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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND PREPARATION | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND PREPARATION The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP") on a going concern basis. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, have been included. The Company operates as one operating segment because its chief operating decision maker, who is the Chief Executive Officer, reviews its financial information on a consolidated basis for purposes of making decisions regarding allocating resources and assessing performance. The Company has operations in the United States, Mexico and the UK. The functional currencies of our foreign wholly-owned subsidiaries are the local currency. We translate the financial statements of these subsidiaries into U.S. dollars each reporting period for purposes of consolidation. Assets and liabilities are translated at the period-end currency exchange rates, certain equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and income and expense amounts are translated at average currency exchange rates in effect for the period. The effect of these translation adjustments are reported in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Consolidated Statements of Convertible Preferred Stock and Shareholders' Equity. Gains and losses on transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are generally included in determining net income for the period. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses were not significant to the financial statements for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS: COST OF SALES AND OPERATING EXPENSES PRESENTATION, RECLASSIFICATIONS | Consolidated Statements of Operations: Cost of Sales Below is a brief description of the various categories within cost of sales: •Cost of subscription and transaction fees: Cost of subscription and transaction fees consist of third-party transaction processing fees, interchange fees, and network service fees. Cost of subscription and transaction fees also includes depreciation expense associated with our Cantaloupe One rental equipment program. •Cost of equipment sales: Cost of equipment sales consist primarily of direct costs to acquire finished goods, or for certain products material to fabricate our equipment, as well as freight, taxes, and other inventory acquisition costs. Consolidated Statements of Operations: Operating expenses presentation Beginning in fiscal year 2023, the Company disaggregated General and administrative costs further by disclosing Integration and acquisition expenses separately. The updated presentation is intended to provide additional transparency to the readers of the financial statements and better align the Company’s financial performance with how management views and monitors business operations and makes strategic decisions. This presentation change did not impact total operating expenses, operating income (loss), net income (loss) or net income (loss) per common share. Below is a brief description of the various categories within operating expenses: •Sales and marketing: Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of our sales and marketing team personnel costs. In addition, this category includes fees paid for advertising, trade shows and external consultants who assist in outreach initiatives designed to build brand awareness and showcase the value of our products and services to our opportunity markets. •Technology and product development: Technology and product development expenses consist primarily of our technology and product team personnel costs and fees paid to external consultants relating to innovating and maintaining our portfolio of products and services and strengthening our network environment and platform. These costs include but are not limited to engineering, platform and software development, fees for software licenses, contract labor and other technology and product related items that are not eligible for capitalization. •General, and administrative: General and administrative expenses consist primarily of our customer support, business operations, finance, legal, human resources and other administrative personnel costs and fees paid to external consultants for these respective departments. In addition, this category includes rent and occupancy costs and other miscellaneous costs incurred in the course of operating the business. •Investigation, proxy solicitation, and restatement expenses, net of insurance recoveries: In fiscal year 2019, the Audit Committee, with the assistance of independent legal and forensic accounting advisors, conducted an internal investigation of then-current and prior period matters relating to certain of the Company’s contractual arrangements, including the accounting treatment, financial reporting and internal controls related to such arrangements (the “2019 Investigation”). The Company and former officers incurred additional legal expenses for these periods offset by certain recoveries from insurance policy claims. •Integration and acquisition: Integration and acquisition expenses consist primarily of professional services fees including accounting, legal and investing banking advisory fees incurred in connection with acquisitions and post-acquisition integrations. See Note 10 - Acquisitions to the consolidated financial statements for further information. •Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation expense on our property and equipment, amortization of capitalized internal-use software development costs, and amortization expense on our intangible assets are included within the Depreciation and amortization caption in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation on property and equipment used for rentals is included in Cost of subscription and transaction fees as described above. RECLASSIFICATIONS Certain reclassifications have been made to prior years’ reported amounts in order to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications did not impact our previously reported net income (loss), stockholders’ equity or cash flows.
