ |  | 637,530 | ​
One to five years | ​ |  | 1,410,005 | ​ |  | 94,371 | ​ |  | 409,780 | ​ |  | 2,532 | ​ |  | 330,067 | ​ |  | 7,923 | ​ |  | 2,254,678 | ​
Five through 15 years | ​ |  | 112,950 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 14,980 | ​ |  | 62,088 | ​ |  | 15,093 | ​ |  | 38,266 | ​ |  | 243,377 | ​
Greater than 15 years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,734 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,734 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,887,505 | ​ | $ | 112,290 | ​ | $ | 433,239 | ​ | $ | 71,354 | ​ | $ | 591,500 | ​ | $ | 46,431 | ​ | $ | 3,142,319 | ​

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The following table sets forth the dollar amount of loans at December 31, 2020 that are due after one year and have either fixed interest rates or floating interest rates (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2020
​ |  | Fixed Rate Loans |  | % of Total Fixed Rate Loans |  | Floating Rate Loans |  | % of Total Floating Rate Loans |  | Total Loans
Real Estate: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |
Commercial | ​ | $ | 1,012,384 |  | 58.9 | % | $ | 510,571 |  | 64.8 | % | $ | 1,522,955
Construction | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ |  | 94,371 |  | 12.0 | ​ |  | 94,371
Multi-family | ​ |  | 398,285 |  | 23.2 | ​ |  | 26,475 |  | 3.4 | ​ |  | 424,760
One-to-four family | ​ |  | 65,100 |  | 3.8 | ​ |  | 6,254 |  | 0.8 | ​ |  | 71,354
Commercial and industrial | ​ |  | 220,130 |  | 12.8 | ​ |  | 125,030 |  | 15.9 | ​ |  | 345,160
Consumer | ​ |  | 21,488 |  | 1.3 | ​ |  | 24,701 |  | 3.1 | ​ |  | 46,189
Total | ​ | $ | 1,717,387 |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 787,402 |  | 100.0 | % | $ | 2,504,789

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Asset Quality

Non-performing assets consist of non-accrual loans, non-accrual troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”), and other real estate that has been acquired in partial or full satisfaction of loan obligations or upon foreclosure. Past due status on all loans is based on the contractual terms of the loan. It is generally the Bank’s policy that a loan 90 days past due be placed on non-accrual status unless factors exist that would eliminate the need to place a loan in this status. A loan may also be designated as non-accrual at any time if payment of principal or interest in full is not expected due to deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. At the time loans are placed on non-accrual status, the accrual of interest is discontinued and previously accrued interest is reversed. All payments received on non-accrual loans are applied to principal. Loans are considered for return to accrual status when they become current as to principal and interest and remain current for a period of six consecutive months or when, in the opinion of management, the Company expects to receive all of its original principal and interest. In the case of non-accrual loans where a portion of the loan has been charged off, the remaining balance is kept on non-accrual status until the entire principal balance has been recovered.

​

Non-accrual loans increased by $1.5 million to $5.6 million at December 31, 2020, as compared to $4.1 million at December 31, 2019, primarily due to the addition of one C&I loan, which was adversely affected by COVID-19, in the amount of $3.1 million, offset by a one-to-four family loan in the amount of $2.4 million, which was placed on non-accrual status in June 2019 and was taken off of non-accrual status following the borrower making current payments for six consecutive months since then. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had established a specific reserve of $2.8 million for the C&I loan.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance is an amount that management believes will be adequate to absorb probable incurred losses on existing loans. The allowance is established based on management’s evaluation of the probable incurred losses inherent in the Company’s portfolio in accordance with GAAP, and is comprised of both specific valuation allowances and general valuation allowances.

The allowance for loan losses is increased through a provision for loan losses charged to operations. Loans are charged against the allowance for loan losses when management believes that the collectability of all or a portion of the principal is unlikely. Management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is performed on a quarterly basis and takes into consideration such factors as the credit risk grade assigned to the loan, historical loan loss experience and review of specific impaired loans.

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The following tables set forth the allowance for loan losses allocated by loan category for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % of | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | % of | ​ | Loans in | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | % of |  | Loans in | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | Allowance |  | Category | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Allowance | ​ | Category | ​
​ | ​ | Allowance | ​ | to Total | ​ | to Total | ​ | Allowance | ​ | to Total |  | to Total | ​
​ |  | Amount |  | Allowance |  | Loans |  | Amount |  | Allowance |  | Loans |
Real Estate: |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial | ​ | $ | 17,243 |  | 48.7 | % | 60.0 | % | $ | 15,317 |  | 58.3 | % | 62.2 | %
Construction | ​ |  | 1,593 |  | 4.5 |  | 3.6 | ​ |  | 411 |  | 1.6 |  | 1.2 | ​
Multi-family | ​ |  | 2,661 |  | 7.5 |  | 13.8 | ​ |  | 2,453 |  | 9.3 |  | 14.0 | ​
One-to-four family | ​ |  | 206 |  | 0.6 |  | 2.3 | ​ |  | 267 |  | 1.0 |  | 3.1 | ​
Commercial and industrial | ​ |  | 12,123 |  | 34.2 |  | 18.8 | ​ |  | 7,070 |  | 26.9 |  | 16.8 | ​
Consumer | ​ |  | 1,581 | ​ | 4.5 | ​ | 1.5 | ​ | ​ | 754 | ​ | 2.9 | ​ | 2.7 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 35,407 |  | 100.0 | % | 100.0 | % | $ | 26,272 |  | 100.0 | % | 100.00 | %

​

Deposits

The tables below summarize the Bank’s deposit composition by segment for the periods indicated, and the dollar and percent change from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2018 to December 31, 2019 (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Percentage |  | ​ | ​ |  | Percentage
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of total | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | of total
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | balance | ​ | 2019 | ​ | balance
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | ​ | $ | 1,715,042 |  | 44.9 | % | $ | 1,090,479 |  | 39.1 | %
Money market | ​ |  | 1,993,514 |  | 52.2 | ​ |  | 1,573,716 |  | 56.3 | ​
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 17,895 |  | 0.5 | ​ |  | 16,204 |  | 0.6 | ​
Time deposits | ​ |  | 92,062 |  | 2.4 | ​ |  | 110,375 |  | 4.0 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 3,818,513 |  | 100.00 | % | $ | 2,790,774 |  | 100.0 | %

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 vs.2019 | ​ | 2020 vs.2019
​ | ​ | dollar | ​ | percentage
​ |  | Change |  | Change
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | ​ | $ | 624,563 |  | 57.3 | %
Money market | ​ |  | 419,798 |  | 26.7 | ​
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 1,691 |  | 10.4 | ​
Time deposits | ​ |  | (18,313) |  | (16.6) | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 1,027,739 |  | 36.8 | %

​

The tables below summarize the Bank’s average balances and average interest rate paid, by segment, for the periods indicated (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | Average Rate | ​ | 2019 | ​ | Average Rate
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | ​ | $ | 1,443,094 |  | — | % | $ | 968,030 |  | — | %
Money market | ​ |  | 1,782,031 |  | 0.52 | ​ |  | 1,229,955 |  | 1.85 | ​
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 16,077 |  | 0.29 | ​ |  | 18,141 |  | 0.66 | ​
Time deposits | ​ |  | 98,483 |  | 1.85 | ​ |  | 109,952 |  | 2.46 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 3,339,685 |  | 0.75 | % | $ | 2,326,078 |  | 1.88 | %

​

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As of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of uninsured deposits (deposits in amounts greater than or equal to $250,000, which is the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance) was $3.33 billion. In addition, as of December 31, 2020, the aggregate amount of the Bank’s uninsured time deposits was $42.5 million. The following are scheduled maturities of time deposits greater than $250,000 as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2020
Three months or less | ​ | $ | 3,379
Over three months through six months | ​ |  | 10,445
Over six months through one year | ​ |  | 8,818
Over one year | ​ |  | 19,830
Total | ​ | $ | 42,472

​

Borrowings

FHLB Advances

At December 31, 2020, the Bank did not have any FHLB borrowings as all of the previous $144.0 million of advances matured in 2020. At December 31, 2020, the Bank had the ability to borrow a total of $499.8 million from the FHLB. It also had an available line of credit with the FRBNY discount window of $123.8 million.

Trust Preferred Securities Payable

On December 7, 2005, the Company established MetBank Capital Trust I, a Delaware statutory trust (“Trust I”). The Company received all of the common stock of Trust I in exchange for contributed capital of $310,000. Trust I issued $10 million of preferred capital securities to investors in a private transaction and invested the proceeds, combined with the proceeds from the sale of Trust I’s common capital securities, in the Company through the purchase of $10.3 million aggregate principal amount of Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures (the “Debentures”) issued by the Company. The Debentures, the sole assets of Trust I, mature on December 9, 2035 and bear interest at a floating rate of 3-month LIBOR plus 1.85%. The Debentures became callable after five years. At December 31, 2020, the Debentures bore an interest rate of 2.09%.

On July 14, 2006, the Company established MetBank Capital Trust II, a Delaware statutory trust (“Trust II”). The Company received all of the common stock of Trust II in exchange for contributed capital of $310,000. Trust II issued $10 million of preferred capital securities to investors in a private transaction and invested the proceeds, combined with the proceeds from the sale of Trust II’s common capital securities, in the Company through the purchase of $10.3 million aggregate principal amount of Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures (the “Debentures II”) issued by the Company. The Debentures II, the sole assets of Trust II, mature on October 7, 2036, and bear interest at a floating rate of 3-month LIBOR plus 2.00%. The Debentures II became callable after five years of issuance. At December 31, 2020, the Debentures II bore an interest rate of 2.24%.

Subordinated Notes Payable

On March 8, 2017, the Company issued $25 million of subordinated notes at 100% issue price to accredited institutional investors. The notes mature on March 15, 2027 and bear an interest rate of 6.25% per annum. The interests are paid semi-annually on March 15th and September 15th of each year through March 15, 2022 and quarterly thereafter on March 15th, June 15th, September 15th and December 15th of each year.

In accordance with the terms of the subordinated notes, the interest rate from March 15, 2022 to the maturity date will reset quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the then current 3-month LIBOR (not less than zero) plus 426 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears.

The Company may redeem the subordinated notes beginning with the interest payment date of March 15, 2022 and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter. The subordinated notes may be redeemed in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest.

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The terms of the trust preferred securities and subordinated notes payable will be impacted by the transition from LIBOR to an alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rate, potentially the SOFR, in 2022. On November 30, 2020, announcement by LIBOR’s administrator, the ICE Benchmark Administration (IBA), signaled to the market that USD LIBOR for the most liquid maturities is now likely to continue to be published until June 30, 2023; however, no definitive announcement has been made on this delay. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the transition on the trust preferred securities payable.

Secured Borrowings

The Bank has loan participation agreements with counterparties. The Bank is generally the servicer for these loans. If the transfer of the participation interest does not qualify for sale treatment under current accounting guidance, the amount of the loan transferred is recorded as a secured borrowing. There were $37.0 million in secured borrowings as of December 31, 2020 and $43.0 million as of December 31, 2019.

Discussion of the Results of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2020

​

Net Income

Net income increased $9.4 million to $39.5 million for 2020, as compared to $30.1 million for 2019. This increase was primarily due to a $27.3 million increase in net interest income and a $6.4 million increase in non-interest income, offset by a $5.3 million increase in provision for loan losses, a $14.5 million increase in non-interest expense and a $4.5 million increase in income tax expense.

Net Interest Income Analysis

Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on assets and interest incurred on liabilities. The following presents an analysis of net interest income by each major category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 (dollars in thousands). The table presents the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Yields and costs were derived by dividing income or expense by the average balance of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, respectively, for the periods shown. Average balances were derived from daily balances over the periods indicated. Interest income included fees that management considered to be adjustments to yields. Yields on tax-exempt obligations were not computed on a tax equivalent basis. Non-accrual loans were included in the computation of average balances

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and therefore have a zero yield. The yields set forth below include the effect of deferred loan origination fees and costs, and purchase discounts and premiums that are amortized or accreted to interest income.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year ended December 31, | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​ | ​
(dollars in thousands) |  | Average Outstanding Balance |  | Interest |  | Yield/Rate |  | Average Outstanding Balance |  | Interest |  | Yield/Rate |  | Average Outstanding Balance |  | Interest |  | Yield/Rate |  |
Assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-earning assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loans (1) | ​ | $ | 2,888,180 | ​ | $ | 136,497 |  | 4.73 | % | $ | 2,304,158 | ​ | $ | 117,124 |  | 5.08 | % | $ | 1,604,624 | ​ | $ | 77,342 |  | 4.82 | % | ​
Available-for-sale securities | ​ | ​ | 192,472 | ​ | ​ | 3,108 |  | 1.59 | % | ​ | 142,135 | ​ |  | 3,579 |  | 2.52 | % | ​ | 28,482 | ​ |  | 608 |  | 2.13 | % | ​
Held-to-maturity securities | ​ | ​ | 3,282 | ​ | ​ | 59 |  | 1.77 | % | ​ | 4,158 | ​ |  | 84 |  | 2.02 | % | ​ | 4,987 | ​ |  | 104 |  | 2.06 | % | ​
Equity investments | ​ | ​ | 2,279 | ​ | ​ | 41 | ​ | 1.77 | % | ​ | 2,231 | ​ | ​ | 50 | ​ | 2.23 | % | ​ | 2,181 | ​ | ​ | 60 | ​ | 2.75 | % | ​
Overnight deposits | ​ | ​ | 732,130 | ​ | ​ | 2,546 |  | 0.35 | % | ​ | 349,123 | ​ |  | 7,752 |  | 2.22 | % | ​ | 268,636 | ​ |  | 5,042 |  | 1.88 | % | ​
Other interest-earning assets | ​ | ​ | 16,467 | ​ | ​ | 846 |  | 5.14 | % | ​ | 22,275 | ​ |  | 1,191 |  | 5.35 | % | ​ | 17,167 | ​ |  | 789 |  | 4.60 | % | ​
Total interest-earning assets | ​ | ​ | 3,834,810 | ​ | $ | 143,097 |  | 3.73 | % | ​ | 2,824,080 | ​ |  | 129,780 |  | 4.60 | % | ​ | 1,926,077 | ​ |  | 83,945 |  | 4.36 | % | ​
Non-interest-earning assets | ​ | ​ | 59,584 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 45,144 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | 43,206 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Allowance for loan and lease losses | ​ | ​ | (31,381) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (22,265) | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | (17,301) | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Total assets | ​ | $ | 3,863,013 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | $ | 2,846,959 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | $ | 1,951,982 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest-bearing liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Money market and savings accounts | ​ | $ | 1,798,109 | ​ | $ | 12,420 |  | 0.69 | % | $ | 1,248,096 | ​ | $ | 22,824 |  | 1.83 | % | $ | 600,334 | ​ | $ | 7,511 |  | 1.25 | % | ​
Certificates of deposit | ​ | ​ | 98,483 | ​ |  | 1,824 |  | 1.85 | % |  | 109,952 | ​ |  | 2,709 |  | 2.46 | % | ​ | 87,966 | ​ |  | 1,592 |  | 1.81 | % | ​
Total interest-bearing deposits | ​ | ​ | 1,896,592 | ​ |  | 14,244 |  | 0.75 | % |  | 1,358,048 | ​ |  | 25,533 |  | 1.88 | % | ​ | 688,300 | ​ |  | 9,103 |  | 1.32 | % | ​
Borrowed funds | ​ | ​ | 129,460 | ​ |  | 3,932 |  | 2.99 | % |  | 211,145 | ​ |  | 6,637 |  | 3.10 | % | ​ | 96,905 | ​ |  | 3,614 |  | 3.68 | % | ​
Total interest-bearing liabilities | ​ | ​ | 2,026,052 | ​ |  | 18,176 |  | 0.90 | % |  | 1,569,193 | ​ |  | 32,170 |  | 2.05 | % | ​ | 785,205 | ​ |  | 12,717 |  | 1.62 | % | ​
Non-interest-bearing liabilities: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Non-interest-bearing deposits | ​ | ​ | 1,443,094 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 968,030 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | 884,604 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Other non-interest bearing liabilities | ​ | ​ | 73,250 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 27,132 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | 31,143 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Total liabilities | ​ | ​ | 3,542,396 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 2,564,355 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | 1,700,952 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders' Equity | ​ | ​ | 320,617 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  | 282,604 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | 251,030 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Total liabilities and equity | ​ | $ | 3,863,013 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | $ | 2,846,959 | ​ |  |  |  | ​ | ​ | $ | 1,951,982 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net interest income | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | $ | 124,921 |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ | $ | 97,610 |  |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | $ | 71,228 |  |  | ​ | ​
Net interest rate spread (2) | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  | 2.83 | % |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | 2.55 | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  | 2.74 | ​ | ​
Net interest-earning assets | ​ | $ | 1,808,758 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | $ | 1,254,887 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | $ | 1,140,872 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ | ​
Net interest margin (3) | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  | 3.26 | % |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | 3.46 | ​ | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  | 3.70 | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

(3) | Amount includes deferred loan fees and non-performing loans.

(4) | Determined by subtracting the weighted average cost of total interest-bearing liabilities from the weighted average yield on total interest-earning assets.

(5) | Determined by dividing net interest income by total average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income for the periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The net column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately, based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume (in thousands).

