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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________
FORM 10-Q
________________
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission File Number: 001-39671
____________________
MediaAlpha, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
____________________

Delaware | 85-1854133
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

700 South Flower Street, Suite 640
Los Angeles, California 90017
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(213) 316-6256
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
_______________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share |  | MAX |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of October 31, 2024, there were 55,090,208 shares of MediaAlpha, Inc.'s Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and 11,574,029 shares of MediaAlpha, Inc.’s Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents
MediaAlpha, Inc. and Subsidiaries
TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Financial Statements | 7
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | 7
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | 8
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) | 9
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 11
| Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | 12
Item 2 | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3 | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 43
Item 4 | Controls and Procedures | 44
| PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1 | Legal Proceedings | 44
Item 1A | Risk Factors | 44
Item 2 | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 48
Item 3 | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 49
Item 4 | Mine Safety Disclosures | 49
Item 5 | Other Information | 49
Item 6 | Exhibits | 49
Signatures |  | 50

2

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Certain Definitions
As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:
•“Class A-1 units” refers to the Class A-1 units of QL Holdings LLC (“QLH”).
•“Class B-1 units” refers to the Class B-1 units of QLH.
•“Company,” “we,” or “us” refers to MediaAlpha, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context requires otherwise.
•“Consumer Referral” means any consumer click, call or lead purchased by a buyer on our platform.
•“Consumers” and “customers” refer interchangeably to end consumers. Examples include individuals shopping for insurance policies.
•“Digital consumer traffic” refers to visitors to the mobile, tablet, desktop and other digital platforms of our supply partners, as well as to our proprietary websites.
•“Direct-to-consumer” or “DTC” means the sale of insurance products or services directly to end consumers, without the use of retailers, brokers, agents or other intermediaries.
•“Distributor” means any company or individual that is involved in the distribution of insurance, such as an insurance agent or broker.
•“Exchange agreement” means the exchange agreement, dated as of October 27, 2020 by and among MediaAlpha, Inc., QLH, Intermediate Holdco, Inc. and certain Class B-1 unitholders party thereto.
•“Founders” means, collectively, Steven Yi, Eugene Nonko, and Ambrose Wang.
•“High-intent” consumer or customer means an in-market consumer that is actively browsing, researching or comparing the types of products or services that our partners sell.
•“Insignia” means Insignia Capital Group, L.P. and its affiliates.
•“Intermediate Holdco” means Guilford Holdings, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiary and the owner of all Class A-1 units.
•“Inventory,” when referring to our supply partners, means the volume of Consumer Referral opportunities.
•“IPO” means our initial public offering of our Class A common stock, which closed on October 30, 2020.
•“Legacy Profits Interest Holders” means certain current or former employees of QLH or its subsidiaries (other than the Senior Executives), who indirectly held Class B units in QLH prior to our IPO and includes any estate planning vehicles or other holding companies through which such persons hold their units in QLH (which holding companies may or may not include QL Management Holdings LLC).
•“Lifetime value” or “LTV” is a type of metric that many of our business partners use to measure the estimated total worth to a business of a customer over the expected period of their relationship.
•“Open Marketplace” refers to one of our two business models. In Open Marketplace transactions, we have separate agreements with Demand Partners and Supply Partners. We earn fees from our Demand Partners and separately pay a revenue share to our Supply Partners and a fee to internet search companies to drive consumers to our proprietary websites.
•“Partner” refers to a buyer or seller on our platform, also referred to as “demand partners” and “supply partners,” respectively.
◦“Demand partner” or "customer" refers to a buyer on our platform. As discussed under Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion & Analysis – Management Overview, our demand partners are generally insurance carriers and distributors looking to target high-intent consumers deep in their purchase journey.
◦“Supply partner” or “supplier” refers to a seller to our platform. As discussed under Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion & Analysis – Management Overview, our supply partners are primarily insurance carriers looking to maximize the value of non-converting or low LTV consumers, and insurance-focused research destinations or other financial websites looking to monetize high-intent consumers.
3

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•“Private Marketplace” refers to one of our two business models. In Private Marketplace transactions, Demand Partners and Supply Partners contract with one another directly and leverage our platform to facilitate transparent, real-time transactions utilizing the reporting and analytical tools available to them from use of our platform. We charge a fee to our Supply Partners based on the Transaction Value of the Consumer Referrals sold through Private Marketplace transactions.
•“Proprietary” means, when used in reference to our properties, the websites and other digital properties that we own and operate. Our proprietary properties are a source of Consumer Referrals on our platform.
•“Reorganization Transactions” means the series of reorganization transactions completed on October 27, 2020 in connection with our IPO.
•“Senior Executives” means the Founders and the other current and former officers of the Company listed in Exhibit A to the Exchange Agreement. This term also includes any estate planning vehicles or other holding companies through which such persons hold their units in QLH.
•“Transaction Value” means the total gross dollars transacted by our partners on our platform.
•“Vertical” means a market dedicated to a specific set of products or services sold to end consumers. Examples include property & casualty insurance, life insurance, health insurance, and travel.
•“White Mountains” means White Mountains Insurance Group, Ltd. and its affiliates.
•“Yield” means the return to our sellers on their inventory of Consumer Referrals sold on our platform.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factor Summary
We are including this Cautionary Statement to caution investors and qualify for the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”) for forward-looking statements. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and our financial performance. These statements are often, but not always, made through the use of words or phrases such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “predict,” “potential,” “believe,” “will likely result,” “expect,” “continue,” “will,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “projection,” “would,” and “outlook,” or the negative version of those words or other comparable words or phrases of a future or forward-looking nature. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results may prove to be materially different from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
There are or will be important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those indicated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, the following:
•Our ability to attract and retain supply partners and demand partners to our platform and to make available quality Consumer Referrals at attractive volumes and prices to drive transactions on our platform;
•Our reliance on a limited number of supply partners and demand partners, many of which have no long-term contractual commitments with us, and any potential termination of those relationships;
•Fluctuations in customer acquisition spending by property and casualty insurance carriers due to unexpected changes in underwriting profitability as the carriers go through cycles in their business;
•Existing and future laws and regulations affecting the property & casualty insurance, health insurance and life insurance verticals;
•Changes and developments in the regulation of the underlying industries in which our partners operate;
•Competition with other technology companies engaged in digital customer acquisition, as well as buyers that attract consumers through their own customer acquisition strategies, third-party online platforms or other methods of distribution;
•Our ability to attract, integrate and retain qualified employees;
•Reductions in DTC digital spend by our buyers;
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•Mergers and acquisitions could result in additional dilution and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results and financial condition;
•Our dependence on internet search companies to direct a significant portion of visitors to our suppliers’ websites and our proprietary websites;
•The impact of broad-based pandemics or public health crises, such as COVID-19;
•The terms and restrictions of our existing and future indebtedness;
•Disruption to operations as a result of future acquisitions;
•Our failure to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, proprietary systems, technology and brand;
•Our ability to develop new offerings and penetrate new vertical markets;
•Our ability to manage future growth effectively;
•Our reliance on data provided to us by our demand and supply partners and consumers;
•Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, economic downturns, or other unexpected events;
•Significant estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements;
•Potential litigation and claims, including claims by regulatory agencies and intellectual property disputes;
•Our ability to collect our receivables from our partners;
•Fluctuations in our financial results caused by seasonality;
•The development of the DTC insurance distribution sector and evolving nature of our relatively new business model;
•Disruptions to or failures of our technological infrastructure and platform;
•Failure to manage and maintain relationships with third-party service providers;
•Cybersecurity breaches or other attacks involving our systems or those of our partners or third-party service providers;
•Our ability to protect consumer information and other data and risks of reputational harm due to an actual or perceived failure by us to protect such information and other data;
•Risks related to laws and regulation to which we are subject both in the U.S. and internationally, many of which are evolving;
•Risks related to changes in tax laws or exposure to additional income or other tax liabilities could affect our future profitability;
•Risks related to being a public company;
•Risks related to internal control over financial reporting;
•Risks related to shares of our Class A common stock;
•Risks related to our intention to take advantage of certain exemptions as a former “controlled company” under the rules of the NYSE, and the fact that the interests of our controlling stockholders (White Mountains, Insignia, and the Founders) may conflict with those of other investors;
•Risks related to our corporate structure; and
•The other risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Many of the important factors that will determine these results are beyond our ability to control or predict. Accordingly, you should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made, and, except as otherwise required by law, we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict which will arise. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of
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each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
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Part I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements.
MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share data and per share amounts)

| September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
Assets |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 32,304 |  |  | $ | 17,271 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for credit losses of $1,027 and $537, respectively | 126,814 |  |  | 53,773 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2,936 |  |  | 3,529 |
Total current assets | 162,054 |  |  | 74,573 |
Intangible assets, net | 21,588 |  |  | 26,015 |
Goodwill | 47,739 |  |  | 47,739 |
Other assets | 4,729 |  |  | 5,598 |
Total assets | $ | 236,110 |  |  | $ | 153,925 |
Liabilities and stockholders' deficit |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 109,577 |  |  | $ | 56,279 |
Accrued expenses | 14,202 |  |  | 11,588 |
Current portion of long-term debt | 8,839 |  |  | 11,854 |
Total current liabilities | 132,618 |  |  | 79,721 |
Long-term debt, net of current portion | 155,811 |  |  | 162,445 |
Other long-term liabilities | 7,302 |  |  | 6,184 |
Total liabilities | $ | 295,731 |  |  | $ | 248,350 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 5) |  |  |
Stockholders' (deficit) |  |  |
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value - 1.0 billion shares authorized; 55.1 million and 47.4 million shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 551 |  |  | 474 |
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value - 100 million shares authorized; 11.6 million and 18.1 million shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively | 116 |  |  | 181 |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value - 50 million shares authorized; 0 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 | — |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital | 501,543 |  |  | 511,613 |
Accumulated deficit | (510,573) |  |  | (522,562) |
Total stockholders' (deficit) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. | $ | (8,363) |  |  | $ | (10,294) |
Non-controlling interest | (51,258) |  |  | (84,131) |
Total stockholders' (deficit) | $ | (59,621) |  |  | $ | (94,425) |
Total liabilities and stockholders' deficit | $ | 236,110 |  |  | $ | 153,925 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share data and per share amounts)