USE OF ESTIMATES | USE OF ESTIMATES The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company evaluates these estimates on an ongoing basis. Estimates, judgments, and assumptions in these consolidated financial statement include, but are not limited to, those related to revenue recognition, capitalization of internal-use software and cloud computing arrangements, fair value of acquired assets and liabilities including goodwill through purchase accounting, evaluation of goodwill and long-lived assets impairment, allowances for accounts and finance receivables, inventory reserves, loss contingencies, income taxes, and sales tax reserves.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS | CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Cash equivalents represent all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from time of purchase. Cash equivalents are comprised of money market funds. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts where accounts may exceed federally insured limits at times. The Company deems this credit risk not to be significant as cash is held at well-capitalized financial institutions.
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE | ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE Accounts receivable include amounts due to the Company for sales of equipment, other amounts due from customers, merchant service receivables which are receivables due from credit card processors, and unbilled amounts due from customers, net of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. See "Allowance for Accounts and Finance Receivables" section below for details.
FINANCE RECEIVABLES | FINANCE RECEIVABLES The Company offers extended payment terms to certain customers for equipment sales primarily under its Quick Start Program. Agreements under the Quick Start Program are accounted for as sales-type leases. Accordingly, the discounted future minimum lease payments are classified as finance receivables current and non-current in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets based on whether the balances due within the next 12 months. Finance receivables or Quick Start leases are generally for a sixty-month term. The Company recognizes a portion of the lease payments as Interest income on the Consolidated Statements of Operations based on the effective interest rate method.
ALLOWANCE FOR ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE RECEIVABLES | ALLOWANCE FOR ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE RECEIVABLES The Company maintains lifetime expected loss allowances for accounts and finance receivables based on historical experience of payment performance, current conditions of the customer, which is generally less than one year for accounts receivable and five years for finance receivables. We estimate our allowance using an aging analysis (days past due status) of the receivables balances that is primarily based on historical loss experience. Additionally, current conditions are analyzed to determine if the allowance calculation needs to be adjusted further for any qualitative factors impacting a customer’s ability to meet its financial obligations that is not already reflected through the historical loss analysis. The Company writes off finance receivable balances against the allowance for credit losses when management determines the balance is uncollectible and the Company ceases collection efforts. The provision for expected credit losses relating to accounts receivable and finance receivable balances is recorded within General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company writes off accounts and finance receivables balances when management determines the balance is uncollectible and the Company ceases collection efforts.
INVENTORY | INVENTORY Inventory consists primarily of finished goods. The company's inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using a weighted-average cost method. The Company establishes reserves for slow-moving inventory based upon quality considerations including potential changes in technological standards, historical usage and assumptions about future demand based on market conditions. The reserve is recorded within Cost of equipment sales in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. The inventory reserve was $2.2 million and $2.3 million as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET | PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET Property and equipment, which primarily consists of computer equipment and software and leased equipment, are recorded at either cost or, in the instance of an acquisition, the estimated fair value on the date of the acquisition, and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Capitalized internal-use software is amortized on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the software. Leasehold improvements are amortized on the straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or the respective lease term. Depreciation expense on our property and equipment, excluding property and equipment used for rentals, is included in Depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Depreciation expense on our property and equipment used for rentals is included in Cost of subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Additions and improvements that extend the estimated lives of the assets are capitalized, while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.
GOODWILL | GOODWILL The Company’s goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of the net assets purchased in acquisitions. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative or a quantitative goodwill impairment test. When we perform a qualitative assessment and determine the fair value more likely than not exceeds the carrying value, no further evaluation is necessary. When we perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we compare the fair value of our reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, then goodwill is not considered impaired. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which, if any, the carrying value exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. However, the loss recognized cannot exceed the reporting unit’s goodwill balance. The Company performs an annual goodwill impairment test on April 1 and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. The Company has determined there is a single reporting unit for purposes of testing goodwill for impairment. The Company has concluded there has been no impairment of goodwill during the year ended June 30, 2024 based on its qualitative assessment. There has been no impairment of goodwill for fiscal year 2023 or 2022. Subsequent to our annual impairment test, no indicators of impairment were identified.
INTANGIBLES, NET | INTANGIBLES, NET The Company's intangible assets include trademarks, non-compete agreements, brand names, customer relationships, acquired trade names, acquired developed technology and acquired customer relationships in a business combination. The Company carries these intangibles at cost, less accumulated amortization. Amortization is recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which span between three and eighteen years, and are included in Depreciation and amortization in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
INTANGIBLE AND LONG-LIVED ASSETS | The Company assesses its finite-lived intangible and other long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Fair value of finite-lived intangible assets and property and equipment is based on various valuation techniques. If the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets exceeds its net realizable value, the asset will be written down to its fair value.
FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS | FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS Fair value is defined as the price that would be received in the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value as follows: Level 1‑ Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Level 2‑ Inputs are other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs). Level 3‑ Inputs are unobservable and reflect the Company’s assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. The Company develops these inputs based on the best information available.
SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS | SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMERS Concentration of revenue with customers subject the Company to operating risks. Approximately $24.6 million, $28.7 million, and $29.7 million of the Company’s revenue for the years ended June 30, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were concentrated with one customer, which represented 9%, 12% and 14% of the Company's revenues for each of the years. The Company’s customers are principally located in the United States.
REVENUE RECOGNITION | REVENUE RECOGNITION The revenue recognition guidanc e provides a single model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company recognizes revenue using a five-step model resulting in revenue being recognized as performance obligations within a contract have been satisfied. The steps within that model include: (i) identifying the existence of a contract with a customer; (ii) identifying the performance obligations within the contract; (iii) determining the contract’s transaction price; (iv) allocating the transaction price to the contract’s performance obligations; and, (v) recognizing revenue as the contract’s performance obligations are satisfied. Judgment is required to apply the principles-based, five-step model for revenue recognition. Management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions about the Company’s contracts with its customers, including, among others, the nature and extent of its performance obligations, its transaction price amounts and any allocations thereof, and the events which constitute satisfaction of its performance obligations. The standard also requires certain incremental costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract to be deferred and amortized on a systematic basis consistent with the transfer of goods or services to the customer. The Company provides an end-to-end payment solution which integrates hardware, software, and payment processing in the self-service commerce industry. The Company has contractual agreements with customers that set forth the general terms and conditions of the relationship, including pricing of goods and services, payment terms and contract duration. Revenue is recognized when the obligation under the terms of the Company’s contract with its customer is satisfied and is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. We provide cashless services in exchange for monthly service fees, in addition to collecting usage-based consideration for completed transactions. Certain contracts we enter into with third-party suppliers where we consider ourselves the principal provide us with the right to access and direct their services when processing a transaction. The Company combines the services provided by third-party suppliers to enable customers to accept cashless payment transactions, indicating that it controls all inputs in directing their use to create the combined service. Additionally, the Company sells cashless payment devices, which are either directly sold or leased through the Company's QuickStart, or Cantaloupe ONE programs. The Company recognizes fees charged to our customers primarily on a gross basis as transaction revenue when we are the principal in respect of completing a payment transaction. As a principal to the transaction, we control the service of completing payments for our customers through the payment ecosystem. The fees paid to payment processors and other financial institutions are recognized as transaction expenses in Cost of subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For certain transactions in which we act in the capacity as an agent, these transactions are recorded on a net basis. These are transactions in which the customer is entering into a separate arrangement with a third-party payment processor for the fulfillment of the payment service. Cashless services represent a single performance obligation as the combination of the services provided gives the customer the ability to accept cashless payments. The Company’s customers are contracting for integrated cashless services in connection with purchasing or leasing unattended POS devices. The integrated cashless services when combined together are so integral to the customer’s ability to derive benefit from the service, that the activities are effectively inputs to a single promise to the customer. Certain services are distinct, but are not accounted for separately as the rights are coterminous, they are transferred concurrently and the outcome is the same as accounting for the services as individual performance obligations. The single performance obligation is determined to be a stand-ready obligation to process payments whenever a consumer intends to make a purchase at a POS device. As the Company is unable to predict the timing and quantity of transactions to be processed, the assessment of the nature of the performance obligation is focused on each time increment rather than the underlying activity. Therefore, cashless payment processing services are viewed to comprise a series of distinct days of service that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. As a result, the promise to stand ready is accounted for as a single performance obligation. Revenue related to cashless services is recognized over the period in which services are provided, with usage-based revenue recognized as transactions occur. Consideration for this service includes fixed fees for standing ready to process transactions, and generally also includes usage-based fees, priced as a percentage of transaction value and/or a specified fee per transaction processed. The total transaction price of usage-based services is determined to be variable consideration as it is based on unknown quantities of services to be performed over the contract term. The underlying variability is satisfied each day the service is performed and provided to the customer. Clients are billed for cashless payment processing services on a monthly basis and for transaction processing as transactions occur. Payment is due based on the Company’s standard payment terms which