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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________
FORM 10-Q
________________
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission File Number: 001-39671
____________________
MediaAlpha, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________

Delaware | 85-1854133
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

700 South Flower Street, Suite 640
Los Angeles, California 90017
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(213) 316-6256
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
_______________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share |  | MAX |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of July 29, 2022, there were 42,125,835 shares of MediaAlpha, Inc.'s Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and 19,170,493 shares of MediaAlpha, Inc.’s Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents
MediaAlpha, Inc. and Subsidiaries
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Financial Statements | 6
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 6
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 10
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 11
Item 2 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 22
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 40
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 41
| PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 42
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 42
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 42
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 42
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 42
Item 5 | Other Information | 42
Item 6 | Exhibits | 43
Signatures |  | 44

2

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Certain Definitions
As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:
•“Class A-1 units” refers to the Class A-1 units of QL Holdings LLC (“QLH”).
•“Class B-1 units” refers to the Class B-1 units of QLH.
•“Company,” “we,” or “us” refers to MediaAlpha, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
•“Consumer Referral” means any consumer click, call or lead purchased by a buyer on our platform.
•“Consumers” and “customers” refer interchangeably to end consumers. Examples include individuals shopping for insurance policies.
•“Digital consumer traffic” refers to visitors to the mobile, tablet, desktop and other digital platforms of our supply partners, as well as to our proprietary websites.
•“Direct-to-consumer” or “DTC” means the sale of insurance products or services directly to end consumers, without the use of retailers, brokers, agents or other intermediaries.
•“Distributor” means any company or individual that is involved in the distribution of insurance, such as an insurance agent or broker.
•“Exchange agreement” means the exchange agreement, dated as of October 27, 2020 by and among MediaAlpha, Inc., QLH, Intermediate Holdco, Inc. and certain Class B-1 unitholders party thereto.
•“Founders” means, collectively, Steven Yi, Eugene Nonko, and Ambrose Wang.
•“High-intent” consumer or customer means an in-market consumer that is actively browsing, researching or comparing the types of products or services that our partners sell.
•“Insignia” means Insignia Capital Group, L.P. and its affiliates.
•“Intermediate Holdco” means Guilford Holdings, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary and the owner of all Class A-1 units.
•“Inventory,” when referring to our supply partners, means the volume of Consumer Referral opportunities.
•“IPO” means our initial public offering of our Class A common stock, which closed on October 30, 2020.
•“Legacy Profits Interest Holders” means certain current or former employees of QLH or its subsidiaries (other than the Senior Executives), who indirectly held Class B units in QLH prior to our IPO and includes any estate planning vehicles or other holding companies through which such persons hold their units in QLH (which holding companies may or may not include QL Management Holdings LLC).
•“Lifetime value” or “LTV” is a type of metric that many of our business partners use to measure the estimated total worth to a business of a customer over the expected period of their relationship.
•“NAIC” means the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
•“Open Marketplace” refers to one of our two business models. In Open Marketplace transactions, we have separate agreements with demand partners and suppliers. We earn fees from our demand partners and separately pay a revenue share to suppliers and a fee to Internet search companies to drive consumers to our proprietary websites.
•“Partner” refers to a buyer or seller on our platform, also referred to as “demand partners” and “supply partners,” respectively.
◦“Demand partner” refers to a buyer on our platform. As discussed under Item 2. Management’s Discussion & Analysis – Management Overview, our demand partners are generally insurance carriers and distributors looking to target high-intent consumers deep in their purchase journey.
◦“Supply partner” or “supplier” refers to a seller to our platform. As discussed under Item 2. Management’s Discussion & Analysis – Management Overview, our supply partners are primarily insurance carriers looking to maximize the value of non-converting or low LTV consumers, and insurance-focused research destinations or other financial websites looking to monetize high-intent consumers.
3

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•“Private Marketplace” refers to one of our two business models. In Private Marketplace transactions, demand partners and suppliers contract with one another directly and leverage our platform to facilitate transparent, real-time transactions utilizing the reporting and analytical tools available to them from use of our platform. We charge a fee based on the Transaction Value of the Consumer Referrals sold through Private Marketplace transactions.
•“Proprietary” means, when used in reference to our properties, the websites and other digital properties that we own and operate. Our proprietary properties are a source of Consumer Referrals on our platform.
•“Reorganization Transactions” means the series of reorganization transactions completed on October 27, 2020 in connection with our IPO.
•“Secondary Offering” means the means the sale of 8,050,000 shares of Class A common stock pursuant to the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-254338), which was declared effective by the Securities Exchange Commission ("SEC") on March 18, 2021.
•“Senior Executives” means the Founders and the other current and former officers of the Company listed in Exhibit A to the exchange agreement. This term also includes any estate planning vehicles or other holding companies through which such persons hold their units in QLH.
•“Selling Class B-1 Unit Holders” means Insignia, the Senior Executives, and the Legacy Profits Interests Holders who sold a portion of their Class B-1 units to Intermediate Holdco in connection with the IPO.
•“Transaction Value” means the total gross dollars transacted by our partners on our platform.
•“Vertical” means a market dedicated to a specific set of products or services sold to end consumers. Examples include property & casualty insurance, life insurance, health insurance, and travel.
•“White Mountains” means White Mountains Insurance Group, Ltd. and its affiliates.
•“Yield” means the return to our sellers on their inventory of Consumer Referrals sold on our platform.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
We are including this Cautionary Statement to caution investors and qualify for the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”) for forward-looking statements. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “would,” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:
•Our ability to attract and retain supply partners and demand partners to our platform and to make available quality Consumer Referrals at attractive volumes and prices to drive transactions on our platform;
•Our reliance on a limited number of supply partners and demand partners, many of which have no long-term contractual commitments with us, and any potential termination of those relationships;
•Fluctuations in customer acquisition spending by property and casualty insurance carriers due to unexpected changes in underwriting profitability as the carriers go through cycles in their business;
•Existing and future laws and regulations affecting the property & casualty insurance, health insurance and life insurance verticals;
•Changes and developments in the regulation of the underlying industries in which our partners operate;
•Competition with other technology companies engaged in digital customer acquisition, as well as buyers that attract consumers through their own customer acquisition strategies, third-party online platforms or other traditional methods of distribution;
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•Our ability to attract, integrate and retain qualified employees;
•Reductions in DTC digital spend by our buyers;
•Mergers and acquisitions could result in additional dilution and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results and financial condition;
•Our dependence on internet search companies to direct a significant portion of visitors to our suppliers’ websites and our proprietary websites;
•The novel strain of the coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19);
•The terms and restrictions of our existing and future indebtedness;
•Disruption to operations as a result of future acquisitions;
•Our failure to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, proprietary systems, technology and brand;
•Our ability to develop new offerings and penetrate new vertical markets;
•Our ability to manage future growth effectively;
•Our reliance on data provided to us by our demand and supply partners and consumers;
•Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, economic downturns, or other unexpected events;
•Significant estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements;
•Potential litigation and claims, including claims by regulatory agencies and intellectual property disputes;
•Our ability to collect our receivables from our partners;
•Developments with respect to LIBOR;
•Fluctuations in our financial results caused by seasonality;
•The development of the DTC insurance distribution sector and evolving nature of our relatively new business model;
•Disruptions to or failures of our technological infrastructure and platform;
•Failure to manage and maintain relationships with third-party service providers;
•Cybersecurity breaches or other attacks involving our systems or those of our partners or third-party service providers;
•Our ability to protect consumer information and other data and risks of reputational harm due to an actual or perceived failure by us to protect such information and other data;
•Risks related to being a public company;
•Risks related to internal control on financial reporting;
•Risks related to shares of our Class A common stock;
•Risks related to our intention to take advantage of certain exemptions as a “controlled company” under the rules of the NYSE, and the fact that the interests of our controlling stockholders (White Mountains, Insignia, and the Founders) may conflict with those of other investors;
•Risks related to our corporate structure; and
•The other risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Many of the important factors that will determine these results are beyond our ability to control or predict. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and, except as otherwise required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
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Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements.
MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share data and per share amounts)

| June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 35,194 |  |  | $ | 50,564 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $374 and $609, respectively | 38,856 |  |  | 76,094 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 6,359 |  |  | 10,448 |
Total current assets | 80,409 |  |  | 137,106 |
Intangible assets, net | 36,327 |  |  | 12,567 |
Goodwill | 47,739 |  |  | 18,402 |
Deferred tax asset | 103,008 |  |  | 102,656 |
Other assets | 18,395 |  |  | 19,073 |
Total assets | $ | 285,878 |  |  | $ | 289,804 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity (deficit) |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 33,434 |  |  | $ | 61,770 |
Accrued expenses | 13,204 |  |  | 13,716 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 8,749 |  |  | 8,730 |
Total current liabilities | 55,387 |  |  | 84,216 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion | 198,686 |  |  | 178,069 |
Liabilities under tax receivables agreement, net of current portion | 83,279 |  |  | 85,027 |
Other long-term liabilities | 7,999 |  |  | 4,058 |
Total liabilities | $ | 345,351 |  |  | $ | 351,370 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7) |  |  |
Stockholders' equity (deficit): |  |  |
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value - 1.0 billion shares authorized; 42.2 million and 41.0 million shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively | 422 |  |  | 410 |
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value - 100 million shares authorized; 19.2 million and 19.6 million shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively | 192 |  |  | 196 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value - 50 million shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital | 443,514 |  |  | 419,533 |
Accumulated deficit | (440,691) |  |  | (424,476) |
Total stockholders' equity (deficit) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. | $ | 3,437 |  |  | $ | (4,337) |
Non-controlling interests | (62,910) |  |  | (57,229) |
Total stockholders' (deficit) | $ | (59,473) |  |  | $ | (61,566) |
Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit | $ | 285,878 |  |  | $ | 289,804 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share data and per share amounts)

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue | $ | 103,449 |  |  | $ | 157,353 |  |  | $ | 246,048 |  |  | $ | 330,941 |
Costs and operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 87,925 |  |  | 132,305 |  |  | 208,806 |  |  | 279,485 |
Sales and marketing | 7,958 |  |  | 5,724 |  |  | 15,181 |  |  | 11,115 |
Product development | 5,661 |  |  | 3,840 |  |  | 10,877 |  |  | 7,160 |
General and administrative | 12,316 |  |  | 13,585 |  |  | 29,464 |  |  | 29,334 |
Total costs and operating expenses | 113,860 |  |  | 155,454 |  |  | 264,328 |  |  | 327,094 |
(Loss) income from operations | (10,411) |  |  | 1,899 |  |  | (18,280) |  |  | 3,847 |
Other expenses (income), net | 44 |  |  | 171 |  |  | (479) |  |  | 21 |
Interest expense | 1,956 |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | 3,315 |  |  | 4,538 |
Total other expense, net | 2,000 |  |  | 2,408 |  |  | 2,836 |  |  | 4,559 |
(Loss) before income taxes | (12,411) |  |  | (509) |  |  | (21,116) |  |  | (712) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 611 |  |  | (125) |  |  | 1,754 |  |  | (489) |
Net (loss) | $ | (13,022) |  |  | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (22,870) |  |  | $ | (223) |
Net (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | (3,883) |  |  | (177) |  |  | (6,655) |  |  | (301) |
Net (loss) income attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. | $ | (9,139) |  |  | $ | (207) |  |  | $ | (16,215) |  |  | $ | 78 |
Net (loss) income per share of Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted | $ | (0.22) |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  | $ | (0.39) |  |  | $ | 0.00 |
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted | 41,705,344 |  |  | 37,667,432 |  |  | 41,279,146 |  |  | 35,414,548 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share data)