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 over 2019 | ​ | 2019 over 2018
​ | ​ | Increase (Decrease) | ​ | Total | ​ | Increase (Decrease) | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | Due to | ​ | Increase | ​ | Due to | ​ | Increase
​ |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | (Decrease) |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | (Decrease)
Interest-earning assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Loans | ​ | $ | 28,054 | ​ | $ | (8,681) | ​ | $ | 19,373 | ​ | $ | 35,353 | ​ | $ | 4,429 | ​ | $ | 39,782
Available-for-sale securities | ​ |  | 1,063 | ​ |  | (1,534) | ​ |  | (471) | ​ |  | 2,843 | ​ |  | 128 | ​ |  | 2,971
Held-to-maturity securities | ​ |  | (16) | ​ |  | (9) | ​ |  | (25) | ​ |  | (18) | ​ |  | (2) | ​ |  | (20)
Equity investments | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | (10) | ​ | ​ | (9) | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | (11) | ​ | ​ | (10)
Overnight deposits | ​ | ​ | 4,449 | ​ | ​ | (9,655) | ​ | ​ | (5,206) | ​ | ​ | 1,682 | ​ | ​ | 1,028 | ​ | ​ | 2,710
Other interest-earning assets | ​ |  | (300) | ​ |  | (45) | ​ |  | (345) | ​ |  | 260 | ​ |  | 142 | ​ |  | 402
Total interest-earning assets | ​ | $ | 33,251 | ​ | $ | (19,934) | ​ | $ | 13,317 | ​ | $ | 40,121 | ​ | $ | 5,714 | ​ | $ | 45,835
Interest-bearing liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Money market and savings accounts | ​ | $ | 7,463 | ​ | $ | (17,867) | ​ | $ | (10,404) | ​ | $ | 10,725 | ​ | $ | 4,588 | ​ | $ | 15,313
Certificates of deposit | ​ |  | (262) | ​ |  | (623) | ​ |  | (885) | ​ |  | 457 | ​ |  | 660 | ​ |  | 1,117
Total deposits | ​ |  | 7,201 | ​ |  | (18,490) | ​ |  | (11,289) | ​ |  | 11,182 | ​ |  | 5,248 | ​ |  | 16,430
Borrowed funds | ​ |  | (2,473) | ​ |  | (232) | ​ |  | (2,705) | ​ |  | 3,656 | ​ |  | (633) | ​ |  | 3,023
Total interest-bearing liabilities | ​ |  | 4,728 | ​ |  | (18,722) | ​ |  | (13,994) | ​ |  | 14,838 | ​ |  | 4,615 | ​ |  | 19,453
Change in net interest income | ​ | $ | 28,523 | ​ | $ | (1,212) | ​ | $ | 27,311 | ​ | $ | 25,283 | ​ | $ | 1,099 | ​ | $ | 26,382

​

Net interest margin decreased 20 basis points to 3.26% for the year ended December 31, 2020 from 3.46% for 2019. Total average interest-earning assets increased $1.01 billion to $3.83 billion for 2020, as compared to $2.82 billion for 2019. The total yield on average interest-earning assets decreased 87 basis points to 3.73% for 2020, as compared to 4.60% for 2019. Average interest-bearing liabilities increased by $456.9 billion to $2.03 billion for 2020, as compared to $1.57 billion for 2019. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased 115 basis points to 0.90% for 2020, as compared to 2.05% for 2019. Non-interest-bearing deposits accounted for 42% of total funding for 2020, as compared to 38% for 2019.

The decreases in net interest margin for 2020, as compared to 2019 was due to significantly lower market interest rates as well as an increase in the level of liquid assets and securities on the balance sheet, which earn lower yields than the Bank’s loan portfolio. The Bank was successful in growing deposits by $1.03 billion in 2020, which exceeded net loan growth. As a result, the average balance of overnight deposits grew by $383.0 million to $732.1 million for 2020, as compared to $349.1 million for 2019. In addition, the average yield on overnight deposits was 0.35% for 2020, as compared to 2.22% for 2019, and the average balance of overnight deposits accounted for 19.1% and 12.4% of total average interest-earning assets for 2020 and 2019, respectively.

​

The decreases in yields on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities were primarily due to the several interest rate cuts by the Federal Reserve in 2019 and 2020. The Federal Reserve reduced interest rates three

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times for a total of 75 basis points in the third and fourth quarters of 2019 and, in response to COVID-19, reduced interest rates by an additional 50 basis points on March 3, 2020 and 100 basis points on March 15, 2020.

Interest Income

Interest income increased $13.3 million to $143.1 million for 2020, as compared to $129.8 million for 2019. This increase was primarily due to increases of $19.4 million in interest income on loans, partially offset by a $5.2 million decrease in interest on overnight deposits. The increase in interest income on loans was due to a $584.0 million increase in the average balance of loans to $2.89 billion, partially offset by a 35 basis point decrease in the average yield to 4.73% for 2020, as compared to an average balance of $2.30 billion and an average yield of 5.08% on loans for 2019. The increase in the average balance of loans reflects the Bank’s continued growth. The decrease in interest on overnight deposits was due to a 187 basis point decrease in the average yield on overnight deposits to 0.35% for 2020, partially offset by an increase of $383.0 million in the average balance of overnight deposits to $732.1 million for 2020, as compared to an average balance of $349.1 million and average yield of 2.22% on overnight deposits for 2019.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreased $14.0 million to $18.2 million for 2020, as compared to $32.2 million for 2019. This decrease was due primarily to a $11.3 million decrease in interest on deposits and a $2.4 million decrease in interest on borrowings. The decrease in interest expense on deposits was primarily due to a 113 basis point decrease in the average cost of deposits to 0.75%, partially offset by a $538.5 million increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits to $1.90 billion for 2020, as compared to an average balance of $1.36 billion and an average cost of 1.88% for 2019. The growth in the average balance of deposits was due primarily to the development of the Bank’s new corporate cash management product offered to bankruptcy trustees, property management companies and others who have control of or discretion over large cash positions.

Interest expense on borrowings decreased primarily due to a decrease in the average balance of borrowings of $81.7 million to $129.5 million for 2020, as compared to $211.1 million for 2019, as well as a decrease of 11 basis points in the average cost to 2.99%, as compared to 3.10% for 2019. The Bank had $144.0 million of FHLB advances mature during 2020.

Provision for Loan Losses

The provision for loan losses for 2020 was $9.5 million, as compared to $4.2 million for 2019. The increase in the provision reflected the economic conditions driven by COVID-19 as well as the loan growth during 2020. In the first quarter of 2020, the Bank recorded $3.1 million in additional provision due to the economic downturn resulting from COVID-19. The required provision for loan losses for 2019 was reduced due to $4.3 million of recoveries related primarily to the recovery of medallion loans previously charged-off in 2017 and 2016.

Non-Interest Income

Non-interest income increased by $6.4 million to $17.0 million for 2020, as compared to $10.6 million for 2019, primarily due to a $3.3 million gain on the sale of securities and an increase of $2.8 million in global payments revenue. The gain on securities sales was due to the sale of $108.1 million of available-for-sale securities, which were sold to realize gains as market rates decreased and prepayment speeds were anticipated to increase. The increase in global payments revenue reflects the growth in the global payments business.

Non-Interest Expense

Non-interest expense increased $14.5 million to $74.5 million for 2020 as compared to $60.0 million for 2019. The increase was primarily due to increases in compensation and benefits, licensing fees and technology costs, and Bank premises and equipment costs.

​

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Compensation and benefits increased $8.6 million to $39.8 million for 2020 as compared to $31.2 million for 2019. This increase was due primarily to an increase in total compensation in line with year-on-year loan growth and revenue generation as well as the increase in the number of full-time employees to 189 for 2020, as compared to 167 for 2019.

Licensing fees and technology costs increased $2.0 million to $13.0 million for 2020 as compared to $11.0 million for 2019. This increase was primarily due to increases in licensing fees related to certain corporate cash management deposits and technology costs. Licensing fees amounted to $9.7 million for 2020, an increase of $1.2 million over 2019. Average corporate cash management deposits related to these licensing fees amounted to $773.4 million for 2020, as compared to $375.3 million for 2019, primarily due to an increase in U.S. Bankruptcy Trustee deposit accounts. Technology costs were $3.4 million for 2020, an increase of $861,000 over 2019. The increase in technology costs was due to the growth of the business and its technology needs.

​

Bank premises and equipment was $8.3 million for 2020, an increase of $1.8 million over 2019, primarily due to the Company taking possession of and renovating new headquarters space. In addition, the Bank accelerated the amortization of $575,000 of leasehold improvements related to the Bank’s prior space at its headquarters in the first quarter of 2020.

​

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, which involve elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Exposure to credit loss is represented by the contractual amount of the instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

The following is a table of off-balance sheet arrangements broken out by fixed and variable rate commitments for the periods indicated therein (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019 | ​ | 2018 | ​
​ |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate |  | Fixed Rate |  | Variable Rate |
Undrawn lines of credit | ​ | $ | 19,024 | ​ | $ | 266,696 | ​ | $ | 17,204 | ​ | $ | 193,767 | ​ | $ | 7,737 | ​ | $ | 130,547 | ​
Letters of credit | ​ |  | 34,264 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 47,743 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 34,351 | ​ |  | — | ​
​ | ​ | $ | 53,288 | ​ | $ | 266,696 | ​ | $ | 64,947 | ​ | $ | 193,767 | ​ | $ | 42,088 | ​ | $ | 130,547 | ​

​

The following is a maturity schedule for the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Total |  | 2021 |  | 2022 - 2023 |  | 2024 - 2025 |  | thereafter
Undrawn lines of credit | ​ | $ | 285,720 | ​ | $ | 154,017 | ​ | $ | 114,641 | ​ | $ | 15,837 | ​ | $ | 1,225
Standby letters of credit | ​ |  | 34,264 | ​ |  | 18,759 | ​ |  | 15,505 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | $ | 319,984 | ​ | $ | 172,776 | ​ | $ | 130,146 | ​ | $ | 15,837 | ​ | $ | 1,225

​

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is the ability to meet current and future financial obligations of a short-term nature. The Bank’s primary sources of funds consist of deposit inflows, loan repayments and maturities and sales of securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows, mortgage prepayments and security sales are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

The Bank regularly reviews the need to adjust investments in liquid assets based upon an assessment of: (1) expected loan demand, (2) expected deposit flows, (3) yields available on interest-earning deposits and securities, and (4) the objectives of the ALCO program. Excess liquid assets are invested generally in interest earning deposits and short- and intermediate-term securities.

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The Bank’s most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents. The levels of these assets are dependent on operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, cash and cash equivalents totaled $864.3 million and $389.2 million, respectively. Securities classified as AFS, which provide additional sources of liquidity, totaled $266.1 million at December 31, 2020 and $234.9 million at December 31, 2019. There were no securities pledged as collateral at December 31, 2020. There were $126.2 million of AFS securities pledged as collateral for certain deposits at December 31, 2019.

At December 31, 2020, the Bank did not have any borrowing from the FHLB and had the ability to borrow $499.8 million from the FHLB. The Bank also had an available line of credit with the FRBNY discount window of $123.8 million.

The Bank has no material commitments or demands that are likely to affect its liquidity other than set forth below. In the event loan demand were to increase faster than expected, or any unforeseen demand or commitment were to occur, the Company could access its borrowing capacity with the FHLB or obtain additional funds through brokered certificates of deposit.

Time deposits due within one year of December 31, 2020 totaled $51.3 million, or 1.3% of total deposits. Total time deposits were $92.1 million, or 2.4% of total deposits, at December 31, 2020.

The Bank’s primary investing activities are the origination and purchase of loans and the purchase of securities. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Bank originated and purchased $687.2 million of loans and $234.4 million of securities. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Bank originated and purchased $1.1 billion of loans and purchased $226.9 million of securities.

Financing activities consist primarily of activity in deposit accounts. Total deposits increased by $1.03 billion and $1.13 billion for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Bank generates deposits from businesses and individuals through client referrals and other relationships and through its retail presence. The Bank has established deposit concentration thresholds to avoid the possibility of dependence on any single depositor base for funds.

The Bank has loan participation agreements with counterparties. The Bank is generally the servicer for these loans. If the transfer of the participation interest does not qualify for sale treatment under current accounting guidance, the amount of the loan transferred is recorded as a secured borrowing. There were $37.0 million in secured borrowings as of December 31, 2020 and $43.0 million as of December 31, 2019.

Regulation

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal banking agencies. At December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company and the Bank met all applicable regulatory capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under regulatory guidelines. The Company and the Bank manage their capital to comply with their internal planning targets and regulatory capital standards administered by

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federal banking agencies. The Company and the Bank review capital levels on a monthly basis. Below is a table of the Company and Bank’s capital ratios for the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31, | ​ | Minimum Ratio to be “Well Capitalized” |  | Minimum Ratio Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
The Company: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Tier 1 leverage ratio | ​ | 8.5% | ​ | 9.4% | ​ | N/A | ​ | 4.0% | ​
Common equity tier 1 | ​ | 10.1% | ​ | 10.1% | ​ | N/A | ​ | 4.5% | ​
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 10.9% | ​ | 11.0% | ​ | N/A | ​ | 6.0% | ​
Total risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 12.7% | ​ | 12.5% | ​ | N/A | ​ | 8.0% | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
The Bank: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Tier 1 leverage ratio | ​ | 9.0% | ​ | 10.1% | ​ | 5.0% | ​ | 4.0% | ​
Common equity tier 1 | ​ | 11.6% | ​ | 11.8% | ​ | 6.5% | ​ | 4.5% | ​
Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 11.6% | ​ | 11.8% | ​ | 8.0% | ​ | 6.0% | ​
Total risk-based capital ratio | ​ | 12.7% | ​ | 12.7% | ​ | 10.0% | ​ | 8.0% | ​

​

The banking regulatory agencies adopted a revised definition of “well capitalized” for financial institutions and holding companies with assets of less than $10 billion and that are not determined to be ineligible by their primary federal regulator due to their risk profile (a “Qualifying Community Bank”). The new definition expanded the ways that a Qualifying Community Bank may meet its capital requirements and be deemed “well capitalized.” The new rule establishes a community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) equal to the tangible equity capital divided by the average total consolidated assets. Regulators have established the CBLR to be set at 8.5% through calendar year 2021 and 9% thereafter. The CARES Act temporarily reduced the CBLR to 8%.

A Qualifying Community Bank that maintains a leverage ratio greater than 9% is considered to be well capitalized and to have met generally applicable leverage capital requirements, generally applicable risk-based capital requirements, and any other capital or leverage requirements to which such financial institution or holding company is subject.

The Bank did not elect into the CBLR framework and plans to continue to measure capital adequacy using the ratios in the table above. At December 31, 2020, the Bank’s capital exceeded all applicable requirements.

At both December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, total commercial real estate loans were 412.5% of risk-based capital.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Bank

Operational Readiness

​

The Company identified the potential threat of COVID-19 in February 2020, activated its Pandemic Plan in March 2020, and had a fully remote workforce for its corporate office by early April 2020 as COVID-19 began to affect New York City, the Bank’s primary market. The activation of the established Pandemic Plan allowed the Bank to react in a disciplined manner to a rapidly changing situation.

​

On September 7, 2020, the Bank implemented its Return-to-Work Plan, which allowed for up to 50% of employees to return to work. The Bank has made available, at no cost to employees, on-site COVID-19 testing on a two-week schedule. Based on the success of the on-site testing program, the Bank has revised its Return-to-Work Plan to allow up to 75% of employees to return to work as of January 11, 2021 and 100% of employees to return to work as of March 1, 2021. The Bank requires certain health protocols to be followed by all employees including, but not limited to, daily

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temperature checks prior to entering the common workspace, daily health certifications by employees, office cleaning measures, social distancing practices and the use of face coverings in all common areas.

​

The Bank’s actions ensured, and continue to ensure, the Bank’s uninterrupted operational effectiveness, while safeguarding the health and safety of its customers and employees. The Pandemic Plan and Return-to-Work Plan incorporate guidance from the regulatory and health communities, as implemented and monitored by the Bank’s Business Continuity Response Team. The Bank’s branch network continues to serve the local community and its online platforms facilitate alternate methods for its customers to meet their financial needs. While COVID-19 has resulted in widespread disruption to the lives and businesses of the Bank’s customers and employees, the Bank’s Pandemic Plan has enabled the Bank to remain focused on assisting customers and ensuring that the Bank remains fully operational.

​

Financial Impact

​

Loan Portfolio and Deferrals

​

The Bank has taken several steps to assess the financial impact of COVID-19 on its business, including contacting customers to determine how their business was being affected and analyzing the impact of the virus on the different industries that the Bank serves.

​

Loan Portfolio: As of December 31, 2020, total loans consisted primarily of CRE, C&I and multi-family mortgage loans. At December 31, 2020, the Bank’s loan portfolio includes loans to the following industries (dollars in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2020
​ | ​ | ​ | Balance | ​ | % of Total Loans
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CRE (1) |  | ​ |  |  |
Skilled Nursing Facilities |  | $ | 596,082 |  | 19.0%
Multi-family | ​ | ​ | 433,239 | ​ | 13.8%
Retail | ​ | ​ | 215,311 | ​ | 6.9%
Mixed use | ​ | ​ | 203,544 | ​ | 6.5%
Office | ​ | ​ | 179,219 | ​ | 5.7%
Hospitality | ​ | ​ | 132,921 | ​ | 4.2%
Construction | ​ | ​ | 112,290 | ​ | 3.6%
Other | ​ | ​ | 446,898 | ​ | 14.2%
Total CRE | ​ | $ | 2,319,504 | ​ | 73.9%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
C&I (2) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Healthcare | ​ | $ | 115,229 | ​ | 3.7%
Skilled Nursing Facilities | ​ |  | 103,469 | ​ | 3.3%
Finance & Insurance | ​ | ​ | 113,339 | ​ | 3.6%
Wholesale | ​ | ​ | 43,594 | ​ | 1.4%
Manufacturing | ​ | ​ | 14,904 | ​ | 0.5%
Transportation | ​ | ​ | 11,378 | ​ | 0.4%
Retail | ​ | ​ | 4,269 | ​ | 0.1%
Recreation & Restaurants | ​ | ​ | 6,912 | ​ | 0.2%
Other | ​ | ​ | 153,259 | ​ | 4.9%
Total C&I | ​ | $ | 566,353 | ​ | 17.9%

​

(1) | Commercial real estate, not including one-to-four family loans and participations

(2) | Net of premiums and overdraft adjustments

​

The largest concentration in the loan portfolio is to the healthcare industry, which amounted to $814.8 million, or 26.0% of total loans at December 31, 2020, including $699.6 million in loans to skilled nursing facilities (“SNF”). The

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Bank has not noted any significant impact on SNF loans because of COVID-19 as the demand for nursing home beds remains strong.

​

Loan Deferrals: The Bank has been working with customers to address their needs during this pandemic. These deferrals were not considered TDRs under Section 4013 of the CARES Act. The following is a summary of loan modifications requested and in process as of December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | CRE | ​ | C&I | ​ | 1-4 Family | ​ | Consumer | ​ | Total
Type of Deferral | ​ | Balance | ​ | Number of Loans | ​ | ​ | Balance | ​ | Number of Loans | ​ | ​ | Balance | ​ | Number of Loans | ​ | ​ | Balance | ​ | Number of Loans | ​ | Balance | ​ | Number of Loans
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Defer monthly principal payments | ​ | $ 121,395 |  | 24 | ​ | $ | — |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | — | ​ | $ | — |  | — | ​ | $ 121,395 |  | 24
Full payment deferral | ​ | 93,389 | ​ | 10 | ​ | ​ | 1,400 | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | 2,853 | ​ | 9 | ​ | ​ | 1,271 | ​ | 19 | ​ | 98,913 |  | 39
​ | ​ | $ 214,784 | ​ | 34 | ​ | $ | 1,400 | ​ | 1 | ​ | $ | 2,853 | ​ | 9 | ​ | $ | 1,271 | ​ | 19 | ​ | $ 220,308 | ​ | 63

​

Loan deferrals were $220.3 million, or 7.0% of total loans, at December 31, 2020.