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue | $ | 259,133 |  |  | $ | 74,573 |  |  | $ | 564,056 |  |  | $ | 270,975 |
Costs and operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue | 219,907 |  |  | 62,277 |  |  | 469,465 |  |  | 226,545 |
Sales and marketing | 6,496 |  |  | 6,101 |  |  | 18,608 |  |  | 19,802 |
Product development | 5,328 |  |  | 4,296 |  |  | 14,743 |  |  | 14,525 |
General and administrative | 11,794 |  |  | 16,648 |  |  | 36,767 |  |  | 50,473 |
Total costs and operating expenses | 243,525 |  |  | 89,322 |  |  | 539,583 |  |  | 311,345 |
Income (loss) from operations | 15,608 |  |  | (14,749) |  |  | 24,473 |  |  | (40,370) |
Other (income) expense, net | (154) |  |  | (100) |  |  | (1,971) |  |  | 1,165 |
Interest expense | 3,562 |  |  | 3,947 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | 11,397 |
Total other expense, net | 3,408 |  |  | 3,847 |  |  | 9,187 |  |  | 12,562 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | 12,200 |  |  | (18,596) |  |  | 15,286 |  |  | (52,932) |
Income tax expense | 312 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 330 |
Net income (loss) | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | (18,698) |  |  | $ | 14,817 |  |  | $ | (53,262) |
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | 2,406 |  |  | (5,196) |  |  | 2,828 |  |  | (15,208) |
Net income (loss) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. | $ | 9,482 |  |  | $ | (13,502) |  |  | $ | 11,989 |  |  | $ | (38,054) |
Net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.29) |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | (0.84) |
-Diluted | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.29) |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.84) |
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic | 54,909,772 |  |  | 46,229,672 |  |  | 52,293,622 |  |  | 45,095,417 |
-Diluted | 54,909,772 |  |  | 46,229,672 |  |  | 66,087,041 |  |  | 45,095,417 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
(Unaudited; in thousands, except share data)

| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional Paid-In- Capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ (Deficit)
| Units |  | Amount |  | Units |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 47,360,454 |  |  | $ | 474 |  |  | 18,070,829 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 511,613 |  |  | $ | (522,562) |  |  | $ | (84,131) |  |  | $ | (94,425) |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 3,057,000 |  |  | 31 |  |  | (3,057,000) |  |  | (31) |  |  | (14,280) |  |  | — |  |  | 14,280 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 407,803 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,575 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8,582 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,956) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,956) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (113) |  |  | (113) |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,113) |  |  | (378) |  |  | (1,491) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 | 50,825,257 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | 15,013,829 |  |  | $ | 150 |  |  | $ | 503,949 |  |  | $ | (523,675) |  |  | $ | (70,335) |  |  | $ | (89,403) |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 3,439,800 |  |  | 34 |  |  | (3,439,800) |  |  | (34) |  |  | (16,104) |  |  | — |  |  | 16,104 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 464,296 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,876 |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 8,882 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,721) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,721) |
Contributions from QLH’s members | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 756 |  |  | 756 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (904) |  |  | (904) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,620 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 4,420 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 | 54,729,353 |  |  | $ | 547 |  |  | 11,574,029 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 494,995 |  |  | $ | (520,055) |  |  | $ | (53,573) |  |  | $ | (77,970) |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 360,855 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8,054 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,499) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,499) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (94) |  |  | (94) |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,482 |  |  | 2,406 |  |  | 11,888 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 | 55,090,208 |  |  | $ | 551 |  |  | 11,574,029 |  |  | $ | 116 |  |  | $ | 501,543 |  |  | $ | (510,573) |  |  | $ | (51,258) |  |  | $ | (59,621) |

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| Class A common stock |  | Class B common stock |  | Additional Paid-In- Capital |  | Accumulated deficit |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  | Total Stockholders’ (Deficit)
| Units |  | Amount |  | Units |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount |  | Amount
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 43,650,634 |  |  | $ | 437 |  |  | 18,895,493 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 465,523 |  |  | $ | (482,142) |  |  | $ | (70,091) |  |  | $ | (86,084) |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 10,000 |  |  | — |  |  | (10,000) |  |  | — |  |  | (39) |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 608,022 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 45 |  |  | 14,304 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,238) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,238) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,104) |  |  | (1,104) |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (10,266) |  |  | (4,318) |  |  | (14,584) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 | 44,268,656 |  |  | $ | 443 |  |  | 18,885,493 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 478,499 |  |  | $ | (492,408) |  |  | $ | (75,429) |  |  | $ | (88,706) |
Exchange of non-controlling interest for Class A common stock | 766,000 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (766,000) |  |  | (8) |  |  | (3,130) |  |  | — |  |  | 3,130 |  |  | — |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 822,147 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,171 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 15,185 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (701) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (701) |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (192) |  |  | (192) |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (14,286) |  |  | (5,694) |  |  | (19,980) |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | 45,856,803 |  |  | $ | 459 |  |  | 18,119,493 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 489,831 |  |  | $ | (506,694) |  |  | $ | (78,171) |  |  | $ | (94,394) |
Vesting of restricted stock units | 741,283 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Equity-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,440 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14,454 |
Shares withheld on tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (961) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (961) |
Contributions from QLH’s members | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 196 |  |  | 196 |
Distributions to non-controlling interests | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (276) |  |  | (276) |
Net (loss) | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,502) |  |  | (5,196) |  |  | (18,698) |
Balance at September 30, 2023 | 46,598,086 |  |  | $ | 466 |  |  | 18,119,493 |  |  | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 503,303 |  |  | $ | (520,196) |  |  | $ | (83,433) |  |  | $ | (99,679) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Unaudited; in thousands)

| Nine Months Ended September 30,
| 2024 |  | 2023
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 14,817 |  |  | $ | (53,262) |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |
Equity-based compensation expense | 26,452 |  |  | 43,943 |
Non-cash lease expense | 596 |  |  | 508 |
Depreciation expense on property and equipment | 191 |  |  | 275 |
Amortization of intangible assets | 4,827 |  |  | 5,188 |
Amortization of deferred debt issuance costs | 569 |  |  | 597 |
Impairment of cost method investment | — |  |  | 1,406 |
Credit losses | 519 |  |  | (220) |
Tax receivable agreement liability adjustments | — |  |  | 6 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts receivable | (73,560) |  |  | 27,167 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 547 |  |  | 3,059 |
Other assets | 375 |  |  | 375 |
Accounts payable | 53,298 |  |  | (15,243) |
Accrued expenses | 2,712 |  |  | 1,138 |
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 31,343 |  |  | $ | 14,937 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (207) |  |  | (60) |
Acquisition of intangible assets | (400) |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) investing activities | $ | (607) |  |  | $ | (60) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |
Payments made for / proceeds received from: |  |  |
Repayments on long-term debt | (10,172) |  |  | (7,125) |
Contributions from QLH’s members | 756 |  |  | 196 |
Distributions | (1,111) |  |  | (1,572) |
Payments pursuant to tax receivable agreement | — |  |  | (2,822) |
Shares withheld for taxes on vesting of restricted stock units | (5,176) |  |  | (2,900) |
Net cash (used in) financing activities | $ | (15,703) |  |  | $ | (14,223) |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents | 15,033 |  |  | 654 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period | 17,271 |  |  | 14,542 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period | $ | 32,304 |  |  | $ | 15,196 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |
Interest | $ | 10,670 |  |  | $ | 10,081 |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | (233) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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MediaAlpha, Inc. and subsidiaries
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. Summary of significant accounting policies
The Company's significant accounting policies are included in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and did not materially change during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Basis of presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") applicable to interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of only those of a normal recurring nature, considered necessary for a fair statement of the financial position and interim results of the Company as of and for the periods presented have been included.
The December 31, 2023 balance sheet data was derived from audited consolidated financial statements; however, the accompanying interim notes to the consolidated financial statements do not include all of the annual disclosures required by GAAP. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of those that may be expected for a full year. The financial information included herein should be read in conjunction with the Company's consolidated financial statements and related notes in its 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Accounts receivable
Accounts receivable are net of allowances for credit losses of $1.0 million and $0.5 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
Concentrations of credit risk and of significant customers and suppliers
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company maintains cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Company has not experienced any losses in these accounts and believes it is not exposed to unusual risk beyond the normal credit risk in this area based on the financial strength of the institutions with which the Company maintains its deposits.
The Company's accounts receivable, which are unsecured, may expose it to credit risk based on their collectability. The Company controls credit risk by investigating the creditworthiness of all customers prior to establishing relationships with them, performing periodic reviews of the credit activities of those customers during the course of the business relationship, regularly analyzing the collectability of accounts receivable, and recording allowances for credit losses. The Company's supplier concentration can also expose it to business risks.
Customer and supplier concentrations consisted of the below:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total |  | Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total
Revenue | 2 |  | $ | 130 |  | 50 | % |  | — | $ | — |  | — | %
Purchases | 2 |  | $ | 48 |  | 22 | % |  | 1 | $ | 9 |  | 14 | %