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional Paid-In- Capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ (Deficit)
| Units |  | Amount |  | Units |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 40,969,952 |  |  | $ | 410 |  |  | 19,621,915 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 419,533 |  |  | $ | (424,476) |  |  | $ | (57,229) |  |  | $ | (61,566) |
Establishment of liabilities under tax receivables agreement and related changes to deferred tax assets associated with increases in tax basis | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 19 |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 60,197 |  |  | — |  |  | (60,197) |  |  | — |  |  | (180) |  |  | — |  |  | 180 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 593,810 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,688 |  |  | — |  |  | 85 |  |  | 13,773 |
Forfeiture of equity awards | (23,294) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (820) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (820) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (130) |  |  | (130) |
Settlement of 2021 annual bonus as restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 880 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 880 |
Tax impact of changes in investment in partnership | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43 |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,076) |  |  | (2,772) |  |  | (9,848) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 | 41,600,665 |  |  | $ | 416 |  |  | 19,561,718 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 433,157 |  |  | $ | (431,552) |  |  | $ | (59,866) |  |  | $ | (57,649) |
Establishment of liabilities under tax receivables agreement and related changes to deferred tax assets associated with increases in tax basis | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 297,747 |  |  | 3 |  |  | (297,747) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (946) |  |  | — |  |  | 946 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 674,674 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,733 |  |  | — |  |  | 47 |  |  | 15,780 |
Forfeiture of equity awards | (14,160) |  |  | — |  |  | (93,478) |  |  | (1) |  |  | (305) |  |  | — |  |  | 306 |  |  | — |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (966) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (966) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (460) |  |  | (460) |
Repurchases of Class A common stock | (321,150) |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,454) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,457) |
Tax impact of changes in investment in partnership | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 297 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 297 |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,139) |  |  | (3,883) |  |  | (13,022) |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | 42,237,776 |  |  | $ | 422 |  |  | 19,170,493 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 443,514 |  |  | $ | (440,691) |  |  | $ | (62,910) |  |  | $ | (59,473) |

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| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional Paid-In- Capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ (Deficit)
| Units |  | Amount |  | Units |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2020 | 33,371,056 |  |  | $ | 334 |  |  | 25,536,043 |  |  | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 384,611 |  |  | $ | (418,973) |  |  | $ | (71,345) |  |  | $ | (105,118) |
Establishment of liabilities under tax receivables agreement and related changes to deferred tax assets associated with increases in tax basis | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,190 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,190 |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 4,457,796 |  |  | 45 |  |  | (4,457,796) |  |  | (45) |  |  | (12,716) |  |  | — |  |  | 12,716 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 444,030 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,479 |  |  | — |  |  | 124 |  |  | 10,603 |
Forfeiture of equity awards | (58,608) |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,276) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,276) |
Net income (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 285 |  |  | (124) |  |  | 161 |
Balance at March 31, 2021 | 38,214,274 |  |  | $ | 382 |  |  | 21,078,247 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 387,284 |  |  | $ | (418,688) |  |  | $ | (58,629) |  |  | $ | (89,441) |
Establishment of liabilities under tax receivables agreement and related changes to deferred tax assets associated with increases in tax basis | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 54 |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 37,248 |  |  | — |  |  | (37,248) |  |  | — |  |  | (106) |  |  | — |  |  | 106 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 458,262 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,381 |  |  | — |  |  | 140 |  |  | 11,521 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (898) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (898) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (110) |  |  | (110) |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (207) |  |  | (177) |  |  | (384) |
Balance at June 30, 2021 | 38,709,784 |  |  | $ | 387 |  |  | 21,040,999 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | $ | 397,710 |  |  | $ | (418,895) |  |  | $ | (58,670) |  |  | $ | (79,258) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited; in thousands)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net (loss) | $ | (22,870) |  |  | $ | (223) |
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |
Non-cash equity-based compensation expense | 29,616 |  |  | 22,123 |
Non-cash lease expense | 357 |  |  | 246 |
Depreciation expense on property and equipment | 197 |  |  | 173 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 2,360 |  |  | 1,492 |
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs | 418 |  |  | 694 |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration | (2,845) |  |  | — |
Credit losses | (127) |  |  | 235 |
Deferred taxes | 1,630 |  |  | (865) |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustments | (589) |  |  | (156) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | 38,691 |  |  | 21,775 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 4,057 |  |  | 2,472 |
Other assets | 198 |  |  | 310 |
Accounts payable | (28,354) |  |  | (51,940) |
Accrued expenses | (2,845) |  |  | (2,136) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 19,894 |  |  | $ | (5,800) |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (79) |  |  | (470) |
Cash consideration paid in connection with CHT acquisition | (49,677) |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) investing activities | $ | (49,756) |  |  | $ | (470) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Proceeds received from: |  |  |
Revolving credit facility | 25,000 |  |  | — |
Payments made for: |  |  |
Term loan facility | (4,750) |  |  | — |
Repurchases of Class A common stock | (3,382) |  |  | — |
Distributions | (590) |  |  | (110) |
Shares withheld for taxes on vesting of restricted stock units | (1,786) |  |  | (2,174) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | $ | 14,492 |  |  | $ | (2,284) |
Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (15,370) |  |  | (8,554) |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 50,564 |  |  | 23,554 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 35,194 |  |  | $ | 15,000 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 2,865 |  |  | $ | 2,644 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | (2,152) |  |  | $ | 4 |
Non-cash Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |
Adjustments to liabilities under the tax receivable agreement | $ | (1,619) |  |  | $ | (53,519) |
Establishment of deferred tax assets in connection with the Reorganization Transactions | $ | (1,642) |  |  | $ | (59,763) |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange of lease obligations | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,641 |
Fair value of contingent consideration in connection with CHT acquisition | $ | 7,007 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. Summary of significant accounting policies
The Company's significant accounting policies are included in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and did not materially change during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Basis of presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") applicable to interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only those of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and interim results of the Company as of and for the periods presented have been included.
The December 31, 2021 balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements; however, the accompanying interim notes to the consolidated financial statements do not include all of the annual disclosures required by GAAP. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of those that may be expected for a full year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and related notes in its 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Revisions to previously issued consolidated financial statements
On December 31, 2021, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) effective from January 1, 2021 using the optional transition approach by applying the new standard to all leases existing at the date of initial application and prior periods were not restated. In connection with the adoption, quarterly amounts presented in the Company's prior Form 10-Q were revised. The impact of the adjustments was immaterial to the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable are net of allowances for credit losses of $0.4 million and $0.6 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Concentrations of credit risk and of significant customers and suppliers
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts, and believes it is not exposed to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk in this area based on the financial strength of the institutions with which the Company maintains its deposits.
The Company's accounts receivable, which are unsecured, may expose it to credit risk based on their collectability. The Company controls credit risk by investigating the creditworthiness of all customers prior to establishing relationships with them, performing periodic reviews of the credit activities of those customers during the course of the business relationship, regularly analyzing the collectability of accounts receivable, and recording allowances for credit losses.
Customer concentrations consisted of one customer that accounted for approximately $13 million, or 13%, and $32 million, or 13%, of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, compared with two customers that collectively accounted for approximately $45 million, or 28%, and $95 million, or 29%, of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. The Company's largest customer accounted for approximately $5 million, or 13%, of total accounts receivable as of June 30, 2022, compared with approximately $7 million, or 10%, of total accounts receivable as of December 31, 2021.
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The Company’s supplier concentration can expose the Company to business risks. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company had one supplier that accounted for approximately $10 million, or 10%, and $24 million, or 10%, of total purchases, respectively, compared with no supplier that accounted for more than 10% of total purchases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The Company's largest supplier accounted for approximately $6 million, or 18%, of total accounts payable as of June 30, 2022, compared with the Company's two largest suppliers that collectively accounted for approximately $21 million, or 34%, of total accounts payable as of December 31, 2021.
Related Party Transactions
The Company is party to the tax receivables agreement ("TRA") under which it has contractually committed to pay the holders of Class B-1 units 85% of the amount of any tax benefits that the Company actually realizes, or in some cases is deemed to realize, as a result of certain transactions. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, payments of zero and $0.2 million, respectively were made pursuant to the TRA.
The Company paid $1.3 million and $2.2 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, to White Mountains related to settlement of federal and state income tax refunds for periods prior to the Reorganization Transactions. The Company recognized additional amounts reimbursable to White Mountains of $0.4 million and $0.5 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The total amount reimbursable to White Mountains was $0.5 million as of June 30, 2022 and $2.3 million as of December 31, 2021.
Equity-based compensation
The Company incurs equity-based compensation expense from restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and the unvested Restricted Class A shares and QLH Restricted Class B-1 units. Equity-classified awards to employees are measured and recognized in the consolidated financial statements based on the fair value of the award on the grant date and not subsequently remeasured unless modified. Liability-classified awards are measured at fair value on the grant date and remeasured at each reporting period until the award is settled.
For awards subject to service conditions only, the fair value of the award on the grant date is expensed on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award. The recognition period for these expenses begins at either the applicable service inception date or grant date and continues throughout the requisite service period. Compensation expense for RSUs granted with a performance condition is recognized on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service period. The amount of compensation expense at each reporting period related to the performance based restricted stock units ("PRSUs") is determined based on the Company's assessment of the probability of achieving the requisite performance criteria.
The grant date fair value of RSUs is determined using the market closing price of Class A common stock on the date of grant. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently issued not yet adopted accounting pronouncements
In March 2020 and January 2021, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2020-4, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting and ASU 2021-1, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Scope, respectively. ASU 2020-4 and ASU 2021-1 provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP, to contracts, and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform, if certain criteria are met. The guidance in ASU 2020-4 and ASU 2021-1 was effective upon issuance and, once adopted, may be applied prospectively to contract modifications and hedging relationships through December 31, 2022. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2020-4 and ASU 2021-1 on its consolidated financial statements.
In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from contracts with customers. The ASU requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured by the acquirer on the acquisition date in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if it had originated the contracts. Under the current business combinations guidance, such assets and liabilities were recognized by the acquirer at fair value on the acquisition date. The guidance in ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2022, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU, but does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.
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2. Disaggregation of revenue
The following table shows the Company’s revenue disaggregated by transaction model:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Open marketplace transactions |  | $ | 99,633 |  |  | $ | 152,522 |  |  | $ | 237,729 |  |  | $ | 321,870 |
Private marketplace transactions |  | 3,816 |  |  | 4,831 |  |  | 8,319 |  |  | 9,071 |
Total |  | $ | 103,449 |  |  | $ | 157,353 |  |  | $ | 246,048 |  |  | $ | 330,941 |

The following table shows the Company’s revenue disaggregated by product vertical:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & casualty insurance |  | $ | 57,571 |  |  | $ | 109,337 |  |  | $ | 145,025 |  |  | $ | 234,878 |
Health insurance |  | 33,163 |  |  | 33,688 |  |  | 75,272 |  |  | 69,584 |
Life insurance |  | 7,005 |  |  | 7,479 |  |  | 14,072 |  |  | 15,432 |
Other (1) |  | 5,710 |  |  | 6,849 |  |  | 11,679 |  |  | 11,047 |
Total |  | $ | 103,449 |  |  | $ | 157,353 |  |  | $ | 246,048 |  |  | $ | 330,941 |

(1)Other verticals include Travel, Education, and Consumer Finance.
3. Business Combinations
On February 24, 2022, QuoteLab, LLC (“QL”), a wholly owned subsidiary of QLH, and CHT Buyer, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of QL ("Buyer"), entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (as amended, the “Agreement”) to acquire substantially all of the assets of Customer Helper Team, LLC ("Seller" or "CHT"). CHT is a provider of customer generation and acquisition services for Medicare insurance, automobile insurance, health insurance, life insurance, debt settlement, and credit repair companies. The Company acquired CHT to increase its customer generation capabilities on various social media and short form video platforms. The transaction was closed on April 1, 2022.
The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting as CHT contained inputs and processes that were capable of being operated as a business. The acquisition date fair value of the purchase consideration for the acquisition was $56.7 million, and consisted of the following (in thousands):

| Fair Value
Cash consideration (net of working capital adjustments) | $ | 49,677 |
Contingent consideration | 7,007 |
Total purchase consideration | $ | 56,684 |

