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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND PREPARATION | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND PREPARATION The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") on a going concern basis. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, have been included. The Company operates as one operating segment because its chief operating decision maker, who is the Chief Executive Officer, reviews its financial information on a consolidated basis for purposes of making decisions regarding allocating resources and assessing performance. In connection with the Company's acquisition of Three Square Market, Inc., a Wisconsin corporation, and Three Square Market Limited, a UK private limited company (collectively "32M"), we assessed the foreign exchange impact associated with 32M's UK operations which utilizes the British Pound as its functional currency, and concluded the foreign currency fluctuations were immaterial to our financial statements including Consolidated Balance Sheets, Consolidated Statements of Operations, Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Shareholders’ Equity, and Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. The Company will continue to monitor and assess its exposures to foreign exchange fluctuations in future periods.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS | Consolidated Statements of Operations: operating expenses presentation Beginning in fiscal year 2022, the Company revised its presentation of operating expenses within its Consolidated Statements of Operations by disaggregating the previously disclosed Selling, general, and administrative costs into Sales and marketing, Technology and product development, and General and administrative costs. In fiscal year 2023, the Company disaggregated General and administrative costs further by disclosing Integration and acquisition expenses separately. The updated presentation is intended to provide additional transparency to the readers of the financial statements and better align the Company’s financial performance with how management views and monitors business operations and makes strategic decisions. Prior period amounts for fiscal year 2022 and 2021 have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation. Below is a brief description of the various categories within Operating expenses: •Sales and marketing: Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of our sales and marketing team personnel costs. In addition, this category includes fees paid for advertising, trade shows and external consultants who assist in outreach initiatives designed to build brand awareness and showcase the value of our products and services to our opportunity markets. •Technology and product development: Technology and product development expenses consist primarily of our technology and product team personnel costs and fees paid to external consultants relating to innovating and maintaining our portfolio of products and services and strengthening our network environment and platform. These costs include but are not limited to engineering, platform and software development, fees for software licenses, contract labor and other technology and product related items that are not eligible for capitalization. •General, and administrative: General and administrative expenses consist primarily of our customer support, business operations, finance, legal, human resources and other administrative personnel costs and fees paid to external consultants for these respective departments. In addition, this category includes rent and occupancy costs and other miscellaneous costs incurred in the course of operating the business. •Investigation, proxy solicitation, and restatement expenses: In fiscal year 2019, the Audit Committee, with the assistance of independent legal and forensic accounting advisors, conducted an internal investigation of then-current and prior period matters relating to certain of the Company’s contractual arrangements, including the accounting treatment, financial reporting and internal controls related to such arrangements (the “2019 Investigation”). The Company and former officers incurred additional legal expenses primarily relating to responding to inquiries from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in regards to the 2019 Investigation. •Integration and acquisition expenses: Integration and acquisition expenses consist primarily of professional services fees including accounting, legal and investing banking advisory fees incurred in connection with acquisitions and post-acquisition integrations. See Note 6 - Acquisitions to the consolidated financial statements for further information. •Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation expense on our property and equipment, excluding property and equipment used for rentals, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, and amortization expense on our intangible assets are included within the Depreciation and amortization caption in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The presentation changes described above did not impact total operating expenses, operating loss, net loss or net loss per common share. Consolidated Statements of Operations: updated caption Beginning in fiscal year 2022, the Company revised the previously reported revenue caption of License and transaction fees to Subscription and transaction fees within its Consolidated Statements of Operations to provide a more accurate description of the revenue stream and align with commonly used terminology by industry participants. No changes were made to the revenue recognition accounting policies or previously reported amounts included within the Company’s June 30, 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
USE OF ESTIMATES | USE OF ESTIMATES The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis. Estimates, judgments, and assumptions in these consolidated financial statement include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue recognition, capitalization of internal-use software and cloud computing arrangements, fair value of acquired assets and liabilities including goodwill through purchase accounting, evaluation of goodwill and long-lived assets impairment, allowances for accounts and finance receivables, inventory reserves, loss contingencies, income taxes, and sales tax reserves.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash equivalents represent all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from time of purchase. Cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts where accounts may exceed federally insured limits at times. The Company deems this credit risk not to be significant as cash is held at well-capitalized financial institutions in the U.S. and U.K.