is typically within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. Equipment sales represent a separate performance obligation, the majority of which is satisfied at a point in time through outright sales, or sales-type leases in accordance with ASC 842, “Leases”, when the equipment is delivered to the customer. Software represents a separate performance obligation, which is satisfied when each distinct day, or for practical reasons, each distinct month of service is transferred to the customers. Customers are billed for software services on a monthly basis. Payment is due based on the Company’s standard payment terms which is typically within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. Revenues related to Cantaloupe ONE equipment are recognized over time as the customer obtains the right to use the equipment through an operating lease. Clients are billed for equipment sales on a monthly basis, with payment due based on the Company’s standard payment terms which is typically within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. Revenue from QuickStart equipment leases are recognized as sales-type leases when equipment is shipped to the customer. Transaction processing revenue is recognized upon the usage of the Company’s cashless payment and control network. Subscription fees for access to the Company’s devices and network services are recognized on a monthly basis when the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company estimates an allowance for subscription and transaction fee refunds on a monthly basis. Hardware is available to customers under the QuickStart program pursuant to which the customer would enter into a five-year non-cancelable lease with either the Company or a third-party leasing company for the devices. The Company then allocates the transaction price to equipment and software subscription performance obligations in the contract using relative standalone selling prices. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the price at which a good or service is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through historic data, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by considering all reasonably available information, including market data, trends, as well as other company- or customer-specific factors. The QuickStart contracts qualify for sales type lease accounting. At lease inception, the Company recognizes revenue and creates a finance receivable in an amount that represents the present value of minimum lease payments. Accordingly, a portion of the lease payments are recognized as interest income. At the end of the lease period, the customer would have the option to purchase the device at its residual value. Any customer payments received in advance and prior to the Company satisfying any performance obligations are recorded as deferred revenue and amortized as revenue is recognized. The Company will occasionally offer volume discounts, rebates or credits on certain contracts, which is considered variable consideration. The Company uses either the most-likely or estimated value method to estimate the amount of the consideration, based on what the Company expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled to on a contract-by-contract basis. The Company will qualitatively assess if the variable consideration should be limited to prevent possible significant reversals of revenue in future reporting periods. The Company assesses the goods and/or services promised in each customer contract and separately identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a distinct good or service. The Company then allocates the transaction price to equipment and software subscription performance obligations in the contract using relative standalone selling prices. The Company determines standalone selling prices based on the price at which a good or service is sold separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through historic data, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by considering all reasonably available information, including market data, trends, as well as other company- or customer-specific factors. The Company’s standard payment terms are payment is due within 30 to 60 days of invoice issuance. The Company uses the practical expedient and does not recognize a significant financing component for payment considerations of less than one year. Accounts Receivable and Contract Liabilities A contract with a customer creates legal rights and obligations. As the Company satisfies performance obligations under customer contracts, a right to unconditional consideration is recorded as an account receivable. Contract liabilities represent consideration received from customers in excess of revenues recognized (i.e., deferred revenue). Contract liabilities are classified as current or non-current based on the nature of the underlying contractual rights and obligations. Contract Costs The Company incurs costs to obtain contracts with customers, primarily in the form of commissions to sales employees. The Company recognizes as a contract asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if it expects to recover these costs. The Company currently does not incur material costs to fulfill its obligations under a contract once it is obtained but before transferring goods or services to the customer. Contract costs are amortized on a systematic basis consistent with the transfer to the customer of the goods or services to which the asset relates. A straight-line or proportional amortization method is used depending upon which method best depicts the pattern of transfer of the goods or services to the customer. The Company’s contracts frequently contain performance obligations satisfied at a point in time and overtime. In these instances, the Company amortizes the contract costs proportionally with the timing and pattern of revenue recognition. In addition, these contract costs are evaluated for impairment by comparing, on a pooled basis, the expected future net cash flows from underlying customer relationships to the carrying amount of the capitalized contract costs. In order to determine the appropriate amortization period for contract costs, the Company considers a number of factors, including expected early terminations, estimated terms of customer relationships, the useful lives of technology Cantaloupe uses to provide goods and services to its customers, whether future contract renewals are expected and if there is any incremental commission to be paid on a contract renewal. The Company amortizes these assets over the expected period of benefit. Costs to obtain a contract with an expected period of benefit of one year or less are expensed when incurred.