​

The following is a summary of the weighted average loan-to-value ratio (“LTV”) for CRE and 1-4 Family loan modifications requested and in process as of December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Industry | ​ | Total Deferrals | ​ | Weighted Average LTV
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CRE: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Retail | ​ | $ 21,613 | ​ | 42.6%
Hospitality | ​ | 75,839 | ​ | 50.8%
Office | ​ | 12,339 | ​ | 28.1%
Mixed-Use | ​ | 22,200 | ​ | 63.2%
Multifamily | ​ | 53,912 | ​ | 15.7%
Warehouse | ​ | 15,271 | ​ | 32.0%
Other | ​ | 13,610 | ​ | 68.4%
Total CRE | ​ | 214,784 | ​ | 40.9%
1-4 Family | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential Real Estate | ​ | 2,853 | ​ | 45.0%
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | $ 217,637 | ​ | 41.0%

​

Allowance for Loan Losses: The Bank continues to assess the impact of the pandemic on its financial condition, including the determination of the allowance for loan losses. As part of that assessment, the Bank considers the effects of the impact of COVID-19 on macro-economic conditions such as unemployment rates and the gradual re-opening of all non-essential businesses. The Bank also analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on its primary market, which is the New York metropolitan area, as well as the impact on the Bank’s market sectors and its specific clients.

​

Based on current economic conditions, including the negative impact of COVID-19, and the Bank’s ALLL methodology, the total provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $9.5 million.

​

However, this is a period of great uncertainty. The impact of COVID-19 is likely to be felt over the next several quarters particularly as the term of loan modifications expire and borrowers return to a normal debt service schedule as well as the commencement of a repayment schedule for payments that were deferred. As such, significant adjustments to the ALLL may be required as the full impact of COVID-19 on the Bank’s borrowers becomes known.

​

Goodwill: The Company performed an impairment assessment and determined that no impairment of goodwill existed as of December 31, 2020.

​

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Liquidity: During periods of economic stress, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank closely monitors deposit trends and the Bank’s liquidity position. At December 31, 2020, deposits totaled $3.82 billion, an increase of $1.03 billion from total deposits of $2.79 billion at December 31, 2019. On December 31, 2020, total cash and cash equivalents amounted to $864.3 million, or 20.0% of total assets, and securities available for sale amounted to $266.1 million, or 6.1% of total assets. In addition, the Bank has available borrowing capacity of $499.8 million from the FHLB and an available line of credit of $123.8 million with the FRBNY. Management believes that the Bank has ample liquidity to address the COVID-19 uncertainties and remains vigilant in assessing its potential liquidity needs during this period.

​

Capital: At December 31, 2020, the Company and the Bank were considered well-capitalized. See regulatory ratios under the “Regulation” section herein.

​

​

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

General

The principal objective of the Company’s asset and liability management function is to evaluate the interest rate risk within the balance sheet and pursue a controlled assumption of interest rate risk while maximizing net income and preserving adequate levels of liquidity and capital. The Board of Directors has oversight of the Bank’s asset and liability management function, which is managed by the Bank’s ALCO. The ALCO meets regularly to review, among other things, the sensitivity of assets and liabilities to market interest rate changes, local and national market conditions and market interest rates. That group also reviews liquidity, capital, deposit mix, loan mix and investment positions.

Interest Rate Risk

As a financial institution, the Bank’s primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on most assets and liabilities, and the fair value of all interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, other than those which have a short term to maturity. Interest rate risk is the potential of economic losses due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current fair values. The objective is to measure the effect on net interest income and to adjust the balance sheet to minimize the inherent risk while at the same time maximizing income.

The Company manages its exposure to interest rates primarily by structuring its balance sheet in the ordinary course of business. The Bank generally originates fixed and floating rate loans with maturities of less than five years and the interest rate risk on these loans is offset by the cost of deposits, many of which generally pay interest based on a floating rate index. In the first quarter of 2020, the Bank entered into an interest rate cap derivative contract as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. The interest rate cap has a notional amount of $300 million and was designated as a cash flow hedge of certain deposits. The interest rate subject to the cap is 30-day LIBOR. Based upon the nature of operations, the Company is not subject to foreign exchange or commodity price risk and does not own any trading assets.

Net Interest Income At-Risk

The Bank analyzes its sensitivity to changes in interest rates through a net interest income simulation model. It estimates what net interest income would be for a one-year period based on current interest rates, and then calculates what the net interest income would be for the same period under different interest rate assumptions. For modeling purposes, the Bank reclassifies licensing fees on corporate cash management deposits from non-interest expense to interest expense since these fees are indexed to certain market interest rates.

The table below shows the estimated impact on net interest income for the one-year period beginning December 31, 2020 resulting from potential changes in interest rates, expressed in basis points. These estimates require certain assumptions to be made, including loan and mortgage-related investment prepayment speeds, reinvestment rates, and deposit maturities and decay rates. These assumptions are inherently uncertain. As a result, no simulation model can precisely predict the impact of changes in interest rates on net interest income.

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Although the net interest income table below provides an indication of interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such estimates are not intended to, and do not, provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on net interest income and will differ from actual results. The following table indicates the sensitivity of projected annualized net interest income to the interest rate movements described above at December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020
Change in Interest Rates (basis points) |  | Net Interest Income Year 1 Forecast |  | Year 1 Change from Level | ​
400 | ​ | $ | 159,725 | ​ | 25.24 | %
300 | ​ | ​ | 148,435 | ​ | 16.39 | ​
200 | ​ | ​ | 137,444 | ​ | 7.77 | ​
100 | ​ | ​ | 129,823 | ​ | 1.79 | ​
— | ​ | ​ | 127,535 | ​ | — | ​
-100 | ​ | ​ | 127,783 | ​ | 0.19 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

Given the recent decreases in market interest rates, the Company did not model a 200 basis point decrease in interest rates at December 31, 2020.

The table above indicates that at December 31, 2020, in the event of a 200 basis point instantaneous increase in interest rates, the Company would experience an 7.77% increase in net interest income. In the event of a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates, it would experience a 0.19% increase in net interest income.

Economic Value of Equity Analysis

The Bank analyzes the sensitivity of its financial condition to changes in interest rates through an economic value of equity model. This analysis measures the difference between predicted changes in the fair value of assets and predicted changes in the present value of liabilities assuming various changes in current interest rates.

The table below represents an analysis of interest rate risk as measured by the estimated changes in economic value of equity, resulting from an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in the yield curve (+100, +200, +300 and +400 basis points and -100 basis points) at December 31, 2020 (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Estimated Increase (Decrease) in | ​ | EVE as a Percentage of Fair
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | EVE | ​ | Value of Assets (3)
Change in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Increase
Interest Rates | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (Decrease)
(basis points) (1) |  | Estimated EVE (2) |  | Dollars |  | Percent |  | EVE Ratio (4) |  | (basis points)
+400 | ​ | $ | 416,356 | ​ | $ | 82,897 | ​ | 24.86 | % | 10.14 | ​ | 248.31
+300 | ​ | ​ | 398,807 | ​ | ​ | 65,348 | ​ | 19.60 | ​ | 9.57 | ​ | 192.02
+200 | ​ | ​ | 377,983 | ​ | ​ | 44,524 | ​ | 13.35 | ​ | 8.94 | ​ | 128.96
+100 | ​ | ​ | 356,446 | ​ | ​ | 22,987 | ​ | 6.89 | ​ | 8.30 | ​ | 64.60
— | ​ | ​ | 333,459 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | 7.65 | ​ | —
-100 | ​ | ​ | 232,784 | ​ | ​ | (100,675) | ​ | (30.19) | ​ | 5.33 | ​ | (232.83)

(1) | Assumes an immediate uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

(2) | EVE is the fair value of expected cash flows from assets, less the fair value of the expected cash flows arising from liabilities adjusted for the value of off-balance sheet contracts.

(3) | Fair value of assets represents the amount at which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing parties in an arms-length transaction.

(4) | EVE Ratio represents EVE divided by the fair value of assets.

Given the recent decreases in market interest rates, the Company did not model a 200 basis point decrease in interest rates at December 31, 2020.

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The table above indicates that at December 31, 2020, in the event of a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates, the Bank would experience a 30.19% decrease in its economic value of equity. In the event of a 200 basis points increase in interest rates, it would experience an increase of 13.35% in economic value of equity.

The preceding income simulation analysis does not represent a forecast of actual results and should not be relied upon as being indicative of expected operating results. These hypothetical estimates are based upon numerous assumptions, which are subject to change, including: the nature and timing of interest rate levels including the yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows, and others. Also, as market conditions vary, prepayment/refinancing levels, the varying impact of interest rate changes on caps and floors embedded in adjustable-rate loans, early withdrawal of deposits, changes in product preferences, and other internal/external variables will likely deviate from those assumed.

Effect of Inflation and Changing Prices

The consolidated financial statements and related financial data included in this report have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The primary impact of inflation on operations is reflected in increased operating costs. Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates generally have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than do general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the prices of goods and services.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

For the Company’s consolidated financial statements, see index on page 64.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure

| a) | Controls and Procedures

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) promulgated under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of December 31, 2020. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

| b) | Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s system of internal control over financial reporting is designed under the supervision of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP.

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Our internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of assets; provide reasonable assurances that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are made only in accordance with the authorization of management and the Board of Directors; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections on any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

As of December 31, 2020, management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based upon the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based upon its assessment, management believes that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 is effective using these criteria. This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit the Company (as an Emerging Growth Company) to provide only management’s report in this annual report.

​

| c) | Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no significant changes made in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2020 that had materially affected, or was reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information regarding the Company’s directors, executive officers and corporate governance is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive Proxy Statement for its 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2020. Specifically, the Company incorporates herein the information regarding its directors and executive officers included in the Proxy Statement under the headings “Proposal 1 — Election of Directors — Nominees and Continuing Directors,” “— Executive Officers Who Are Not Directors” and “— Delinquent Section 16(a)—Reports.”

Information regarding the Company’s corporate governance is incorporated herein by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Proposal 1 — Election of Directors — Committees of the Board of Directors — Audit Committee.” The Company has adopted a written Code of Ethics that applies to all directors, officers, including its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer or Controller, or persons performing similar functions, and employees. The Code of Ethics is published on the Company’s website, www.mcbankny.com. The Company will provide to any person, without charge, upon request, a copy of such Code of Ethics. Such request should be made in writing to: Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. 99 Park Ave, 12th Floor, New York, New York, 10016, attention: Investor Relations.

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Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information regarding executive and director compensation and the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors is incorporated herein by reference to the information in the Proxy Statement under the heading “Compensation Matters.”

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is included under the heading “Stock Ownership” in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

​

The following table shows information at December 31, 2020 for all equity compensation plans under which shares of the Company’s common stock may be issued:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Plan Category | ​ | Number of Securities To be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Restricted Stock Units | ​ | Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options and Restricted Stock Units | ​ | Number of Securities Remaining Available For Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Number of Securities To be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options and Restricted Stock Units)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity Compensation Plans Approved By Security Holders | ​ | 354,615 | ​ | 27.65 | ​ | 311,245
Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | —
Total | ​ | 354,615 | ​ | 27.65 | ​ | 311,245

​

​

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The “Transactions with Related Persons” and “Proposal 1 – Election of Directors – Board Independence” sections of the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The “Proposal 2 — Ratification of Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” section of the Company’s 2021 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

Financial Statements

See index to Consolidated Financial Statements on page 64.

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Financial Statement Schedules

Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or not required or the required information is shown in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto under “Part II — Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

Exhibits Required by Item 601 of SEC Regulation S-K

3.1 | Certificate of Incorporation of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp, as amended.(1)
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp.(2)
4.1 | Form of Common Stock Certificate of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp.(3)
4.2 | Form of Class B Preferred Stock Certificate of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp.(4)
4.3 | Description of Securities of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp.(5)
10.1 | Registration Rights Agreement, dated June 21, 2016, between Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. and Endicott Opportunity Partners IV, L.P.(6)
10.2 | Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and among Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp., Metropolitan Commercial Bank and Mark R. DeFazio(7)
10.3 | Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. 2009 Equity Incentive Plan(8)
10.4 | First Amendment to 2009 Equity Incentive Plan(9)
10.5 | Second Amendment to 2009 Equity Incentive Plan(10)
10.6 | Metropolitan Commercial Bank Executive Annual Incentive Plan(11)
10.7 | Form of Performance Restricted Share Unit Award Agreement(12)
10.8 | Amendment One to Restricted Share Agreements between Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp and Grantee(13)
10.9 | Form of Restricted Share Agreement(14)
10.10 | Form of Stock Option Agreement(15)
10.11 | Employment Agreement by and between Metropolitan Commercial Bank and Scott Lublin(16)
10.12 | Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. 2019 Equity Incentive Plan(17)
10.13 | Change in Control Agreement between Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp., Metropolitan Commercial Bank and Nick Rosenberg(18)
10.14 | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement – 2019 Plan(19)
10.15 | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement – 2019 Plan(20)
10.16 | Form of Time-Based Restricted Stock Award Agreement – 2019 Plan(21)
10.17 | Form of Incentive Stock Option Agreement – 2019 Plan(22)
10.18 | Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement – 2019 Plan(23)
21.1 | Subsidiaries of Registrant(24)
23.1 | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2 | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101 | Inline Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Operation for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, and (vi) the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
104 | The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, has been formatted in Inline XBRL

​

(1) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

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(2) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 25, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

(3) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

(4) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

(5) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 9, 2020 (File No. 001-38282).

(6) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

(7) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-k filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 8, 2020 (File No. 001-38282).

(8) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

(9) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(10) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(11) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1/A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 25, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

(12) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 6, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(13) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 6, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(14) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(15) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 28, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(16) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 14, 2018 (File No. 001-38282).

(17) Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 17, 2019 (File No. 001-38282).

(18) Incorporated by reference to Exhibits 10.1 and 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 3, 2019 (File No. 001-38282).

(19) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26. 2019 (File No. 333-233465).

(20) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26. 2019 (File No. 333-233465).

(21) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26. 2019 (File No. 333-233465).

(22) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26. 2019 (File No. 333-233465).

(23) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 26. 2019 (File No. 333-233465).

(24) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21 to the Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 4, 2017 (File No. 333-220805).

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

​

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

​ | ​ | ​
​ | Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp.
​ | ​
Date: March 8, 2021 | By: | /s/ Mark R. DeFazio
​ | ​ | Mark R. DeFazio
​ | ​ | President and Chief Executive Officer
​ | ​ | (Duly Authorized Representative)

​

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Signatures |  | Title |  | Date
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Mark R. DeFazio | ​ | President, Chief Executive Officer and Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Mark R. DeFazio | ​ | (Principal Executive Officer) | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Gregory A. Sigrist | ​ | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | ​ | March 8, 2021
Gregory A. Sigrist | ​ | (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ William Reinhardt | ​ | Chairman of the Board | ​ | March 8, 2021
William Reinhardt | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Dale C. Fredston | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Dale C. Fredston | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ David J. Gold | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
David J. Gold | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Harvey M. Gutman | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Harvey M. Gutman | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Terence J. Mitchell | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Terence J. Mitchell | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Robert C. Patent | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Robert C. Patent | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Maria F. Ramirez | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Maria F. Ramirez | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ David M. Gavrin | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
David M. Gavrin | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Robert Usdan | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Robert Usdan | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
/s/ Anthony J. Fabiano | ​ | Director | ​ | March 8, 2021
Anthony J. Fabiano ​ /s/ George J. Wolf, Jr. | ​ | ​ ​ Director | ​ | ​ ​ March 8, 2021
George J. Wolf, Jr. ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​

​

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Page
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM | ​ | 65
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION | ​ | 66
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS | ​ | 67
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | ​ | 68
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ​ | 69
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS | ​ | 70
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | ​ | 71
NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION | ​ | 71
NOTE 2 — BASIS OF PRESENTATION | ​ | 71
NOTE 3 — SUMMARY OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS | ​ | 78
NOTE 4 — INVESTMENT SECURITIES | ​ | 80
NOTE 5 — LOANS | ​ | 83
NOTE 6 — PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT | ​ | 89
NOTE 7 — DEPOSITS | ​ | 89
NOTE 8 — BORROWINGS | ​ | 90
NOTE 9 — INCOME TAXES | ​ | 91
NOTE 10 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | ​ | 93
NOTE 11 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES | ​ | 93
NOTE 12 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS | ​ | 93
NOTE 13 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY | ​ | 96
NOTE 14 — STOCK COMPENSATION PLAN | ​ | 96
NOTE 15 — EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN | ​ | 99
NOTE 16 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK | ​ | 99
NOTE 17 — REGULATORY CAPITAL | ​ | 100
NOTE 18 — EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE | ​ | 102
NOTE 19 — PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION | ​ | 103
NOTE 20 — ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) | ​ | 106
NOTE 21 — UNAUDITED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA | ​ | 107
NOTE 22 — REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS | ​ | 108
NOTE 23 — DERIVATIVES | ​ | 109

​

​

​

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​

| ​ |
| ​ | Crowe LLP Independent Member Crowe Global

​

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. and Subsidiary

New York, New York

Opinion on the Financial Statements

​

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. and Subsidiary (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

​

Basis for Opinion

​

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

​

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

​

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​
/s/ Crowe LLP | ​
​ | ​
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2008. | ​
​ | ​
New York, New York | ​
March 8, 2021 | ​

​

​

​

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 8,692 | ​ | $ | 8,116
Overnight deposits | ​ | ​ | 855,613 | ​ | ​ | 381,104
Total cash and cash equivalents | ​ | ​ | 864,305 | ​ | ​ | 389,220
Investment securities available for sale, at fair value, substantially restricted | ​ | ​ | 266,096 | ​ | ​ | 234,942
Investment securities held to maturity (estimated fair value of $2,827 and $3,712 at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively) | ​ | ​ | 2,760 | ​ | ​ | 3,722
Equity investments | ​ | ​ | 2,313 | ​ | ​ | 2,224
Total securities | ​ | ​ | 271,169 | ​ | ​ | 240,888
Other investments | ​ | ​ | 11,597 | ​ | ​ | 21,437
Loans, net of deferred fees and unamortized costs | ​ | ​ | 3,137,053 | ​ | ​ | 2,672,949
Allowance for loan losses | ​ | ​ | (35,407) | ​ | ​ | (26,272)
Net loans | ​ | ​ | 3,101,646 | ​ | ​ | 2,646,677
Receivable from global payments business, net | ​ | ​ | 27,259 | ​ | ​ | 11,581
Accrued interest receivable | ​ | ​ | 13,249 | ​ | ​ | 8,862
Premises and equipment, net | ​ | ​ | 13,475 | ​ | ​ | 12,100
Prepaid expenses and other assets | ​ | ​ | 18,388 | ​ | ​ | 17,074
Goodwill | ​ | ​ | 9,733 | ​ | ​ | 9,733
Total assets | ​ | $ | 4,330,821 | ​ | $ | 3,357,572
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deposits: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Noninterest-bearing demand deposits | ​ | $ | 1,715,042 | ​ | $ | 1,090,479
Interest-bearing deposits | ​ | ​ | 2,103,471 | ​ | ​ | 1,700,295
Total deposits | ​ | ​ | 3,818,513 | ​ | ​ | 2,790,774
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York advances | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 144,000
Trust preferred securities | ​ | ​ | 20,620 | ​ | ​ | 20,620
Subordinated debt, net of issuance cost | ​ | ​ | 24,657 | ​ | ​ | 24,601
Secured borrowings | ​ | ​ | 36,964 | ​ | ​ | 42,972
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 61,645 | ​ | ​ | 23,556
Accrued interest payable | ​ | ​ | 712 | ​ | ​ | 1,229
Prepaid third-party debit cardholder balances | ​ | ​ | 26,923 | ​ | ​ | 10,696
Total liabilities | ​ | ​ | 3,990,034 | ​ | ​ | 3,058,448
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commitments and Contingencies (See Note 11) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Class B preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares, 272,636 issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 3
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized, 8,295,272 and 8,312,918 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ | ​ | 82
Additional paid in capital | ​ | ​ | 218,899 | ​ | ​ | 216,468
Retained earnings | ​ | ​ | 120,830 | ​ | ​ | 81,364
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax effect | ​ | ​ | 973 | ​ | ​ | 1,207
Total stockholders’ equity | ​ | ​ | 340,787 | ​ | ​ | 299,124
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | ​ | $ | 4,330,821 | ​ | $ | 3,357,572