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| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total |  | Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total
Revenue | 2 |  | $ | 227 |  | 40 | % |  | — | $ | — |  | — | %
Purchases | — |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  | 1 | $ | 26 |  | 12 | %

| As of September 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total |  | Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total
Accounts receivable | 2 |  | $ | 66 |  | 52 | % |  | 1 | $ | 7 |  | 14 | %
Accounts payable | 3 |  | $ | 39 |  | 36 | % |  | 1 | $ | 12 |  | 21 | %

Related Party Transactions
The Company is party to the tax receivables agreement ("TRA") under which it is contractually committed to pay certain holders of Class B-1 units 85% of the amount of any tax benefits that the Company actually realizes, or in some cases is deemed to realize, as a result of certain transactions. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, no payments were made pursuant to the TRA. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, payments of $0 and $2.8 million, respectively, were made pursuant to the TRA.
Liquidity
As of September 30, 2024, the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the 2021 Credit Facilities was $165.8 million, with $45.0 million remaining for borrowing under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. As of September 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all of its financial covenants under such credit facilities.
On October 30, 2024, the Company received a letter from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in which the FTC proposes to seek injunctive and monetary relief and civil penalties, as further discussed in Note 5 - Commitments and contingencies - Litigation and other matters. The total amount of the proposed items significantly exceed the Company's existing liquidity and financial resources. Any such costs above the existing liquidity and financial resources would require the Company to seek additional capital, incur debt or otherwise take significant actions in order to satisfy the claims and there can be no assurances that such financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, or at all. The Company’s ability to continue to comply with its covenants will depend on, among other things, financial, business, market, competitive, the outcome of the FTC matter, and other conditions, many of which are beyond the Company’s control.
The Company’s results are subject to fluctuations as a result of business cycles experienced by companies in the insurance industry. During the second half of 2021, the auto insurance industry began to experience a cyclical downturn, as supply chain disruptions and cost increases caused by the pandemic and overall inflationary pressures contributed to higher-than-expected P&C insurance claims costs, which led many carriers to reduce their customer acquisition spending to preserve their profitability. However, the Company's Property & Casualty (P&C) insurance vertical has rebounded strongly during 2024, with multiple carriers meaningfully increasing their spending in the Company's marketplace. The Company believes that its expected near-term revenue, cash on hand and availability to access additional cash under its 2021 Revolving Credit Facility are sufficient to meet its operating and capital expenditure requirements, and to continue to comply with its debt covenants, for at least the next twelve months as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The extent to which market conditions impact the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition will depend on future developments impacting its carrier partners, including inflation rates, the extent of any major catastrophic losses, and the timing of regulatory approval of premium rate increases, which remain highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with accuracy. The Company considered the impact of this uncertainty on the assumptions and estimates used when preparing these quarterly financial statements. These assumptions and estimates may continue to change as new events occur, and such changes could have an adverse impact on the Company's results of operations, financial position and liquidity.
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New Accounting Pronouncements
Recently adopted accounting pronouncements
There have been no recently adopted accounting pronouncements by the Company.
Recently issued not yet adopted accounting pronouncements
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, that requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosure. The amendments in the ASU are intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a prospective basis but retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its disclosures in the consolidated financial statements.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments in this update are required to be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on disclosures in its consolidated financial statements.
2. Disaggregation of revenue
The following table shows the Company’s revenue disaggregated by transaction model:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Open marketplace transactions |  | $ | 253,016 |  |  | $ | 73,053 |  |  | $ | 546,949 |  |  | $ | 263,568 |
Private marketplace transactions |  | 6,117 |  |  | 1,520 |  |  | 17,107 |  |  | 7,407 |
Total |  | $ | 259,133 |  |  | $ | 74,573 |  |  | $ | 564,056 |  |  | $ | 270,975 |

The following table shows the Company’s revenue disaggregated by product vertical:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Property & casualty insurance |  | $ | 219,036 |  |  | $ | 31,933 |  |  | $ | 422,700 |  |  | $ | 126,532 |
Health insurance |  | 32,879 |  |  | 33,961 |  |  | 114,932 |  |  | 115,192 |
Life insurance |  | 5,227 |  |  | 5,341 |  |  | 19,308 |  |  | 18,321 |
Other |  | 1,991 |  |  | 3,338 |  |  | 7,116 |  |  | 10,930 |
Total |  | $ | 259,133 |  |  | $ | 74,573 |  |  | $ | 564,056 |  |  | $ | 270,975 |

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3. Goodwill and intangible assets
Goodwill and intangible assets consisted of:

|  | As of
|  |  |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in thousands) |  | Useful life (months) |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying amount |  | Gross carrying amount |  | Accumulated amortization |  | Net carrying amount
Customer relationships |  | 84 - 120 |  | $ | 43,500 |  |  | $ | (28,113) |  |  | $ | 15,387 |  |  | $ | 43,500 |  |  | $ | (23,947) |  |  | $ | 19,553 |
Non-compete agreements |  | 60 |  | 303 |  |  | (303) |  |  | — |  |  | 303 |  |  | (303) |  |  | — |
Trademarks, trade names, and domain names |  | 60 - 120 |  | 9,284 |  |  | (3,083) |  |  | 6,201 |  |  | 8,884 |  |  | (2,422) |  |  | 6,462 |
Intangible assets |  |  |  | $ | 53,087 |  |  | $ | (31,499) |  |  | $ | 21,588 |  |  | $ | 52,687 |  |  | $ | (26,672) |  |  | $ | 26,015 |
Goodwill |  | Indefinite |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 47,739 |

Amortization expense related to intangible assets amounted to $1.6 million and $1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $4.8 million and $5.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company has no accumulated impairment of goodwill.
The following table presents the changes in goodwill and intangible assets:

|  | As of
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
(in thousands) |  | Goodwill |  | Intangible assets |  | Goodwill |  | Intangible assets
Beginning balance at January 1, |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 26,015 |  |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 32,932 |
Additions to goodwill and intangible assets |  | — |  |  | 400 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | (4,827) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,917) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 21,588 |  |  | $ | 47,739 |  |  | $ | 26,015 |

As of September 30, 2024, future amortization expense relating to identifiable intangible assets with estimable useful lives over the next five years was as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Amortization expense
2024–Remaining Period |  | $ | 1,603 |
2025 |  | 5,776 |
2026 |  | 5,173 |
2027 |  | 4,140 |
2028 |  | 2,336 |
Thereafter |  | 2,560 |
|  | $ | 21,588 |

4. Long-term debt
On July 29, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment (the "First Amendment") to the 2020 Credit Agreement dated as of September 23, 2020, with the lenders that are party thereto and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent (as amended by the First Amendment, the “Existing Credit Agreement”). On June 8, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Existing Credit Agreement (as amended by the Second Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”).
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Long-term debt consisted of the following:

|  | As of
(in thousands) |  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
2021 Term Loan Facility |  | $ | 160,828 |  |  | $ | 171,000 |
2021 Revolving Credit Facility |  | 5,000 |  |  | 5,000 |
Debt issuance costs |  | (1,178) |  |  | (1,701) |
Total debt |  | $ | 164,650 |  |  | $ | 174,299 |
Less: current portion, net of debt issuance costs of $661 and $693, respectively |  | (8,839) |  |  | (11,854) |
Total long-term debt |  | $ | 155,811 |  |  | $ | 162,445 |

The Company incurred interest expense on the 2021 Term Loan Facility of $3.3 million and $3.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $10.3 million and $10.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest expense included amortization of debt issuance costs on the 2021 Credit Facilities of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
As of September 30, 2024, the Company’s borrowing capacity available under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility was $45.0 million, which carries a commitment fee based on the Company’s consolidated total net leverage ratio and ranges from 0.25% to 0.50%. The commitment fee on the unused portion of the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility was 0.25% as of September 30, 2024. The Company incurred interest expense on the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility of $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, the Company’s interest rates on the outstanding borrowings under the 2021 Term Loan Facility and the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility were 7.57% and 7.68%, respectively.
Accrued interest was $3.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and $3.7 million as of December 31, 2023, and is included within accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all covenants under the 2021 Credit Facilities.
The expected future principal payments for all borrowings as of September 30, 2024 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Contractual maturity
2024–Remaining Period |  | $ | 2,375 |
2025 |  | 9,500 |
2026 |  | 153,953 |
Debt and issuance costs |  | 165,828 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (1,178) |
Total debt |  | $ | 164,650 |

