2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), which include the accounts of GS&T, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and Baltic Trading, a subsidiary in which the Company owns a majority of the voting interests and exercises control. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Business geographics

The Company’s vessels regularly move between countries in international waters, over hundreds of trade routes and, as a result, the disclosure of geographic information is impracticable.

Vessel acquisitions

When the Company enters into an acquisition transaction, it determines whether the acquisition transaction was the purchase of an asset or a business based on the facts and circumstances of the transaction. As is customary in the shipping industry, the purchase of a vessel is normally treated as a purchase of an asset as the historical operating data for the vessel is not reviewed nor is material to the Company’s decision to make such acquisition.

When a vessel is acquired with an existing time charter, the Company allocates the purchase price to the vessel and the time charter based on, among other things, vessel market valuations and the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the acquired charters) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the charter terms and (ii) management’s estimate of the fair market charter rate, measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the charter. The capitalized above-market (assets) and below-market (liabilities) charters are amortized as a reduction or increase, respectively, to revenues over the remaining term of the charter.

Segment reporting

The Company has two reportable segments, GS&T and Baltic Trading, which are both engaged in the ocean transportation of drybulk cargoes worldwide through the ownership and operation of drybulk carrier vessels. Refer to Note 3 — Segment Information for further information.

Revenue and voyage expense recognition

Since the Company’s inception, revenues have been generated from time charter agreements, pool agreements and spot market-related time charters. A time charter involves placing a vessel at the charterer’s disposal for a set period of time during which the charterer may use the vessel in return for the payment by the charterer of a specified daily hire rate, including any ballast bonus payments received pursuant to the time charter agreement. Spot market-related time charters are the same as other time charter agreements, except the time charter rates are variable and are based on a percentage of the average daily rates as published by the Baltic Dry Index (“BDI”). Voyage revenues also include the sale of bunkers consumed during short-term time charters pursuant to the terms of the time charter agreement.

In time charters, spot market-related time charters and pool agreements, operating costs including crews, maintenance and insurance are typically paid by the owner of the vessel and specified voyage costs such as fuel and port charges are paid by the charterer. There are certain other non-specified voyage expenses such as commissions which are typically borne by the Company. At the inception of a time charter, the Company records the difference between the cost of bunker fuel delivered by the terminating charterer and the bunker fuel sold to the new charterer as a gain or loss within voyage expenses. These differences in bunkers resulted in net gains of $1,714, $2,653 and $1,743 during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively. Additionally, voyage expenses include the cost of bunkers consumed during short-term time charters pursuant to the terms of the time charter agreement.

The Company records time charter revenues over the term of the charter as service is provided. Revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis as the average revenue over the term of the respective time charter agreement. The Company recognizes voyage expenses when incurred.

Two of the Company’s vessels, the Genco Constantine and Genco Hadrian, were chartered under time charters which included a profit-sharing element. These time charters ended during August 2012 and October 2012, respectively. Under these charter agreements, the Company received a fixed rate of $53 and $65 per day, respectively, and an additional profit-sharing payment. The profit-sharing between the Company and the respective charterer for each 15-day period was calculated by taking the average over that period of the published Baltic Cape Index of the four time charter routes as reflected in daily reports. If such average was more than the base rate payable under the charter, the excess amount was allocable 50% to the Company and 50% to the charterer. The profit sharing amount due to the Company was net of a 3.75% commission. Profit sharing revenue was recorded when the average of the published Baltic Capesize Index for the four time charter routes was available for the entire 15-day period, which is when the profit sharing revenue was fixed and determinable.

Four of the Company’s vessels, the Genco Ocean, Genco Bay, Genco Avra and Genco Spirit, are chartered under spot market-related time charters which include a profit-sharing element. Under these charter agreements, the rate for the spot market-related time charter is linked with a floor of $9 and a ceiling of $14 daily with a 50% profit sharing arrangement to apply to any amount above the ceiling. The rate is based on 115% of the average of the daily rates reflected in the daily reports of the Baltic Handysize Index.