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

​

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​

METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

(Dollar amounts in thousands, except per share data)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Interest and dividend income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loans, including fees | ​ | $ | 136,497 | ​ | $ | 117,124 | ​
Securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Taxable | ​ | ​ | 3,208 | ​ | ​ | 3,702 | ​
Tax-exempt | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 11 | ​
Money market funds and commercial paper | ​ | ​ | 34 | ​ | ​ | 147 | ​
Overnight deposits | ​ | ​ | 2,546 | ​ | ​ | 7,752 | ​
Other interest and dividends | ​ | ​ | 812 | ​ | ​ | 1,044 | ​
Total interest income | ​ | $ | 143,097 | ​ | $ | 129,780 | ​
Interest expense: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deposits | ​ | ​ | 14,244 | ​ | ​ | 25,533 | ​
Borrowed funds | ​ | ​ | 1,742 | ​ | ​ | 4,118 | ​
Trust preferred securities interest expense | ​ | ​ | 572 | ​ | ​ | 899 | ​
Subordinated debt interest expense | ​ | ​ | 1,618 | ​ | ​ | 1,620 | ​
Total interest expense | ​ | ​ | 18,176 | ​ | ​ | 32,170 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net interest income | ​ | ​ | 124,921 | ​ | ​ | 97,610 | ​
Provision for loan losses | ​ | ​ | 9,488 | ​ | ​ | 4,223 | ​
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | ​ | ​ | 115,433 | ​ | ​ | 93,387 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-interest income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Service charges on deposit accounts | ​ | ​ | 3,728 | ​ | ​ | 3,556 | ​
Global payments group revenue | ​ | ​ | 8,464 | ​ | ​ | 5,643 | ​
Other service charges and fees | ​ | ​ | 1,477 | ​ | ​ | 1,366 | ​
Unrealized gain on equity securities | ​ | ​ | 48 | ​ | ​ | 64 | ​
Gain on sale of securities | ​ | ​ | 3,286 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Total non-interest income | ​ | ​ | 17,003 | ​ | ​ | 10,629 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-interest expense: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Compensation and benefits | ​ | $ | 39,797 | ​ | $ | 31,242 | ​
Bank premises and equipment | ​ | ​ | 8,340 | ​ | ​ | 6,530 | ​
Professional fees | ​ | ​ | 4,122 | ​ | ​ | 3,427 | ​
Licensing fees and technology costs | ​ | ​ | 13,040 | ​ | ​ | 10,992 | ​
Other expenses | ​ | ​ | 9,219 | ​ | ​ | 7,764 | ​
Total non-interest expense | ​ | ​ | 74,518 | ​ | ​ | 59,955 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income before income tax expense | ​ | ​ | 57,918 | ​ | ​ | 44,061 | ​
Income tax expense | ​ | ​ | 18,452 | ​ | ​ | 13,927 | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 39,466 | ​ | $ | 30,134 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Earnings per common share: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic earnings | ​ | $ | 4.76 | ​ | $ | 3.63 | ​
Diluted earnings | ​ | $ | 4.66 | ​ | $ | 3.56 | ​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

​

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

(Dollar amounts in thousands)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 39,466 | ​ | $ | 30,134 | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive income: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized holding gain arising during the period | ​ | $ | 4,877 | ​ | $ | 2,358 | ​ | ​
Reclassification adjustment for gain included in net income | ​ | ​ | (3,286) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​
Tax effect | ​ | ​ | (514) | ​ | ​ | (746) | ​ | ​
Net of tax | ​ | $ | 1,077 | ​ | $ | 1,612 | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized holding loss arising during the period | ​ | $ | (1,925) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​
Tax effect | ​ | ​ | 614 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​
Net of tax | ​ | $ | (1,311) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total other comprehensive (loss) income | ​ | $ | (234) | ​ | $ | 1,612 | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Comprehensive income | ​ | $ | 39,232 | ​ | $ | 31,746 | ​ | ​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

​

​

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

(Dollar amounts in thousands, except share data)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Preferred | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Additional | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | AOCI | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Stock, | ​ | ​ | Common | ​ | Paid-in | ​ | Retained | ​ | (Loss), | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Class B |  | ​ | Stock |  | Capital |  | Earnings |  | Net |  | Total
​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | ​ | Shares | ​ | ​ | Amount | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at January 1, 2019 | ​ | 272,636 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 8,217,274 | ​ | $ | 82 | ​ | $ | 213,490 | ​ | $ | 51,415 | ​ | $ | (473) | ​ | $ | 264,517
ASU 2016-01 Accounting adjustment to opening retained earnings | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (68) | ​ | ​ | 68 | ​ | ​ | —
ASU 2014-09 Accounting adjustment to opening retained earnings | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (117) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (117)
Balance at January 1, 2019, as adjusted | ​ | 272,636 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 8,217,274 | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ | ​ | 213,490 | ​ | ​ | 51,230 | ​ | ​ | (405) | ​ | ​ | 264,400
Restricted stock, net of forfeiture | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 104,862 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Employee and non-employee stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,067 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,067
Repurchase of shares for tax withholding for restricted stock vesting | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (9,218) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (89) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (89)
Net income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30,134 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30,134
Other comprehensive income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,612 | ​ | ​ | 1,612
Balance at December 31, 2019 | ​ | 272,636 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 8,312,918 | ​ | $ | 82 | ​ | $ | 216,468 | ​ | $ | 81,364 | ​ | $ | 1,207 | ​ | $ | 299,124
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Balance at January 1, 2020 | ​ | 272,636 | ​ | $ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 8,312,918 | ​ | $ | 82 | ​ | $ | 216,468 | ​ | $ | 81,364 | ​ | $ | 1,207 | ​ | $ | 299,124
Restricted stock, net of forfeiture | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,298) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Employee and non-employee stock-based compensation | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,312 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,312
Repurchase of shares for tax withholding for restricted stock vesting | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (14,348) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (881) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (881)
Net income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 39,466 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 39,466
Other comprehensive income | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (234) | ​ | ​ | (234)
Balance at December 31, 2020 | ​ | 272,636 | ​ | ​ | 3 | ​ | ​ | 8,295,272 | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ | ​ | 218,899 | ​ | ​ | 120,830 | ​ | ​ | 973 | ​ | ​ | 340,787

​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

​

​

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019

(Dollar amounts in thousands)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Cash flows from operating activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 39,466 | ​ | $ | 30,134 | ​
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ | ​ | 2,538 | ​ | ​ | 1,613 | ​
Net amortization of premiums on securities and interest rate cap | ​ | ​ | 2,009 | ​ | ​ | 543 | ​
Amortization of subordinated debt issuance costs | ​ | ​ | 56 | ​ | ​ | 56 | ​
Provision for loan and lease losses | ​ | ​ | 9,488 | ​ | ​ | 4,223 | ​
Employee and non-employee stock-based compensation | ​ | ​ | 3,312 | ​ | ​ | 3,067 | ​
Net change in deferred loan fees | ​ | ​ | 296 | ​ | ​ | 2,837 | ​
Deferred income tax benefit (expense) | ​ | ​ | 290 | ​ | ​ | (1,865) | ​
Gain on sale of securities | ​ | ​ | (3,286) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Loss (gain) on sale of loans | ​ | ​ | 190 | ​ | ​ | (86) | ​
Dividends earned on CRA fund | ​ | ​ | (41) | ​ | ​ | (50) | ​
Unrealized gain of equity securities | ​ | ​ | (48) | ​ | ​ | (64) | ​
Net change in: | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accrued interest receivable | ​ | ​ | (4,387) | ​ | ​ | (3,355) | ​
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | ​ | ​ | 38,089 | ​ | ​ | 5,117 | ​
Change in global payments balances | ​ | ​ | 16,227 | ​ | ​ | 3,009 | ​
Change in accrued interest payable | ​ | ​ | (517) | ​ | ​ | (53) | ​
Receivable from global payments, net | ​ | ​ | (15,678) | ​ | ​ | (1,860) | ​
Prepaid expenses and other assets | ​ | ​ | (734) | ​ | ​ | (4,310) | ​
Net cash provided by operating activities | ​ | ​ | 87,270 | ​ | ​ | 38,956 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash flows from investing activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loan originations and payments, net | ​ | ​ | (464,685) | ​ | ​ | (777,181) | ​
Loans purchased | ​ | ​ | (11,734) | ​ | ​ | (51,784) | ​
Proceeds from the sale of loans held for sale | ​ | ​ | 11,476 | ​ | ​ | 21,502 | ​
Redemptions of other investments | ​ | ​ | 10,980 | ​ | ​ | 12,354 | ​
Purchases of other investments | ​ | ​ | (1,140) | ​ | ​ | (11,007) | ​
Purchase of securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | (234,366) | ​ | ​ | (226,858) | ​
Proceeds from calls of securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | 30,000 | ​ | ​ | 1,065 | ​
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | 111,422 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities of securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | 64,973 | ​ | ​ | 23,136 | ​
Proceeds from paydowns of securities held to maturity | ​ | ​ | 932 | ​ | ​ | 820 | ​
Purchase of derivative contract | ​ | ​ | (2,980) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Purchase of premises and equipment, net | ​ | ​ | (3,913) | ​ | ​ | (6,836) | ​
Net cash used in investing activities | ​ | ​ | (489,035) | ​ | ​ | (1,014,789) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash flows from financing activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Redemption of common stock for tax withholdings for restricted stock vesting | ​ | ​ | (881) | ​ | ​ | (89) | ​
Proceeds from FHLB advances | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,028,000 | ​
Repayments of FHLB advances | ​ | ​ | (144,000) | ​ | ​ | (1,069,000) | ​
Proceeds from (repayments of) secured borrowings | ​ | ​ | (6,008) | ​ | ​ | 42,972 | ​
Net increase in deposits | ​ | ​ | 1,027,739 | ​ | ​ | 1,130,220 | ​
Net cash provided by financing activities | ​ | ​ | 876,850 | ​ | ​ | 1,132,103 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Increase in cash and cash equivalents | ​ | ​ | 475,085 | ​ | ​ | 156,270 | ​
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period | ​ | ​ | 389,220 | ​ | ​ | 232,950 | ​
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period | ​ | $ | 864,305 | ​ | $ | 389,220 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Supplemental information: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash paid for: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest | ​ | $ | 18,693 | ​ | $ | 32,223 | ​
Income Taxes | ​ | $ | 19,085 | ​ | $ | 15,185 | ​
Non-cash item: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Transfer of loans held for investment to held for sale | ​ | $ | 1,716 | ​ | $ | 21,502 | ​

​

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

​

​

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION

Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. (a New York corporation) (the “Company”) is a bank holding company whose principal activity is the ownership and management of Metropolitan Commercial Bank (the “Bank”), its wholly-owned subsidiary. The Bank’s primary market is the New York metropolitan area. The Bank offers a traditional range of commercial banking services to individuals and businesses. Its primary lending products are commercial real estate loans, multi-family loans, and commercial and industrial loans. Substantially all loans are secured by specific items of collateral including business assets, consumer assets, and commercial and residential real estate. Commercial loans are expected to be repaid from cash flows from operations of businesses. The Bank’s primary deposit products are checking, savings, and term deposit accounts, and its deposit accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”) under the maximum amounts allowed by law. The Bank commenced operations on June 22, 1999.

The Company is subject to regulations of certain state and federal agencies and, accordingly, is periodically examined by those regulatory authorities. As a consequence of the extensive regulation of commercial banking activities, the Company’s business is susceptible to being affected by state and federal legislation and regulations.

​

NOTE 2 —BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and predominant practices within the U.S. banking industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The Consolidated Financial Statements (the “financial statements”) reflect all normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the years presented. In preparing the financial statements, management has made estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reported periods.

A summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying financial statements follows:

Use of Estimates: To prepare financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management makes estimates and assumptions based on available information. These estimates and assumptions affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and the disclosures provided, and actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash Flows: Cash and cash equivalents are defined as cash on hand and amounts due from banks and money market funds. Net cash flows are reported for customer loan and deposit transactions, and other investments.

Securities: Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity (“HTM”) and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Debt securities are classified as available-for-sale (“AFS”) when they might be sold before maturity. Securities available for sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax. Equity securities with readily determinable fair value are carried at fair value, with change in fair value reported in net income.

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted a new accounting standard for Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-01), which required equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. Upon adoption, equity securities previously classified as AFS are presented separately on the balance sheet as equity securities. The amount of unrealized gain (loss), net of tax, related to these securities was reclassified from accumulated other

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

comprehensive income to retained earnings as of January 1, 2019. Upon adoption, the amendments related to equity securities without readily determinable fair values (including disclosure requirements) were applied prospectively to equity investments that existed at January 1, 2019.

Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are amortized on the level yield method without anticipating prepayments, except for mortgage-backed securities where prepayments are anticipated. Gains and losses on sales are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method. Gains and losses on sales of securities are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations upon sale.

Management evaluates AFS and HTM securities for other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such an evaluation. For securities in an unrealized loss position, management considers the extent and duration of the unrealized loss, and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. Management also assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, a security in an unrealized loss position before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the entire difference between amortized cost and fair value is recognized as impairment through earnings. For securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the amount of impairment is split into two components as follows: (1) OTTI related to credit loss, which must be recognized in the statement of operations and (2) OTTI related to other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. The credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected and the amortized cost basis.

Accounts Receivable & Receivable from Global Payments Business, Net: Accounts receivables, net, primarily consist of the Bank’s in-transit items, trade receivables from global payments business and other receivables. Receivables from global payments business are predominantly government scheduled payments including financial assistance programs and pensions.

Revenue Recognition: Most of the Company’s revenue is derived from interest income on loans. Any revenues from contracts with customers, which are not exempt from the accounting requirements under Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, are accounted for using the five-step method prescribed by the ASU. These revenue items are debit card income, service charges on deposit accounts and other service charges. In accordance with the ASU, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised services. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for these services. The Company applies the following five steps to properly recognize revenue: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Technology Costs: Technology costs are primarily comprised of licensing fees on certain deposit accounts held by bankruptcy trustees and are expensed as incurred. These accounts require the use of a software interface provided by a third party. Licensing fees amounted to $9.7 million and $8.5 million for 2020 and 2019, respectively. Bankruptcy accounts subject to the licensing fees amounted to $871.3 million and $865.8 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

​

Transfers of Financial Assets: Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Transfers of financial assets that do not meet the criteria to be accounted for as sales are recorded as secured borrowings.

Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses: Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at their outstanding principal balances, adjusted for any charge-offs, the allowance for loan losses, and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at an amount management deems adequate to cover probable incurred credit losses. In determining the level to be maintained, management evaluates many factors, including current economic trends, industry experience, historical loss experience, loan concentrations, the borrower’s ability to repay and repayment performance and estimated collateral values. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired.

A loan is considered to be impaired when it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all principal and interest amounts according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported, net, at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. All commercial and commercial real estate loans are individually evaluated for credit risk at least annually, and all classified loans are individually evaluated for impairment quarterly. Large groups of smaller balance homogenous loans such as residential real estate loans are collectively evaluated for impairment, and accordingly, are not separately evaluated for impairment disclosures unless an individual loan is classified.

Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.

When a loan is modified and concessions have been made to the original contractual terms, such as reductions in interest rate or deferral of interest or principal payments, due to the borrower’s financial condition, the modification is known as a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”). TDRs are separately identified for impairment disclosures and are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR is a collateral dependent loan, the loan is reported, net, at the fair value of the collateral. For TDRs that subsequently default, the Bank determines the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.

The general component of the allowance covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience is determined by portfolio segment and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Bank over a rolling two-year period. This actual loss experience is supplemented with other economic factors based on the risks present for each portfolio segment. These economic factors include consideration of the following: (1) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses; (2) changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; (3) changes in the trends in the type

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

and volume and in terms of loans; (4) changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; (5) changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of non-accrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans; (6) changes in the quality of the Bank’s loan review system; (7) changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans; (8) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and (9) the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the institution’s existing portfolio. The following portfolio segments have been identified: Construction loans, Commercial Real Estate loans, Multi-Family loans, One-to-Four Family loans, Commercial & Industrial loans and Consumer loans.

The risk characteristics of each of the identified portfolio segments are as follows:

Construction —Construction financing is generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk of loss than long-term financing on improved, occupied real estate. Risk of loss on a construction loan depends largely upon the accuracy of the initial estimate of the property’s value at completion of construction and the estimated cost of construction. During the construction phase, a number of factors could result in delays and cost overruns. If the estimate of construction costs proves to be inaccurate, additional funds may be required to be advanced in excess of the amount originally committed to permit completion of the building.

If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, the value of the building may be insufficient to assure full repayment if liquidation is required. If foreclosure is required on a building before or at completion due to a default, there can be no assurance that all of the unpaid balance of, and accrued interest on, the loan as well as related foreclosure and holding costs will be recovered.

Commercial Real Estate —Commercial real estate loans are secured by nonresidential real estate and generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than residential real estate loans. Repayment of commercial real estate loans depends on the cash flow of the borrower and the net operating income of the property, the borrower’s profitability, and the value of the underlying property. Of primary concern in commercial real estate lending is the borrower’s creditworthiness and the cash flows from the property. Payments on loans secured by income properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment of such loans may be subject, to a greater extent than residential real estate loans, to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. Commercial real estate is also subject to adverse market conditions that cause a decrease in market value or lease rates, obsolescence in location or function and market conditions associated with oversupply of units in a specific region.

Multi-family —Multi-family real estate loans are secured by real estate of five or more units and generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than residential real estate loans. Repayment of multi-family real estate loans depends on the cash flow analysis of the property, occupancy rates, and unemployment rates, combined with the net operating income of the property, the borrower’s profitability, and the value of the underlying property. Payments on these loans depend on successful operation and management of the properties, and repayment of such loans may be subject to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy.