5. Commitments and contingencies
Litigation and other matters
The Company is subject to certain legal proceedings and claims that arise in the normal course of business. In the opinion of management, the Company does not believe that the amount of liability, if any, as a result of these proceedings and claims will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
On February 21, 2023, the Company received a civil investigative demand from the FTC regarding compliance with the FTC Act and the Telemarketing Sales Rule, as they relate to the advertising, marketing, promotion, offering for sale, or sale of healthcare-related products, the collection, sale, transfer or provision to third parties of consumer data, telemarketing practices, and/or consumer privacy or data security. The Company has cooperated fully with the FTC investigation.
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On October 30, 2024, after completion of the Company’s earnings call, the Company received a letter from the staff of the FTC (the “FTC Staff”) stating that the FTC Staff is prepared to recommend the filing of a complaint against the Company for violations of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act, the Telemarketing Sales Rule ("TSR") and the Government and Business Impersonation Rule (the “Impersonation Rule”).
The FTC Staff alleges that, in connection with the Company’s lead generation and telemarketing activities, the Company has represented itself as affiliated with government entities, made misleading claims (in particular regarding health insurance products and the Company’s use of consumers’ personal information) and utilized deceptive advertising, in violation of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act. The FTC Staff further alleges that the Company has violated the Impersonation Rule in representing itself to be affiliated with government entities and the TSR in connection with telemarketing activities.
The FTC Staff proposes to seek injunctive and monetary relief and civil penalties. If obtained in whole or in part, the monetary relief and penalties proposed by the FTC Staff would have an adverse, and potentially material, effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. The total amount of these proposed items significantly exceeds the Company’s existing liquidity and financial resources. Any such costs above the existing liquidity and financial resources would require the Company to seek additional capital, incur debt or otherwise take significant actions in order to satisfy the claims and there can be no assurances that such financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, the proposed injunctive terms, if obtained in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect the Company’s ability to operate its business in its Health insurance vertical, including how the Company conducts its marketing activities and endeavors to ensure compliance with consumer protection laws by itself and third parties with which the Company does business.
The Company strongly disagrees with the FTC Staff’s allegations and believes it has substantial and meritorious defenses to these claims. Among other things, the Company believes that its conduct does not rise to the legal standard required for the FTC to obtain the proposed monetary relief and penalties. The Company will continue to engage in good faith and with the FTC Staff and seek to resolve this matter prior to litigation, but the Company is prepared to defend itself vigorously if a complaint is filed.
Based on the facts and circumstances available to the Company as of the time of this filing, the Company believes that a loss in connection with the FTC matter is probable, either as a result of legal fees to be incurred to defend the claim or as a result of a settlement of the matter. However, due to, among other things, inherent uncertainty regarding the ultimate resolution of the FTC Staff’s claims, whether through settlement or litigation, the Company is unable to reasonably estimate the amount of probable loss or range of probable loss at this time.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company incurred legal fees of $0.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively, and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company incurred legal fees of $1.6 million and $3.0 million, respectively, in connection with the demand, which are included within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of operations. At this time, the Company is unable to predict the ultimate outcome of this matter or the significance, if any, to the Company’s business, results of operations or financial condition.
On February 26, 2024, the Company received an assessment from the City of Los Angeles related to its examination of the Company's Business Tax filings for tax years 2018 through 2023. Such assessment was affirmed by the Appeals Review Officer at an initial hearing in July 2024. The Company intends to appeal the assessment to the Board of Review of the Office of Finance. As of September 30, 2024, the Company has assessed its probable loss related to this matter and has accrued a reserve, which is not material.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company did not have any material contingency reserves established for any litigation liabilities.
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6. Equity-based compensation
Equity-based compensation cost recognized for equity-based awards outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
QLH restricted Class B-1 units |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 73 |
Restricted Class A shares |  | 66 |  |  | 130 |  |  | 272 |  |  | 464 |
Restricted stock units |  | 7,985 |  |  | 14,310 |  |  | 25,230 |  |  | 43,406 |
Performance-based restricted stock units |  | 543 |  |  | — |  |  | 934 |  |  | — |
Total equity-based compensation |  | $ | 8,597 |  |  | $ | 14,454 |  |  | $ | 26,452 |  |  | $ | 43,943 |

Equity-based compensation cost was included in the following expense categories in the consolidated statements of operations during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | 1,012 |  |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | $ | 2,959 |
Sales and marketing |  | 1,933 |  |  | 2,151 |  |  | 5,676 |  |  | 6,895 |
Product development |  | 1,733 |  |  | 1,905 |  |  | 5,001 |  |  | 6,176 |
General and administrative |  | 4,526 |  |  | 9,386 |  |  | 13,121 |  |  | 27,913 |
Total equity-based compensation |  | $ | 8,597 |  |  | $ | 14,454 |  |  | $ | 26,452 |  |  | $ | 43,943 |

As of September 30, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units and PRSUs was $57.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over weighted-average periods of 2.53 years and 0.45 years, respectively.
7. Fair Value Measurements
The following are the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
Contingent consideration
Contingent consideration is measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs and thus represent a Level 3 measurement in the valuation hierarchy.
Contingent consideration relates to the estimated amount of additional cash consideration to be paid in connection with the Company's acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Customer Helper Team, LLC ("CHT") which was closed on April 1, 2022. The fair value is dependent on the probability of achieving certain revenue and gross profit margin targets for the two successive twelve-month periods following the closing of the acquisition. The Company used the Monte Carlo simulation approach to estimate the fair value of the revenue and gross margin targets. The fair value of the contingent consideration as of December 31, 2023 was zero. CHT did not achieve the minimum revenue target for either twelve-month period, and so the Company did not pay any contingent consideration.
The following are the Company’s financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis:
Long-Term Debt
As of September 30, 2024, the carrying amount of the 2021 Term Loan Facility and the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility approximates their respective fair values. The Company used a discounted cash flow analysis to estimate the fair value of the long-term debt, using an adjusted discount rate of 5.50% and the estimated payments under the 2021 Term Loan Facility until maturity, including interest payable based on the Company's forecasted total net leverage ratio.
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Cost method investment
The Company has elected the measurement alternative for its investment in equity securities without readily determinable fair values and reviews such investment on a quarterly basis to determine if it has been impaired. If the Company's assessment indicates that an impairment exists, the Company estimates the fair value of the equity investment and recognizes in its consolidated statement of operations an impairment loss that is equal to the difference between the fair value of the equity investment and its carrying amount. On March 29, 2024, the board of directors and stockholders of a company in which the Company held a minority equity investment approved a plan of restructuring and liquidation that had the effect of cancelling the Company's investment. The Company had previously determined as of December 31, 2023 that the fair value of the investment was zero and accordingly this cancellation had no impact on the consolidated financial statements as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
The Company used a market approach to estimate the fair value of equity and allocated the overall equity value to estimate the fair value of the common stock based on the liquidation preference and was classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
8. Income taxes
MediaAlpha, Inc. is taxed as a corporation and pays corporate federal, state and local taxes on income allocated to it from QLH based upon MediaAlpha, Inc.’s economic interest held in QLH. QLH is treated as a pass-through partnership for income tax reporting purposes and is not subject to federal income tax. Instead, QLH’s taxable income or loss is passed through to its members, including MediaAlpha, Inc. Accordingly, the Company is not liable for income taxes on the portion of QLH’s earnings not allocated to it. MediaAlpha, Inc. files and pays corporate income taxes for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes and its corporate subsidiary, Skytiger Studio, Ltd., is subject to taxation in Taiwan. The Company expects this structure to remain in existence for the foreseeable future.
The Company estimates the annual effective tax rate for the full year to be applied to actual year-to-date income (loss) and adds the tax effects of any discrete items in the reporting period in which they occur. The following table summarizes the Company's income tax expense:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands, except percentages) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 12,200 |  |  | $ | (18,596) |  |  | $ | 15,286 |  |  | $ | (52,932) |
Income tax expense |  | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 330 |
Effective Tax Rate |  | 2.6 | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | 3.1 | % |  | (0.6) | %

The Company's effective tax rate of 2.6% and 3.1% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and (0.5)% and (0.6)% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to the tax impacts of changes in valuation allowance.
There were no material changes to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. The Company is currently under examination by various tax authorities in the United States. These examinations are in preliminary stages and the Company does not expect to have any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits through the end of the fiscal year.
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, holders of Class B-1 units exchanged 0 and 6,496,800 Class B-1 units, respectively, together with an equal number of shares of Class B common stock, for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis (“Exchanges”). In connection with the Exchanges, the Company did not establish any additional liabilities related to the TRA, which are presented within additional-paid-in-capital in its consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity (deficit). In connection with the Exchanges and the changes to the carrying value of the non-controlling interest, the Company also recognizes deferred tax assets associated with the basis difference in its investment in QLH through additional-paid-in-capital, but during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company did not recognize any additional deferred tax assets as the Company has recognized a full valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets.
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As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had a valuation allowance of $125.2 million and $95.1 million, respectively, against its deferred tax assets based on the recent history of pre-tax losses, which is considered a significant piece of objective negative evidence that is difficult to overcome and limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as projections of future growth. Based on the significant improvement in the Company's pre-tax income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the current forecasts, the Company expects that in the foreseeable future, which could be as early as the fourth quarter of 2024, there may be sufficient positive evidence, and/or that the objective negative evidence in the form of history of pre-tax losses will no longer be present, in which event the Company would be able to release a portion or all of the valuation allowance. Release of any amount of valuation allowance would result in a benefit to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded, which could have a material impact on net income.
Tax Receivables Agreement
In connection with the Reorganization Transactions and the IPO, the Company entered into the TRA with Insignia, Senior Executives, and White Mountains. The Company expects to obtain an increase in its share of the tax basis in the net assets of QLH as Class B-1 units, together with shares of Class B common stock, are exchanged for shares of Class A common stock (or, at the Company’s election, redeemed for cash of an equivalent value). The Company intends to treat any redemptions and exchanges of Class B-1 units as direct purchases for U.S. federal income tax purposes. These increases in tax basis may reduce the amounts that it would otherwise pay in the future to various tax authorities.
As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company determined that making a payment under the TRA was not probable under ASC 450 — Contingencies since a valuation allowance has been recorded against the Company’s deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company has determined that the liabilities under the TRA were zero as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 in the consolidated balance sheets. In the event the Company generates taxable income for the current year, the Company would be required to recognize a portion or all of the liability under the TRA. If the Company had determined that generating sufficient future taxable income such that making a payment under the TRA was probable, it would have also recorded a liability pursuant to the TRA of approximately $121 million as of September 30, 2024 in the consolidated balance sheets.
No payments were made pursuant to the TRA during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and payments of $0 and $2.8 million were made during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.
9. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

| Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands except share data and per share amounts) | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | (18,698) |  |  | $ | 14,817 |  |  | $ | (53,262) |
Less: net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | 2,406 |  |  | (5,196) |  |  | 2,828 |  |  | (15,208) |
Net income (loss) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. | $ | 9,482 |  |  | $ | (13,502) |  |  | $ | 11,989 |  |  | $ | (38,054) |
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - basic | 54,909,772 |  |  | 46,229,672 |  |  | 52,293,622 |  |  | 45,095,417 |
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding - diluted | 54,909,772 |  |  | 46,229,672 |  |  | 66,087,041 |  |  | 45,095,417 |
Income (loss) per share of Class A common stock - basic | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.29) |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  | $ | (0.84) |
Income (loss) per share of Class A common stock - diluted | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | (0.29) |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  | $ | (0.84) |

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(in thousands except share data and per share amount) | Nine months ended September 30, 2024
Diluted |
Net income | $ | 14,817 |
Add: incremental tax benefits related to exchange of Class B-1 units | (223) |
Net income available for diluted common shares | $ | 14,594 |
Weighted-average shares outstanding: |
Class A common stock | 52,293,622 |
Class B-1 units | 13,793,419 |
Weighted-average shares of Class A common stock and potential Class A common stock | 66,087,041 |
Net income per share of Class A common stock - diluted | $ | 0.22 |

Potentially dilutive shares, which are based on the weighted-average shares of underlying unvested QLH restricted Class B-1 units, restricted Class A shares, restricted stock units, and PRSUs using the treasury stock method and the outstanding QLH restricted Class B-1 units using the if-converted method, are included when calculating diluted net income per share attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. when their effect is dilutive. The effects of certain of the Company’s potentially dilutive securities were not included in the calculation of diluted loss per share as the effect of their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
The following table summarizes the shares and units with a potentially dilutive impact for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| As of
| September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
QLH Class B-1 Units | 11,609,982 |  |  | 18,155,446 |
Restricted Class A Shares | — |  |  | 52,573 |
Restricted stock units | 3,664,754 |  |  | 4,342,036 |
PRSUs | 93,000 |  |  | — |
Potentially dilutive shares | 15,367,736 |  |  | 22,550,055 |

The following table summarizes the shares and units with a potentially dilutive impact for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

| As of
| September 30, 2024 |  | September 30, 2023
QLH Class B-1 Units | — |  |  | 18,155,446 |
Restricted Class A Shares | — |  |  | 52,573 |
Restricted stock units | 3,664,754 |  |  | 4,342,036 |
PRSUs | 93,000 |  |  | — |
Potentially dilutive shares | 3,757,754 |  |  | 22,550,055 |

The outstanding PRSUs were included in the potentially dilutive securities as of September 30, 2024 to the level in which the performance conditions have been met as of September 30, 2024.
10. Non-Controlling Interest
Pursuant to QLH’s limited liability company agreement, QLH has two classes of equity securities, Class A-1 units, which have all voting rights in QLH, and Class B-1 units, which have no voting or control rights. The Company allocates a share of net income (loss) to the holders of non-controlling interests pro-rata to their ownership interest in QLH at a point in time. The non-controlling interests balance represents the Class B-1 units, substantially all of which are held by Insignia and the Senior Executives.
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During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the holders of the non-controlling interests exchanged 0 and 6,496,800 Class B-1 units, respectively, together with an equal number of shares of Class B common stock, for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. As of September 30, 2024, the holders of the non-controlling interests owned 17.4% of the total equity interests in QLH, with the remaining 82.6% owned by MediaAlpha, Inc. As of December 31, 2023, the holders of the non-controlling interests owned 27.7% of the total equity interests in QLH, with the remaining 72.3% owned by MediaAlpha, Inc.
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Item 2. Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our unaudited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
This discussion, particularly information with respect to our future results of operations or financial condition, business strategy and plans, and objectives of management for future operations, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading "Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. You should review the disclosure under the heading "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
Management overview
Our mission is to help insurance carriers and distributors target and acquire customers more efficiently and at greater scale through technology and data science. Our technology platform brings together leading insurance carriers and high-intent consumers through a real-time, programmatic, transparent, and results-driven ecosystem. We believe we are the largest online customer acquisition platform in our core verticals of property & casualty ("P&C") insurance, health insurance, and life insurance, supporting over $1.1 billion in Transaction Value across our platform from these verticals over the twelve-month period ended September 30, 2024.
We have multi-faceted relationships with top-tier insurance carriers and distributors. A buyer or a demand partner within our ecosystem is generally an insurance carrier or distributor seeking to reach high-intent insurance consumers. A seller or a supply partner is typically an insurance carrier looking to maximize the value of non-converting or low expected LTV consumers, or an insurance-focused research destination or other financial website looking to monetize high-intent users on their websites. For the twelve-month period ended September 30, 2024, the websites of our diversified group of supply partners and our proprietary websites drove an average of 9.1 million Consumer Referrals on our platform each month.
We generate revenue by earning a fee for each Consumer Referral sold on our platform. A transaction becomes payable upon a qualifying consumer action, such as a click, call or lead, and is generally not contingent on the sale of a product to the consumer.
We believe our technology is a key differentiator and a powerful driver of our performance. We maintain deep, custom integrations with partners representing the majority of our Transaction Value, which enable automated, data-driven processes that optimize our partners’ customer acquisition spend and revenue. Through our platform, our insurance carrier partners can target and price across over 35 separate consumer attributes to manage customized acquisition strategies.
Executive Summary
Highlights

(in millions, except percentages) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 259.1 |  |  | 184.5 |  |  | 247.5% |  | $ | 74.6 |
Transaction Value 1 |  | $ | 451.8 |  |  | 342.8 |  |  | 314.4% |  | $ | 109.0 |
Contribution 1 |  | $ | 41.5 |  |  | 26.5 |  |  | 175.9% |  | $ | 15.0 |
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | 11.9 |  |  | 30.6 |  |  | n/m |  | $ | (18.7) |
Adjusted EBITDA 1 |  | $ | 26.3 |  |  | 22.7 |  |  | 632.6% |  | $ | 3.6 |
n/m - Not Meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