A portion of the cash consideration paid at closing was funded by drawing $25.0 million under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility, and the balance was funded from the Company's cash on hand as of the closing.
The Agreement also provides that the Company shall pay contingent consideration which could range from zero to $20.0 million, based upon CHT's achievement of certain revenue and gross margin targets for the two successive 12-month periods following the closing, as set forth in the Agreement. The contingent consideration has been classified as a liability and the estimated fair value was determined using a Monte Carlo model based on the revenue and gross margin projected to be generated by CHT during the applicable periods. The contingent consideration is subject to remeasurement at each reporting date until paid, with any adjustment resulting from the remeasurement reported within general & administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value measurements of the contingent consideration are based primarily on significant unobservable inputs and thus represent a Level 3 measurement in the valuation hierarchy as defined in ASC 820.
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Transaction-related costs incurred by the Company were $0.2 million and $0.5 million and were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses in the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.
In accordance with the acquisition method of accounting, the purchase consideration has been allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair values on the date of the acquisition as follows (in thousands):

Accounts receivable | $ | 1,275 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 17 |
Intangible assets | 26,120 |
Goodwill | 29,337 |
Accounts payable | (18) |
Accrued expenses | (47) |
Net assets acquired | $ | 56,684 |

The Company considers the measurement period to be one year form the date of acquisition. The fair value of working capital related items, including accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, approximated their book values as of the closing date of the acquisition.
The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the net assets acquired was recorded as goodwill. The resulting goodwill is attributable primarily to CHT's assembled workforce and the expanded market opportunities provided by the CHT business by increasing the Company’s ability to generate Consumer Referrals on various social media and short form video platforms. The goodwill resulting from the acquisition is tax deductible. For tax purposes, contingent consideration does not become part of tax goodwill until paid. As such, the amount of goodwill deductible for tax purposes as of the closing date of the acquisition was $22.6 million. The Company's estimate of the amount of tax deductible goodwill may change as the amounts of the payments of contingent consideration, if any, are finalized.
The identifiable intangible assets for the transaction are definite lived assets. The intangible assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and are based primarily on significant unobservable inputs and thus represent a Level 3 measurement in the valuation hierarchy as defined in ASC 820. The acquired intangible asset categories, fair value, and amortization periods, were as follows (in thousands):

| Useful lives |  | Fair Value
Customer relationships | 7 years |  | $ | 18,460 |
Trademarks, trade names, and domain names | 10 years |  | 7,660 |
|  |  | $ | 26,120 |

Customer relationships represent the fair value of the existing contractual relationships and were calculated using the excess earnings methodology of the income approach. The fair value for trademarks, trade names, and domain names was calculated using the relief-from-royalty methodology of the income approach. These fair value measurements were determined using risk-adjusted discount rates of 18.0%.
The weighted average life of intangible assets as of the acquisition date was 7.9 years. The fair value of the identified intangible assets subject to amortization will be amortized over the assets’ estimated useful lives based on the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be received.
Revenue and pretax loss of CHT included in the Company’s results from the acquisition date of April 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022 are as follows (in thousands):

Total revenues | $ | 2,134 |
Pretax loss | $ | (803) |

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The following pro forma financial information summarizes the combined results of operations for the Company and CHT, as though the companies were combined as of the beginning of the Company’s fiscal 2021. The unaudited pro forma financial information was as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total revenues |  | $ | 103,449 |  |  | $ | 164,504 |  |  | $ | 252,318 |  |  | $ | 345,068 |
Pretax (loss) income |  | $ | (12,398) |  |  | $ | (227) |  |  | $ | (19,606) |  |  | $ | 10 |

The pro forma financial information for all periods presented above has been calculated after adjusting the results of CHT to reflect certain business combination and one-time accounting effects such as fair value adjustment of amortization expense from acquired intangible assets, interest expense on the amounts drawn under the 2021 Revolving Credit facility, and acquisition costs as though the acquisition occurred as of the beginning of the Company’s fiscal 2021. The historical consolidated financial information has been adjusted in the pro forma combined financial results to give effect to pro forma events that are directly attributable to the business combination, reasonably estimable and factually supportable. The pro forma financial information does not include the impact of remeasurement adjustments to the contingent considerations and restricted stock units granted to employees of CHT on the date of acquisition for post combination services and are included within the periods they were incurred. The pro forma financial information is for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place at the beginning of the Company’s fiscal 2021.
4. Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill and intangible assets consisted of:

|  | As of
|  |  |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
(in thousands) |  | Useful life (months) |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying amount |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying amount
Customer relationships |  | 84 - 120 |  | $ | 43,500 |  |  | $ | (14,836) |  |  | $ | 28,664 |  |  | $ | 25,040 |  |  | $ | (12,730) |  |  | $ | 12,310 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 60 |  | 303 |  |  | (286) |  |  | 17 |  |  | 303 |  |  | (268) |  |  | 35 |
Trademarks, trade names, and domain names |  | 60 - 120 |  | 8,884 |  |  | (1,238) |  |  | 7,646 |  |  | 1,224 |  |  | (1,002) |  |  | 222 |
Intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 52,687 |  |  | $ | (16,360) |  |  | $ | 36,327 |  |  | $ | 26,567 |  |  | $ | (14,000) |  |  | $ | 12,567 |
Goodwill |  | Indefinite |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 18,402 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,402 |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets amounted to $1.7 million and $0.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $2.4 million and $1.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company has no accumulated impairment of goodwill.
The following table presents the changes in goodwill and intangible assets:

|  | As of
|  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
(in thousands) |  | Goodwill |  | Intangible assets |  | Goodwill |  | Intangible assets
Beginning balance |  | $ | 18,402 |  |  | $ | 12,567 |  |  | $ | 18,402 |  |  | $ | 15,551 |
Additions to goodwill and intangible assets |  | 29,337 |  |  | 26,120 |  |  | — |  | —
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (2,360) |  |  | — |  | (2,984) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 36,327 |  |  | $ | 18,402 |  |  | $ | 12,567 |

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As of June 30, 2022, future amortization expense relating to identifiable intangible assets with estimable useful lives over the next five years was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Amortization expense
2022–Remaining Period |  | $ | 3,396 |
2023 |  | 6,917 |
2024 |  | 6,427 |
2025 |  | 5,759 |
2026 |  | 5,142 |
Thereafter |  | 8,686 |
|  | $ | 36,327 |

5. Accrued expenses
Accrued expenses include the following:

|  | As of
(in thousands) |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Accrued payroll and related expenses |  | $ | 2,811 |  |  | $ | 5,030 |
Accrued operating expenses |  | 2,146 |  |  | 1,103 |

6. Long-term debt
On July 29, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment (the "First Amendment") to the 2020 Credit Agreement dated as of September 23, 2020, with the lenders from time-to-time party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (as amended by the First Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $190.0 million (the "2021 Term Loan Facility"), the proceeds of which were used to refinance all $186.4 million of the existing term loans outstanding and the unpaid interest thereof as of the date of the First Amendment, fees related to these transactions, and to provide cash for general corporate purposes, and a new senior secured revolving credit facility with commitments in an aggregate amount of $50.0 million (the "2021 Revolving Credit Facility" and, together with the 2021 Term Loan Facility, the "2021 Credit Facilities"), which replaced the existing revolving credit facility under the 2020 Credit Agreement.
Long-term debt consisted of the following:

|  | As of
(in thousands) |  | June 30, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
2021 Term Loan Facility |  | $ | 185,250 |  |  | $ | 190,000 |
2021 Revolving Credit Facility |  | 25,000 |  |  | — |
Debt issuance costs |  | (2,815) |  |  | (3,201) |
Total debt |  | $ | 207,435 |  |  | $ | 186,799 |
Less: current portion, net of debt issuance costs of $751 and $770, respectively |  | (8,749) |  |  | (8,730) |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 198,686 |  |  | $ | 178,069 |

Loans under the 2021 Credit Facilities will mature on July 29, 2026. Loans under the 2021 Term Loan Facility amortize quarterly, beginning on the first business day after December 31, 2021 and ending with June 30, 2026, by an amount equal to 1.25% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans initially made and will mature on July 29, 2026. Accordingly, the amount of mandatory quarterly principal payable amount under the 2021 Term Loan within the next twelve months has been classified within the current portion of long-term debt and the remaining balance as long-term debt, net of current portion on the consolidated balance sheets. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility does not amortize and will mature on July 29, 2026 and has been classified as non-current within long-term debt, net of current portion on the consolidated balance sheet.
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The Company incurred interest expense on the 2021 Term Loan Facility of $1.7 million and $2.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $3.0 million and $4.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company incurred interest expense on the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility of $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. Interest expense included amortization of debt issuance costs on the 2021 Credit Facility of $0.2 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $0.4 million and $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accrued interest was $1.8 million as of June 30, 2022 and $1.7 million as of December 31, 2021, and is included within accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets.
The expected future principal payments for all borrowings as of June 30, 2022 was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Contractual maturity
2022–Remaining Period |  | $ | 4,750 |
2023 |  | 9,500 |
2024 |  | 9,500 |
2025 |  | 9,500 |
2026 |  | 177,000 |
Debt and issuance costs |  | 210,250 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (2,815) |
Total debt |  | $ | 207,435 |

The carrying amount of the 2021 Term Loan Facility and the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility approximates the fair values thereof as the borrowings have a variable interest rate structure with no prepayment penalties and are classified within the Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
7. Commitments and contingencies
Litigation
The Company is subject to certain legal proceedings and claims that arise in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the Company does not believe that the amount of liability, if any, as a result of these proceedings and claims will have a materially adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any contingency reserves established for any litigation liabilities.
8. Equity-based compensation
The Company’s equity-based compensation plans are fully described in Part II, Item 8 "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Equity-based compensation plans" in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and below as it relates to PRSUs.
Performance-Based Restricted Stock Units
In April 2022, the Company granted PRSUs to certain officers under the 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan. Each PRSU represents the right to receive one share of Class A common stock upon vesting. The PRSUs granted vest based on the achievement of certain performance measures, as determined by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors, with the resulting value earned divided by the weighted-average closing price of the Company's Class A common stock for the 90-day period preceding such determination to yield the number of PRSUs to be vested. The expected vesting period of such PRSUs is approximately one year.
The PRSUs are liability-classified awards, as they are based on a fixed dollar amount to be settled in a variable number of shares. At each reporting period, the Company recognizes any related expense based on the estimated probability of the achievement of these performance measures and the portion of the requisite service period completed. The amount of expense
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recognized in any period can vary based on changes in the expected achievement of the specified performance measures. If such performance measures are determined to be not likely to be met, or are ultimately not met, no further expense is recognized and any previously recognized expense is reversed. Upon vesting of the PRSUs, the Company will issue the resulting number of shares of Class A common stock to the officers.
Equity-based compensation cost recognized for equity based awards outstanding during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
QLH Class B units |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
QLH restricted Class B-1 units |  | 47 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 265 |
Restricted Class A shares |  | 213 |  |  | 285 |  |  | 561 |  |  | 552 |
Restricted stock units |  | 15,520 |  |  | 11,096 |  |  | 28,860 |  |  | 21,306 |
Performance restricted stock units |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |
Total equity-based compensation |  | $ | 15,843 |  |  | $ | 11,521 |  |  | $ | 29,616 |  |  | $ | 22,123 |

Equity-based compensation cost was allocated to the following expense categories in the consolidated statements of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 442 |  |  | $ | 1,638 |  |  | $ | 842 |
Sales and marketing |  | 2,769 |  |  | 1,981 |  |  | 5,474 |  |  | 3,683 |
Product development |  | 2,646 |  |  | 1,665 |  |  | 4,895 |  |  | 2,997 |
General and administrative |  | 9,188 |  |  | 7,433 |  |  | 17,609 |  |  | 14,601 |
Total equity-based compensation |  | $ | 15,843 |  |  | $ | 11,521 |  |  | $ | 29,616 |  |  | $ | 22,123 |

As of June 30, 2022, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested QLH restricted Class B-1 units, restricted Class A shares, restricted stock units, and PRSUs was $0.2 million, $1.3 million, $108.0 million, and $0.2 million, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over weighted-average periods of 1.11 years, 1.41 years, 2.43 years, and 0.70 years, respectively.
9. Stockholders' Equity (Deficit)
Share Repurchase Program
On March 14, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a Share Repurchase Program ("Repurchase Program") that authorized the Company to repurchase up to $5.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. The timing and amount of any share repurchases are determined by the Company’s management based on their ongoing evaluation of market conditions, the Company’s capital needs, debt covenants and other factors. The Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase a fixed number of shares and any repurchases are accounted for as of the trade date with a corresponding liability. The excess between the repurchase price and the par value of the shares of Class A common stock repurchased is recorded as an adjustment to additional-paid-in capital. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 321,150 shares of Class A common stock were repurchased for an aggregate amount of $3.5 million.
10.Fair Value Measurements
The following table summarizes the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level, within the valuation hierarchy:
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|  | June 30, 2022
(in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,162 |  |  | $ | 4,162 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,162 |  |  | $ | 4,162 |

|  | December 31, 2021
(in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Contingent consideration |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Contingent consideration
Contingent consideration is measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs and thus represent a Level 3 measurement in the valuation hierarchy. The following table summarizes the changes in the contingent consideration:

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Additions in the period | 7,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,007 |  |  | — |
Change in fair value | (2,845) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,845) |  |  | — |
Ending fair value | $ | 4,162 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,162 |  |  | $ | — |

Contingent consideration relates to the estimated amount of additional cash consideration to be paid in connection with the Company's acquisition of CHT. The fair value is dependent on the probability of achieving certain revenue and gross profit margin targets for the two successive 12-month periods following the closing of the acquisition. The Company used the Monte Carlo simulation approach to estimate the fair value of the revenue and gross margin targets and were determined using risk-adjusted discount rates and volatility for the revenue target of 6.0% and 12.5%, respectively and for the gross profit target of 19.0% and 70.0%, respectively. A change in any of these unobservable inputs can significantly change the fair value of the contingent consideration.
The fair value of the contingent consideration was remeasured as of June 30, 2022, and was determined to be $4.2 million based on CHT's projected revenue and gross margin for the applicable periods, and the resulting projected achievement levels of the financial targets. As of June 30, 2022, $1.0 million was included within accrued expenses as current and $3.2 million included within other long term liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
11. Income taxes
MediaAlpha, Inc. is taxed as a corporation and pays corporate federal, state and local taxes on income allocated to it from QLH based upon MediaAlpha, Inc.’s economic interest held in QLH. QLH is treated as a pass-through partnership for income tax reporting purposes and is not subject to federal income tax. Instead, QLH’s taxable income or loss is passed through to its members, including MediaAlpha, Inc. Accordingly, the Company is not liable for income taxes on the portion of QLH’s earnings not allocated to it. MediaAlpha, Inc. files and pays corporate income taxes for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes and its corporate subsidiary, Skytiger Studio, Ltd., is subject to taxation in Taiwan. The Company expects this structure to remain in existence for the foreseeable future.
The Company estimates the annual effective tax rate for the full year to be applied to actual year-to-date income (loss) and adds the tax effects of any discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. The Company’s effective income tax rate was (4.9)% and (8.3)% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively. The Company’s effective income tax rate was 24.6% and 68.7% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.
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The following table summarizes the Company's income tax expense (benefit):

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
(Loss) before income taxes |  | $ | (12,411) |  |  | $ | (509) |  |  | $ | (21,116) |  |  | $ | (712) |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | (125) |  |  | $ | 1,754 |  |  | $ | (489) |
Effective Tax Rate |  | (4.9) | % |  | 24.6 | % |  | (8.3) | % |  | 68.7 | %

The Company's effective tax rate of (4.9)% and (8.3)% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to nondeductible equity-based compensation, losses associated with non-controlling interests not taxable to the Company, state taxes, and other nondeductible permanent items.
There were no material changes to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and the Company does not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, holders of Class B-1 units exchanged a total of 297,747 and 357,944 Class B-1 units, respectively, together with an equal number of shares of Class B common stock, for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis (the “Exchanges”). In connection with the Exchanges, the Company recognized an additional deferred tax asset of $1.1 million and $1.3 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, associated with the basis difference in its investment in QLH. As of June 30, 2022, the total deferred tax asset related to the basis difference in the Company's investment in QLH was $80.0 million. The Company also recognized $0.3 million and $0.4 million of deferred tax assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, related to additional tax basis increases generated from expected future payments under the Tax Receivables Agreement (“TRA”) and expected future deductions for imputed interest on such payments.
The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis and establishes valuation allowances when it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset may not be realized. As of June 30, 2022, there were no material changes to the Company's valuation allowance and the Company's assessment of the realizability of its deferred tax assets.
Tax Receivables Agreement
In connection with the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO, the Company entered into the TRA with Insignia, White Mountains, and the Senior Executives. The Company expects to obtain an increase in its share of the tax basis in the net assets of QLH as Class B-1 units are exchanged for shares of Class A common stock (or, at the Company's election, redeemed for cash of an equivalent value). The Company intends to treat any redemptions and exchanges of Class B-1 units as direct purchases for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amounts that it would otherwise pay in the future to various tax authorities.
The Exchanges resulted in an increase in the tax basis of the Company's investment in QLH subject to the provisions of the TRA. As a result, the Company recognized an additional liability in the amount of $1.4 million and $1.6 million for the TRA-related payments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, representing 85% of the aggregate tax benefits it expects to realize from the increases in tax basis related to the redemption of Class B-1 units, after concluding it was probable that such TRA payments would be paid based on management's estimates of future taxable income.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 , the Company paid $0 and $0.2 million pursuant to the TRA, respectively. As of June 30, 2022, the total amount of payments expected to be paid under the TRA was $86.1 million, of which $2.8 million was included in accrued expenses on the Company's consolidated balance sheets.
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12. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

| Three months ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands except share data and per share amount) | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net (loss) | $ | (13,022) |  |  | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (22,870) |  |  | $ | (223) |
Less: net (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | (3,883) |  |  | (177) |  |  | (6,655) |  |  | (301) |
Net (loss) income available for basic common shares | $ | (9,139) |  |  | $ | (207) |  |  | $ | (16,215) |  |  | $ | 78 |
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic and diluted | 41,705,344 |  |  | 37,667,432 |  |  | 41,279,146 |  |  | 35,414,548 |
(Loss) earnings per share of Class A common stock - basic and diluted | $ | (0.22) |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  | $ | (0.39) |  |  | $ | 0.00 |

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities were not included in the calculation of diluted loss per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as the effect would be anti-dilutive. The following table summarizes the shares and units with a potentially dilutive impact:

| As of
| June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2021
QLH Class B-1 Units | 19,206,446 |  |  | 21,076,952 |
Restricted Class A Shares | 332,072 |  |  | 789,999 |
Restricted stock units | 6,371,147 |  |  | 4,850,011 |
Potential dilutive shares | 25,909,665 |  |  | 26,716,962 |