At December 31, 2012 and 2011, five of the Company’s vessels were in vessel pools. The Genco Explorer, Genco Pioneer, Genco Progress, Genco Reliance and Genco Sugar entered the Lauritzen Pool during August 2009. Vessel pools, such as the Lauritzen Pool, provide cost-effective commercial management activities for a group of similar class vessels. The pool arrangement provides the benefits of a large-scale operation, and chartering efficiencies that might not be available to smaller fleets. Under the pool arrangement, the vessels operate under a time charter agreement whereby the cost of bunkers and port expenses are borne by the pool and operating costs including crews, maintenance and insurance are typically paid by the owner of the vessel. Since the members of the pool share in the revenue less voyage expenses generated by the entire group of vessels in the pool, and the pool operates in the spot market, the revenue earned by these vessels is subject to the fluctuations of the spot market. The Company recognizes revenue from these pool arrangements based on its portion of the net distributions reported by the relevant pool, which represents the net voyage revenue of the pool after voyage expenses and pool manager fees.

Other operating income

During the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, the Company recorded other operating income of $265, $527 and $791 respectively. Other operating income recorded during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 consists of $263, $527 and $585, respectively, related to the first three installments due on December 30, 2012, 2011 and 2010, respectively, from Samsun Logix Corporation (“Samsun”) pursuant to the rehabilitation plan which was approved by the South Korean courts. Other operating income during the year ended December 31, 2012 also included $2 related to the first installment due on December 30, 2012 from Korea Line Corporation (“KLC”) pursuant to the rehabilitation plan which was approved by the South Korean courts. Refer to Note 19 — Commitments and Contingencies for further information regarding the bankruptcy settlements with Samsun and KLC. Additionally, other operating income during the year ended December 31, 2010 consists of $206 related to a payment received from the seller of the Baltic Cougar as a result of the late delivery of the vessel to Baltic Trading.

Due from charterers, net

Due from charterers, net includes accounts receivable from charters, net of the provision for doubtful accounts. At each balance sheet date, the Company records the provision based on a review of all outstanding charter receivables. Included in the standard time charter contracts with the Company’s customers are certain performance parameters which, if not met, can result in customer claims. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company had a reserve of $488 and $906, respectively, against the due from charterers balance and an additional accrual of $407 and $762, respectively, in deferred revenue, each of which is primarily associated with estimated customer claims against the Company including vessel performance issues under time charter agreements.

Revenue is based on contracted charterparties. However, there is always the possibility of dispute over terms and payment of hires and freights. In particular, disagreements may arise concerning the responsibility of lost time and revenue. Accordingly, the Company periodically assesses the recoverability of amounts outstanding and estimates a provision if there is a possibility of non-recoverability. The Company believes its provisions to be reasonable based on information available.

Vessel operating expenses

Vessel operating expenses include crew wages and related costs, the cost of insurance, expenses relating to repairs and maintenance, the cost of spares and consumable stores, and other miscellaneous expenses. Vessel operating expenses are recognized when incurred.

Vessels, net

Vessels, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Included in vessel costs are acquisition costs directly attributable to the acquisition of a vessel and expenditures made to prepare the vessel for its initial voyage. The Company also capitalizes interest costs for a vessel under construction as a cost which is directly attributable to the acquisition of a vessel. Vessels are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, determined to be 25 years from the date of initial delivery from the shipyard. Depreciation expense for vessels for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $133,111, $130,080, and $109,839, respectively.

Depreciation expense is calculated based on cost less the estimated residual scrap value. The costs of significant replacements, renewals and betterments are capitalized and depreciated over the shorter of the vessel’s remaining estimated useful life or the estimated life of the renewal or betterment. Undepreciated cost of any asset component being replaced that was acquired after the initial vessel purchase is written off as a component of vessel operating expense. Expenditures for routine maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Scrap value is estimated by the Company by taking the cost of steel times the weight of the ship noted in lightweight tons (lwt). Effective January 1, 2011, the Company increased the estimated scrap value of the vessels from $175/lwt to $245/lwt prospectively based on the 15-year average scrap value of steel. The change in the estimated scrap value will result in a decrease in depreciation expense over the remaining life of the vessel assets. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, the increase in the estimated scrap value resulted in a decrease in depreciation expense of $2,476 and $2,479, respectively. The decrease in depreciation expense resulted in a $0.06 and $0.07 change to the basic and diluted net (loss) income per share during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The basic and diluted net (loss) income per share would have been ($3.53) and $0.65 per share, respectively, if there had been no change in the estimated scrap value.