WARRANTIES | Warranties The Company offers standard warranties that provide the customer with assurance that its equipment will function in accordance with contract specifications. The Company's standard warranties are not sold separately, but are included with each customer purchase. Warranties are not considered separate performance obligations and the related liability is estimated and recorded at the time of sale.
LESSEE ACCOUNTING | Lessee Accounting The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. The Company has operating and finance leases for office space, warehouses and office equipment. Cantaloupe’s leases have lease terms of one year to eight years and some include options to extend and/or terminate the lease. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion. When deemed reasonably certain of exercise, the renewal options are included in the determination of the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material variable lease payments, material residual value guarantees or any material restrictive covenants. Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the operating lease. Operating lease Right-of-Use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the collateralized rate of interest that we would pay to borrow over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments, to determine the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Cantaloupe has lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. The Company uses the practical expedient related to treating lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases as well as electing a policy exclusion permitting leases with an original lease term of less than one year to be excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments that are not based on an index or that result from changes to an index subsequent to the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability are not included in the measurement of lease ROU assets or liabilities and instead are recognized in earnings in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company reviews its ROU assets for events or changes in circumstances that may indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying amount of an ROU exceeds its net realizable value, the asset will be written down to its fair value.
LESSOR ACCOUNTING | Lessor Accounting The Company offers its customers financing for the lease of our POS electronic payment devices primarily through our QuickStart program. We account for these transactions as sales-type leases under ASC 606, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers". Our sales-type leases generally have a non-cancellable term of 60 months. Certain leases contain an end-of-term purchase option that is generally insignificant and is reasonably certain to be exercised by the lessee. Leases that do not meet the criteria for sales-type lease accounting are accounted for as operating leases, and typically relate to our Cantaloupe ONE rental program. Cantaloupe ONE agreements are 36-month rental agreements that transition to month-to-month agreements after the initial subscription commitment period. The Company also uses the practical expedient related to treating lease and non-lease components as a single component for those leases where the timing and pattern of transfer for the non-lease component and associated lease component are the same and the stand-alone lease component would be classified as an operating lease if accounted for separately. The combined component is then accounted for under Topic 606 or Topic 842 depending on the predominant characteristic of the combined component, which was Topic 606 for the Company's operating leases. All QuickStart leases are sales-type and do not qualify for the election. Lessor consideration is allocated between lease components and the non-lease components using the requirements under Topic 842. Revenue from sales-type leases is recognized upon shipment to the customer and the interest portion is deferred and recognized as earned. The revenues related to the sales-type leases are included in Equipment sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and a portion of the lease payments as Interest income. Revenue from operating leases is recognized ratably over the applicable service period in Subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Equipment Rental The Company offers its customers a rental program for its hardware devices, Cantaloupe ONE platform. In accordance with ASC 842, the Company classifies the rental agreements as operating leases, with service fee revenue related to the leases included in subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Costs for the Cantaloupe ONE revenue, which consist of depreciation expense on the Cantaloupe ONE equipment, are included in Cost of subscription and transaction fees in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Equipment utilized by the Cantaloupe ONE program is included in Property and equipment, net on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
SHIPPING AND HANDLING | SHIPPING AND HANDLING Shipping and handling fees billed to our customers in connection with sales are recorded as revenue. The costs incurred for shipping and handling of our product are recorded as cost of equipment.
ADVERTISING COSTS | ADVERTISING COSTS Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within the Sales and marketing expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred and primarily consist of personnel, contractors and product development costs. Research and development expenses, which are included within the technology and product development expenses and general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, were approxim ately $3.0 million, $3.5 million and $3.5 million, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Our re search and development initiatives focus on adding features and functionality to our system solutions through the development and utilization of our processing and reporting network and new technology.