The outstanding PRSUs were not included in the potentially dilutive securities as of June 30, 2022 as the performance conditions have not been met.
13.Non-Controlling Interest
In accordance with QLH’s limited liability company agreement, the Company allocates the share of net income (loss) to the holders of non-controlling interests pro-rata to their holdings at a point in time. The non-controlling interests balance represents the Class B-1 units, substantially all of which are held by Insignia and the Senior Executives. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, holders of Class B-1 units exchanged 357,944 Class B-1 units, together with an equal number of shares of Class B common stock, for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis.
As of June 30, 2022, the holders of the non-controlling interests owned 31.2%, with the remaining 68.8% owned by MediaAlpha, Inc. As of December 31, 2021, the holders of the non-controlling interests owned 32.1%, with the remaining 67.9% owned by MediaAlpha, Inc.
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Item 2. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
This discussion, particularly information with respect to our future results of operations or financial condition, business strategy and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should review the disclosure under the heading "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
Management overview
Our mission is to help insurance carriers and distributors target and acquire customers more efficiently and at greater scale through technology and data science. Our technology platform brings together leading insurance carriers and high-intent consumers through a real-time, transparent, and results-driven ecosystem. We believe we are the largest online customer acquisition channel in our core verticals of property & casualty ("P&C") insurance, health insurance, and life insurance, supporting $859 million in Transaction Value across our platform over the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2022.
We have multi-faceted relationships with top-tier insurance carriers and distributors. A buyer or a demand partner within our ecosystem is generally an insurance carrier or distributor seeking to reach high-intent insurance consumers. A seller or a supply partner is typically an insurance carrier looking to maximize the value of non-converting or low LTV consumers, or an insurance-focused research destination or other financial website looking to monetize high-intent users on their websites. For the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2022, the websites of our diversified group of supply partners and our proprietary websites drove an average of 8.2 million Consumer Referrals on our platform each month.
We generate revenue by earning a fee for each Consumer Referral sold on our platform. A transaction becomes payable upon a qualifying consumer action, such as a click, call or lead, and is not contingent on the sale of a product to the consumer.
We believe in the disruptive power of transparency. Traditionally, insurance customer acquisition platforms operated in a black box. We recognized that a consumer may be valued differently by one insurer versus another; therefore, insurers should be able to determine pricing granularly based on the value that a particular customer segment is expected to bring to their business. As a result, we developed a technology platform that powers an ecosystem where buyers and sellers can transact with full transparency, control, and confidence, aligning the interests of the parties participating on our platform.
We believe our technology is a key differentiator and a powerful driver of our performance. We maintain deep, custom integrations with partners representing the majority of our Transaction Value, which enable automated, data-driven processes that optimize our partners’ customer acquisition spend and revenue. Through our platform, our insurance carrier partners can target and price across over 35 separate consumer attributes to manage customized acquisition strategies.
Key factors affecting our business
Revenue
We believe that our future performance will depend on many factors, including those described below and in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Secular trends in the insurance industry
Our technology platform was created to serve and grow with our core insurance end markets. We believe secular trends in the insurance industry are critical drivers of our revenue and will continue to provide strong tailwinds for our business. More insurance consumers are shopping online and direct-to-consumer marketing, which fuels our revenue, is the fastest growing insurance distribution channel. In addition, insurance customer acquisition spending is growing over time. As mass-market customer acquisition spend is becoming more costly, insurance carriers and distributors are increasingly focusing on optimizing customer acquisition spend, which is at the core of the service we deliver on our platform. As long as these secular trends persist, we expect digital insurance customer acquisition spending to continue to grow over time, and we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from this growth.
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Transaction Value
Transaction Value from Open Marketplace transactions is a direct driver of our revenue, while Transaction Value from Private Marketplace transactions is an indirect driver of our revenue (see “Key business and operating metrics” below). Transaction Value on our platform declined to $182.9 million and $421.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, from $256.5 million and $519.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, due primarily to a decrease in customer acquisition spending by P&C insurance carriers in response to reductions in underwriting profitability. We have developed multi-faceted, deeply integrated partnerships with insurance carriers and distributors, who are often both buyers and sellers on our platform. We believe the versatility and breadth of our offerings, coupled with our focus on high-quality products, provide significant value to insurance carriers and distributors, leading many of them to use our platform as their central hub for broadly managing digital customer acquisition and monetization, and resulting in strong retention rates. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 95% and 98% of total insurance Transaction Value executed on our platform, respectively, came from demand partner relationships in existence during 2021.
Our demand and supply partners
We retain and attract demand partners by finding high-quality sources of Consumer Referrals to make available to our demand partners. We seek to develop, acquire and retain relationships with high-quality supply partners by developing flexible platforms to enable our supply partners to maximize their revenue, manage their demand side relationships in scalable and flexible ways and focus on long-term sustainable economics with respect to revenue share. Our relationships with our partners are deep and longstanding and involve most of the top-tier insurance carriers in the industry. In terms of buyers, during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 15 of the top 20 largest auto insurance carriers by customer acquisition spend were on our platform.
Consumer Referrals
Our results depend in large part on the number of Consumer Referrals purchased on our platform. The aggregate number of consumer clicks, calls and leads purchased by insurance buyers on our platform declined to 22.3 million and 47.0 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, from 22.9 million and 47.4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. We seek to increase the number and scale of our supply relationships and drive consumers to our proprietary properties through a variety of paid traffic acquisition sources. We are investing in diversifying our paid media sources to extend beyond search engine marketing, which has historically represented the bulk of our paid media spend, into other online media sources, including native, social, and display advertising.
Seasonality
Our results are subject to fluctuations as a result of seasonality. In particular, our property & casualty insurance vertical is typically characterized by seasonal strength in our quarters ending March 31 due to a greater supply of Consumer Referrals and higher customer acquisition budgets during the start of the year, and to seasonal weakness in our quarters ending December 31 due to a lower supply of Consumer Referrals available on a cost-effective basis and lower customer acquisition budgets from some buyers during those quarters. Our health insurance vertical is typically characterized by seasonal strength in our quarters ending December 31 due to open enrollment periods for health insurance and annual enrollment for Medicare during those quarters, with a material increase in consumer search volume for health products and a related increase in buyer customer acquisition budgets.
Cyclicality
Our results are also subject to fluctuations as a result of business cycles experienced by companies in the insurance industry. These cycles in the auto insurance industry are characterized by periods of “soft” market conditions, when carriers are profitable and are focused on increasing capacity and building market share, and “hard” market conditions, when carriers are experiencing lower or even negative underwriting profits and are seeking to increase their premium rates to improve their profitability. As our demand partners in these industries go through these market cycles, they often increase their customer acquisition spending during soft markets and reduce it during hard markets, causing their relative demand for Consumer Referrals from our platform to increase and decrease accordingly. We believe that the auto insurance industry is currently in a "hard” market due to higher than expected underwriting losses, and that many P&C insurance carriers are reducing their customer acquisition spending until they can increase their premium rates, the timing of which is difficult to predict.
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Regulations
Our revenue and earnings may fluctuate from time to time as a result of federal, state, international and industry-based laws, directives and regulations and developing standards with respect to the enforcement of those regulations. Our business is affected directly because we operate websites, conduct telemarketing and email marketing and collect, process, store, share, disclose, transfer and use consumer information and other data. Our business is affected indirectly as our clients adjust their operations as a result of regulatory changes and enforcement activity within their industries. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), became effective on January 1, 2020, and number of other states, including Colorado, Connecticut, Utah, and Virginia, have enacted or are considering similar laws, all of which may affect our business. While it is unclear how this new legislation may be modified or how certain provisions will be interpreted, the effects of this legislation are potentially significant, and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. For a description of laws and regulations to which we are generally subject, see Item 1 “Business” and Item 1A “Risk Factors.” in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In addition, we are impacted by the regulation of the insurance carriers with whom we do business. In most states, insurance carriers are required to obtain approval of their premium rates from the regulatory authority in such states. The timing of such approval process, as well as the willingness of insurance regulators to approve rate increases, can impact the profitability of new policies and the level of customer acquisition spending by carriers in a given period, which in turn can cause fluctuations in our revenue and earnings.
COVID-19
While the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the physical working environment of the substantial majority of our workforce to working from home, it has otherwise caused only minor disruptions to our business operations with a limited impact on our operating results thus far. Our Travel vertical is largely driven by consumer spending on airfare, hotels, rentals and other travel products. As a result of COVID-19, we have experienced a dramatic decline in revenue from the Travel vertical and expect this trend to continue for the foreseeable future. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, revenue from the Travel vertical comprised approximately 3.9%, 2.7%, and 0.3% and 3.2%, 2.0%, and 3.9%, respectively, of our total revenue. While we have sought to maintain our commercial relationships in the Travel vertical and remain positioned to capitalize on transactions in the Travel vertical when travel activity resumes, we do not expect that revenue from the Travel vertical will match our historical results or have any material impact on our overall revenue or profitability for the foreseeable future. In addition, supply chain disruptions and cost increases caused by the pandemic and other inflationary pressures have contributed to higher-than-expected property and casualty insurance claims costs, which has led many carriers to continue to reduce their customer acquisition spending to preserve their profitability. These reductions continue to impact revenue from our P&C vertical, and the duration and extent of this impact are difficult to estimate beyond the third quarter of 2022.
Recent developments
On April 1, 2022, we closed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Customer Helper Team, LLC ("CHT"), a provider of customer generation and acquisition services for Medicare insurance, automobile insurance, health insurance, life insurance, debt settlement, and credit repair companies on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Asset Purchase Agreement (as amended, the “Agreement”). We believe the acquisition is a good strategic fit with our long-term objectives and will increase our ability to generate Consumer Referrals on various social media and short form video platforms. The purchase price for the acquisition included cash consideration of $49.7 million paid at closing plus contingent cash consideration of up to $20.0 million based on CHT’s achievement of revenue and profitability targets for the two successive 12-month periods following the closing. We funded the transaction in part by drawing $25.0 million under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility and the balance from cash on hand as of the closing.
Key components of our results of operations
Revenue
We operate primarily in the P&C insurance, health insurance and life insurance verticals and generate revenue through the purchase and sale of Consumer Referrals.
The price and amount of Consumer Referrals purchased and sold on our platform vary based on a number of market conditions and consumer attributes, including (i) geographic location of consumers, (ii) demographic attributes of consumers, (iii) the source of Consumer Referrals and quality of conversion by source, (iv) buyer bids and (v) buyer demand and budget.
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In our Open Marketplace transactions, we have control over the Consumer Referrals that are sold to our demand partners. In these arrangements, we have separate agreements with suppliers and demand partners. Suppliers are not a party to the contractual arrangements with our demand partners, nor are the suppliers the beneficiaries of our demand partner agreements. We generate revenue from the sale of consumer referrals from our demand partners and separately pay (i) a revenue share to suppliers and (ii) a fee to internet search companies to drive consumers to our proprietary websites. We are the principal in the Open Marketplace transactions. As a result, the fees paid by demand partners are recognized as revenue and the fees paid to suppliers are included in cost of revenue.
With respect to our Private Marketplace transactions, buyers and suppliers contract with one another directly and leverage our platform to facilitate transparent, real-time transactions utilizing the reporting and analytical tools available to them from use of our platform. We charge the supplier a platform fee on the Consumer Referrals transacted. We act as an agent in the Private Marketplace transactions and recognize revenue for the platform fee received. There are no other payments made by us to suppliers in our Private Marketplace.
Costs and operating expenses
Costs and operating expenses consist primarily of cost of revenue, sales and marketing expenses, product expenses and general and administrative expenses.
Cost of revenue
Our cost of revenue is comprised primarily of revenue share payments to suppliers and traffic acquisition costs paid to top tier search engines, as well as telephony infrastructure costs, internet and hosting costs, and merchant fees, and include salaries, wages and benefits, including non-cash equity-based compensation, and other expenses.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of an allocation of personnel expenses for employees engaged in demand side and supply side business development, marketing and media acquisition activities, and include salaries, wages and benefits, including non-cash equity-based compensation. Sales and marketing expenses also include costs related to attracting partners to our platform, including marketing and promotions, tradeshows and related travel and entertainment expenses. Sales and marketing expenses also include an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
Product development
Product development expenses consist primarily of an allocation of personnel expenses for employees engaged in technology, engineering and product development and include salaries, wages and benefits, including non-cash equity-based compensation. Product development expenses also include an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of an allocation of personnel expenses for executive, finance, legal, human resources, and business analytics employees, and include salaries, wages and benefits, including non-cash equity-based compensation. General and administrative expenses also include professional services and an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses and depreciation and amortization expense and any change in fair value of contingent consideration.
Interest expense
Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with outstanding borrowings under our loan and security agreements and the amortization of deferred financing costs associated with these arrangements.
Provision for income taxes
MediaAlpha, Inc. is taxed as a corporation and pays corporate federal, state and local taxes on income allocated to it from QLH based upon MediaAlpha, Inc.’s economic interest held in QLH. QLH is treated as a pass-through partnership for income tax reporting purposes and is not subject to federal income tax. Instead, QLH’s taxable income or loss is passed through
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to its members, including MediaAlpha, Inc. As our ownership interest in QLH increases, our share of the taxable income (loss) of QLH also increases. As of June 30, 2022, our ownership interest in QLH was 68.8%.
Net income (loss) attributable to Non-controlling interest
Net income (loss) is attributed to non-controlling interests in accordance with QLH’s limited liability company agreement. We allocate the share of net income (loss) incurred subsequent to the Reorganization Transactions to the non-controlling interest holders pro-rata to their holdings. The non-controlling interests balance represents the Class B-1 units, substantially all of which are held by Insignia and the Senior Executives.
Operating results for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021
The following table sets forth our operating results in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three months ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue |  | $ | 103,449 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 157,353 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Costs and operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 87,925 |  |  | 85.0 | % |  | 132,305 |  |  | 84.1 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 7,958 |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | 5,724 |  |  | 3.6 | %
Product development |  | 5,661 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 3,840 |  |  | 2.4 | %
General and administrative |  | 12,316 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 13,585 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Total costs and operating expenses |  | 113,860 |  |  | 110.1 | % |  | 155,454 |  |  | 98.8 | %
(Loss) income from operations |  | (10,411) |  |  | (10.1) | % |  | 1,899 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Other expenses, net |  | 44 |  |  | 0.0 | % |  | 171 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Interest expense |  | 1,956 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2,237 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Total other expense, net |  | 2,000 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 2,408 |  |  | 1.5 | %
(Loss) before income taxes |  | (12,411) |  |  | (12.0) | % |  | (509) |  |  | (0.3) | %
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 611 |  |  | 0.6 | % |  | (125) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Net (loss) |  | $ | (13,022) |  |  | (12.6) | % |  | $ | (384) |  |  | (0.2) | %
Net (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (3,883) |  |  | (3.8) | % |  | (177) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Net (loss) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. |  | $ | (9,139) |  |  | (8.8) | % |  | $ | (207) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Net (loss) per share of Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.22) |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.01) |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted |  | 41,705,344 |  |  |  |  | 37,667,432 |  |  |

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Revenue
The following table presents our revenue, disaggregated by vertical, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Property & Casualty insurance |  | $ | 57,571 |  |  | $ | (51,766) |  |  | (47.3) | % |  | $ | 109,337 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 55.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 69.5 | %
Health insurance |  | 33,163 |  |  | (525) |  |  | (1.6) | % |  | $ | 33,688 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 32.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 21.4 | %
Life insurance |  | 7,005 |  |  | (474) |  |  | (6.3) | % |  | $ | 7,479 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 6.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.8 | %
Other |  | 5,710 |  |  | (1,139) |  |  | (16.6) | % |  | $ | 6,849 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 5.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.4 | %
Revenue |  | $ | 103,449 |  |  | (53,904) |  |  | (34.3) | % |  | $ | 157,353 |

The decrease in P&C insurance revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was due to a decrease in customer acquisition spending by certain insurance carriers to address profitability concerns caused by higher-than-expected automobile repair and replacement costs and overall inflationary pressures and certain carriers and supply partners shifting their transactions with each other from our Open Marketplace to our Private Marketplace due to lower platform fees for our Private Marketplace, which are recognized on a net revenue basis . The auto insurance industry began to experience a cyclical downturn in the second half of 2021, with many P&C carriers experiencing lower than expected underwriting profitability, leading them to reduce marketing budget allocations to our channel. We are currently unable to predict the duration of this cyclical downturn or its impact on our revenue from the P&C insurance vertical, or our profitability, beyond the third quarter of 2022.
The decrease in health insurance revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by reduced customer acquisition spending in our marketplaces by Medicare insurance partners, offset in part by additional revenue of $1.7 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 as a result of the CHT acquisition. In addition, revenue from this vertical during the three months ended June 30, 2021 was positively impacted by a special extended enrollment period during such period, which did not repeat in the current year.
The decrease in life insurance revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by a continued decrease in customer shopping for life insurance as concerns related to COVID-19 eased.
The decrease in other revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was driven primarily by a decrease in our consumer finance vertical due to a reduction in mortgage and refinancing activity caused by rising interest rates, offset in part by the addition of revenue generated from the credit vertical of CHT, which the Company exited during the second quarter of 2022. In addition, revenue from our education vertical decreased to $0.3 million during the three months ended June 30, 2022 from $0.5 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021. Revenue from the education vertical is not material to our operations, and we expect to fully exit such vertical during the third quarter of 2022.
Cost of revenue
The following table presents our cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 87,925 |  |  | $ | (44,380) |  |  | (33.5) | % |  | $ | 132,305 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 85.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 84.1 | %

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The decrease in cost of revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was driven primarily by lower revenue share payments to suppliers due to the overall decrease in revenue, as well as a higher mix of transactions in our Private Marketplace, which are recorded on a net revenue basis.
Sales and marketing
The following table presents our sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 7,958 |  |  | $ | 2,234 |  |  | 39.0 | % |  | $ | 5,724 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 7.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.6 | %