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE | ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Accounts receivable include amounts due to the Company for sales of equipment, other amounts due from customers, merchant service receivables which are receivables due from credit card processors, and unbilled amounts due from customers, net of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. See "Allowance for Accounts and Finance Receivables" section below for details.
FINANCE RECEIVABLES | FINANCE RECEIVABLESThe Company offers extended payment terms to certain customers for equipment sales primarily under its Quick Start Program. Agreements under the Quick Start Program are accounted for as sales-type leases. Accordingly, the discounted future minimum lease payments are classified as finance receivables in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance receivables or Quick Start leases are generally for a sixty month term. The Company recognizes a portion of the lease payments as interest income in the accompanying consolidated financial statements based on the effective interest rate method.
ALLOWANCE FOR ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE RECEIVABLES | ALLOWANCE FOR ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE RECEIVABLES The Company maintains lifetime expected loss allowances for accounts and finance receivables based on historical experience of payment performance, current conditions of the customer, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts of collectability for the asset’s entire expected life, which is generally less than one year for accounts receivable and five years for finance receivables. Historical loss experience is utilized as there have been no significant changes in the mix or risk characteristics of the receivable revenue streams used to calculate historical loss rates. Current conditions are analyzed at each measurement date to reassess whether our receivables continue to exhibit similar risk characteristics as the prior measurement date, and determine if the allowance calculation needs to be adjusted for new developments, such as a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations. Reasonable and supportable macroeconomic trends also are incorporated into the analysis as warranted. Estimating the allowances therefore requires us to apply judgment in relying on historical customer payment experience, regularly analyzing the financial condition of our customers, and developing macroeconomic forecasts to adequately cover expected credit losses on our receivables. By nature, such estimates are highly subjective, and it is possible that the amount of receivables that we are unable to collect may be different than the amounts initially estimated in the allowances. The provision for expected credit losses relating to accounts receivable and finance receivable balances is recorded within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company writes off accounts and finance receivables balances when management determines the balance is uncollectible and the Company ceases collection efforts.
ALLOWANCE FOR ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE RECEIVABLES | ALLOWANCE FOR ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE RECEIVABLES The Company maintains lifetime expected loss allowances for accounts and finance receivables based on historical experience of payment performance, current conditions of the customer, and reasonable and supportable economic forecasts of collectability for the asset’s entire expected life, which is generally less than one year for accounts receivable and five years for finance receivables. Historical loss experience is utilized as there have been no significant changes in the mix or risk characteristics of the receivable revenue streams used to calculate historical loss rates. Current conditions are analyzed at each measurement date to reassess whether our receivables continue to exhibit similar risk characteristics as the prior measurement date, and determine if the allowance calculation needs to be adjusted for new developments, such as a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations. Reasonable and supportable macroeconomic trends also are incorporated into the analysis as warranted. Estimating the allowances therefore requires us to apply judgment in relying on historical customer payment experience, regularly analyzing the financial condition of our customers, and developing macroeconomic forecasts to adequately cover expected credit losses on our receivables. By nature, such estimates are highly subjective, and it is possible that the amount of receivables that we are unable to collect may be different than the amounts initially estimated in the allowances. The provision for expected credit losses relating to accounts receivable and finance receivable balances is recorded within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company writes off accounts and finance receivables balances when management determines the balance is uncollectible and the Company ceases collection efforts.