One-to-Four Family —One-to-four family loans are generally made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from his or her employment income or other income, and which are secured by real property whose value tends to be more easily ascertainable. Repayment of one-to-four family loans is subject to adverse employment conditions in the local economy leading to increased default rates and decreased market values, including from oversupply in a geographic area. In general, these loans depend on the borrower’s continuing financial stability and, therefore, are likely to be adversely affected by various factors, including job loss, divorce, illness, or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Commercial & Industrial —Commercial and industrial loans are generally of higher risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flows of the borrower’s business. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself. Furthermore, any collateral securing such loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise, and may fluctuate in value.

Consumer —The Bank purchases loans made to licensed medical professionals on an unsecured basis. Consumer loans are comprised of these loans and student loans. As a result, repayment of such loans are subject, to a greater extent than loans secured by collateral, to the financial condition of the borrower.

While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance may be necessary, based on changes in economic conditions or any other factors used in management’s determination. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

Interest income on loans is accrued and credited to operations based upon the principal amounts outstanding. Loans are placed on non-accrual when a loan is specifically determined to be impaired or when principal or interest is delinquent for 90 days or more. Delinquent status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. Any unpaid interest previously accrued on those loans is reversed from income. Interest payments received on such loans are applied as a reduction of the loan principal balance when the collectability of principal, wholly or partially, is in doubt. Interest payments received may be deferred on non-accrual loans in which the principal balance is deemed to be collectible. Interest income is recognized when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and the loans are returned to accrual status.

Goodwill: Goodwill and certain other intangibles generally arise from business combinations accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. Goodwill and other intangibles deemed to have indefinite lives generated from business combinations are not subject to amortization and are instead tested for impairment not less than annually or more frequently if events and circumstances exist that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company has selected December 31 as the date to perform the annual impairment test.

The goodwill of $9.7 million is associated with a purchase of the prepaid third-party debit card business. The Company performed an impairment assessment and determined that no impairment of goodwill existed as of December 31, 2020 or 2019.

Stock-Based Compensation: Compensation cost is recognized for stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units, based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of options. The market price of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards and restricted stock units. Compensation cost is recognized over the required service period, generally defined as the vesting period. For awards with time-based vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award.

The Company also awards performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) to employees. The PRSUs are classified as either equity or liability, depending on certain criteria provided in ASC 718, Stock Based Compensation. This classification affects whether the measurement of fair value is fixed (i.e., measured only once) on the grant date or whether fair value will be remeasured each reporting period until settled. On the grant date, the estimate of equity-classified awards’ fair value would be fixed, the cumulative amount of previously recognized compensation cost would be adjusted, and the Company would no longer have to remeasure the award. If the award is liability-classified, the awards would continue to be marked to fair value each reporting period until settlement. The Company recognizes

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

compensation cost for awards with performance conditions if and when it concludes that it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved. The Company assesses the probability of vesting (i.e. that the performance conditions will be met) at each reporting period and, if required, adjusts compensation cost based on its probability assessment.

Concentrations of Credit Risk: Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Bank to concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of temporary cash investments including due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks and real estate loans receivable. A significant portion of real estate loans are collateralized by property in the New York Metropolitan area. The ultimate collectability of these loans may be susceptible to changes in the real estate market in this area.

Premises and Equipment: Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed over the estimated useful lives of the assets by the straight-line method with useful lives ranging from three to ten years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the terms of the respective leases or the estimated lives of the improvements.

Other Investments: Other investments includes Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) stock, Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock and investments in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund (“SBA Loan Fund”). Other investments also include a $1.0 million investment in The Disability Opportunity Fund, which is an equity equivalent investment to a community development financial institution. The investment was made by the Bank in 2018.The Bank is a member of the FRB and the FHLB systems. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors. FRB and FHLB stock are carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income. The investment in the SBA Loan Fund is recorded at cost and periodically evaluated for impairment. The Company held FRB and FHLB stock of $7.4 million and $2.7 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2020. $5.0 million of an SBA Loan Fund was called in the second quarter of 2020. As of December 31, 2019, the Company held FRB and FHLB stock of $7.3 million and $8.1 million, respectively, and an SBA Loan Fund investment of $5.0 million.

Derivatives: During the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into an interest rate cap derivative that, based on the Company’s intentions and belief as to the likely effectiveness as a hedge, was designated as a cash flow hedge. A cash flow hedge is a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability. For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in accumulated other comprehensive income and is reclassified into earnings in the same periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of the derivative that are not highly effective in hedging the changes in expected cash flows of the hedged item are recognized immediately in current earnings. The amounts are reclassified to earnings in the same income statement line item that is used to present the earnings effect of the hedged item when the hedged item affects earnings.

The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedged transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. The documentation includes linking the cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific forecasted transactions or group of forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are used are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of the hedged items. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminates, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were in accumulated other comprehensive income are amortized into earnings over the same periods in which the hedged transactions will affect earnings. If the forecasted transaction is deemed probable to not occur, the derivative gain or loss reported in accumulated other comprehensive income is reclassified into current earnings.

Comprehensive Income: Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and unrealized gain (loss) and reclassification to earnings related to the cash flow hedges, which are also recognized as separate components of equity.

Restrictions on Cash: Cash on hand or on deposit with the FRB was required to meet regulatory reserve and clearing requirements. Also included in cash was $9.5 million and $10.6 million of cash held in escrow and collateral accounts for third-party debit card program managers as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Earnings per Common Share: Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted average number shares determined for the basic computation plus the dilutive effect of potential common shares issuable under certain stock compensation plans. Unvested share-based awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. The Company has determined that its outstanding non-vested stock awards are participating securities and that its outstanding non-vested restricted stock units and PRSUs are non-participating securities.

Income Taxes: Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities as measured by the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when these differences reverse. The primary temporary difference relates to the allowance for loan losses. A valuation allowance is recorded, as necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to an estimated amount expected to be realized.

A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

Loan Commitments and Related Financial Instruments: Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments: Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in a separate note. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Loss Contingencies: Loss contingencies, including claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business, are recorded as liabilities when the likelihood of loss is probable and an amount or range of loss can be reasonably estimated. Management does not believe there now are such matters that will have a material effect on the financial statements.

Reclassifications: Some items in the prior year financial statements may have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Reclassification had no effect on prior year net income or stockholders’ equity.

Operating segments: While department heads monitor the revenue streams of the various products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Operating segments are aggregated into one as operating results for all segments are similar. Accordingly, all of the financial service operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards: Pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”), an Emerging Growth Company (“EGC”) is permitted to elect to adopt new accounting guidance using adoption dates of nonpublic entities. The Company elected delayed effective dates of recently issued accounting standards.

​

NOTE 3 — SUMMARY OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) implements a common revenue standard that clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue. The core principle of ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, an entity should apply the following steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (iii) determine the transaction price, (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. In August 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) deferred the effective date of the ASU by one year which means ASU 2014-09 was effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019. The Company adopted the new revenue guidance as of January 1, 2019, using the five-step model prescribed by the ASU and described above. Management evaluated the Company’s revenue streams and recorded an adjustment to opening retained earnings of $117,000 in accordance with the modified retrospective method allowed by the ASU.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, an amendment to Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Subtopic 825-10). The objectives of the ASU are to: (1) require equity investments to be measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in net income, (2) simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values, (3) eliminate the requirement to disclose methods and significant assumptions used to estimate fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet, (4) require the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments, and (5) clarify the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to AFS securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments – Overall – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities, an amendment to ASU 2016-01. The amendments clarify certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01. The Company adopted these ASUs on January 1, 2019. The Company evaluated the impact of ASU 2016-01 and 2018-03 and recorded $68,000, net of tax, as an adjustment to opening retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income in accordance with the modified retrospective method allowed by the ASU.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 requires companies that lease valuable assets to recognize on their balance sheets the assets and liabilities generated by contracts longer than a year. In

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

June 2020, the FASB approved a delay for the implementation of the ASU. Accordingly, the amendments in this update are effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. Under ASU 2016-02, the Company will recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease obligation liability on the consolidated statement of financial condition, which will increase the Company’s assets and liabilities. The Company is evaluating other potential impacts of ASU 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326), which requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date be based on historical experience, current condition, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-2013 requires that financial institutions and other organizations will use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. This guidance also amends the accounting for credit losses on AFS debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. In October 2019, the FASB approved a delay for the implementation of the ASU. Accordingly, as an EGC, the Company’s effective date for the implementation of the ASU will be January 1, 2023. Management has established a committee to evaluate the impact of ASU 2016-13 on the Company’s financial statements. The Company expects to recognize a one-time cumulative adjustment to the allowance for loan losses as of the beginning of the reporting period in which the ASU takes effect but cannot yet determine the magnitude of the impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates the second step in the goodwill impairment test which requires an entity to determine the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill. Instead, an entity should recognize an impairment loss if the carrying value of the net assets assigned to the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, with the impairment loss not to exceed the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The standard is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2021, with early adoption permitted for goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. Management expects that ASU 2017-04 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. An entity may elect to apply the amendments for contract modifications by Topic or Industry Subtopic as of any date from the beginning of an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, or prospectively from a date within an interim period that includes or is subsequent to March 12, 2020, up to the date that the financial statements are available to be issued. Management has established a committee to evaluate the impact of the transition from Libor on the business and consolidated financial statement, but cannot yet determine the magnitude of such impact.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

NOTE 4 — INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity at December 31, 2020 and 2019 and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and gross unrecognized gains and losses (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value
Debt securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 192,163 | ​ | $ | 2,599 | ​ | $ | (74) | ​ | $ | 194,688
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 32,589 | ​ | ​ | 997 | ​ | ​ | (94) | ​ | ​ | 33,492
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ | ​ | 37,997 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (81) | ​ | ​ | 37,916
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 262,749 | ​ | $ | 3,596 | ​ | $ | (249) | ​ | $ | 266,096
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-Maturity Securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 2,760 | ​ | ​ | 67 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,827
Total securities held to maturity | ​ | $ | 2,760 | ​ | $ | 67 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,827
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity investments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CRA Mutual Fund | ​ | ​ | 2,299 | ​ | ​ | 14 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,313
Total equity investment securities | ​ | $ | 2,299 | ​ | $ | 14 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,313

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Gross | ​ | Gross | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amortized | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 |  | Cost |  | Gains |  | Losses |  | Fair Value
Debt securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 175,902 | ​ | $ | 1,478 | ​ | $ | (117) | ​ | $ | 177,263
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 32,284 | ​ | ​ | 206 | ​ | ​ | (18) | ​ | ​ | 32,472
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ | ​ | 25,000 | ​ | ​ | 207 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,207
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 233,186 | ​ | $ | 1,891 | ​ | $ | (135) | ​ | $ | 234,942
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-Maturity Securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 3,722 | ​ | ​ | 9 | ​ | ​ | (19) | ​ | ​ | 3,712
Total securities held to maturity | ​ | $ | 3,722 | ​ | $ | 9 | ​ | $ | (19) | ​ | $ | 3,712
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity investments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CRA Mutual Fund | ​ | ​ | 2,258 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (34) | ​ | ​ | 2,224
Total equity investment securities | ​ | $ | 2,258 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (34) | ​ | $ | 2,224

​

​

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

The proceeds from sales and calls of securities during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $141.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. The following table summarizes the proceeds from sales and calls of securities and associated gains for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Proceeds | ​ | ​ | 141,422 | ​ | $ | 1,065
Gross gains | ​ | ​ | 3,286 | ​ | $ | —
Tax impact | ​ | ​ | (1,036) | ​ | $ | —

​

The gains of $3.3 million in the table above resulted from sales of $108.1 million (amortized cost) of AFS securities in 2020. Proceeds from the sale were $111.4 million.

The following table summarizes, by contractual maturity, the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2020 and 2019. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The table does not include the effect of principal repayments. Equity securities, primarily investment in mutual funds, have been excluded from the table. Securities not due at a single maturity date, primarily mortgage-backed securities, are shown separately (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Held-to-Maturity | ​ | Available-for-Sale
At December 31, 2020 |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Within one year | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
One to five years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 37,997 | ​ | ​ | 37,916
Five to ten years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Due after ten years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 37,997 | ​ | $ | 37,916
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 2,760 | ​ | ​ | 2,827 | ​ | ​ | 192,163 | ​ | ​ | 194,688
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 32,589 | ​ | ​ | 33,492
Total Securities | ​ | $ | 2,760 | ​ | $ | 2,827 | ​ | $ | 262,749 | ​ | $ | 266,096

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Held-to-Maturity | ​ | Available-for-Sale
At December 31, 2019 |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Within one year | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
One to five years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Five to ten years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,000 | ​ | ​ | 25,207
Due after ten years | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 25,000 | ​ | $ | 25,207
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 3,722 | ​ | $ | 3,712 | ​ | $ | 175,902 | ​ | $ | 177,263
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 32,284 | ​ | $ | 32,472
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Securities | ​ | $ | 3,722 | ​ | $ | 3,712 | ​ | $ | 233,186 | ​ | $ | 234,942

​

There were no securities pledged as collateral at December 31, 2020. At December 31, 2019, there were $126.2 million of securities available for sale pledged as collateral for certain deposits.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, all of the mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations held by the Bank were issued by U.S. government-sponsored entities and agencies.

Securities with unrealized losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, are as follows (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than 12 Months | ​ | 12 months or more | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/
​ | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Unrecognized
At December 31, 2020 |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses
Debt securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 33,734 | ​ | $ | (74) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 33,734 | ​ | $ | (74)
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 12,314 | ​ | ​ | (93) | ​ | ​ | 385 | ​ | ​ | (1) | ​ | ​ | 12,699 | ​ | ​ | (94)
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ | ​ | 37,916 | ​ | ​ | (81) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 37,916 | ​ | ​ | (81)
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 83,964 | ​ | $ | (248) | ​ | $ | 385 | ​ | $ | (1) | ​ | $ | 84,349 | ​ | $ | (249)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-Maturity Securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Total securities held to maturity | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity investments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CRA Mutual Fund | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Total equity investment securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Less than 12 Months | ​ | 12 months or more | ​ | Total
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Unrealized/
​ | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Unrecognized | ​ | Estimated | ​ | Unrecognized
At December 31, 2019 |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Losses
Debt securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 22,850 | ​ | $ | (52) | ​ | $ | 6,728 | ​ | $ | (65) | ​ | $ | 29,578 | ​ | $ | (117)
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 9,911 | ​ | ​ | (18) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 9,911 | ​ | ​ | (18)
Total securities available for sale | ​ | $ | 32,761 | ​ | $ | (70) | ​ | $ | 6,728 | ​ | $ | (65) | ​ | $ | 39,489 | ​ | $ | (135)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Held-to-Maturity Securities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,470 | ​ | $ | (19) | ​ | $ | 1,470 | ​ | $ | (19)
Total securities held to maturity | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,470 | ​ | $ | (19) | ​ | $ | 1,470 | ​ | $ | (19)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equity investments: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
CRA Mutual Fund | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,224 | ​ | $ | (34) | ​ | $ | 2,224 | ​ | $ | (34)
Total equity investment securities | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,224 | ​ | $ | (34) | ​ | $ | 2,224 | ​ | $ | (34)

​

The unrealized losses of securities are primarily due to the changes in market interest rates subsequent to purchase. The Bank does not consider these securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2020 or 2019 since the decline in market value was attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality. In addition, the Bank does not intend to sell and does not believe that it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell these investments until

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

there is a full recovery of the unrealized loss, which may be at maturity. As a result, no impairment loss was recognized during the years ended December 31, 2020 or 2019.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there were no holdings of securities of any one issuer, other than the U.S. Government and its agencies, in an amount greater than 10% of stockholders’ equity.

NOTE 5  — LOANS

Net loans consist of the following as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, 2020 | ​ | December 31, 2019
Real estate | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commercial | ​ | $ | 1,887,505 | ​ | $ | 1,668,236
Construction | ​ | ​ | 112,290 | ​ | ​ | 30,827
Multi-family | ​ | ​ | 433,239 | ​ | ​ | 375,611
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 71,354 | ​ | ​ | 82,670
Total real estate loans | ​ | ​ | 2,504,388 | ​ | ​ | 2,157,344
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Commercial and industrial | ​ | ​ | 591,500 | ​ | ​ | 448,619
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 46,431 | ​ | ​ | 71,956
Total loans | ​ | ​ | 3,142,319 | ​ | ​ | 2,677,919
Deferred fees | ​ | ​ | (5,266) | ​ | ​ | (4,970)
Loans, net of deferred fees and unamortized costs | ​ | ​ | 3,137,053 | ​ | ​ | 2,672,949
Allowance for loan losses | ​ | ​ | (35,407) | ​ | ​ | (26,272)
Balance at the end of the period | ​ | $ | 3,101,646 | ​ | $ | 2,646,677

​

Included in commercial and industrial loans at December 31, 2020 are $3.8 million of Paycheck Protection Program loans.

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

The following tables represent the changes in the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, by portfolio segment. The portfolio segments represent the categories that the Bank uses to determine its allowance for loan losses (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year ended December 31, 2020 |  | Real Estate |  | & Industrial |  | Construction |  | Multi-family |  | Family |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 15,317 | ​ | $ | 7,070 | ​ | $ | 411 | ​ | $ | 2,453 | ​ | $ | 267 | ​ | $ | 754 | ​ | $ | 26,272
Provision (credit) for loan losses | ​ | ​ | 1,926 | ​ | ​ | 5,165 | ​ | ​ | 1,182 | ​ | ​ | 208 | ​ | ​ | (61) | ​ | ​ | 1,068 | ​ | ​ | 9,488
Loans charged-off | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (254) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (251) | ​ | ​ | (505)
Recoveries | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 142 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10 | ​ | ​ | 152
Total ending allowance balance | ​ | $ | 17,243 | ​ | $ | 12,123 | ​ | $ | 1,593 | ​ | $ | 2,661 | ​ | $ | 206 | ​ | $ | 1,581 | ​ | $ | 35,407

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year ended December 31, 2019 |  | Real Estate |  | & Industrial |  | Construction |  | Multi-family |  | Family |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 9,037 | ​ | $ | 6,257 | ​ | $ | 625 | ​ | $ | 2,047 | ​ | $ | 228 | ​ | $ | 748 | ​ | $ | 18,942
Provision (credit) for loan losses | ​ | ​ | 6,280 | ​ | ​ | (2,678) | ​ | ​ | (214) | ​ | ​ | 406 | ​ | ​ | 39 | ​ | ​ | 390 | ​ | ​ | 4,223
Loans charged-off | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (798) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (389) | ​ | ​ | (1,187)
Recoveries | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,289 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5 | ​ | ​ | 4,294
Total ending allowance balance | ​ | $ | 15,317 | ​ | $ | 7,070 | ​ | $ | 411 | ​ | $ | 2,453 | ​ | $ | 267 | ​ | $ | 754 | ​ | $ | 26,272

​

Net charge-offs were $353,000 during the year ended December 31, 2020 and net recoveries were $3.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. Included in the net recoveries during the year ended December 31, 2019 were $4.3 million of recoveries related primarily to the recovery of medallion loans previously charged off in 2017 and 2016.