Fixed assets, net

Fixed assets, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are based on a straight line basis over the estimated useful life of the specific asset placed in service. The following table is used in determining the typical estimated useful lives:

Description		Useful lives

Leasehold improvements		Lesser of the estimated useful life of the asset or life of the lease
Furniture, fixtures & other equipment		5 years
Vessel equipment		2-15 years
Computer equipment		3 years

Depreciation and amortization expense for fixed assets for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $888, $507 and $501, respectively.

Deferred drydocking costs

The Company’s vessels are required to be drydocked approximately every 30 to 60 months for major repairs and maintenance that cannot be performed while the vessels are operating. The Company defers the costs associated with the drydockings as they occur and amortizes these costs on a straight-line basis over the period between drydockings. Costs deferred as part of a vessel’s drydocking include actual costs incurred at the drydocking yard; cost of travel, lodging and subsistence of personnel sent to the drydocking site to supervise; and the cost of hiring a third party to oversee the drydocking. If the vessel is drydocked earlier than originally anticipated, any remaining deferred drydock costs that have not been amortized are expensed at the beginning of the next drydock. Amortization expense for drydocking for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $5,064, $5,617, and $5,324, respectively. All other costs incurred during drydocking are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Subtopic 360-10, “Property, Plant and Equipment” (“ASC 360-10”), which requires impairment losses to be recorded on long-lived assets used in operations when indicators of impairment are present and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than their carrying amounts. If indicators of impairment are present, the Company performs an analysis of the anticipated undiscounted future net cash flows of the related long-lived assets. If the carrying value of the related asset exceeds the undiscounted cash flows, the carrying value is reduced to its fair value. Various factors including anticipated future charter rates, estimated scrap values, future drydocking costs and estimated vessel operating costs are included in this analysis.

For the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, no impairment charges were recorded on the Company’s long-lived assets.

Deferred financing costs

Deferred financing costs, included in other assets, consist of fees, commissions and legal expenses associated with obtaining loan facilities and amending existing loan facilities. These costs are amortized over the life of the related debt and are included in interest expense.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments such as money market funds and certificates of deposit with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Investments

The Company holds an investment in the capital stock of Jinhui Shipping and Transportation Limited (“Jinhui”). Jinhui is a drybulk shipping owner and operator focused on the Supramax segment of drybulk shipping. This investment is designated as Available For Sale (“AFS”) and is reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recorded in shareholders’ equity as a component of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (“AOCI”). The Company classifies the investment as a current or noncurrent asset based on the Company’s intent to hold the investment at each reporting date.

Investments are reviewed quarterly to identify possible other-than-temporary impairment in accordance with ASC Subtopic 320-10, “Investments — Debt and Equity Securities” (“ASC 320-10”). When evaluating its investments, the Company reviews factors such as the length of time and extent to which fair value has been below the cost basis, the financial condition of the issuer, the underlying net asset value of the issuers assets and liabilities, and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time which may be sufficient for anticipated recovery in market value. Should the decline in the value of any investment be deemed to be other-than-temporary, the investment basis would be written down to fair market value, and the write-down would be recorded to earnings as a loss. Refer to Note 6 — Investments.

Income taxes

Pursuant to Section 883 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as amended (the “Code”), qualified income derived from the international operations of ships is excluded from gross income and exempt from U.S. federal income tax if a company engaged in the international operation of ships meets certain requirements. Among other things, in order to qualify, the Company must be incorporated in a country that grants an equivalent exemption to U.S. corporations and must satisfy certain qualified ownership requirements.

GS&T is incorporated in the Marshall Islands. Pursuant to the income tax laws of the Marshall Islands, GS&T is not subject to Marshall Islands income tax. The Marshall Islands has been officially recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a qualified foreign country that currently grants the requisite equivalent exemption from tax. GS&T is not taxable in any other jurisdiction, with the exception of Genco Management (USA) Limited as noted below.

Based on the publicly traded requirement of the Section 883 regulations, GS&T believes that it qualified for exemption from income tax on income derived from the international operations of ships for 2012, 2011 and 2010. In order to meet the publicly traded requirement, GS&T’s stock must be treated as being primarily and regularly traded for more than half the days of any such year. Under the Section 883 regulations, GS&T’s qualification for the publicly traded requirement may be jeopardized if shareholders of the Company’s common stock that own five percent or more of the Company’s stock (“5% shareholders”) own, in the aggregate, 50% or more of the Company’s common stock for more than half the days of the year. Management believes that during 2012, 2011 and 2010, the combined ownership of its 5% shareholders did not equal 50% or more of its common stock for more than half the days of 2012, 2011 and 2010, as applicable.