INVENTORY, NET | INVENTORY, NET Inventory consists primarily of finished goods. The company's inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using a weighted-average cost method. The Company establishes reserves for slow-moving inventory based upon quality considerations and assumptions about future demand and market conditions. The reserve is recorded within Cost of equipment sales in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The inventory reserve was $2.3 million and $2.5 million for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property and equipment are recorded at either cost or, in the instance of an acquisition, the estimated fair value on the date of the acquisition, and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Capitalized internal-use software is amortized on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the software. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the respective lease term. Depreciation expense on our property and equipment, excluding property and equipment used for rentals, is included in “Depreciation and amortization” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense on our property and equipment used for rentals is included in “Cost of Subscription and transaction fees” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additions and improvements that extend the estimated lives of the assets are capitalized, while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.
GOODWILL | GOODWILL The Company’s goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of the net assets purchased in acquisitions. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative or a quantitative goodwill impairment test. When we perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. When we perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not considered impaired. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which, if any, the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the reporting unit’s goodwill balance. The Company has selected April 1 as its annual test date. The Company has concluded there has been no impairment of goodwill during the year ended June 30, 2023 based on its qualitative assessment. There has been no impairment of goodwill for fiscal year 2022, or 2021. Subsequent to our annual impairment test, no indicators of impairment were identified.
INTANGIBLE AND LONG-LIVED ASSETS | INTANGIBLE AND LONG-LIVED ASSETS The Company's intangible assets include trademarks, non-compete agreements, brand names, customer relationships, acquired tradenames, acquired developed technology and acquired customer relationships in a business combination. The Company carries these intangibles at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which span between three and eighteen years, and are included in “Depreciation and amortization" in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
INTANGIBLE AND LONG-LIVED ASSETS | The Company assesses its finite-lived intangible and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Fair value of finite-lived intangible assets and property and equipment is based on various valuation techniques. If the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets exceeds its net realizable value, the asset will be written down to its fair value.
FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS | FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Fair value is defined as the price that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1‑ Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2‑ Inputs are other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs). Level 3‑ Inputs are unobservable and reflect the Company’s assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company develops these inputs based on the best information available.
SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS | SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS Concentration of revenue with customers subject the Company to operating risks. Approximately $28.7 million, $29.7 million, and $27.3 million of the Company’s revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were concentrated with one customer, which represented 12%, 14% and 16% of the Company's revenue for each of the years. The Company’s customers are principally located in the United States. The Company had accounts receivable from and accounts payable to one contract manufacturer. During fiscal year 2023, the Company entered into an Offset and Release of Claims Agreement with this counterparty. As a result, outstanding receivables and payables were offset and the net position was settled through a cash disbursement from the Company. As of June 30, 2023, the Company did not have a net accounts receivable balance from this counterparty. Accounts receivable from this contract manufacturer represented 16% of accounts receivables, net of allowance, as of June 30, 2022.
REVENUE RECOGNITION | REVENUE RECOGNITION The revenue recognition guidanc e provides a single model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company recognizes revenue using a five-step model resulting in revenue being recognized as performance obligations within a contract have been satisfied. The steps within that model include: (i) identifying the existence of a contract with a customer; (ii) identifying the performance obligations within the contract; (iii) determining the contract’s transaction price; (iv) allocating the transaction price to the contract’s performance obligations; and, (v) recognizing revenue as the contract’s performance obligations are satisfied. Judgment is required to apply the principles-based, five-step model for revenue recognition. Management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions about the Company’s contracts with its customers, including, among others, the nature and extent of its performance obligations, its transaction price amounts and any allocations thereof, the events which constitute satisfaction of its performance obligations, and when control of any promised goods or services is transferred to its customers. The standard also requires certain incremental costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract to be deferred and amortized on a systematic basis consistent with the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The Company provides an end-to-end payment solution which integrates hardware, software, and payment processing in the self-service commerce. The Company has contractual agreements with customers that set forth the general terms and conditions of the relationship, including pricing of goods and services, payment terms and contract duration. Revenue is recognized when the obligation under the terms of the Company’s contract with its customer is satisfied and is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The Company’s primary business