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment based on impairment method as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 |  | Real Estate |  | & Industrial |  | Construction |  | Multi-family |  | Family |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3,662 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 53 | ​ | $ | 1,203 | ​ | $ | 4,918
Collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | ​ | 17,243 | ​ | ​ | 8,461 | ​ | ​ | 1,593 | ​ | ​ | 2,661 | ​ | ​ | 153 | ​ | ​ | 378 | ​ | ​ | 30,489
Total ending allowance balance | ​ | $ | 17,243 | ​ | $ | 12,123 | ​ | $ | 1,593 | ​ | $ | 2,661 | ​ | $ | 206 | ​ | $ | 1,581 | ​ | $ | 35,407
Loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 10,345 | ​ | $ | 4,192 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 999 | ​ | $ | 2,197 | ​ | $ | 17,733
Collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | ​ | 1,877,160 | ​ | ​ | 587,308 | ​ | ​ | 112,290 | ​ | ​ | 433,239 | ​ | ​ | 70,355 | ​ | ​ | 44,234 | ​ | ​ | 3,124,586
Total ending loan balance | ​ | $ | 1,887,505 | ​ | $ | 591,500 | ​ | $ | 112,290 | ​ | $ | 433,239 | ​ | $ | 71,354 | ​ | $ | 46,431 | ​ | $ | 3,142,319

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Commercial | ​ | Commercial | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | One-to-four | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 |  | Real Estate |  | & Industrial |  | Construction |  | Multi-family |  | Family |  | Consumer |  | Total
Allowance for loan losses: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 805 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 64 | ​ | $ | 311 | ​ | $ | 1,180
Collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | ​ | 15,317 | ​ | ​ | 6,265 | ​ | ​ | 411 | ​ | ​ | 2,453 | ​ | ​ | 203 | ​ | ​ | 443 | ​ | ​ | 25,092
Total ending allowance balance | ​ | $ | 15,317 | ​ | $ | 7,070 | ​ | $ | 411 | ​ | $ | 2,453 | ​ | $ | 267 | ​ | $ | 754 | ​ | $ | 26,272
Loans: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Individually evaluated for impairment | ​ | $ | 367 | ​ | $ | 1,047 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3,384 | ​ | $ | 728 | ​ | $ | 5,526
Collectively evaluated for impairment | ​ | ​ | 1,667,869 | ​ | ​ | 447,572 | ​ | ​ | 30,827 | ​ | ​ | 375,611 | ​ | ​ | 79,286 | ​ | ​ | 71,228 | ​ | ​ | 2,672,393
Total ending loan balance | ​ | $ | 1,668,236 | ​ | $ | 448,619 | ​ | $ | 30,827 | ​ | $ | 375,611 | ​ | $ | 82,670 | ​ | $ | 71,956 | ​ | $ | 2,677,919

​

The following tables present information related to loans determined to be impaired by class of loans as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Unpaid Principal | ​ | ​ | ​ | Allowance for Loan | ​ | Average Recorded | ​ | Interest Income
At December 31, 2020 |  | Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Losses Allocated | ​ | Investment |  | Recognized
With an allowance recorded: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
One-to-four family | ​ | $ | 610 | ​ | $ | 480 | ​ | $ | 53 | ​ | $ | 491 | ​ | $ | 19
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 2,197 | ​ | ​ | 2,197 | ​ | ​ | 1,203 | ​ | ​ | 1,503 | ​ | ​ | 88
Commercial and industrial | ​ | ​ | 4,192 | ​ | ​ | 4,192 | ​ | ​ | 3,662 | ​ | ​ | 3,456 | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 6,999 | ​ | $ | 6,869 | ​ | $ | 4,918 | ​ | $ | 5,450 | ​ | $ | 107
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Without an allowance recorded: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 666 | ​ | $ | 519 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 996 | ​ | $ | 20
Commercial real estate | ​ | ​ | 10,345 | ​ | ​ | 10,345 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,360 | ​ | ​ | 38
Commercial and industrial | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 951 | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 11,011 | ​ | $ | 10,864 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,307 | ​ | $ | 58

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Unpaid Principal | ​ | ​ | ​ | Allowance for Loan | ​ | Average Recorded | ​ | Interest Income
At December 31, 2019 |  | Balance |  | Recorded Investment |  | Losses Allocated | ​ | Investment |  | Recognized
With an allowance recorded: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
One-to-four family | ​ | $ | 633 | ​ | $ | 503 | ​ | $ | 64 | ​ | $ | 411 | ​ | $ | 19
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 731 | ​ | ​ | 728 | ​ | ​ | 311 | ​ | ​ | 311 | ​ | ​ | 13
Commercial and industrial | ​ | ​ | 1,047 | ​ | ​ | 1,047 | ​ | ​ | 805 | ​ | ​ | 419 | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 2,411 | ​ | $ | 2,278 | ​ | $ | 1,180 | ​ | $ | 1,141 | ​ | $ | 32
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Without an allowance recorded: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 3,028 | ​ | $ | 2,881 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,063 | ​ | $ | 124
Commercial real estate | ​ | ​ | 367 | ​ | ​ | 367 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 375 | ​ | ​ | 15
Total | ​ | $ | 3,395 | ​ | $ | 3,248 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 2,438 | ​ | $ | 139

​

The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable and loan origination fees. Interest income was recognized on a cash basis for impaired loans.

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For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Interest income that would have been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, had non-accrual loans been current according to their original terms, was immaterial.

For a loan to be considered impaired, management determines after review whether it is probable that the Bank will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Management applies its normal loan review procedures in making these judgments. Impaired loans include individually classified non-accrual loans, TDRs and any loans for which management believes that it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect all amounts due, including both interest and principal, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impairment is determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate. For loans that are collateral dependent, the fair value of the collateral is used to determine the fair value of the loan. The fair value of the collateral is determined based on recent appraised values. The fair value of the collateral or present value of expected cash flows is compared to the carrying value to determine if any write-down or specific loan loss allowance allocation is required.

The following tables present the recorded investment in non-accrual loans, loans past due over 90 days and still accruing by class of loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 |  | Nonaccrual | ​ | Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
Commercial & industrial | ​ | $ | 4,192 | ​ | $ | —
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 1,428 | ​ | ​ | 769
Total | ​ | $ | 5,620 | ​ | $ | 769

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 | ​ | ​ | Nonaccrual | ​ | ​ | Loans Past Due Over 90 Days Still Accruing
Commercial & industrial | ​ | $ | 1,047 | ​ | $ | 408
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 2,345 | ​ | ​ | —
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 693 | ​ | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 4,085 | ​ | $ | 408

​

All TDRs at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were performing in accordance with their structured terms.

The following table presents the aging of the recorded investment in past due loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Greater | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 30-59 | ​ | 60-89 | ​ | than 90 | ​ | Total past | ​ | Current | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 |  | Days |  | Days |  | days |  | due |  | loans |  | Total
Commercial real estate | ​ | $ | 40 | ​ | $ | 9,984 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 10,024 | ​ | $ | 1,877,481 | ​ | $ | 1,887,505
Commercial & industrial | ​ | ​ | 4,429 | ​ | ​ | 6,400 | ​ | ​ | 4,192 | ​ | ​ | 15,021 | ​ | ​ | 576,479 | ​ | ​ | 591,500
Construction | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 112,290 | ​ | ​ | 112,290
Multi-family | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 433,239 | ​ | ​ | 433,239
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 2,908 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,908 | ​ | ​ | 68,446 | ​ | ​ | 71,354
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 112 | ​ | ​ | 32 | ​ | ​ | 2,197 | ​ | ​ | 2,341 | ​ | ​ | 44,090 | ​ | ​ | 46,431
Total | ​ | $ | 7,489 | ​ | $ | 16,416 | ​ | $ | 6,389 | ​ | $ | 30,294 | ​ | $ | 3,112,025 | ​ | $ | 3,142,319

​

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For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Greater | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 30-59 | ​ | 60-89 | ​ | than 90 | ​ | Total past | ​ | Current | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 |  | Days |  | Days |  | days |  | due |  | loans |  | Total
Commercial real estate | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,668,236 | ​ | $ | 1,668,236
Commercial & industrial | ​ | ​ | 346 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,455 | ​ | ​ | 1,801 | ​ | ​ | 446,818 | ​ | ​ | 448,619
Construction | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30,827 | ​ | ​ | 30,827
Multi-family | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 375,611 | ​ | ​ | 375,611
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 82,670 | ​ | ​ | 82,670
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 636 | ​ | ​ | 14 | ​ | ​ | 693 | ​ | ​ | 1,343 | ​ | ​ | 70,613 | ​ | ​ | 71,956
Total | ​ | $ | 982 | ​ | $ | 14 | ​ | $ | 2,148 | ​ | $ | 3,144 | ​ | $ | 2,674,775 | ​ | $ | 2,677,919

​

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Loans for which the terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered TDRs and are classified as impaired. Included in impaired loans at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were loans modified as TDRs with a recorded investment of $1.4 million. The Company had allocated $53,000 and $81,000 of specific reserves to customers whose loan terms have been modified as TDRs as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as TDRs.

The following tables present the recorded investment in TDRs by class of loans as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 | ​ | Troubled Debt Restructuring
Commercial real estate | ​ | $ | 361
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 999
Total | ​ | $ | 1,360

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 | ​ | Troubled Debt Restructuring
Commercial real estate | ​ | $ | 367
One-to-four family | ​ | ​ | 1,039
Consumer | ​ | ​ | 35
Total | ​ | $ | 1,441

​

There were no loans modified as a TDR during the year ended December 31, 2020. TDRs include loans with one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan; an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. Modifications involving a reduction of the stated interest rate and/or an extension of the maturity date were for a period of three to five years.

In 2020 and 2019, there were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification. A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the Bank’s internal underwriting policy.

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For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Credit Quality Indicators

The Bank categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. Except for one-to-four family loans and consumer loans, the Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk at least annually. For one-to-four family loans and consumer loans, the Bank evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan, which was previously presented. An analysis is performed on a quarterly basis for loans classified as special mention, substandard, or doubtful. The Bank uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention —Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Substandard —Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful —Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be pass-rated loans. Based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Special | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 |  | Pass |  | Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful | ​ | ​ | Total
Commercial real estate | ​ | $ | 1,877,160 | ​ | $ | 361 | ​ | $ | 9,984 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,887,505
Commercial & industrial | ​ | ​ | 583,809 | ​ | ​ | 3,499 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,192 | ​ | ​ | 591,500
Construction | ​ | ​ | 112,290 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 112,290
Multi-family | ​ | ​ | 433,239 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 433,239
Total | ​ | $ | 3,006,498 | ​ | $ | 3,860 | ​ | $ | 9,984 | ​ | $ | 4,192 | ​ | $ | 3,024,534

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Special | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 |  | Pass |  | Mention |  | Substandard |  | Doubtful | ​ | ​ | Total
Commercial real estate | ​ | $ | 1,667,869 | ​ | $ | 367 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,668,236
Commercial & industrial | ​ | ​ | 446,612 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 960 | ​ | ​ | 1,047 | ​ | ​ | 448,619
Construction | ​ | ​ | 30,827 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 30,827
Multi-family | ​ | ​ | 375,611 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 375,611
Total | ​ | $ | 2,520,919 | ​ | $ | 367 | ​ | $ | 960 | ​ | $ | 1,047 | ​ | $ | 2,523,293

​

​

COVID-19 Loan Modifications

​

On March 22, 2020, the banking regulators and the FASB issued guidance to financial institutions who are working with borrowers affected by COVID-19 (“COVID-19 guidance”). The COVID-19 guidance indicated that regulatory agencies will not criticize institutions for working with borrowers and will not direct banks to automatically categorize all COVID-19 related loan modifications as TDRs. In addition, the COVID-19 guidance noted that modification or deferral programs

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For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

mandated by the federal or a state government related to COVID-19 would not be in the scope of Accounting Standards Codification Subtopic 310-40 – Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (“ASC 310-40”), such as a state program that requires all institutions within that state to suspend mortgage payments for a specified period.

​

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was signed into law. Section 4013 of the CARES Act, “Temporary Relief from Troubled Debt Restructurings,” allows banks to temporarily suspend certain requirements under GAAP related to TDRs for a limited period to account for the effects of COVID-19. A bank may elect to account for modifications on certain loans under Section 4013 of the CARES Act or, if a loan modification is not eligible under Section 4013, a bank may use the criteria in the COVID-19 Guidance to determine when a loan modification is not a TDR in accordance with ASC 310-40.

​

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had 63 loan deferrals amounting to $220.3 million, or 7.0% of total loans, that were modified in accordance with the COVID-19 Guidance and the CARES Act. These loans, in accordance with COVID-19 guidance and the CARES Act, are not included in disclosures related to past due loans.

​

NOTE 6 — PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Premises and equipment are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Furniture and Equipment (useful life of 3 to 7 years) | ​ | $ | 12,343 | ​ | $ | 9,961
Furniture and Equipment in Process | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,175
Leasehold Improvements (useful life of 3 to 10 years) | ​ |  | 15,687 | ​ |  | 11,092
Leasehold Improvements in Process | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,768
Total Premises and Equipment | ​ |  | 28,030 | ​ |  | 26,996
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | (14,555) | ​ |  | (14,896)
Total Premises and Equipment, net | ​ | $ | 13,475 | ​ | $ | 12,100

​

Depreciation and amortization expense amounted to $2.5 million and $1.6 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

NOTE 7 — DEPOSITS

Deposits consisted of the following as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Noninterest bearing demand accounts | ​ | $ | 1,715,042 | ​ | $ | 1,090,479
Money market | ​ |  | 1,993,514 | ​ |  | 1,573,716
Savings accounts | ​ |  | 17,895 | ​ |  | 16,204
Time Deposits: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Time deposits under $100,000 | ​ |  | 4,172 | ​ |  | 5,483
Time deposits $100,000 and over | ​ |  | 87,890 | ​ |  | 104,892
Total deposits | ​ | $ | 3,818,513 | ​ | $ | 2,790,774

​

Time deposits greater than $250,000 at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were $42.5 million and $61.4 million, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

The following are scheduled maturities of time deposits as of December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ | ​ | ​ | 2020
2021 |  | $ | 51,321
2022 | ​ |  | 26,466
2023 | ​ |  | 7,270
2024 | ​ |  | 3,175
2025 | ​ |  | 3,830
Total time deposits | ​ | $ | 92,062

​

​

NOTE 8 — BORROWINGS

FHLB Advances: The Bank had no borrowings from the FHLB at December 31, 2020. The Bank had $144.0 million of FHLB borrowings at December 31, 2019, which matured during the year ended December 31, 2020 and had a fixed rate at rates from 1.86% to 2.09%, with a weighted average of 2.02%.

Each advance was payable at its maturity date, with a prepayment penalty for fixed rate advances. Advances are collateralized by mortgage loans under a blanket lien agreement in the amount of approximately $499.8 million and $437.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Based on this collateral and the Company’s holdings of FHLB stock, the Company is eligible to borrow a total of approximately $499.8 million as of December 31, 2020.

Trust Preferred Securities Payable: On December 7, 2005, the Company established MetBank Capital Trust I, a Delaware statutory trust (“Trust I”). The Company received all of the common stock of Trust I in exchange for contributed capital of $310,000. Trust I issued $10 million of preferred capital securities to investors in a private transaction and invested the proceeds, combined with the proceeds from the sale of Trust I’s common capital securities, in the Company through the purchase of $10.3 million aggregate principal amount of Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures (the “Debentures”) issued by the Company. The Debentures, the sole assets of Trust I, mature on December 9, 2035 and bear interest then at a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 1.85%. The Debentures are callable. The interest rates were 2.09% and 3.84% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

On July 14, 2006, the Company established MetBank Capital Trust II, a Delaware statutory trust (“Trust II”). The Company received all of the common stock of Trust II in exchange for contributed capital of $310,000. Trust II issued $10 million of preferred capital securities to investors in a private transaction and invested the proceeds, combined with the proceeds from the sale of Trust II’s common capital securities, in the Company through the purchase of $10.3 million aggregate principal amount of Floating Rate Junior Subordinated Debentures (the “Debentures II”) issued by the Company. The Debentures II, the sole assets of Trust II, mature on October 7, 2036, and bear interest at a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 2.00%. The Debentures II are callable. The interest rates were 2.24% and 3.99% as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The Company is not considered the primary beneficiary of these trusts; therefore, the trusts are not consolidated in the Company’s financial statements. Interest on the subordinated debentures may be deferred by the Company at any time or from time to time for a period not exceeding 20 consecutive quarterly payments (5 years), provided there is no event of default. At the end of the deferral period, the Company must pay accrued interest, at which point it may elect a new deferral period provided that no deferral may extend beyond maturity.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

The investments in the common stock of Trust I and Trust II are included in other assets on the consolidated statements of financial condition. The subordinated debentures may be included in Tier 1 capital (with certain applicable limitations) under current regulatory guidelines and interpretations.

Subordinated Debt: On March 8, 2017, the Company issued $25 million of subordinated notes to accredited institutional investors. The notes mature on March 15, 2027 and bear an interest rate of 6.25% per annum. The interest is paid semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year through March 15, 2022 and quarterly thereafter on March 15, June 15, September 15 and December 15 of each year.

In accordance with the terms of the subordinated notes, the interest rate from March 15, 2022 to the maturity date resets quarterly to an interest rate per annum equal to the current three-month LIBOR (not less than zero) plus 426 basis points, payable quarterly in arrears.

The Company may redeem the subordinated notes beginning with the interest payment date of March 15, 2022 and on any scheduled interest payment date thereafter. The subordinated notes may be redeemed in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the subordinated notes plus any accrued and unpaid interest.

The terms of the trust preferred securities and subordinated debt may be impacted by the transition from LIBOR to an alternative U.S. dollar reference interest rate, potentially SOFR, in 2022. On November 30, 2020, announcement by LIBOR’s administrator, the ICE Benchmark Administration, signaled to the market that USD LIBOR for the most liquid maturities is now likely to continue to be published until June 30, 2023; however, no definitive announcement has been made on this delay. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the transition on the trust preferred securities payable.