The increase in sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was due to an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $0.8 million, an increase in personnel-related costs of $0.7 million resulting from headcount additions related to our acquisition of CHT, and an increase in amortization expense of $0.8 million related to intangible assets arising from our acquisition of CHT.
Product development
The following table presents our product development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Product development |  | $ | 5,661 |  |  | $ | 1,821 |  |  | 47.4 | % |  | $ | 3,840 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 5.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.4 | %

The increase in product development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was due primarily to an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $1.0 million and an increase in personnel-related costs of $0.7 million resulting from planned headcount additions to continue to enhance our technology.
General and administrative
The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
General and administrative |  | $ | 12,316 |  |  | $ | (1,269) |  |  | (9.3) | % |  | $ | 13,585 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 11.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 8.6 | %

The decrease in general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was due primarily to a gain of $2.8 million recorded on remeasurement of the contingent consideration related to CHT for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as the fair value declined due to lower projected revenue and gross profit targets for CHT and lower professional fees, offset in part by an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $1.8 million.
Equity-based compensation
The following table presents our equity-based compensation expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:
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(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,240 |  |  | $ | 798 |  |  | 180.5 | % |  | $ | 442 |
Sales and marketing |  | 2,769 |  |  | 788 |  |  | 39.8 | % |  | 1,981 |
Product development |  | 2,646 |  |  | 981 |  |  | 58.9 | % |  | 1,665 |
General and administrative |  | 9,188 |  |  | 1,755 |  |  | 23.6 | % |  | 7,433 |
Total |  | $ | 15,843 |  |  | $ | 4,322 |  |  | 37.5 | % |  | $ | 11,521 |

The increase in equity-based compensation expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was driven primarily by expenses related to additional restricted stock units granted to employees as part of the annual incentive process and to restricted stock units granted to the employees added as part of our acquisition of CHT.
Amortization
The following table presents our amortization of intangible asset expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Sales and Marketing |  | $ | 1,525 |  |  | $ | 779 |  |  | 104.4 | % |  | $ | 746 |
General and administrative |  | 152 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,677 |  |  | $ | 931 |  |  | 124.8 | % |  | $ | 746 |

The increase in amortization expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021 was driven by the amortization of intangible assets arising from our acquisition of CHT.
Other expenses, net
The following table presents our other expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Other expenses, net |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | (127) |  |  | (74.3) | % |  | $ | 171 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 0.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

The decrease in other expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was not material.
Interest expense
The following table presents our interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Interest expense |  | $ | 1,956 |  |  | $ | (281) |  |  | (12.6) | % |  | $ | 2,237 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 1.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.4 | %

The decrease in interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the three months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by a lower interest rate on the 2021 Credit Facility resulting from the refinancing of our 2020 Credit Facilities, offset by the interest on amounts drawn on our 2021 Revolver Credit Facility in connection with our acquisition of CHT.
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Income tax expense (benefit)
The following table presents our income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 611 |  |  | $ | 736 |  |  | (588.8) | % |  | $ | (125) |
Percentage of revenue |  | 0.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (0.1) | %

For the three months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.6 million resulting from our effective tax rate of (4.9)%, which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to nondeductible equity-based compensation, losses associated with non-controlling interests not taxable to us, state taxes, and other nondeductible permanent items. For the three months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded an income tax benefit of $0.1 million resulting from our effective tax rate of 24.6% which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to nondeductible equity-based compensation, state taxes, income not taxable to us associated with the non-controlling interest, and the impact of tax benefits associated with equity-based awards.
Operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021
The following table sets forth our operating results in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue |  | $ | 246,048 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 330,941 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Costs and operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 208,806 |  |  | 84.9 | % |  | 279,485 |  |  | 84.5 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 15,181 |  |  | 6.2 | % |  | 11,115 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Product development |  | 10,877 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 7,160 |  |  | 2.2 | %
General and administrative |  | 29,464 |  |  | 12.0 | % |  | 29,334 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Total costs and operating expenses |  | 264,328 |  |  | 107.4 | % |  | 327,094 |  |  | 98.8 | %
(Loss) income from operations |  | (18,280) |  |  | (7.4) | % |  | 3,847 |  |  | 1.2 | %
Other (income) expenses, net |  | (479) |  |  | (0.2) | % |  | 21 |  |  | 0.0 | %
Interest expense |  | 3,315 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 4,538 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Total other expense, net |  | 2,836 |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | 4,559 |  |  | 1.4 | %
(Loss) before income taxes |  | (21,116) |  |  | (8.6) | % |  | (712) |  |  | (0.2) | %
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 1,754 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | (489) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Net (loss) |  | $ | (22,870) |  |  | (9.3) | % |  | $ | (223) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Net (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | (6,655) |  |  | (2.7) | % |  | (301) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Net (loss) income attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. |  | $ | (16,215) |  |  | (6.6) | % |  | $ | 78 |  |  | 0.0 | %
Net (loss) income per share of Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.39) |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.00 |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted |  | 41,279,146 |  |  |  |  | 35,414,548 |  |  |

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Revenue
The following table presents our revenue, disaggregated by vertical, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Property & Casualty insurance |  | $ | 145,025 |  |  | $ | (89,853) |  |  | (38.3) | % |  | $ | 234,878 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 58.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 71.0 | %
Health insurance |  | 75,272 |  |  | 5,688 |  |  | 8.2 | % |  | $ | 69,584 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 30.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
Life insurance |  | 14,072 |  |  | (1,360) |  |  | (8.8) | % |  | $ | 15,432 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 5.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.7 | %
Other |  | 11,679 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | $ | 11,047 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 4.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.3 | %
Revenue |  | $ | 246,048 |  |  | (84,893) |  |  | (25.7) | % |  | $ | 330,941 |

The decrease in P&C insurance revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was due to a decrease in customer acquisition spending by certain insurance carriers to address profitability concerns caused by higher-than-expected automobile repair and replacement costs and overall inflationary pressures and certain carriers and supply partners shifting their transactions with each other from our Open Marketplace to our Private Marketplace due to lower platform fees for our Private Marketplace, which are recognized on a net revenue basis. The auto insurance industry began to experience a cyclical downturn in the second half of 2021, with many P&C carriers experiencing lower than expected underwriting profitability, leading them to reduce marketing budget allocations to our channel. We are currently unable to predict the duration of this cyclical downturn or its impact on our revenue from the P&C insurance vertical, or our profitability, beyond the third quarter of 2022.
The increase in health insurance revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by increased customer acquisition spending in our marketplaces by health insurance carriers and brokers, as well as by an increased supply of customer referrals to our marketplaces by our supply partners and our proprietary websites due to the increased demand, as well as by the addition of $1.7 million of revenue during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of the CHT acquisition. Additionally, the Open and Annual Enrollment periods for fiscal 2021, which typically end by December 15th, were extended until January 15, 2022, resulting in increased revenue from our health insurance vertical during the first quarter of 2022. These increases were offset in part by reduced customer acquisition spending in our marketplaces by Medicare insurance partners in the second quarter of 2022.
The decrease in life insurance revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by a decrease in customers shopping for life insurance as concerns related to COVID-19 eased.
The increase in other revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven primarily by an increase in our travel vertical, due to the easing of concerns related to COVID-19, and to the addition of revenue generated from the credit vertical of CHT, which the Company exited during the second quarter of 2022, offset in part by a decline in revenue from our consumer finance vertical due to a reduction in mortgage and refinancing activity caused by rising interest rates. In addition, revenue from our education vertical decreased to $0.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2022 from $1.0 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021. Revenue from the education vertical is not material to our operations, and we expect to fully exit such vertical during the third quarter of 2022.
Cost of revenue
The following table presents our cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 208,806 |  |  | $ | (70,679) |  |  | (25.3) | % |  | $ | 279,485 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 84.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 84.5 | %

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The decrease in cost of revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by lower revenue share payments to suppliers due to the overall decrease in revenue as well as a higher mix of transactions in our Private Marketplace, which are recorded on a net revenue basis.
Sales and marketing
The following table presents our sales and marketing expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 15,181 |  |  | $ | 4,066 |  |  | 36.6 | % |  | $ | 11,115 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 6.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.4 | %

The increase in sales and marketing expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was due primarily to an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $1.8 million, an increase in personnel-related costs of $1.5 million resulting from planned headcount additions, and an increase in amortization expense of $0.7 million related to the amortization of intangible assets arising from our acquisition of CHT.
Product development
The following table presents our product development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Product development |  | $ | 10,877 |  |  | $ | 3,717 |  |  | 51.9 | % |  | $ | 7,160 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 4.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 2.2 | %

The increase in product development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was due primarily to an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $1.9 million and an increase in personnel-related costs of $1.5 million resulting from planned headcount additions to continue to enhance our technology.
General and administrative
The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
General and administrative |  | $ | 29,464 |  |  | $ | 130 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | $ | 29,334 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 12.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 8.9 | %

The increase in general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was due primarily to an increase in equity-based compensation expense of $3.0 million and an increase in personnel-related costs of $0.8 million resulting from planned headcount additions offset by a gain of $2.8 million recorded on remeasurement of the contingent consideration related to CHT as the fair value declined due to lower projected revenue and gross profit targets for CHT and by lower legal and professional fees incurred in the current year period due to expenses incurred in the prior year period related to the Secondary offering and our first year of being subject to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act that did not repeat in the current year period.
Equity-based compensation
The following table presents our equity-based compensation expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:
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(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 1,638 |  |  | $ | 796 |  |  | 94.5 | % |  | $ | 842 |
Sales and marketing |  | 5,474 |  |  | 1,791 |  |  | 48.6 | % |  | 3,683 |
Product development |  | 4,895 |  |  | 1,898 |  |  | 63.3 | % |  | 2,997 |
General and administrative |  | 17,609 |  |  | 3,008 |  |  | 20.6 | % |  | 14,601 |
Total |  | $ | 29,616 |  |  | $ | 7,493 |  |  | 33.9 | % |  | $ | 22,123 |

The increase in equity-based compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven primarily by expenses related to additional restricted stock units granted to employees as part of the annual incentive process and to restricted stock units granted to the employees added as part of our acquisition of CHT.
Amortization
The following table presents our amortization of intangible asset expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Sales and Marketing |  | $ | 2,208 |  |  | $ | 716 |  |  | 48.0 | % |  | $ | 1,492 |
General and administrative |  | 152 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 2,360 |  |  | $ | 868 |  |  | 58.2 | % |  | $ | 1,492 |

The increase in amortization expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021 was related to intangible assets arising from our acquisition of CHT.
Other (income) expenses, net
The following table presents our other income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Other (income) expenses, net |  | $ | (479) |  |  | $ | (500) |  |  | (2,381.0) | % |  | $ | 21 |
Percentage of revenue |  | (0.2) | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.0 | %

The increase in other income for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven primarily by adjustments to the estimated future state tax benefits related to the tax receivables agreement ("TRA").
Interest expense
The following table presents our interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Interest expense |  | $ | 3,315 |  |  | $ | (1,223) |  |  | (27.0) | % |  | $ | 4,538 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 1.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 1.4 | %

The decrease in interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with the six months ended June 30, 2021, was driven by a lower interest rate on the 2021 Credit Facility resulting from the refinancing of our 2020 Credit Facilities offset by the interest on amounts drawn on our 2021 Revolver Credit Facility in connection with our acquisition of CHT.
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Income tax expense (benefit)
The following table presents our income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1,754 |  |  | $ | 2,243 |  |  | (458.7) | % |  | $ | (489) |
Percentage of revenue |  | 0.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | (0.1) | %