model is to act as the Merchant of Record for its sellers. We provide cashless services in exchange for monthly service fees, in addition to collecting usage-based consideration for completed transactions. The contracts we enter into with third-party suppliers provide us with the right to access and direct their services when processing a transaction. The Company combines the services provided by third-party suppliers to enable customers to accept cashless payment transactions, indicating that it controls all inputs in directing their use to create the combined service. Additionally, the Company sells cashless payment devices, which are either directly sold or leased through the Company's QuickStart, or Cantaloupe ONE programs. The Company recognizes fees charged to our customers primarily on a gross basis as transaction revenue when we are the principal in respect of completing a payment transaction. As a principal to the transaction, when we are the Merchant of Record, we control the service of completing payments for our customers through the payment ecosystem. The fees paid to payment processors and other financial institutions are recognized as transaction expense. For certain transactions in which we act in the capacity as an agent, these transactions are recorded on a net basis. These are transactions in which we are not the Merchant of Record, and the customer is entering into a separate arrangement with a third party payment processor for the fulfillment of the payment service. Cashless services represent a single performance obligation as the combination of the services provided gives the customer the ability to accept cashless payments. The Company’s customers are contracting for integrated cashless services in connection with purchasing or leasing unattended point-of-sale devices. The integrated cashless services when combined together are so integral to the customer’s ability to derive benefit from the service, that the activities are effectively inputs to a single promise to the customer. Certain services are distinct, but are not accounted for separately as the rights are coterminous, they are transferred concurrently and the outcome is the same as accounting for the services as individual performance obligations. The single performance obligation is determined to be a stand-ready obligation to process payments whenever a consumer intends to make a purchase at a point-of-sale device. As the Company is unable to predict the timing and quantity of transactions to be processed, the assessment of the nature of the performance obligation is focused on each time increment rather than the underlying activity. Therefore, cashless payment processing services are viewed to comprise a series of distinct days of service that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. As a result, the promise to stand ready is accounted for as a single performance obligation. Revenue related to cashless services is recognized over the period in which services are provided, with usage-based revenue recognized as transactions occur. Consideration for this service includes fixed fees for standing ready to process transactions, and generally also includes usage-based fees, priced as a percentage of transaction value and/or a specified fee per transaction processed. The total transaction price of usage-based services is determined to be variable consideration as it is based on unknown quantities of services to be performed over the contract term. The underlying variability is satisfied each day the service is performed and provided to the customer. Clients are billed for cashless payment processing services on a monthly basis and for transaction processing as transactions occur. Payment is due based on the Company’s standard payment terms which is typically within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. Equipment sales represent a separate performance obligation, the majority of which is satisfied at a point in time through outright sales or sales-type leases when the equipment is delivered to the customer. Revenues related to Cantaloupe ONE equipment are recognized over time as the customer obtains the right to use the equipment through an operating lease. Clients are billed for equipment sales on a monthly basis, with payment due based on the Company’s standard payment terms which is typically within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. Software services represent a separate performance obligation, which is satisfied when each distinct day, or for practical reasons, each distinct month of service is transferred to the customers. Customers are billed for software services on a monthly basis. Payment is due based on the Company’s standard payment terms which is typically within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. The Company will occasionally offer volume discounts, rebates or credits on certain contracts, which is considered variable consideration. The Company uses either the most-likely or estimated value method to estimate the amount of the consideration, based on what the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled to on a contract-by-contract basis. The Company will qualitatively assess if the variable consideration should be limited to prevent possible significant reversals of revenue in future reporting periods. The Company assesses the goods and/or services promised in each customer contract and separately identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a distinct good or service. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract using relative standalone selling prices. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the price at which a good or service is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through historic data, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by considering all reasonably available information, including market data, trends, as well as other company- or customer-specific factors. The Company’s standard payment terms are payment is due within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. The Company uses the practical expedient and does not recognize a significant financing component for payment considerations of less than one year. Accounts Receivable and Contract Liabilities A contract with a customer creates legal rights and obligations. As the Company satisfies performance obligations under customer contracts, a right to unconditional consideration is recorded as an account receivable. Contract liabilities represent consideration received from customers in excess of revenues recognized (i.e., deferred revenue). Contract liabilities are classified as current or noncurrent based on the nature of the underlying contractual rights and obligations. Contract Costs The Company incurs costs to obtain contracts with customers, primarily in the form of commissions to sales