​

NOTE 9 — INCOME TAXES

Income tax expense consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Current |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Federal | ​ | $ | 10,936 | ​ | $ | 9,222
State and local | ​ |  | 7,226 | ​ |  | 6,570
Total current | ​ |  | 18,162 | ​ |  | 15,792
Deferred | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Federal | ​ |  | 139 | ​ |  | (845)
State and local | ​ |  | 151 | ​ |  | (1,020)
Total deferred | ​ |  | 290 | ​ |  | (1,865)
Total income tax expense | ​ | $ | 18,452 | ​ | $ | 13,927

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Deferred tax assets: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Allowance for loan losses | ​ | $ | 11,145 | ​ | $ | 8,303
Interest on nonaccrual loans | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 24
Off balance sheet reserves | ​ |  | 57 | ​ |  | 57
Restricted stock | ​ |  | 90 | ​ |  | 188
Tangible asset | ​ |  | 14 | ​ |  | 17
Non-qualified stock options | ​ |  | 292 | ​ |  | 294
Net unrealized loss on interest rate cap | ​ |  | 564 | ​ |  | —
Other | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 51
Total gross deferred tax assets | ​ |  | 12,162 | ​ |  | 8,934
Deferred tax liabilities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 3,731 | ​ |  | 781
Net unrealized gain on securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | 1,067 | ​ | ​ | 604
Pass-through income | ​ |  | 59 | ​ |  | 69
Prepaid assets | ​ | ​ | 355 | ​ | ​ | 341
Total gross deferred tax liabilities | ​ |  | 5,212 | ​ |  | 1,795
Net deferred tax asset, included in other assets | ​ | $ | 6,950 | ​ | $ | 7,139

​

The following is a reconciliation of the Company’s statutory federal income tax rate of 21% to its effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
​ | ​ | Tax expense/ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Tax expense/ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | (benefit) |  | Rate |  | ​ | (benefit) |  | Rate |
Pretax income at statutory rates | ​ | $ | 12,163 |  | 21.00 | % | ​ | $ | 9,253 |  | 21.00 | %
State and local taxes, net of federal income tax benefit | ​ |  | 5,828 |  | 10.06 | ​ | ​ |  | 4,385 |  | 9.95 | ​
Nondeductible expenses | ​ |  | 457 |  | 0.79 | ​ | ​ |  | 430 |  | 0.97 | ​
Excess tax deduction on equity awards | ​ | ​ | (59) | ​ | (0.10) | ​ | ​ | ​ | (132) | ​ | (0.30) | ​
Tax-exempt income, net | ​ |  | — |  | — | ​ | ​ |  | (2) |  | (0.00) | ​
Other | ​ |  | 63 |  | 0.11 | ​ | ​ |  | (7) |  | (0.01) | ​
Effective income tax expense/rate | ​ | $ | 18,452 |  | 31.86 | % | ​ | $ | 13,927 |  | 31.61 | %

​

Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. and the Bank filed consolidated Federal, New York State and New York City tax returns in 2020 and 2019.

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, there are no unrecognized tax benefits, and the Company does not expect this to significantly change in the next twelve months.

The Company and its subsidiary are subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of the State and City of New York. The Company is no longer subject to examination by the U.S. federal and state or local tax authorities for years prior to 2016.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

NOTE 10 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Deposits from principal officers, directors, and their affiliates at year-end 2020 and 2019 were $4.5 million and $566,000, respectively.

A promissory note of $780,000 was made to an executive officer of the Bank during 2016. The note has a fixed interest rate of 2.1% per annum (determined by reference to the 5-year LIBOR rate in effect on the note date, plus 100 basis points) and interest is payable on the last day of each calendar quarter. The note has a balloon payment term and the due date is August 15, 2021, with no prepayment penalty. The outstanding balance of the subject loan was $780,000 as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.

NOTE 11 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company leases certain branch properties under operating leases. Approximate future minimum rental payments required under all non-cancellable operating leases, before considering renewal options that generally are present, were as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Year Ending December 31, |  | ​ | ​
2021 | ​ | $ | 3,947
2022 | ​ |  | 3,877
2023 | ​ |  | 3,548
2024 | ​ |  | 3,506
2025 | ​ |  | 3,285
Thereafter (and through 2035) | ​ |  | 23,417
​ | ​ | $ | 41,580

​

Total rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $4.7 million and $3.8 million, respectively.

NOTE 12 — FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair Value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

Assets measured on a recurring basis are limited to the Bank’s AFS portfolio and equity investments. The AFS portfolio is carried at estimated fair value with any unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, reported as accumulated

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

other comprehensive income or loss in shareholders’ equity. Equity investments are carried at estimated fair value with changes in fair value reported as unrealized gain/(loss) on the statement of operations. The fair values for substantially all of these securities are obtained monthly from an independent nationally recognized pricing service. On a quarterly basis, the Bank assesses the reasonableness of the fair values obtained by reference to a second independent nationally recognized pricing service. Based on the nature of these securities, the Bank’s independent pricing service provides prices which are categorized as Level 2 since quoted prices in active markets for identical assets are generally not available for the majority of securities in the Bank’s portfolio. Various modeling techniques are used to determine pricing for the Bank’s mortgage-backed securities, including option pricing and discounted cash flow models. The inputs to these models include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. On an annual basis, the Bank obtains the models, inputs and assumptions utilized by its pricing service and reviews them for reasonableness.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fair Value Measurement using:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted Prices | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | in Active | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Markets | ​ | Other | ​ | Significant
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | For Identical | ​ | Observable | ​ | Unobservable
​ |  | Amount |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | Inputs (Level 2) |  | Inputs (Level 3)
At December 31, 2020 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 194,688 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 194,688 | ​ | $ | —
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 33,492 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 33,492 | ​ | ​ | —
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ | ​ | 37,916 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 37,916 | ​ | ​ | —
CRA Mutual Fund | ​ | ​ | 2,313 | ​ | ​ | 2,313 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Derivative assets - interest rate cap | ​ | ​ | 770 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 770 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Fair Value Measurement using:
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted Prices | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | in Active | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Markets | ​ | Other | ​ | Significant
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | For Identical | ​ | Observable | ​ | Unobservable
​ |  | Amount |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | Inputs (Level 2) |  | Inputs (Level 3)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Residential mortgage securities | ​ | $ | 177,263 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 177,263 | ​ | $ | —
Commercial mortgage securities | ​ | ​ | 32,472 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 32,472 | ​ | ​ | —
U.S. Government agency securities | ​ | ​ | 25,207 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,207 | ​ | ​ | —
CRA Mutual Fund | ​ | ​ | 2,224 | ​ | ​ | 2,224 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —

​

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during 2020 or 2019.

​

There were no material assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2020 or December 31, 2019.

​

The Bank has engaged an independent pricing service provider to provide the fair values of its financial assets and liabilities measured at amortized cost. This provider follows FASB’s exit pricing guidelines, as required by

ASU 2016-01, when calculating the fair market value.

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Carrying amount and estimated fair values of financial instruments at December 31, 2020 and 2019 were as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair Value Measurement Using: | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted Prices | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | in Active | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Markets | ​ | Other | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | For Identical | ​ | Observable | ​ | Unobservable | ​ | Total Fair
At December 31, 2020 |  | Amount |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | Inputs (Level 2) |  | Inputs (Level 3) |  | Value
Assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 8,692 | ​ | $ | 8,692 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 8,692
Overnight deposits | ​ | ​ | 855,613 | ​ | ​ | 855,613 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 855,613
Securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | 266,096 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 266,096 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 266,096
Securities held to maturity | ​ | ​ | 2,760 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,827 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,827
Equity investments | ​ | ​ | 2,313 | ​ | ​ | 2,313 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,313
Loans, net | ​ | ​ | 3,101,646 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,094,998 | ​ | ​ | 3,094,998
Other investments | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
FRB Stock | ​ | ​ | 7,381 | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A
FHLB Stock | ​ | ​ | 2,718 | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A
SBA Loan Fund | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A
Disability Fund | ​ | ​ | 1,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,000
CRA - CD | ​ | ​ | 498 | ​ | ​ | 498 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 498
Derivative assets - interest rate cap | ​ | ​ | 770 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 770 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 770
Accrued interest receivable | ​ | ​ | 13,249 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 414 | ​ | ​ | 12,835 | ​ | ​ | 13,249
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financial liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | ​ | $ | 1,715,042 | ​ | $ | 1,715,042 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,715,042
Money market and savings deposits | ​ | ​ | 2,011,409 | ​ | ​ | 2,011,409 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,011,409
Time deposits | ​ | ​ | 92,062 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 93,157 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 93,157
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York advances | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Trust preferred securities payable | ​ | ​ | 20,620 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,001 | ​ | ​ | 20,001
Subordinated debt, net of issuance cost | ​ | ​ | 24,657 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,375 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,375
Accrued interest payable | ​ | ​ | 712 | ​ | ​ | 7 | ​ | ​ | 591 | ​ | ​ | 114 | ​ | ​ | 712
Secured borrowings | ​ | ​ | 36,964 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 36,964 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 36,964

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Fair Value Measurement Using: | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Quoted Prices | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | in Active | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Markets | ​ | Other | ​ | Significant | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Carrying | ​ | For Identical | ​ | Observable | ​ | Unobservable | ​ | Total Fair
At December 31, 2019 |  | Amount |  | Assets (Level 1) |  | Inputs (Level 2) |  | Inputs (Level 3) |  | Value
Assets: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 8,116 | ​ | $ | 8,116 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 8,116
Overnight deposits | ​ | ​ | 381,104 | ​ | ​ | 381,104 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 381,104
Securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | 234,942 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 234,942 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 234,942
Securities held to maturity | ​ | ​ | 3,722 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,712 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,712
Equity investments | ​ | ​ | 2,224 | ​ | ​ | 2,224 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,224
Loans, net | ​ | ​ | 2,646,677 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,609,233 | ​ | ​ | 2,609,233
Other investments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
FRB Stock | ​ | ​ | 7,317 | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A
FHLB Stock | ​ | ​ | 8,122 | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A
SBA Loan Fund | ​ | ​ | 5,000 | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A | ​ | ​ | N/A
Disability Fund | ​ | ​ | 500 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 500 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 500
CRA - CD | ​ | ​ | 498 | ​ | ​ | 498 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | 498
Accrued interest receivable | ​ | ​ | 8,862 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 544 | ​ | ​ | 8,318 | ​ | ​ | 8,862
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financial Liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits | ​ | $ | 1,090,479 | ​ | $ | 1,090,479 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,090,479
Money market and savings deposits | ​ | ​ | 1,589,920 | ​ | ​ | 1,589,920 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,589,920
Time deposits | ​ | ​ | 110,375 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,800 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 110,800
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York advances | ​ | ​ | 144,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 144,229 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 144,229
Trust preferred securities payable | ​ | ​ | 20,620 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,011 | ​ | ​ | 20,011
Subordinated debt, net of issuance cost | ​ | ​ | 24,601 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,375 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 25,375
Accrued interest payable | ​ | ​ | 1,229 | ​ | ​ | 14 | ​ | ​ | 1,009 | ​ | ​ | 206 | ​ | ​ | 1,229
Secured borrowings | ​ | ​ | 42,972 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 42,972 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 42,972

​

​

NOTE 13 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Series F, Class B preferred stock is nonvoting and with a par value of $0.01 per share. The stock is subordinate and junior to all indebtedness of the Company and to all other series of preferred stock of the Company. The holders of the stock are entitled to receive ratable dividends as provided herein only if and when dividends are concurrently declared and payable on the shares of common shares.

​

NOTE 14 — STOCK COMPENSATION PLAN

Equity Incentive Plan

On May 28, 2019, the Company's 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 EIP”) was approved by stockholders of the Company. Under the 2019 EIP, the maximum number of shares of stock that may be delivered to participants in the form of restricted stock, restricted stock units and stock options, including incentive stock options (“ISO”) and non-qualified stock options, is 340,000, plus any awards that are forfeited under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2009 Plan”). Under the 2009 Plan, there are 468,382 shares that are subject to outstanding and/or unexercised awards that have been granted and, if forfeited after May 28, 2019, such shares will be available to be granted under the 2019 EIP. The 2009 Plan expired on May 18, 2019 and, accordingly, the 628,719 shares that were unissued under the 2009 Plan have expired and may not be granted (and such shares of stock did not roll over to the 2019 EIP).

At December 31, 2020, there were 311,251 shares issuable under the 2019 EIP. At December 31, 2019, there were 341,562 shares issuable under the 2009 Plan.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Stock Options

Under the terms of the 2019 EIP, a stock option cannot have an exercise price that is less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares covered by the stock option on the date of grant. In the case of an ISO granted to a 10% stockholder, the exercise price shall not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the shares covered by the stock option on the date of grant. In no event shall the exercise period exceed ten years from the date of grant of the option, except, in the case of an ISO granted to a 10% stockholder, the exercise period shall not exceed five years from the date of grant. The 2019 EIP uses a double trigger change in control feature, providing for an acceleration of vesting upon an involuntary termination of employment simultaneous with or following a change in control.

The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using a closed form option valuation (Black-Scholes) model. Expected volatilities based on historical volatilities of the Company’s common stock are not significant. The expected term of options granted is based on historical data and represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding, which takes into account that the options are not transferable. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant.

There was no compensation cost related to non-vested stock options granted as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 as all stock options were vested.

A summary of the status of the Company’s stock option plan and the changes during the year is presented below:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Average | ​
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | Exercise | ​
​ |  | Options |  | Price |
Outstanding, beginning of year |  | 231,000 | ​ | $ | 18.00 |
Granted |  | — | ​ |  | — |
Exercised |  | — | ​ |  | — |
Cancelled/forfeited |  | — | ​ |  | — |
Outstanding, end of year |  | 231,000 | ​ | $ | 18.00 |
Options vested and exercisable at year-end |  | 231,000 | ​ | $ | 18.00 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  | ​ | $ | 4,220,370 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average remaining contractual life (years) |  |  | ​ |  | 3.38 |

​

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2020:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Options Outstanding
Range of Average | ​ | Number Outstanding at | ​ | Weighted Average | ​ | ​ | Weighted Average | ​ | ​ | Weighted average
Exercise Prices |  | December 31, 2020 |  | Remaining Contractual Life |  | ​ | Exercise Price |  | ​ | intrinsic value
$10 – 20 | ​ | 231,000 | ​ | 3.38 | ​ | $ | 18.00 | ​ | $ | 18.27
$21 – 30 | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
$10 – 30 | ​ | 231,000 | ​ | 3.38 | ​ | $ | 18.00 | ​ | $ | 18.27

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Restricted Stock Awards and Units

The Company issued restricted stock awards under the 2009 Plan and restricted stock units under the 2019 Plan (collectively, “restricted stock grants”) to certain key personnel. Each restricted stock grant vests based on the vesting schedule outlined in the restricted stock grant agreement. Restricted stock grants are subject to forfeiture if the holder is not employed by the Company on the vesting date. In the first quarter of 2020, 60,307 restricted stock units were issued to certain key personnel. These shares vest one-third each year for three years beginning December 15, 2020.

Total compensation cost that has been charged against income for restricted stock grants was $1.5 million and $1.2 million for years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, there was $2.0 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to the restricted stock grants. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.68 years.

In addition, on January 1, 2019, 38,900 restricted shares in the aggregate were granted to members of the Board of Directors in lieu of retainer fees for three years of service. These shares vest one-third each year for three years beginning on January 1, 2019. Further, on October 1, 2020, 1,785 shares were granted to a new member of the Board of Directors, all of which vest in 2021. Total expense for these awards was $410,000 and $400,000 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, there was $440,000 of unrecognized expense related to Directors’ fees. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.00 years.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s non-vested restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31, 2020 | ​ | Year Ended December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted Average | ​ | ​ | ​ | Weighted Average
​ |  | Number of Shares |  | Grant Date Fair Value | ​ | Number of Shares |  | Grant Date Fair Value
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Outstanding, beginning of period | ​ | 104,838 | ​ | $ | 29.86 | ​ | 53,957 | ​ | $ | 21.46
Granted | ​ | 62,092 | ​ | ​ | 44.80 | ​ | 106,423 | ​ | ​ | 35.36
Forfeited | ​ | (31,781) | ​ | ​ | 38.24 | ​ | (1,561) | ​ | ​ | 32.71
Vested | ​ | (58,860) | ​ | ​ | 31.83 | ​ | (53,981) | ​ | ​ | 32.22
Outstanding at end of period | ​ | 76,289 | ​ | $ | 37.01 | ​ | 104,838 | ​ | $ | 29.86

​

The total fair value of shares vested is $2.1 million and $2.4 for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units

During 2018, the Company established a performance-based long term incentive award program under the 2009 Equity Incentive Plan. During 2018, 90,000 performance-based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”) were awarded under the program. PRSUs are eligible to be earned over a three-year performance period based on the Company’s relative performance on certain measurement goals that were established at the onset of the performance period. These awards were accounted for in accordance with guidance prescribed in ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation. These units will be granted at the end of the three-year performance period, provided the performance criteria have been met.

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s non-vested PRSU awards for year ended December 31, 2020:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended
​ |  | December 31, 2020
​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average service inception date fair value of award shares | ​ | $ | 4,064,295
Minimum aggregate share payout | ​ | ​ | 12,000
Maximum aggregate share payout | ​ | ​ | 90,000
Likely aggregate share payout | ​ | ​ | 90,000
Compensation expense recognized | ​ | $ | 1,430,011

​

​

Total compensation cost that has been charged against income for this plan for both years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $1.4 million. At December 31, 2020, these awards were fully expensed and are expected to be paid out at their maximum amount of 90,000 shares.

NOTE 15 — EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN

The Company has a 401(k) plan for eligible employees. The contribution for any participant may not exceed the maximum amount allowable by law. Each year, the Company may elect to match a percentage of participant contributions. The Company may also elect each year to make additional discretionary contributions to the plan. The total contributions were $619,000 and $499,000 the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

NOTE 16 — FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS WITH OFF-BALANCE-SHEET RISK

The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements. The Bank’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

The Bank had outstanding the following off-balance-sheet financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, 2020 | ​ | At December 31, 2019
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Variable | ​ | ​ | ​ | Variable
​ |  | Fixed Rate |  | Rate |  | Fixed Rate |  | Rate
Undrawn lines of credit | ​ | $ | 19,024 | ​ | $ | 266,696 | ​ | $ | 17,204 | ​ | $ | 193,767
Letters of credit | ​ | ​ | 34,264 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 47,743 | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | $ | 53,288 | ​ | $ | 266,696 | ​ | $ | 64,947 | ​ | $ | 193,767

​

A commitment to extend credit is a legally binding agreement to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally expire within two years. At both December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Bank’s fixed rate loan commitments are to make loans with interest rates ranging from 3.0% to 5.6% and maturities of one year or more. The amount of collateral obtained, if any, by the Bank upon extension of credit is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrower. Collateral held varies but may include mortgages

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

on commercial and residential real estate, security interests in business assets, equipment, deposit accounts with the Bank or other financial institutions and securities.

The Bank has letters of credit of $34.3 million and $47.7 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, for which the Bank has received collateral in the form of accounts of $26.9 million and $29.8 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

NOTE 17 — REGULATORY CAPITAL

The Company and Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal banking agencies. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company and the Bank met all applicable regulatory capital requirements to be considered “well capitalized” under regulatory guidelines. The Company and Bank manage their capital to comply with their internal planning targets and regulatory capital standards administered by federal banking agencies. The Company and Bank review capital levels on a monthly basis.

The final rules implementing Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s capital guidelines for U.S. banks (Basel III rules) became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015 with full compliance with all of the requirements being fully phased in on January 1, 2019. The capital conservation buffer was 2.50% at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The net unrealized gain or loss on AFS securities is not included in the computation of the regulatory capital. The Company and the Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements, to which they are subject, as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.