If GS&T does not qualify for the exemption from tax under Section 883, it would be subject to a 4% tax on the gross “shipping income” (without the allowance for any deductions) that is treated as derived from sources within the United States or “United States source shipping income.” For these purposes, “shipping income” means any income that is derived from the use of vessels, from the hiring or leasing of vessels for use, or from the performance of services directly related to those uses; and “United States source shipping income” includes 50% of shipping income that is attributable to transportation that begins or ends, but that does not both begin and end, in the United States.

Baltic Trading is also incorporated in the Marshall Islands. However, Baltic Trading did not qualify for an exemption under Section 883 upon consummation of its IPO because it did not satisfy the publicly traded requirement as described above. Since Baltic Trading’s IPO was completed on March 15, 2010, the Company has indirectly owned shares of Baltic Trading’s Class B Stock which has provided the Company with over 50% of the combined voting power of all classes of Baltic Trading’s voting stock during 2012, 2011 and 2010. As such, Baltic Trading is subject to income tax on its United States source income. During the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, Baltic Trading had United States operations which resulted in United States source income of $1,379, $3,062 and $2,541. Baltic Trading’s United States income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $28, $34 and $78, respectively.

Pursuant to certain agreements, GS&T technically and commercially manages vessels for Baltic Trading, as well as provides technical management of vessels for MEP in exchange for specified fees for these services provided. These services are performed by Genco Management (USA) Limited (“Genco (USA)”), which has elected to be taxed as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes. As such, Genco (USA) is subject to United States federal income tax on its worldwide net income, including the net income derived from providing these services. Genco (USA) has entered into a cost-sharing agreement with the Company and Genco Ship Management LLC, collectively Manco, pursuant to which Genco (USA) agrees to reimburse Manco for the costs incurred by Genco (USA) for the use of Manco’s personnel and services in connection with the provision of the services for both Baltic Trading and MEP’s vessels.

Total revenue earned for these services during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 was $6,110, $6,309 and $6,739, respectively, of which $2,816, $3,024 and $5,490, respectively, eliminated upon consolidation. After allocation of certain expenses, there was taxable income of $2,655 associated with these activities for the year ended December 31, 2012. This resulted in estimated tax expense of $1,194 for the year ended December 31, 2012. After allocation of certain expenses, there was taxable income of $2,787 associated with these activities for the year ended December 31, 2011. This resulted in estimated tax expense of $1,351 for the year ended December 31, 2011. After allocation of certain expenses, there was taxable income of $3,913 associated with these activities for the year ended December 31, 2010. This resulted in estimated tax expense of $1,762 for the year ended December 31, 2010.

Deferred revenue

Deferred revenue primarily relates to cash received from charterers prior to it being earned. These amounts are recognized as income when earned. Additionally, deferred revenue includes estimated customer claims mainly due to time charter performance issues. Refer to “Revenue and voyage expense recognition” above for description of the Company’s revenue recognition policy.

Comprehensive income

The Company follows ASC Subtopic 220-10, “Comprehensive Income” (“ASC 220-10”), which establishes standards for reporting and displaying comprehensive income and its components in financial statements. Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and amounts related to the Company’s interest rate swaps accounted for as hedges, as well as unrealized gains or losses associated with the Company’s investments.

Nonvested stock awards

The Company follows ASC Subtopic 718-10, “Compensation — Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718-10”), for nonvested stock issued under its equity incentive plans. Stock-based compensation costs from nonvested stock have been classified as a component of additional paid-in capital.

Accounting estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include vessel valuations, the valuation of amounts due from charterers, performance claims, residual value of vessels, useful life of vessels and the fair value of derivative instruments. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are amounts due from charterers, cash and cash equivalents, deposits on vessels and interest rate swap agreements. With respect to amounts due from charterers, the Company attempts to limit its credit risk by performing ongoing credit evaluations and, when deemed necessary, requires letters of credit, guarantees or collateral. The Company earned 100% of revenues from 43 customers in 2012, 32 customers in 2011 and 33 customers in 2010. Management does not believe significant risk exists in connection with the Company’s concentrations of credit at December 31, 2012 and 2011.