employees. The Company recognizes as an asset the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if it expects to recover these costs. The Company currently does not incur material costs to fulfill its obligations under a contract once it is obtained but before transferring goods or services to the customer. Contract costs are amortized on a systematic basis consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. A straight-line or proportional amortization method is used depending upon which method best depicts the pattern of transfer of the goods or services to the customer. The Company’s contracts frequently contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time and overtime. In these instances, the Company amortizes the contract costs proportionally with the timing and pattern of revenue recognition. Amortization of costs to obtain a contract are included within sales and marketing expenses within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition, these contract costs are evaluated for impairment by comparing, on a pooled basis, the expected future net cash flows from underlying customer relationships to the carrying amount of the capitalized contract costs. In order to determine the appropriate amortization period for contract costs, the Company considers a number of factors, including expected early terminations, estimated terms of customer relationships, the useful lives of technology Cantaloupe uses to provide goods and services to its customers, whether future contract renewals are expected and if there is any incremental commission to be paid on a contract renewal. The Company amortizes these assets over the expected period of benefit. Costs to obtain a contract with an expected period of benefit of one year or less are expensed when incurred.
WARRANTIES | WarrantiesThe Company offers standard warranties that provide the customer with assurance that its equipment will function in accordance with contract specifications. The Company's standard warranties are not sold separately, but are included with each customer purchase. Warranties are not considered separate performance obligations and the related liability is estimated and recorded at the time of sale.
REVENUE RECOGNITION UNDER ASC 605 | Revenue from the sale of QuickStart lease of equipment is recognized when equipment is shipped to the customer. Transaction processing revenue is recognized upon the usage of the Company’s cashless payment and control network. Subscription fees for access to the Company’s devices and network services are recognized on a monthly basis when the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company estimates an allowance for subscription and transaction fee refunds on a monthly basis.Hardware is available to customers under the QuickStart program pursuant to which the customer would enter into a five-year non-cancelable lease with either the Company or a third-party leasing company for the devices. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation in the contract using relative standalone selling prices. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the price at which a good or service is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through historic data, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by considering all reasonably available information, including market data, trends, as well as other company- or customer-specific factors. The QuickStart contracts qualify for sales type lease accounting. At lease inception, the Company recognizes revenue and creates a finance receivable in an amount that represents the present value of minimum lease payments. Accordingly, a portion of the lease payments are recognized as interest income. At the end of the lease period, the customer would have the option to purchase the device at its residual value. Any customer payments received in advance and prior to the Company satisfying any performance obligations are recorded as deferred revenue and amortized as revenue is recognized.
EQUIPMENT RENTAL | Equipment Rental The Company offers its customers a rental program for its hardware devices, Cantaloupe ONE platform. Cantaloupe ONE terms are 36 months rental agreements that transition to month-to-month agreements after the initial subscription commitment period. In accordance with ASC 842, “Leases”, the Company classifies the rental agreements as operating leases, with service fee revenue related to the leases included in subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Costs for the Cantaloupe ONE revenue, which consist of depreciation expense on the Cantaloupe ONE equipment, are included in cost of subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Equipment utilized by the Cantaloupe ONE program is included in property and equipment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
LESSEE ACCOUNTING | Lessee Accounting The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company has operating and finance leases for office space, warehouses and office equipment. Cantaloupe’s leases have lease terms of one year to eight years and some include options to extend and/or terminate the lease. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. When deemed reasonably certain of exercise, the renewal options are included in the determination of the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material variable lease payments, material residual value guarantees or any material restrictive covenants. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the operating lease. Operating lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate, which is the collateralized rate of interest that we would pay to borrow over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments, based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Cantaloupe has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. The Company uses the practical expedient related to treating lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases as well as electing a policy exclusion permitting leases with an original lease term of less than one year to be excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments that are not based on an index or that result from changes to an index subsequent to the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability are not included in the measurement of lease ROU assets or liabilities and instead are recognized in earnings in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company reviews its ROU assets for events or changes in circumstances that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying amount of an ROU exceeds its net realizable value, the asset will be written down to its fair value. The Company recorded a right-of-use asset impairment charge relating to optimizing its corporate real estate footprint of $1.6 million for the year ended June 30, 2021.