CAPITALIZATION OF INTERNAL-USE SOFTWARE AND CLOUD COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS | CAPITALIZATION OF INTERNAL-USE SOFTWARE AND CLOUD COMPUTING ARRANGEMENTS We have expenditures associated with the technological maintenance and improvement of our network and technology offerings. These expenditures include both the cost of internal employees, who spend portions of their time on various technological projects, and the use of external temporary labor and consultants. Capitalization of internal-use software occurs in the application development stage after the completion of the preliminary project stage, and management authorizes the project, management commits to funding the project, it is probable the project will be completed, and the project will be used to perform the function intended, and it ends at the implementation stage. We are required to assess these expenditures and make a determination as to whether the costs should be expensed as incurred or are subject to capitalization. In making these determinations, we consider the stage of the development project, the probability of successful development and if the development is resulting in increased features and functionality. In addition, if we determine that a project qualifies for capitalization, the amount of capitalization is subject to various estimates, including the amount of time spent on the development work and the cost of internal employees and external consultants. Internal-use software is included within Property and equipment, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and is amortized over its estimated useful life, which is typically 3 to 7 years. We capitalize certain costs related to hosting arrangements that are service contracts (cloud computing arrangements) following the internal-use software capitalization criteria described above. Our cloud computing arrangements involve services we use to support internal corporate functions, our platforms and technology offerings. Capitalized costs relating to cloud computing arrangements are included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets, or Other assets for costs that will be recognized in more than 12 months, on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life, which is typically 3 to 5 years.
STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION | STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION The cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments related to employees and non-employees is based on the grant-date fair value of the award and allocated over the requisite service period of the award. When the requisite service period precedes the grant date, the Company begins recognizing compensation cost before a grant date is established, and the awards are marked to market until grant date occurs. These costs are recorded within operating expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
LOSS CONTINGENCIES | LOSS CONTINGENCIES From time to time, we are involved in litigation, claims, contingencies and other legal matters. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or unasserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company's management team evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or unasserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein. If the assessment of a contingency indicates it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s financial statements. If the assessment indicates a loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed. Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed. Expected legal costs associated with assessing or potentially settling a contingent liability are expensed as incurred.
SALES TAX RESERVE | SALES TAX RESERVE The Company has recorded a contingent liability for sales tax, included in Accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. On a quarterly basis, the Company accrues interest on the unpaid balance. The estimated liability is adjusted upon the payment of sales tax related to the accrual, the changes in state tax laws that may impact the accrual and the expiration of the statute of limitations for open years under review. The liability includes significant judgments and estimates that may change in the future, and the actual liability may be different from our current estimate. Changes to the sales tax reserve amount are recorded within General and administrative expenses and Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
INCOME TAXES | INCOME TAXES Income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method of accounting. Under the asset and liability method, a deferred tax asset or liability is recognized for estimated future tax effects attributable to temporary differences and carryforwards. The measurement of deferred income tax assets is adjusted by a valuation allowance, if necessary, to recognize future tax benefits only to the extent, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not such benefits will be realized. Tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold to be recognized. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions within General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions incurred during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022 were immaterial.
EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE | EARNINGS (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE Basic earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common shares by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing net income (loss) applicable to common shares by the weighted average common shares outstanding for the period plus the dilutive effects of common stock equivalents unless the effects of such common stock equivalents are anti-dilutive.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS | RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS Accounting pronouncements adopted On July 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers. The standard requires an acquirer to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606, as if it had originated the contracts, rather than at fair value on the acquisition date.le The amendments in ASU 2021-08 were applied to both the 2023 and 2024 acquisitions described in Note 10 - Acquisitions. Accounting pronouncements to be adopted The Company is evaluating whether the effects of the following recent accounting pronouncements, or any other recently issued but not yet effective accounting standards, will have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, which expands reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in the ASU require that a public entity disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to an entity's chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), a description of other segment items by reportable segment, and permits disclosure of additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the CODM when deciding how to allocate resources. It also requires certain disclosures for companies who have determined only one segment exists. Annual disclosures are required for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, which is the Company's fiscal year 2025 annual reporting period. Interim disclosures are required for periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, which is the Company's fiscal year 2026 interim reporting periods. Retrospective application is required for all prior periods presented, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of the requirements on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This standard was issued to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures to provide information to better assess how an entity’s operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The amendments in this ASU address transparency about income tax information through disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The amendments in this ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The ASU should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of the new accounting guidance will have on our income tax disclosures.

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