1.Transaction Value is an operating metric not presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA, Contribution, and Contribution Margin are non-GAAP financial measures. See “Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations-Key business and operating metrics.” for additional information regarding the Company’s operating metrics and Non-GAAP metrics.
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For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we generated $259.1 million of revenue and $451.8 million of Transaction Value, representing increases of 247.5% and 314.4%, respectively, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, driven primarily by significant increases in customer acquisition spending by P&C carrier partners as they refocus on growth in response to improving underwriting profitability.
Contribution, which generally represents revenue less revenue share payments and online advertising costs, was $41.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, a year-over-year increase of 175.9%, driven primarily by the higher revenue. Contribution Margin was 16.0% in the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with 20.2% in the three months ended September 30, 2023.
Net income for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $11.9 million, compared with a net loss of $18.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, driven primarily by the increase in gross profit and lower equity-based compensation expense.
Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2024 was $26.3 million, a year-over-year increase of 632.6%, due primarily to higher gross profit.
Key factors affecting our business
Revenue
We believe that our future performance will depend on many factors, including those described below and in Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Secular trends in the insurance industry
Our technology platform was created to serve and grow with our core insurance end markets. We believe secular trends in the insurance industry are critical drivers of our revenue and will continue to provide strong tailwinds for our business over the long term. Customer acquisition spending by insurance carriers is growing over time, and as more consumers shop for insurance online, direct-to-consumer marketing, which fuels our revenue, has become the fastest growing insurance distribution channel. As mass-market customer acquisition becomes more costly, insurance carriers and distributors are increasingly focusing on optimizing customer acquisition spend, which is at the core of the service we deliver on our platform. As long as these secular trends persist, we expect digital insurance customer acquisition spending to continue to grow over time, and we believe we are well-positioned to benefit from this growth.
Transaction Value
We define “Transaction Value” as the total gross dollars transacted by our partners on our platform. Transaction Value is an operating metric not presented in accordance with GAAP, and is a driver of revenue based on the economic relationships we have with our partners. Transaction Value from Open Marketplace transactions is a direct driver of our revenue, while Transaction Value from Private Marketplace transactions is an indirect driver of our revenue (see “Key business and operating metrics” below). Transaction Value on our platform increased to $451.8 million and $992.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, from $109.0 million and $428.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, due primarily to an increase in customer acquisition spending by P&C insurance carriers in response to improvements in their underwriting profitability. We have developed multi-faceted, deeply integrated partnerships with insurance carriers and distributors, who may be both demand partners and supply partners on our platform. We believe the versatility and breadth of our offerings, coupled with our focus on high-quality products, provide significant value to insurance carriers and distributors, leading many of them to use our platform as their central hub for broadly managing digital customer acquisition and monetization, resulting in strong retention rates. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, 97% of total insurance Transaction Value executed on our platform, respectively, came from demand partner relationships in existence during 2023.
Our demand and supply partners
We retain and attract demand partners by finding high-quality sources of Consumer Referrals to make available to our demand partners. We obtain these Consumer Referrals from our diverse network of supply partners as well as from our proprietary properties. We seek to develop, acquire and retain relationships with high-quality supply partners by developing flexible platforms to enable our supply partners to maximize their revenue, manage their demand side relationships in scalable and flexible ways and focus on long-term sustainable economics with respect to revenue share. Our relationships with our
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partners are deep and long standing and involve most of the top-tier insurance carriers in the industry. In terms of demand partners, during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, 13 of the top 20 largest auto insurance carriers by customer acquisition spend were on our platform.
Consumer Referrals
Our results depend in large part on the number of Consumer Referrals purchased on our platform and the pricing of such Consumer Referrals. The aggregate number of consumer clicks, calls, and leads purchased by insurance buyers on our platform increased to 30.5 million and 83.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, from 23.2 million and 72.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. We seek to increase the number and scale of our supply relationships and drive consumers to our proprietary properties through a variety of paid traffic acquisition sources. We continuously look to diversify our paid media sources to extend beyond search engine marketing, which has historically represented the bulk of our paid media spend, into other online media sources, including native, social, and display advertising.
Seasonality
Our results are subject to fluctuations as a result of seasonality. In particular, our P&C insurance vertical is typically characterized by seasonal strength in our quarters ending March 31 due to a greater supply of Consumer Referrals and higher customer acquisition budgets during the start of the year, and by seasonal weakness in our quarters ending December 31 due to a lower supply of Consumer Referrals available on a cost-effective basis and lower customer acquisition budgets from some buyers during those quarters. Our health insurance vertical is typically characterized by seasonal strength in our quarters ending December 31 due to open enrollment periods for health insurance and annual enrollment for Medicare during those quarters, with a material increase in consumer search volume for health products and a related increase in buyer customer acquisition budgets.
Other factors affecting our partners’ businesses include macro factors such as credit availability in the market, the strength of the economy and employment levels.
Cyclicality
Our results are also subject to fluctuations as a result of business cycles experienced by companies in the P&C insurance industry. These cycles in the P&C insurance industry are characterized by periods of “soft” market conditions, when carriers are profitable and are focused on increasing capacity and building market share, and “hard” market conditions, when carriers are experiencing lower or even negative underwriting profits and are seeking to increase their premium rates to improve their profitability. As our demand partners in the P&C insurance industry go through these market cycles, they often increase their customer acquisition spending during soft markets and reduce it during hard markets, causing their relative demand for Consumer Referrals from our platform to increase and decrease accordingly. Beginning in the second half of 2021, the P&C insurance industry entered a "hard” market, with many carriers experiencing lower than expected underwriting profitability due to higher than expected inflation in automobile claims costs, causing them to significantly reduce their customer acquisition spending on our platform. In late 2023, P&C insurance industry profitability began to improve as premium increases began to outpace loss cost inflation, causing them to begin to resume their marketing investments. This recovery gained significant momentum during the first nine months of 2024 as multiple carriers meaningfully increased their spending in our marketplaces. While we expect this improvement to continue, we are currently unable to accurately predict the pace or slope of this recovery, or its impact on our revenue from the P&C insurance vertical or our profitability, beyond the fourth quarter of 2024.
Regulations
Our revenue and earnings may fluctuate from time to time as a result of federal, state, international and industry-based laws, directives and regulations and developing standards with respect to the enforcement of those regulations. Our business is affected directly because we operate websites, conduct telemarketing and email marketing and collect, process, store, share, disclose, transfer and use consumer information and other data. Our business is affected indirectly as our clients adjust their operations as a result of regulatory changes and enforcement activity within their industries. For example, the FTC has recently started taking a new position (in recent public statements and enforcement actions) regarding the consent rules under the Telemarketing Sales Rule ("TSR"), and the Federal Communications Commission has recently adopted changes to the consent rules under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”). These changes have required, and may in the future require, both us and our Partners to adjust their telemarketing activities. While it is unclear how some of these changes may ultimately be interpreted, they may have a significant impact on the market for leads, and may require us and our Partners to modify our telemarketing practices and policies. In addition, the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA") became effective
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on January 1, 2020 and has been amended by the California Privacy Rights Act ("CPRA"), which became effective January 1, 2023, and more than 20 other states have enacted or are considering similar laws, all of which may affect our business. While it is unclear how this new legislation may be modified or how certain provisions will be interpreted, the effects of this legislation are potentially significant, and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. In addition, we are licensed as a health insurance broker in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, making us subject to certain insurance laws and regulations. Our Medicare business is also subject to federal rules governing the marketing of such policies. For a description of laws and regulations to which we are generally subject, see Item 1 “Business” and Item 1A “Risk Factors.” in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
In addition, we are impacted by the regulation of the insurance carriers with whom we do business. In most states, insurance carriers are required to obtain approval of their premium rates from the regulatory authority in such states. The timing of such approval process, as well as the willingness of insurance regulators to approve rate increases, can impact the profitability of new policies and the level of customer acquisition spending by carriers in a given period, which in turn can cause fluctuations in our revenue and earnings.
Key components of our results of operations
Revenue
We operate primarily in the P&C insurance, health insurance, and life insurance verticals and generate revenue through the purchase and sale of Consumer Referrals.
The price and amount of Consumer Referrals purchased and sold on our platform vary based on a number of market conditions and consumer attributes, including (i) geographic location of consumers, (ii) demographic attributes of consumers, (iii) the source of Consumer Referrals and quality of conversion by source, (iv) the volume of Consumer Referrals provided by our Supply Partners (v) Demand Partner bid levels and (vi) Demand Partner demand and budgets.
In our Open Marketplace transactions, we have control over the Consumer Referrals that are sold to our Demand Partners. In these arrangements, we have separate agreements with the Supply Partners and Demand Partners. Supply Partners are not a party to the contractual arrangements with our Demand Partners, nor are the Supply Partners the beneficiaries of our Demand Partner agreements. We generate revenue from the delivery of Consumer Referrals to our customers (Demand Partners) on our technology platform and separately pay (i) a revenue share to Supply Partners or (ii) a fee to internet search companies to drive consumers to our proprietary websites. We are the principal in Open Marketplace transactions. As a result, the price paid by the Demand Partners for Consumer Referrals sold is recognized as revenue and the price paid to the Supply Partner is included in cost of revenue.
With respect to our Private Marketplace transactions, Supply Partners and Demand Partners contract with one another directly. In these transactions, we act as an agent, facilitating the sale of Consumer Referrals between these Supply and Demand Partners, by providing access to our platform to the Supply Partner for their use as a tracking, reporting, optimization, and analytics tool in transacting with the Demand Partner, and we generate revenue by charging the Supply Partner a platform fee on the Consumer Referrals transacted, which is a negotiated percentage of the Transaction Value of such transactions. We do not make any payments to Supply Partners in our Private Marketplace transactions.
Costs and operating expenses
Costs and operating expenses consist primarily of cost of revenue, sales and marketing expenses, product expenses and general and administrative expenses.
Cost of revenue
Our cost of revenue is comprised primarily of revenue share payments to Supply Partners and traffic acquisition costs paid to search engines and social media platforms, as well as telephony infrastructure costs, internet and hosting costs, and merchant fees, and includes salaries, wages, equity-based compensation, the cost of health and other employee benefits for employees engaged in media buying, and other expenses including an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of an allocation of personnel expenses for employees engaged in demand side and supply side business development and marketing, and include salaries, wages, equity-based compensation, and
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the cost of health and other employee benefits. Sales and marketing expenses also include costs related to attracting partners to our platform, including marketing and promotions, tradeshows and related travel and entertainment expenses. Sales and marketing expenses also include an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
Product development
Product development expenses consist primarily of an allocation of personnel expenses for employees engaged in technology, engineering and product development and include salaries, wages, equity-based compensation, and the cost of health and other employee benefits. Product development expenses also include an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of an allocation of personnel expenses for executive, finance, legal, people operations, and business analytics employees, and include salaries, wages, equity-based compensation, and the cost of health and other employee benefits. General and administrative expenses also include professional services, an allocated portion of rent and facilities expenses and depreciation and amortization expense.
Other expense (income), net
Other expense (income), net consists primarily of expenses and income not incurred by us in our ordinary course of business and that are not included in any of the categories listed above.
Interest expense
Interest expense consists primarily of interest expense associated with outstanding borrowings under our 2021 Credit Facilities and the amortization of deferred financing costs associated with these arrangements.
Income tax expense (benefit)
MediaAlpha, Inc. is taxed as a corporation and pays corporate federal, state and local taxes on income allocated to it from QLH based upon MediaAlpha, Inc.’s economic interest held in QLH. QLH is treated as a pass-through partnership for income tax reporting purposes and is not subject to federal income tax. Instead, QLH’s taxable income or loss is passed through to its members, including MediaAlpha, Inc., pro-rata to their ownership interest in QLH. Accordingly, as our ownership interest in QLH increases, our share of the taxable income (loss) of QLH also increases. As of September 30, 2024, our ownership interest in QLH was 82.6%.
Net income (loss) attributable to Non-controlling interest
Net income (loss) is attributed to non-controlling interests in accordance with QLH’s limited liability company agreement. We allocate a share of the pre-tax income (loss) of the QLH incurred subsequent to the Reorganization Transactions to the non-controlling interest holders pro-rata to their ownership interest in QLH. The non-controlling interests balance represents the Class B-1 units, substantially all of which are held by Insignia and the Senior Executives.
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Operating results for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
The following table sets forth our operating results in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 259,133 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 74,573 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Costs and operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 219,907 |  |  | 84.9 | % |  | 62,277 |  |  | 83.5 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 6,496 |  |  | 2.5 | % |  | 6,101 |  |  | 8.2 | %
Product development |  | 5,328 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | 4,296 |  |  | 5.8 | %
General and administrative |  | 11,794 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | 16,648 |  |  | 22.3 | %
Total costs and operating expenses |  | 243,525 |  |  | 94.0 | % |  | 89,322 |  |  | 119.8 | %
Income (loss) from operations |  | 15,608 |  |  | 6.0 | % |  | (14,749) |  |  | (19.8) | %
Other (income), net |  | (154) |  |  | (0.1) | % |  | (100) |  |  | (0.1) | %
Interest expense |  | 3,562 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 3,947 |  |  | 5.3 | %
Total other expense, net |  | 3,408 |  |  | 1.3 | % |  | 3,847 |  |  | 5.2 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 12,200 |  |  | 4.7 | % |  | (18,596) |  |  | (24.9) | %
Income tax expense |  | 312 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 102 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | $ | (18,698) |  |  | (25.1) | %
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | 2,406 |  |  | 0.9 | % |  | (5,196) |  |  | (7.0) | %
Net income (loss) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. |  | $ | 9,482 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | $ | (13,502) |  |  | (18.1) | %
Net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.29) |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic and diluted |  | 54,909,772 |  |  |  |  | 46,229,672 |  |  |