LESSOR ACCOUNTING | Lessor Accounting The Company offers its customers financing for the lease of our POS electronic payment devices primarily through our QuickStart program. We account for these transactions as sales-type leases under ASC 606. Our sales-type leases generally have a non-cancellable term of 60 months. Certain leases contain an end-of-term purchase option that is generally insignificant and is reasonably certain to be exercised by the lessee. Leases that do not meet the criteria for sales-type lease accounting are accounted for as operating leases, typically our Cantaloupe ONE rental program. Cantaloupe ONE agreements are 36-month rental agreements that transition to month-to-month agreements after the initial subscription commitment period. The Company also uses the practical expedient related to treating lease and non-lease components as a single component for those leases where the timing and pattern of transfer for the non-lease component and associated lease component are the same and the stand-alone lease component would be classified as an operating lease if accounted for separately. The combined component is then accounted for under Topic 606 or Topic 842 depending on the predominant characteristic of the combined component, which was Topic 606 for the Company's operating leases. All QuickStart leases are sales-type and do not qualify for the election. Lessor consideration is allocated between lease components and the non-lease components using the requirements under Topic 606. Revenue from sales-type leases is recognized upon shipment to the customer and the interest portion is deferred and recognized as earned. The revenues related to the sales-type leases are included in Equipment sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and a portion of the lease payments as interest income. Revenue from operating leases is recognized ratably over the applicable service period with service fee revenue related to the leases included in Subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
SHIPPING AND HANDLING | SHIPPING AND HANDLING Shipping and handling fees billed to our customers in connection with sales are recorded as revenue. The costs incurred for shipping and handling of our product are recorded as cost of equipment.
ADVERTISING COSTS | ADVERTISING COSTSAdvertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within the sales and marketing expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred and primarily consist of personnel, contractors and product development costs. Research and development expenses, which are included within the technology and product development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, were approximately $3.5 million, $3.5 million and $3.9 million, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Our research and development initiatives focus on adding features and functionality to our system solutions through the development and utilization of our processing and reporting network and new technology.
CAPITALIZATION OF INTERNAL-USE SOFTWARE AND CLOUD COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS | CAPITALIZATION OF INTERNAL-USE SOFTWARE AND CLOUD COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS We have significant expenditures associated with the technological maintenance and improvement of our network and technology offerings. These expenditures include both the cost of internal employees, who spend portions of their time on various technological projects, and the use of external temporary labor and consultants. Capitalization of internal-use software occurs in the application development stage after the completion of the preliminary project stage, and management authorizes the project, management commits to funding the project, it is probable the project will be completed and the project will be used to perform the function intended, and it ends at the implementation stage. We are required to assess these expenditures and make a determination as to whether the costs should be expensed as incurred or are subject to capitalization. In making these determinations, we consider the stage of the development project, the probability of successful development and if the development is resulting in increased features and functionality. In addition, if we determine that a project qualifies for capitalization, the amount of capitalization is subject to various estimates, including the amount of time spent on the development work and the cost of internal employees and external consultants. Internal-use software is included within Property and equipment, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and is amortized over its estimated useful life, which is typically 3 to 7 years. We capitalize certain costs related to hosting arrangements that are service contracts (cloud computing arrangements) following the internal-use software capitalization criteria described above. Our cloud computing arrangements involve services we use to support internal corporate functions, our platforms and technology offerings. Capitalized costs relating to cloud computing arrangements are included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets or Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life, which is typically 3 to 5 years.