For the year ended December 31, 2012, there was one customer that individually accounted for more than 10% of voyage revenues, Cargill International S.A., which represented 31.27% of voyage revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2011 there were two customers that individually accounted for more than 10% of voyage revenues, Cargill International S.A. and Swissmarine Services S.A., which represented 30.00% and 12.23% of voyage revenues, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2010 there were two customers that individually accounted for more than 10% of voyage revenues, Cargill International S.A. and Pacific Basin Chartering Ltd., which represented 29.26% and 11.43% of voyage revenues, respectively.

At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company maintains all of its cash and cash equivalents with four and five financial institutions, respectively. None of the Company’s cash and cash equivalent balances is covered by insurance in the event of default by these financial institutions.

At December 31, 2012 and 2011, the Company has five and eight interest rate swap agreements, respectively, with DnB NOR Bank ASA to manage interest costs and the risk associated with changing interest rates related to the 2007 Credit Facility. None of the interest rate swap agreements are covered by insurance in the event of default by this financial institution.

Fair value of financial instruments

The estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments such as amounts due to / due from charterers, accounts payable and long-term debt approximate their individual carrying amounts as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 due to their short-term maturity or the variable-rate nature of the respective borrowings under the credit facilities.

The fair value of the interest rate swaps is the estimated amount the Company would receive or have to pay in order to terminate these agreements at the reporting date, taking into account current interest rates and the creditworthiness of the counterparty for assets and creditworthiness of the Company for liabilities. See Note 13 - Fair Value of Financial Instruments for additional disclosure on the fair values of long term debt, convertible senior notes, derivative instruments, and AFS securities.

Derivative financial instruments

Interest rate risk management

The Company is exposed to the impact of interest rate changes. The Company’s objective is to manage the impact of interest rate changes on its earnings and cash flow in relation to borrowings primarily for the purpose of acquiring drybulk vessels. These borrowings are subject to a variable borrowing rate. The Company uses pay-fixed receive-variable interest rate swaps to manage future interest costs and the risk associated with changing interest rate obligations. These swaps are designated as cash flow hedges of future variable rate interest payments and are tested for effectiveness on a quarterly basis. Refer to Note 11 — Interest Rate Swap Agreements for further information regarding the interest rate swaps held by the Company.

The differential to be paid or received for the effectively hedged portion of any swap agreement is recognized as an adjustment to interest expense as incurred. Additionally, the changes in value for the portion of the swaps that are effectively hedging future interest payments are reflected as a component of AOCI.

For the interest rate swaps that are not designated as an effective hedge, the change in the value and the rate differential to be paid or received is recognized as other expense and is listed as a component of other (expense) income in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In February 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2013-02, “Reporting of Amounts Reclassified Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2013-02”) to improve the transparency of changes in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and items reclassified out of AOCI. The amendments in ASU 2013-02 are required to be applied retrospectively and are effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2012. The adoption of ASU 2013-02 will not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements other than separately disclosing in the footnotes to the consolidated financial statements amounts reclassified out of AOCI and the individual line items in the consolidated Statement of Operations that are affected.

In May 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-04, “Amendments to Achieve Common Fair Value Measurement and Disclosure Requirements in U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards (Topic 820) — Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2011-04”) to provide a consistent definition of fair value and ensure that the fair value measurement and disclosure requirements are similar between U.S. GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. ASU 2011-04 changes certain fair value measurement principles and enhances the disclosure requirements, particularly for Level 3 fair value measurements. This standard was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011 and is applied on a prospective basis. The Company has adopted ASU 2011-04 and the impact of adoption was not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2011, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05, “Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Presentation of Comprehensive Income” (“ASU 2011-05”) to require an entity to present the total of comprehensive income, the components of net income and the components of other comprehensive income either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. ASU 2011-05 eliminates the option to present the components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of equity. The standard does not change the items that must be reported for other comprehensive income, how such items are measured or when they must be reclassified to net income. This standard was effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2011 was to be applied retrospectively. The FASB has deferred the requirement to present reclassification adjustments for each component of AOCI in both net income and other comprehensive income. Companies are required to either present amounts reclassified out of other comprehensive income on the face of the financial statements or disclose those amounts in the notes to the financial statements. During the deferral period, there is no requirement to separately present or disclose the reclassification adjustments into net income. The effective date of this deferral will be consistent with the effective date of ASU 2011-05. The Company has adopted ASU 2011-05 and disclosed comprehensive income in our consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income. This guidance only affects financial statement presentation and has no impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations, financial position and cash flows.