Revenue
The following table presents our revenue, disaggregated by vertical, for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Property & Casualty insurance |  | $ | 219,036 |  |  | $ | 187,103 |  |  | 585.9 | % |  | $ | 31,933 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 84.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 42.8 | %
Health insurance |  | 32,879 |  |  | (1,082) |  |  | (3.2) | % |  | 33,961 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 12.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 45.5 | %
Life insurance |  | 5,227 |  |  | (114) |  |  | (2.1) | % |  | 5,341 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 7.2 | %
Other |  | 1,991 |  |  | (1,347) |  |  | (40.4) | % |  | 3,338 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 0.8 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.5 | %
Revenue |  | $ | 259,133 |  |  | 184,560 |  |  | 247.5 | % |  | $ | 74,573 |

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The increase in P&C insurance revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due to an increase in customer acquisition spending by P&C insurance carrier partners as they refocus on growth in response to the significant improvement in their underwriting profitability. This additional demand drove increased year-over-year pricing and higher volume as we continued to scale the business and expand our market share. We believe that the hard market cycle the P&C insurance industry has experienced since the second half of 2021 has now turned and the industry is improving rapidly. While we expect this improvement to continue, we are currently unable to accurately predict the pace or slope of this recovery, or its impact on our revenue from the P&C insurance vertical or our profitability, beyond the fourth quarter of 2024.
The decrease in health insurance revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was driven by lower transactions through our Open Marketplace, due primarily to a reduced supply of consumer referrals resulting from one of our partners ceasing operations during the three months ended June 30, 2024, offset in part by higher customer acquisition spending by certain demand partners who transact primarily via our Private Marketplaces.
The decrease in life insurance revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to a reduced supply of consumer referrals resulting from one of our supply partners ceasing operations during the three months ended June 30, 2024, offset in part by a higher mix of transactions through our Open Marketplace, which have a greater impact on revenue.
The decrease in other revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was driven primarily by lower revenue from our travel vertical due to a reduced supply of consumer referrals resulting from higher traffic acquisition costs.
Cost of revenue
The following table presents our cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 219,907 |  |  | $ | 157,630 |  |  | 253.1 | % |  | $ | 62,277 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 84.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 83.5 | %

The increase in cost of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was driven primarily by higher revenue share payments to suppliers due to the overall increase in revenue and lower take rates, offset in part by higher transactions in our Private Marketplaces, which have a lower impact on cost of revenue.
Sales and marketing
The following table presents our sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 6,496 |  |  | $ | 395 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | $ | 6,101 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 2.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 8.2 | %

The increase in sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs resulting primarily from the hiring of additional employees, offset in part by lower equity-based compensation expense.
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Product development
The following table presents our product development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Product development |  | $ | 5,328 |  |  | $ | 1,032 |  |  | 24.0 | % |  | $ | 4,296 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 2.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.8 | %

The increase in product development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs of $1.0 million resulting primarily from the hiring of additional employees, offset in part by a decrease in equity-based compensation expense.
General and administrative
The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
General and administrative |  | $ | 11,794 |  |  | $ | (4,854) |  |  | (29.2) | % |  | $ | 16,648 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 4.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 22.3 | %

The decrease in general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to a decrease in equity-based compensation expense of $4.9 million, a $1.6 million decrease in legal costs driven primarily by lower costs associated with the civil investigative demand from the Federal Trade Commission, and a $0.3 million reduction in directors & officers insurance premiums, offset in part by an increase in personnel-related costs of $0.6 million.
Equity-based compensation
The following table presents our equity-based compensation expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 405 |  |  | $ | (607) |  |  | (60.0) | % |  | $ | 1,012 |
Sales and marketing |  | 1,933 |  |  | (218) |  |  | (10.1) | % |  | 2,151 |
Product development |  | 1,733 |  |  | (172) |  |  | (9.0) | % |  | 1,905 |
General and administrative |  | 4,526 |  |  | (4,860) |  |  | (51.8) | % |  | 9,386 |
Total |  | $ | 8,597 |  |  | $ | (5,857) |  |  | (40.5) | % |  | $ | 14,454 |

The decrease in equity-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to certain Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) granted to key employees at the IPO being fully vested as of December 31, 2023, offset in part by expenses related to annual awards of RSUs granted to employees during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and higher employee headcount.
Amortization
The following table presents our amortization of intangible asset expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:
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(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Sales and Marketing |  | $ | 1,396 |  |  | $ | (144) |  |  | (9.4) | % |  | $ | 1,540 |
General and administrative |  | 213 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 12.1 | % |  | 190 |
Total |  | $ | 1,609 |  |  | $ | (121) |  |  | (7.0) | % |  | $ | 1,730 |

The decrease in amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was immaterial.
Other (income), net
The following table presents our other (income), net for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Other (income), net |  | $ | (154) |  |  | $ | (54) |  |  | 54.0 | % |  | $ | (100) |
Percentage of revenue |  | (0.1) | % |  |  |  |  |  | (0.1) | %

The increase in other (income), net for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was immaterial.
Interest expense
The following table presents our interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest expense |  | $ | 3,562 |  |  | $ | (385) |  |  | (9.8) | % |  | $ | 3,947 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 1.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.3 | %

The decrease in interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2023, was driven by the impact of lower interest rates as well as lower outstanding balances during 2024.
Income tax expense
The following table presents our income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Income tax expense |  | $ | 312 |  |  | $ | 210 |  |  | 205.9 | % |  | $ | 102 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

For the three months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.3 million resulting from our effective tax rate of 2.6%, which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to the tax impacts of changes in our valuation allowance. For the three months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.1 million resulting from our effective tax rate of (0.5)%, which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%.
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Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023
The following table sets forth our operating results in absolute dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 564,056 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 270,975 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Costs and operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of revenue |  | 469,465 |  |  | 83.2 | % |  | 226,545 |  |  | 83.6 | %
Sales and marketing |  | 18,608 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 19,802 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Product development |  | 14,743 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | 14,525 |  |  | 5.4 | %
General and administrative |  | 36,767 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 50,473 |  |  | 18.6 | %
Total costs and operating expenses |  | 539,583 |  |  | 95.7 | % |  | 311,345 |  |  | 114.9 | %
Income (loss) from operations |  | 24,473 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | (40,370) |  |  | (14.9) | %
Other (income) expense, net |  | (1,971) |  |  | (0.3) | % |  | 1,165 |  |  | 0.4 | %
Interest expense |  | 11,158 |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | 11,397 |  |  | 4.2 | %
Total other expense, net |  | 9,187 |  |  | 1.6 | % |  | 12,562 |  |  | 4.6 | %
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | 15,286 |  |  | 2.7 | % |  | (52,932) |  |  | (19.5) | %
Income tax expense |  | 469 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | 330 |  |  | 0.1 | %
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 14,817 |  |  | 2.6 | % |  | $ | (53,262) |  |  | (19.7) | %
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest |  | 2,828 |  |  | 0.5 | % |  | (15,208) |  |  | (5.6) | %
Net income (loss) attributable to MediaAlpha, Inc. |  | $ | 11,989 |  |  | 2.1 | % |  | $ | (38,054) |  |  | (14.0) | %
Net income (loss) per share of Class A common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.84) |  |  |
-Diluted |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  |  |  | $ | (0.84) |  |  |
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
-Basic |  | 52,293,622 |  |  |  |  | 45,095,417 |  |  |
-Diluted |  | 66,087,041 |  |  |  |  | 45,095,417 |  |  |