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments related to employees and non-employees is based on the grant-date fair value of the award and allocated over the requisite service period of the award. When the requisite service period precedes the grant date, the Company begins recognizing compensation cost before a grant date is established, and the awards are marked to market until grant date occurs. These costs are recorded within operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
LOSS CONTINGENCIES | LOSS CONTINGENCIES From time to time, we are involved in litigation, claims, contingencies and other legal matters. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company's management team evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein. If the assessment of a contingency indicates it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s financial statements. If the assessment indicates a loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed. Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed. Expected legal costs associated with assessing or potentially settling a contingent liability are expensed as incurred.
SALES TAX RESERVE | SALES TAX RESERVE The Company has recorded a contingent liability for sales tax, included in accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. On a quarterly basis, the Company accrues interest on the unpaid balance. The estimated liability is adjusted upon the payment of sales tax related to the accrual, the changes in state tax laws that may impact the accrual and the expiration of the statute of limitations for open years under review. The liability includes significant judgments and estimates that may change in the future, and the actual liability may be different from our current estimate. Changes to the sales tax reserve amount are recorded within general and administrative expenses and interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, and accrued expense in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
INCOME TAXES | INCOME TAXES Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method of accounting. Under the asset and liability method, a deferred tax asset or liability is recognized for estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carryforwards. The measurement of deferred income tax assets is adjusted by a valuation allowance, if necessary, to recognize future tax benefits only to the extent, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not such benefits will be realized. Tax positions must meet a “more-likely-than-not” recognition threshold to be recognized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions within general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions incurred during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were immaterial.
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE | EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHAREBasic earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common shares by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common shares by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period plus the dilutive effects of common stock equivalents unless the effects of such common stock equivalents are anti-dilutive.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS | RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Accounting pronouncements adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments On July 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASC 326) using the modified retrospective approach through an adjustment to retained earnings, and began calculating our allowance for accounts and finance receivables under an expected loss model rather than an incurred loss model for periods reported after July 1, 2020. ASU 2019-12 - Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes On July 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes.” ASU 2019-12 is intended to simplify accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. The adoption of this accounting standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ASU 2021-05 - Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments On July 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU No. 2021-05, “Lessors – Certain Leases with Variable Lease Payments” which requires lessors to classify leases as operating leases if they have variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate and would have selling losses if they were classified as sales-type or direct financing leases. The adoption of this accounting standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. ASU 2020-06 Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity On July 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU No. 2020-06, “Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity” which simplifies accounting for convertible instruments and the derivatives scope exception for contracts in an entity's own equity and improves and amends the related earnings per share (EPS) guidance. The adoption of this accounting standard did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) In March 2020 and January 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” and ASU 2021-01, “Reference Rate Reform: Scope”, respectively. Together, the ASUs provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to U.S. GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedging accounting to ease the financial reporting impacts related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). These optional expedients and exceptions are effective beginning March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and adoption is permitted at any time in the effective period. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848”, which defers the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024, after which entities will no longer be permitted to apply the relief in Topic 848. As of June 30, 2023, the Company's variable rate loans were indexed to SOFR. The adoption of ASU 2020-04 and the related amendments did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Accounting pronouncements to be adopted The Company is evaluating whether the effects of the following recent accounting pronouncements, or any other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers". The standard requires an acquirer to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606, as if it had originated the contracts, rather than at fair value on the acquisition date. The standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022. The amendments in ASU 2021-08 should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the standard. The Company will apply this guidance for future acquisitions beginning in fiscal year 2024 as applicable.

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