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recorded an income tax expense of $1.8 million resulting from our effective tax rate of (8.3)%, which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to nondeductible equity-based compensation, losses associated with non-controlling interests not taxable to us, state taxes, and other nondeductible permanent items. For the six months ended June 30, 2021, we recorded an income tax benefit of $0.5 million resulting from our effective tax rate of 68.7% which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to nondeductible equity-based compensation, state taxes, income not taxable to us associated with the non-controlling interest, nondeductible transaction costs associated with the Secondary Offering and the impact of tax benefits associated with equity-based awards.
Key business and operating metrics
In addition to traditional financial metrics, we rely upon certain business and operating metrics that are not presented in accordance with GAAP to estimate the volume of spending on our platform, estimate and recognize revenue, evaluate our business performance and facilitate our operations. Such business and operating metrics should not be considered in isolation from, or as an alternative to, measures presented in accordance with GAAP and should be considered together with other operating and financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Also, such business and operating metrics may not necessarily be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define “Adjusted EBITDA” as net income excluding interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), depreciation expense on property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, as well as equity-based compensation expense and certain other adjustments as listed in the table below. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we present to supplement the financial information we present on a GAAP basis. We monitor and present Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management to understand and evaluate our operating performance, to establish budgets and to develop operational goals for managing our business. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the expenses that we exclude in the calculations of Adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects. In addition, presenting Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with a metric to evaluate the capital efficiency of our business.
Adjusted EBITDA is not presented in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures presented in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of Adjusted EBITDA rather than net income, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the fact that Adjusted EBITDA excludes interest expense on debt, income tax benefit (expense), equity-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, and certain other adjustments that we consider useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results. In addition, other companies may use other measures to evaluate their performance, including different definitions of “Adjusted EBITDA,” which could reduce the usefulness of our Adjusted EBITDA as a tool for comparison.
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The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITDA with net (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net (loss) |  | $ | (13,022) |  |  | $ | (384) |  |  | $ | (22,870) |  |  | $ | (223) |
Equity-based compensation expense |  | 15,843 |  |  | 11,521 |  |  | 29,616 |  |  | 22,123 |
Interest expense |  | 1,956 |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | 3,315 |  |  | 4,538 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  | 611 |  |  | (125) |  |  | 1,754 |  |  | (489) |
Depreciation expense on property and equipment |  | 99 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 173 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 1,677 |  |  | 746 |  |  | 2,360 |  |  | 1,492 |
Transaction expenses(1) |  | 150 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 2,731 |
Employee-related costs(2) |  | — |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 349 |
SOX implementation costs(3) |  | — |  |  | 297 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 449 |
Fair value adjustment to contingent consideration(4) |  | (2,845) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,845) |  |  | — |
Changes in TRA related liability(5) |  | 40 |  |  | — |  |  | (590) |  |  | (156) |
Changes in Tax Indemnification Receivable(6) |  | (15) |  |  | 147 |  |  | (29) |  |  | 147 |
Settlement of federal and state income tax refunds(7) |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 4,498 |  |  | $ | 14,695 |  |  | $ | 11,640 |  |  | $ | 31,134 |

(1)Transaction expenses consist of $0.2 million and $0.5 million of legal, accounting and other consulting fees incurred by us for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, in connection with the acquisition of CHT. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, transaction expenses consist of $0.1 million and $2.7 million for legal, accounting, and other consulting fees in connection with the Secondary Offering, respectively.
(2)Employee-related costs include $0.1 million and $0.3 million of expenses incurred by us for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, for amounts payable to recruiting firms in connection with the hiring of certain executive officers to support our operation as a publicly-reporting company.
(3)SOX implementation costs consist of $0.1 million of expenses incurred by us for the six months ended June 30, 2022, and $0.3 million and $0.4 million of expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, for third-party consultants to assist us with the development, implementation, and documentation of new and enhanced internal controls and processes for compliance with SOX Section 404(b) for 2021.
(4)Fair value adjustment to contingent consideration consists of $2.8 million of gain for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, in connection with the remeasurement of the contingent consideration for the acquisition of CHT as of June 30, 2022.
(5)Changes in TRA related liability consist of immaterial expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2022, and $0.6 million and $0.2 million of income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, due to a change in the estimated future state tax benefits and other changes in the estimate resulting in reductions of the TRA liability.
(6)Changes in Tax Indemnification Receivable consists of immaterial income incurred by us for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, and $0.1 million of expenses incurred by us for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, related to a reduction in the tax indemnification receivable recorded in connection with the Reorganization Transactions. The reduction also resulted in a benefit of the same amount which has been recorded within income tax (benefit).
(7)Settlement of federal and state tax refunds consist of immaterial expenses and $0.1 million of expense incurred by us for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, related to reimbursement to White Mountains for state tax refunds for the period prior to the Reorganization Transaction related to 2020 tax returns. The settlement also resulted in a benefit of the same amount which has been recorded within income tax expense (benefit).
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Contribution and Contribution Margin
We define “Contribution” as revenue less revenue share payments and online advertising costs, or, as reported in our consolidated statements of operations, revenue less cost of revenue (i.e., gross profit), as adjusted to exclude the following items from cost of revenue: equity-based compensation; salaries, wages, and related costs; internet and hosting costs; amortization; depreciation; other services; and merchant-related fees. We define “Contribution Margin” as Contribution expressed as a percentage of revenue for the same period. Contribution and Contribution Margin are non-GAAP financial measures that we present to supplement the financial information we present on a GAAP basis. We use Contribution and Contribution Margin to measure the return on our relationships with our supply partners (excluding certain fixed costs), the financial return on and efficacy of our online advertising costs to drive consumers to our proprietary websites, and our operating leverage. We do not use Contribution and Contribution Margin as measures of overall profitability. We present Contribution and Contribution Margin because they are used by our management and board of directors to manage our operating performance, including evaluating our operational performance against budget and assessing our overall operating efficiency and operating leverage. For example, if Contribution increases and our headcount costs and other operating expenses remain steady, our Adjusted EBITDA and operating leverage increase. If Contribution Margin decreases, we may choose to re-evaluate and re-negotiate our revenue share agreements with our supply partners, to make optimization and pricing changes with respect to our bids for keywords from primary traffic acquisition sources, or to change our overall cost structure with respect to headcount, fixed costs and other costs. Other companies may calculate Contribution and Contribution Margin differently than we do. Contribution and Contribution Margin have their limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results presented in accordance with GAAP.
The following table reconciles Contribution with gross profit, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue |  | $ | 103,449 |  |  | $ | 157,353 |  |  | $ | 246,048 |  |  | $ | 330,941 |
Less cost of revenue |  | (87,925) |  |  | (132,305) |  |  | (208,806) |  |  | (279,485) |
Gross profit |  | 15,524 |  |  | 25,048 |  |  | 37,242 |  |  | 51,456 |
Adjusted to exclude the following (as related to cost of revenue): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity-based compensation |  | 1,240 |  |  | 442 |  |  | 1,638 |  |  | 842 |
Salaries, wages, and related |  | 1,034 |  |  | 558 |  |  | 1,690 |  |  | 1,022 |
Internet and hosting |  | 119 |  |  | 108 |  |  | 223 |  |  | 210 |
Other expenses |  | 215 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 219 |
Depreciation |  | 12 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 15 |
Other services |  | 576 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 1,106 |  |  | 547 |
Merchant-related fees |  | 44 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 59 |  |  | 230 |
Contribution |  | 18,764 |  |  | 26,671 |  |  | 42,318 |  |  | 54,541 |
Gross margin |  | 15.0 | % |  | 15.9 | % |  | 15.1 | % |  | 15.5 | %
Contribution Margin |  | 18.1 | % |  | 16.9 | % |  | 17.2 | % |  | 16.5 | %

Transaction Value
We define “Transaction Value” as the total gross dollars transacted by our partners on our platform. Transaction Value is a driver of revenue, with differing revenue recognition based on the economic relationship we have with our partners. Our partners use our platform to transact via Open and Private Marketplace transactions. In our Open Marketplace model, Transaction Value is equal to revenue recognized and revenue share payments to our supply partners represent costs of revenue. In our Private Marketplace model, revenue recognized represents a platform fee billed to the demand partner or supply partner based on an agreed-upon percentage of the Transaction Value for the Consumer Referrals transacted, and accordingly there are no associated costs of revenue. We utilize Transaction Value to assess revenue and to assess the overall level of transaction activity through our platform. We believe it is useful to investors to assess the overall level of activity on our platform and to better understand the sources of our revenue across our different transaction models and verticals.
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The following table presents Transaction Value by platform model for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Open Marketplace transactions |  | $ | 99,633 |  |  | $ | 152,522 |  |  | $ | 237,729 |  |  | $ | 321,870 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 54.5 | % |  | 59.5 | % |  | 56.3 | % |  | 62.0 | %
Private Marketplace transactions |  | 83,237 |  |  | 104,005 |  |  | 184,154 |  |  | 197,119 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 45.5 | % |  | 40.5 | % |  | 43.7 | % |  | 38.0 | %
Total Transaction Value |  | $ | 182,870 |  |  | $ | 256,527 |  |  | $ | 421,883 |  |  | $ | 518,989 |

The following table presents Transaction Value by vertical for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Property & Casualty insurance |  | $ | 111,930 |  |  | $ | 176,646 |  |  | $ | 260,014 |  |  | $ | 360,073 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 61.2 | % |  | 68.9 | % |  | 61.6 | % |  | 69.4 | %
Health insurance |  | 46,394 |  |  | 47,240 |  |  | 106,649 |  |  | 97,583 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 25.4 | % |  | 18.4 | % |  | 25.3 | % |  | 18.8 | %
Life insurance |  | 12,467 |  |  | 13,933 |  |  | 24,858 |  |  | 28,374 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 6.8 | % |  | 5.4 | % |  | 5.9 | % |  | 5.5 | %
Other (1) |  | 12,079 |  |  | 18,708 |  |  | 30,362 |  |  | 32,959 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 6.6 | % |  | 7.3 | % |  | 7.2 | % |  | 6.4 | %
Total Transaction Value |  | $ | 182,870 |  |  | $ | 256,527 |  |  | $ | 421,883 |  |  | $ | 518,989 |

(1)Our other verticals include Travel, Education and Consumer Finance.
Consumer Referrals
We define “Consumer Referral” as any consumer click, call or lead purchased by a buyer on our platform. Click revenue is recognized on a pay-per-click basis and revenue is earned and recognized when a consumer clicks on a listed buyer’s advertisement that is presented subsequent to the consumer’s search (e.g., auto insurance quote search or health insurance quote search). Call revenue is earned and recognized when a consumer transfers to a buyer and remains engaged for a requisite duration of time, as specified by each buyer. Lead revenue is recognized when we deliver data leads to buyers. Data leads are generated either through insurance carriers, insurance-focused research destination websites or other financial websites that make the data leads available for purchase through our platform, or when consumers complete a full quote request on our proprietary websites. Delivery occurs at the time of lead transfer. The data we generate from each Consumer Referral feeds into our analytics model to generate conversion probabilities for each unique consumer, enabling discovery of predicted return and cost per sale across the platform and helping us to improve our platform technology. We monitor the number of Consumer Referrals on our platform in order to measure Transaction Value, revenue and overall business performance across our verticals and platform models.
The following table presents Transaction Value generated from clicks, calls and leads for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Three months ended June 30, |  | Six months ended June 30,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Calls |  | 79.1 | % |  | 81.5 | % |  | 78.3 | % |  | 82.1 | %
Clicks |  | 12.0 | % |  | 7.4 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 7.3 | %
Leads |  | 8.9 | % |  | 11.1 | % |  | 9.9 | % |  | 10.6 | %