Prompt corrective action regulations provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized, although these terms are not used to represent overall financial condition. If adequately capitalized, regulatory approval is required to accept brokered deposits. If undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank and the Company as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the institution’s category.

The Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments is dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval of regulatory agencies.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

The following is a summary of actual capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, for the Company and the Bank compared to the requirements for minimum capital adequacy and classification as well capitalized. Actual and required capital amounts and ratios are presented below at year end (dollars in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | To be Well Capitalized |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | For Capital Adequacy | ​ | under Prompt Corrective |
​ | Actual | ​ | Purposes | ​ | Action Regulations |
​ | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |
At December 31, 2020 | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 410,959 | ​ | 12.7 | % | $ | 257,941 | ≥ | 8.0 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 410,295 | ​ | 12.7 | % | $ | 257,827 | ≥ | 8.0 | % | $ | 322,284 | ≥ | 10.0% | ​
Tier 1 common equity (to risk-weighted assets) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 324,592 | ​ | 10.1 | % | $ | 145,092 | ≥ | 4.5 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 374,712 | ​ | 11.6 | % | $ | 145,028 | ≥ | 4.5 | % | $ | 209,485 | ≥ | 6.5% | ​
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 350,714 | ​ | 10.9 | % | $ | 193,456 | ≥ | 6.0 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 374,712 | ​ | 11.6 | % | $ | 193,370 | ≥ | 6.0 | % | $ | 257,827 | ≥ | 8.0% | ​
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 350,714 | ​ | 8.5 | % | $ | 165,767 | ≥ | 4.0 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 374,712 | ​ | 9.0 | % | $ | 165,704 | ≥ | 4.0 | % | $ | 207,130 | ≥ | 5.0% | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2019 |  |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 350,403 | ​ | 12.5 | % | $ | 223,973 | ≥ | 8.0 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 356,353 | ​ | 12.7 | % | $ | 223,858 | ≥ | 8.0 | % | $ | 279,823 | ≥ | 10.0% | ​
Tier 1 common equity (to risk-weighted assets) | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 282,646 | ​ | 10.1 | % | $ | 125,985 | ≥ | 4.5 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 329,905 | ​ | 11.8 | % | $ | 125,920 | ≥ | 4.5 | % | $ | 181,885 | ≥ | 6.5% | ​
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 308,769 | ​ | 11.0 | % | $ | 167,980 | ≥ | 6.0 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 329,905 | ​ | 11.8 | % | $ | 167,894 | ≥ | 6.0 | % | $ | 223,858 | ≥ | 8.0% | ​
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​ |  |  |  |  | ​
Metropolitan Bank Holding Corp. | $ | 308,769 | ​ | 9.4 | % | $ | 131,087 | ≥ | 4.0 | % | $ | N/A | ≥ | N/A | ​
Metropolitan Commercial Bank | $ | 329,905 | ​ | 10.1 | % | $ | 131,000 | ≥ | 4.0 | % | $ | 163,750 | ≥ | 5.0% | ​

​

As a result of the recently enacted Economic Growth Act (the “Act”), banking regulatory agencies adopted a revised definition of “well capitalized” for financial institutions and holding companies with assets of less than $10 billion and that are not determined to be ineligible by their primary federal regulator due to their risk profile (a “Qualifying Community Bank”). The new definition expanded the ways that a Qualifying Community Bank may meet its capital requirements and be deemed “well capitalized.” The new rule establishes a community bank leverage ratio (“CBLR”) equal to the tangible equity capital divided by the average total consolidated assets. Regulators have established the CBLR to be set at 8.5% through calendar year 2021 and 9% thereafter. The CARES Act temporarily reduced the CBLR to 8%.

A Qualifying Community Bank that maintains a leverage ratio greater than 9% is considered to be well capitalized and to have met generally applicable leverage capital requirements, generally applicable risk-based capital requirements, and any other capital or leverage requirements to which such financial institution or holding company is subject. The Bank intends to continue to measure capital adequacy using the ratios in the table above.

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

​

NOTE 18 — EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE

The Company uses the two-class method in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share. Under the two-class method, earnings available to common shareholders for the period are allocated between common shareholders and participating securities according to dividends declared (or accumulated) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The factors used in the earnings per share calculation are as follows (in thousands, except per share data).

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Basic | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income per consolidated statements of income | ​ | $ | 39,466 | ​ | $ | 30,134
Less: Earnings allocated to participating securities | ​ | ​ | (344) | ​ | ​ | (448)
Net income available to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 39,122 | ​ | $ | 29,686
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average common shares outstanding including participating securities | ​ | ​ | 8,293,677 | ​ | ​ | 8,297,478
Less: Weighted average participating securities | ​ | ​ | (72,248) | ​ | ​ | (123,336)
Weighted average common shares outstanding | ​ | ​ | 8,221,429 | ​ | ​ | 8,174,142
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic earnings per common share | ​ | ​ | 4.76 | ​ | ​ | 3.63
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Diluted | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income allocated to common stockholders | ​ | $ | 39,122 | ​ | $ | 29,686
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Weighted average common shares outstanding for basic earnings per common share | ​ | ​ | 8,221,429 | ​ | ​ | 8,174,142
Add: Dilutive effects of assumed exercise of stock options | ​ | ​ | 103,463 | ​ | ​ | 125,085
Add: Dilutive effects of assumed vesting of performance based restricted stock | ​ | ​ | 73,552 | ​ | ​ | 39,914
Add: Dilutive effects of assumed vesting of restricted stock units | ​ | ​ | - | ​ | ​ | ​
Average shares and dilutive potential common shares | ​ | ​ | 8,398,444 | ​ | ​ | 8,339,141
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Dilutive earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 4.66 | ​ | $ | 3.56

​

At December 31, 2020, there were 33,615 restricted stock units that were anti-dilutive and, thus, not considered in computing diluted earnings per share. The Company did not have any restricted stock units in 2019. There were no stock options that were anti-dilutive and, thus, not considered in computing diluted earnings per common share for 2020 and 2019.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

NOTE 19 — PARENT COMPANY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Condensed financial information for the Company (parent company only) is as follows (in thousands):

Condensed Statements of Financial Condition

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | At December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Assets |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Cash and due from banks | ​ | $ | 15 | ​ | $ | 1,836
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses | ​ |  | 776 | ​ |  | 776
Investments | ​ |  | 620 | ​ |  | 620
Investment in subsidiary bank, at equity | ​ |  | 385,510 | ​ |  | 340,733
Other assets | ​ |  | 22 | ​ |  | 1,106
Total assets | ​ | $ | 386,943 | ​ | $ | 345,071
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Trust preferred securities payable | ​ |  | 20,620 | ​ |  | 20,620
Subordinated debt payable, net of issuance costs | ​ |  | 24,657 | ​ |  | 24,601
Other liabilities | ​ |  | 879 | ​ |  | 726
Total liabilities | ​ |  | 46,156 | ​ |  | 45,947
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Stockholders’ equity: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Preferred stock | ​ |  | 3 | ​ |  | 3
Common stock | ​ |  | 82 | ​ |  | 82
Surplus | ​ |  | 218,899 | ​ |  | 216,468
Retained earnings | ​ |  | 120,830 | ​ |  | 81,364
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | ​ |  | 973 | ​ |  | 1,207
Total equity | ​ |  | 340,787 | ​ |  | 299,124
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | ​ | $ | 386,943 | ​ | $ | 345,071

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Condensed Statements of Operation

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Income: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Loans | ​ | $ | 17 | ​ | $ | 17 | ​
Securities and money market funds | ​ | ​ | 18 | ​ | ​ | 27 | ​
Total interest income | ​ |  | 35 | ​ |  | 44 | ​
Interest expense: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​
Trust preferred securities payable | ​ |  | 590 | ​ |  | 908 | ​
Subordinated debt interest expense | ​ |  | 1,618 | ​ |  | 1,618 | ​
Total interest expense | ​ |  | 2,208 | ​ |  | 2,526 | ​
Net interest expense | ​ |  | (2,173) | ​ |  | (2,482) | ​
Provision for loan losses | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | ​ |  | (2,173) | ​ |  | (2,482) | ​
Other expense | ​ |  | 2,338 | ​ |  | 3,865 | ​
Loss before undistributed earnings of subsidiary bank | ​ |  | (4,511) | ​ |  | (6,347) | ​
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary bank | ​ |  | 42,844 | ​ |  | 35,209 | ​
Income before income tax expense | ​ |  | 38,333 | ​ |  | 28,862 | ​
Income tax benefit | ​ |  | 1,133 | ​ |  | 1,272 | ​
Net income | ​ | $ | 39,466 | ​ | $ | 30,134 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Comprehensive income | ​ | $ | 39,232 | ​ | $ | 31,746 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Condensed Statement of Cash Flows

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 | ​ | 2019
Cash Flows From Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |
Net income | ​ | $ | 39,466 | ​ | $ | 30,134
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Undistributed earnings of subsidiary bank | ​ |  | (42,844) | ​ |  | (35,209)
Non-employee stock based compensation | ​ | ​ | 410 | ​ | ​ | 400
Amortization of trust preferred issuance costs | ​ |  | 56 | ​ |  | 56
Stock based compensation expense | ​ |  | 2,902 | ​ |  | 2,667
Decrease (increase) in other assets | ​ |  | (1,084) | ​ |  | 274
Increase (decrease) in other liabilities | ​ |  | 154 | ​ |  | 56
Net cash used in operating activities | ​ |  | (940) | ​ |  | (1,622)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows From Investing Activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Net cash used in Investing activities | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows From Financing Activities: | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |
Redemption of common stock for tax withholdings for restricted stock vesting | ​ | ​ | (881) | ​ | ​ | (89)
Net cash provided by financing activities | ​ |  | (881) | ​ |  | (89)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | ​ |  | (1,821) | ​ |  | (1,711)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | ​ |  | 1,836 | ​ |  | 3,547
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | ​ | $ | 15 | ​ | $ | 1,836
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

​

​

​

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

NOTE 20 — ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table summarizes the changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) balances, net of tax effects at the dates indicated (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |
Beginning balance | ​ | $ | 1,207 | ​ | $ | (473) | ​
Cumulative effect of adopting new accounting standard ASU 2016-01, net of taxes | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 68 | ​
Beginning balance, as adjusted | ​ | ​ | 1,207 | ​ | ​ | (405) | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other comprehensive income, net of tax: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized gain on securities available for sale | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized holding gain (loss) arising during the period | ​ | $ | 4,877 | ​ | $ | 2,358 | ​
Reclassification adjustment for gain included in net income | ​ | ​ | (3,286) | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Tax effect | ​ | ​ | (514) | ​ | ​ | (746) | ​
Net of tax | ​ | ​ | 1,077 | ​ | ​ | 1,612 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized loss on cash flow hedges | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Unrealized holding loss arising during the period | ​ | $ | (1,925) | ​ | $ | — | ​
Tax effect | ​ | ​ | 614 | ​ | ​ | — | ​
Net of tax | ​ | $ | (1,311) | ​ | $ | — | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | $ | (234) | ​ | $ | 1,612 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ending balance | ​ | $ | 973 | ​ | $ | 1,207 | ​

​

The proceeds from sales and calls of securities during the years ended December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were $141.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively. There was a gain of $3.3 million recognized on the sale of securities and there was no gain or loss associated with the call of securities in 2019. The following table shows the amounts reclassified out of each component of accumulated other comprehensive income for the gain on the sale of securities during the year ended December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Affected line item in the Consolidated
​ |  | Year Ended December 31, 2020 |  | Statements of Operations
Realized gain on sale of available-for-sale securities | ​ | $ | 3,286 |  | Gain on sale of securities
Income tax benefit | ​ |  | (1,036) |  | Income tax expense
Total reclassifications, net of income tax | ​ | $ | 2,250 |  |

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

​

NOTE 21 — UNAUDITED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA

Selected Consolidated Quarterly Financial Data (dollars, except per share amounts, in thousands)

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2020 Quarter Ended
​ |  | December 31 |  | September 30 |  | June 30 |  | March 31
Interest income | ​ | $ | 36,862 | ​ | $ | 35,945 | ​ | $ | 34,223 | ​ | $ | 36,067
Interest expense | ​ |  | 3,395 | ​ |  | 3,621 | ​ |  | 4,062 | ​ |  | 7,098
Net interest income | ​ |  | 33,467 | ​ |  | 32,324 | ​ |  | 30,161 | ​ |  | 28,969
Provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 1,795 | ​ |  | 1,137 | ​ |  | 1,766 | ​ |  | 4,790
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 31,672 | ​ |  | 31,187 | ​ |  | 28,395 | ​ |  | 24,179
Non-interest income | ​ |  | 3,373 | ​ |  | 3,637 | ​ |  | 5,653 | ​ |  | 4,340
Non-interest expense | ​ |  | 17,788 | ​ |  | 18,930 | ​ |  | 18,284 | ​ |  | 19,516
Income before income taxes | ​ |  | 17,257 | ​ |  | 15,894 | ​ |  | 15,764 | ​ |  | 9,003
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 5,482 | ​ |  | 5,111 | ​ |  | 4,953 | ​ |  | 2,906
Net income | ​ | $ | 11,775 | ​ | $ | 10,783 | ​ | $ | 10,811 | ​ | $ | 6,097
Basic earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 1.42 | ​ | $ | 1.30 | ​ | $ | 1.30 | ​ | $ | 0.73
Diluted earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 1.39 | ​ | $ | 1.27 | ​ | $ | 1.28 | ​ | $ | 0.72

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​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2019 Quarter Ended
​ |  | December 31 |  | September 30 |  | June 30 |  | March 31
Interest income | ​ | $ | 36,466 | ​ | $ | 35,496 | ​ | $ | 30,828 | ​ | $ | 26,990
Interest expense | ​ |  | 8,424 | ​ |  | 9,443 | ​ |  | 7,891 | ​ |  | 6,412
Net interest income | ​ |  | 28,042 | ​ |  | 26,053 | ​ |  | 22,937 | ​ |  | 20,578
Provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 2,300 | ​ |  | 2,004 | ​ |  | 1,950 | ​ |  | (2,031)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses | ​ |  | 25,742 | ​ |  | 24,049 | ​ |  | 20,987 | ​ |  | 22,609
Non-interest income | ​ |  | 2,862 | ​ |  | 2,700 | ​ |  | 2,674 | ​ |  | 2,393
Non-interest expense | ​ |  | 17,042 | ​ |  | 15,495 | ​ |  | 14,724 | ​ |  | 12,694
Income before income taxes | ​ |  | 11,562 | ​ |  | 11,254 | ​ |  | 8,937 | ​ |  | 12,308
Income tax expense | ​ |  | 3,699 | ​ |  | 3,571 | ​ |  | 2,880 | ​ |  | 3,777
Net income | ​ | $ | 7,863 | ​ | $ | 7,683 | ​ | $ | 6,057 | ​ | $ | 8,531
Basic earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 0.95 | ​ | $ | 0.92 | ​ | $ | 0.73 | ​ | $ | 1.03
Diluted earnings per common share | ​ | $ | 0.93 | ​ | $ | 0.90 | ​ | $ | 0.71 | ​ | $ | 1.01

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

NOTE 22 – REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

The Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as of January 1, 2019. All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers that are in the scope of the accounting guidance are recognized in non-interest income. The following table presents the Company’s sources of non-interest income, within the scope of the ASU, for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Year Ended December 31, | ​
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2019 | ​
Service charges on deposit accounts | ​ | $ | 3,728 | ​ | $ | 3,556 | ​
Global payments revenue | ​ |  | 8,464 | ​ |  | 5,643 | ​
Other service charges and fees | ​ |  | 1,477 | ​ |  | 1,366 | ​
Total | ​ | $ | 13,669 | ​ | $ | 10,565 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​

A description of the Company’s revenue streams accounted for under the accounting guidance follows:

Global payments revenue: The Bank serves as a debit card issuer to, and contracts with, various program managers to issue debit cards to support various products including, but not limited to, healthcare marketing, general purpose reloadable cards, payroll cards, disbursement of government payments, payment of federal benefits and E-Wallet and push payments for sellers in online marketplaces. The Bank earns initial set-up fees for these programs as well as fees for transactions processed. The Bank receives transaction data at the end of each month for debit card services rendered, at which time revenue is recognized.

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Prior to the adoption of the ASU, at December 31, 2018, upfront fees were recognized under the percentage of completion method. Since the performance obligation of setting up the program to go live is satisfied at a point in time, the revenue is deemed to be recognized once the performance obligation has been completed and the program is live, thereby creating an asset available for the customer to use.

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The ASU provides the option to elect the modified retrospective method as a transition approach and the Bank has elected to use this method to comply with the new guidance under the ASU. Accordingly, the Company recorded an adjustment of $117,000 to the opening retained earnings for the year ended December 31, 2019 to reflect the change in accounting under the ASU.

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Service charges on deposit accounts: The Bank offers business and personal retail products and services, which include, but are not limited to, online banking, mobile banking, ACH, and remote deposit capture. A standard deposit contract exists between the Bank and all deposit customers. The Bank earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based services (such as ATM use fees, stop payment charges, statement rendering, and ACH fees), account maintenance, and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Bank fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

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Other service charges: The primary component of other service charges relates to foreign exchange (“FX”) conversion fees. The Bank outsources FX conversion for foreign currency transactions to correspondent banks. The

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METROPOLITAN BANK HOLDING CORP. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 (Continued)

Bank earns a portion of an FX conversion fee that the customer charges to process an FX conversion transaction. Revenue is recognized at the end of the month, once the customer has remitted the transaction information to the Bank.

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NOTE 23 – DERIVATIVES

In the first quarter of 2020, the Company entered into an interest rate cap derivative contract (“interest rate cap” or “contract”) as a part of its asset liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. The notional amount of the interest rate cap does not represent the amount exchanged by the parties. The amount exchanged is determined by reference to the notional amount and the other terms of the contract. The interest rate subject to the cap is 30-day LIBOR.

The interest rate cap had a notional amount of $300.0 million as of December 31, 2020 and was designated as a cash flow hedge of certain deposit liabilities of the Bank. The hedge was determined to be effective during the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company expects the hedge to remain effective during the remaining term of the contract.

The following table reflects the derivatives recorded on the balance sheet at December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 | ​ | ​ | Amount of Loss Recognized in OCI, net of tax | ​ | ​ | Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income | ​ | ​ | Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from OCI into Income
Interest rate caps related to customer deposits | ​ | $ | 1,311 | ​ | $ | N/A | ​ | $ | —

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The effect of cash flow hedge accounting on accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At December 31, 2020 | ​ | ​ | Notional Amount | ​ | ​ | Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedges: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Interest rate caps related to customer deposits | ​ | $ | 300,000 | ​ | $ | 770
Total included in Other Assets | ​ | $ | 300,000 | ​ | $ | 770

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