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Segment information
We operate in the United States and in a single operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision maker is our chief executive officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. No expense or operating income is evaluated at a segment level. Our acquisition of CHT did not create any additional segments as our chief executive officer continues to review financial information and allocate resources on a consolidated basis. Since we operate in one operating segment and reportable segment, all required financial segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity and capital resources
Overview
Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash flows generated from operations. Our principal uses of cash include to fund operations, interest payments, and mandatory principal payments on our long-term debt. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $35.2 million and $50.6 million, respectively.
We believe that our current sources of liquidity, which include cash flow generated from operations, cash and funds available under the 2021 Credit Facilities, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating and debt service requirements, and to continue to comply with our financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Facilities, for at least the next 12 months. To the extent that our current liquidity is insufficient to fund future activities or we do not remain in compliance with our financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Facilities, we may need to raise additional funds or negotiate amendments to or waivers of the terms of such credit facilities with our lenders. Our business is seasonal and cyclical in nature and these trends, if continued for a long period of time, could impact the cash flows generated from operations requiring us to draw on our available borrowing capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility or raise additional funds in the short term. During the second half of 2021, the auto insurance industry began to experience a cyclical downturn, as supply chain disruptions and cost increases caused by the pandemic and overall inflationary pressures contributed to higher-than-expected property and casualty insurance claims costs, which led many carriers to reduce their customer acquisition spending to preserve their profitability. These reductions continue to impact revenue from our P&C vertical and we are currently unable to estimate their impact beyond the third quarter of 2022. We have historically not used funds available under our credit facilities to fund our operations and payments under the credit facilities.
On April 1, 2022, we closed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Customer Helper Team, LLC ("CHT") for cash consideration of $49.7 million at closing, plus contingent consideration of up to $20.0 million based on CHT’s achievement of revenue and profitability targets for the two successive 12-month periods following the closing. We funded the transaction in part by drawing $25.0 million under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility and the balance from cash on hand as of the closing. We expect to be able to pay the contingent consideration, if any, from our cash balances.
On March 14, 2022, our Board of Directors approved the repurchase of shares of our Class A common stock having an aggregate value of up to $5.0 million from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing market prices or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws. The timing and amount of the share repurchases are determined by our management team based on their ongoing evaluation of market conditions, our capital needs, debt covenants and other factors. The repurchases are financed from our cash balances. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we repurchased 321,150 shares of Class A common stock for aggregate consideration of $3.5 million, and we expect to complete the repurchase program in August 2022.
We may engage in additional merger and acquisition or other activities including share repurchases that could require us to draw on our existing credit facilities or may need to raise additional funds. In the future, we may attempt to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through debt financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. The incurrence of additional debt financing would result in debt service obligations, and any future instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that could restrict our operations. Our material cash requirements include our long-term debt, operating lease obligations, liabilities under the TRA, and any contingent consideration payable in connection with our acquisition of CHT.
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Cash Flows
The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and the dollar and percentage changes between the periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  | $ |  | % |  | Six months ended June 30, 2021
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 19,894 |  |  | $ | 25,694 |  |  | (443.0) | % |  | $ | (5,800) |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (49,756) |  |  | (49,286) |  |  | 10,486.4 | % |  | (470) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  | 14,492 |  |  | 16,776 |  |  | (734.5) | % |  | (2,284) |

Operating activities
Cash flows provided by operating activities were $19.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with cash flows used in operating activities of $5.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase resulted from lower working capital usage due primarily to the timing of our payables and receivables and higher working capital usage in 2020 and 2021 driven primarily by growth in our business, offset in part by the higher net loss in the current period.
Investing activities
Cash flows used in investing activities were $49.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with $0.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase resulted primarily from the payment of cash consideration for our acquisition of CHT, which closed on April 1, 2022.
Financing activities
Cash flows provided by financing activities were $14.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, compared with cash flows used in financing activities of $2.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase in net cash provided was due to the amounts drawn on the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility to partially fund the CHT acquisition, offset in part by principal payments on the 2021 Term Loan Facility and payments made under the share repurchase program.
Senior secured credit facilities
2021 Credit Facilities
On July 29, 2021, we entered into an amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the 2020 Credit Agreement (as amended by the First Amendment, the "Amended Credit Agreement"). The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $190.0 million (the “2021 Term Loan Facility”), the proceeds of which were used to refinance all of the $186.4 million of the existing 2020 Term Loan Facility outstanding and the unpaid interest thereof as of the date of the First Amendment, to pay fees related to these transactions, and to provide cash for general corporate purposes, and a new senior secured revolving credit facility with commitments in an aggregate amount of $50.0 million (the “2021 Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the 2021 Term Loan Facility, the "2021 Credit Facilities"), which replaced the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility. Our obligations under the 2021 Credit Facilities are guaranteed by QLH and secured by substantially all assets of QLH and QuoteLab, LLC.
Borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, the London Interbank Offered Rate plus an applicable margin, with a floor of 0.00%, or base rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margins will be based on our consolidated total net leverage ratio as calculated under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement (the “Leverage Ratio”) for the prior fiscal quarter and range from 2.00% to 2.75% with respect to the London interbank offered rate and from 1.00% to 1.75% with respect to the base rate.
Loans under the 2021 Credit Facilities will mature on July 29, 2026. Loans under the 2021 Term Loan Facility will amortize quarterly, beginning with the first business day after December 31, 2021 and ending with June 30, 2026, by an amount equal to 1.25% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans initially made. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility does not require amortization of principal and will mature on July 29, 2026.
As of June 30, 2022, we had $182.4 million of outstanding borrowings, net of deferred debt issuance costs of $2.8 million, and $25.0 million under the 2021 Term Loan Facility and 2021 Revolver Credit Facility, respectively.
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Tax receivables agreement
Our purchases (through Intermediate Holdco) of Class B-1 units from certain unitholders in connection with the IPO, as well as exchanges of Class B-1 units subsequent to the IPO (together with an equal number of shares of our Class B common stock) for shares of our Class A common stock (or, at our election, cash of an equivalent value) ("Exchange"), and the Pre-IPO Leveraged Distribution and other actual or deemed distributions by QLH to its members pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, have resulted and are expected to continue to result in increases in our allocable tax basis in the assets of QLH. These increases in tax basis are expected to increase (for tax purposes) depreciation and amortization deductions allocable to us and, therefore, reduce the amount of tax that we otherwise would be required to pay in the future. This increase in tax basis may also decrease gain (or increase loss) on future dispositions of certain assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those assets.
In connection with the IPO, we entered into the TRA with Insignia, the Senior Executives, and White Mountains related to the tax basis step-up of the assets of QLH and certain net operating losses of Intermediate Holdco. The agreement requires us to pay Insignia and the Senior Executives or any assignees 85% of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax we realize (or are deemed to realize) as a result of (i) any increases in tax basis of assets of QLH resulting from any Exchange, and (ii) certain other tax benefits related to making our payments under the TRA. The TRA also requires us to pay White Mountains 85% of the amount of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we realize (or are deemed to realize) as a result of the utilization of the net operating losses of Intermediate Holdco attributable to periods prior to the IPO and the deduction of any imputed interest attributable to our payment obligations under the TRA.
In addition to tax expenses, we will also make payments under the TRA, which we expect to be significant. We account for the income tax effects and corresponding TRA effects resulting from any Exchange by recognizing an increase in our deferred tax assets, based on enacted tax rates at the date of the Exchange. Further, we evaluate the likelihood that we will realize the benefit represented by the deferred tax asset and, to the extent that we estimate that it is more likely than not that we will not realize the benefit, we will reduce the carrying amount of the deferred tax asset with a valuation allowance. The amounts to be recorded for both the deferred tax assets and the liability for our obligations under the TRA are estimated at the time of any purchase or exchange as a reduction to stockholders’ equity, and the effects of changes in any of our estimates after this date will be included in net income (loss). Similarly, the effect of subsequent changes in the enacted tax rates will be included in net income (loss). Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements. A change in our assessment of such consequences, such as realization of deferred tax assets, changes in blended tax rates, changes in tax laws or interpretations thereof could materially impact our results.
Recent accounting pronouncements
For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements recently adopted and not yet adopted, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Critical accounting policies and estimates
Our critical accounting policies and estimates are included in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K and did not materially change during the six months ended June 30, 2022.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are subject to market risks. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates.
Interest rate risk
The 2021 Credit Facilities bear interest at a variable rate. As a result, we may be exposed to fluctuations in interest rates to the extent of our outstanding borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facilities. A hypothetical 1.0% increase or decrease in the interest rate associated with the 2021 Credit Facilities would have resulted in a $1.0 million change in our interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022.
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Concentrations of credit risk and of significant demand and supply partners
Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We maintain cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts, and believe we are not exposed to unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk in this area based on the financial strength of the institutions with which we maintain our deposits.
Our accounts receivable, which are unsecured, may expose us to credit risk based on their collectability. We control credit risk by investigating the creditworthiness of all customers prior to establishing relationships with them, performing periodic reviews of the credit activities of those customers during the course of the business relationship, regularly analyzing the collectability of accounts receivable, and recording allowances for credit losses.
Customer concentrations consisted of one customer that accounted for approximately $13 million, or 13%, and $32 million, or 13%, of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, compared with two customers that collectively accounted for approximately $45 million, or 28%, and $95 million, or 29%, of revenue for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. Our largest customer accounted for approximately $5 million, or 13%, of our accounts receivable as of June 30, 2022, compared with approximately $7 million, or 10%, as of December 31, 2021.
Our supplier concentration can expose us to business risks. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we had one supplier that accounted for approximately $10 million, or 10%, and $24 million, or 10%, of total purchases, respectively, whereas we had no supplier that accounted for more than 10% of total purchases for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. Our largest supplier accounted for approximately $6 million, or 18%, of total accounts payable as of June 30, 2022, compared with our two largest suppliers that collectively accounted for approximately $21 million, or 34%, as of December 31, 2021.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of June 30, 2022, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to determine whether such disclosure controls and procedures provide reasonable assurance that information to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer have concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance as of June 30, 2022.
On April 1, 2022 we acquired substantially all of the assets of Customer Helper Team, LLC ("CHT"). Interpretive guidance issued by SEC staff permits management to exclude assessment of an acquired business from management's assessment of internal control over financial reporting for a period not to exceed one year from the date of the acquisition and from the assessment of disclosure controls and procedures to the extent subsumed in such internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we have not yet included in our assessment of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2022 that are subsumed by internal control over financial reporting of CHT. For the three months ended June 30, 2022, CHT accounted for 2.1% of our total revenues.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended June 30, 2022, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints
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and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their cost.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The content of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements—Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Commitments Contingencies - Litigation" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety in this Item 1.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed under Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in the 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
On March 14, 2022, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program that authorized the Company to purchase up to $5.0 million of the Company’s Class A common stock from time to time in open market transactions at prevailing prices or by other means in accordance with federal securities laws.
The following table provides information about the Company's share repurchase activity for the three months ended June 30, 2022:

Period: |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April, 2022 |  | 566 |  |  | $ | 16.62 |  |  | 33,575 |  | $ | 4,483,609 |
May, 2022 |  | 92,628 |  |  | $ | 10.33 |  |  | 127,767 |  | $ | 3,092,107 |
June, 2022 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 159,808 |  | $ | 1,543,074 |

(1)These shares of Class A Common Stock were withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units issued to employees of the Company. The Company withheld these shares at their fair market values based upon the closing prices of our Class A Common Shares on NYSE on the purchase dates.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
Not applicable.
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Item 6. Exhibits

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
2.1 |  | Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 24, 2022, by and among QuoteLab, LLC, CHT Buyer, LLC, Customer Helper Team, LLC and the Seller Members |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 2.1 |  | March 2, 2022
2.2 |  | First Amendment to Asset Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 29, 2022, by and among QuoteLab, LLC, CHT Buyer, LLC, Customer Helper Team, LLC and the Seller Members |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 2.1 |  | March 30, 2022
10.1+ |  | Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement among the Company, QuoteLab, LLC and Steven Yi, dated March 22, 2022 |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 10.1 |  | March 28, 2022
10.2+ |  | Amendment to Amended and Restated Employment Agreement among the Company, QuoteLab, LLC and Eugene Nonko, dated March 22, 2022 |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 10.2 |  | March 28, 2022
10.3+ |  | Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement for Founders under 2020 Omnibus Incentive Plan |  | 10-Q |  | 001-39671 |  | 10.3 |  | May 6, 2022
10.4+ |  | Severance Compensation Agreement among the Company, QuoteLab, LLC and Jeffrey Coyne, dated June 21, 2022 |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 10.1 |  | June 21, 2022
10.5+ |  | Severance Compensation Agreement among the Company, QuoteLab, LLC and Cathy Cunningham, dated June 21, 2022 |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 10.2 |  | June 21, 2022
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1** |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 USC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded with the Inline XBRL document) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith. This exhibit should not be deemed to be "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| MEDIAALPHA, INC.
Date: | August 5, 2022 | /s/ Patrick R. Thompson
|  | Patrick R. Thompson
|  | Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer

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