Revenue
The following table presents our revenue, disaggregated by vertical, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Property & Casualty insurance |  | $ | 422,700 |  |  | $ | 296,168 |  |  | 234.1 | % |  | $ | 126,532 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 74.9 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 46.7 | %
Health insurance |  | 114,932 |  |  | (260) |  |  | (0.2) | % |  | 115,192 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 20.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 42.5 | %
Life insurance |  | 19,308 |  |  | 987 |  |  | 5.4 | % |  | 18,321 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 3.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 6.8 | %
Other |  | 7,116 |  |  | (3,814) |  |  | (34.9) | % |  | 10,930 |
Percentage of total revenue |  | 1.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.0 | %
Revenue |  | $ | 564,056 |  |  | 293,081 |  |  | 108.2 | % |  | $ | 270,975 |

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The increase in P&C insurance revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was due to an increase in customer acquisition spending by multiple P&C insurance carrier partners as they refocus on growth in response to the significant improvement in their underwriting profitability. We believe that the hard market cycle the P&C insurance industry has experienced since the second half of 2021 has now turned and the industry is improving rapidly.
The decrease in health insurance revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was immaterial and driven primarily by lower transactions through our Open Marketplace, due primarily to a reduced supply of consumer referrals resulting from one of our partners ceasing operations during the three months ended June 30, 2024, offset by higher customer acquisition spending by certain demand partners who transact primarily via our Private Marketplaces.
The increase in life insurance revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was driven by a high mix of transactions through our Open Marketplace, which have a greater impact on revenue, offset in part by reduced supply of consumer referrals resulting from one of our supply partners ceasing operations during the three months ended June 30, 2024.
The decrease in other revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was driven by lower revenue from our travel vertical due to a reduced supply of consumer referrals resulting from higher traffic acquisition costs, as well as lower revenue from our consumer finance vertical due to a reduction in mortgage and refinancing activity caused by high interest rate levels.
Cost of revenue
The following table presents our cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 469,465 |  |  | $ | 242,920 |  |  | 107.2 | % |  | $ | 226,545 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 83.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 83.6 | %

The increase in cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was driven primarily by higher revenue share payments to suppliers due to the overall increase in revenue and lower take rates, offset in part by higher transactions in our Private Marketplaces, which have a lower impact on cost of revenue.
Sales and marketing
The following table presents our sales and marketing expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Sales and marketing |  | $ | 18,608 |  |  | $ | (1,194) |  |  | (6.0) | % |  | $ | 19,802 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 3.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 7.3 | %

The decrease in sales and marketing expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to a decrease in equity-based compensation expense of $1.2 million and a decrease in amortization expense of $0.4 million, offset in part by an increase in personnel-related costs of $0.3 million.
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Product development
The following table presents our product development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Product development |  | $ | 14,743 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | $ | 14,525 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 2.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 5.4 | %

The increase in product development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to an increase in personnel-related costs of $1.1 million as we hired additional employees, offset in part by a decrease in equity-based compensation expense of $1.2 million.
General and administrative
The following table presents our general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
General and administrative |  | $ | 36,767 |  |  | $ | (13,706) |  |  | (27.2) | % |  | $ | 50,473 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 6.5 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 18.6 | %

The decrease in general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was due primarily to a decrease in equity-based compensation expense of $14.8 million, a $0.8 million reduction in directors and officers insurance premiums, and a $0.4 million decrease driven primarily by lower costs associated with the civil investigative demand from the Federal Trade Commission, offset in part by costs related to secondary offerings of our shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Equity-based compensation
The following table presents our equity-based compensation expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Cost of revenue |  | $ | 2,654 |  |  | $ | (305) |  |  | (10.3) | % |  | $ | 2,959 |
Sales and marketing |  | 5,676 |  |  | (1,219) |  |  | (17.7) | % |  | 6,895 |
Product development |  | 5,001 |  |  | (1,175) |  |  | (19.0) | % |  | 6,176 |
General and administrative |  | 13,121 |  |  | (14,792) |  |  | (53.0) | % |  | 27,913 |
Total |  | $ | 26,452 |  |  | $ | (17,491) |  |  | (39.8) | % |  | $ | 43,943 |

The decrease in equity-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, due primarily to certain RSUs granted to key employees at IPO being fully vested as of December 31, 2023, offset in part primarily by expenses related to annual awards of RSUs granted to employees during the three months ended March 31, 2024.
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Amortization
The following table presents our amortization of intangible asset expense that was included in costs and operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Sales and Marketing |  | $ | 4,189 |  |  | $ | (429) |  |  | (9.3) | % |  | $ | 4,618 |
General and administrative |  | 638 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 11.9 | % |  | 570 |
Total |  | $ | 4,827 |  |  | $ | (361) |  |  | (7.0) | % |  | $ | 5,188 |

The decrease in amortization expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was immaterial.
Other (income) expense, net
The following table presents our other (income) expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Other (income) expense, net |  | $ | (1,971) |  |  | $ | (3,136) |  |  | (269.2) | % |  | $ | 1,165 |
Percentage of revenue |  | (0.3) | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.4 | %

The increase in other (income) expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was driven primarily by a one-time contract termination fee of $1.7 million received from one of our supply partners in the Health and Life insurance verticals that ceased operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, and by an impairment charge of $1.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 related to a cost method investment that did not recur in the current year period.
Interest expense
The following table presents our interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Interest expense |  | $ | 11,158 |  |  | $ | (239) |  |  | (2.1) | % |  | $ | 11,397 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 4.2 | %

The decrease in interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was driven by the impact of lower outstanding balances in the current year period.
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Income tax expense
The following table presents our income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the two periods:

(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Income tax expense |  | $ | 469 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | 42.1 | % |  | $ | 330 |
Percentage of revenue |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.5 million resulting from our effective tax rate of 3.1%, which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%, due primarily to the tax impacts of changes in our valuation allowance. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded an income tax expense of $0.3 million resulting from our effective tax rate of (0.6)% which differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21%.
Key business and operating metrics
In addition to traditional financial metrics, we rely upon certain business and operating metrics that are not presented in accordance with GAAP to estimate the volume of spending on our platform, estimate and recognize revenue, evaluate our business performance and facilitate our operations. Such business and operating metrics should not be considered in isolation from, or as an alternative to, measures presented in accordance with GAAP and should be considered together with other operating and financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Also, such business and operating metrics may not necessarily be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
Adjusted EBITDA
We define “Adjusted EBITDA” as net income (loss) excluding interest expense, income tax benefit (expense), depreciation expense on property and equipment, amortization of intangible assets, as well as equity-based compensation expense and certain other adjustments as listed in the table below. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure that we present to supplement the financial information we present on a GAAP basis. We monitor and present Adjusted EBITDA because it is a key measure used by our management to understand and evaluate our operating performance, to establish budgets and to develop operational goals for managing our business. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be masked by the effect of the expenses that we exclude in the calculations of Adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, enhancing the overall understanding of our past performance and future prospects. In addition, presenting Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with a metric to evaluate the capital efficiency of our business.
Adjusted EBITDA is not presented in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered in isolation of, or as an alternative to, measures presented in accordance with GAAP. There are a number of limitations related to the use of Adjusted EBITDA rather than net income, which is the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. These limitations include the fact that Adjusted EBITDA excludes interest expense on debt, income tax benefit (expense), equity-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, and certain other adjustments that we consider to be useful to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results. In addition, other companies may use other measures to evaluate their performance, including different definitions of “Adjusted EBITDA,” which could reduce the usefulness of our Adjusted EBITDA as a tool for comparison.
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The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITDA with net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 11,888 |  |  | $ | (18,698) |  |  | $ | 14,817 |  |  | $ | (53,262) |
Equity-based compensation expense |  | 8,597 |  |  | 14,454 |  |  | 26,452 |  |  | 43,943 |
Interest expense |  | 3,562 |  |  | 3,947 |  |  | 11,158 |  |  | 11,397 |
Income tax expense |  | 312 |  |  | 102 |  |  | 469 |  |  | 330 |
Depreciation expense on property and equipment |  | 65 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 275 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  | 1,609 |  |  | 1,730 |  |  | 4,827 |  |  | 5,188 |
Transaction expenses(1) |  | (45) |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1,172 |  |  | 553 |
Impairment of cost method investment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,406 |
Contract settlement(2) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,725) |  |  | — |
Changes in TRA related liability |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Changes in Tax Indemnification Receivable |  | (84) |  |  | (20) |  |  | (86) |  |  | (48) |
Settlement of federal and state income tax refunds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Legal expenses(3) |  | 367 |  |  | 1,979 |  |  | 2,155 |  |  | 3,418 |
Reduction in force costs (4) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,233 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | 26,271 |  |  | $ | 3,586 |  |  | $ | 59,430 |  |  | $ | 14,442 |

(1)Transaction expenses consist of immaterial expenses and $1.2 million of legal and accounting fees incurred by us for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, in connection with resale registration statements filed with the SEC. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, transaction expenses consist of immaterial expenses and $0.6 million of legal and accounting fees, respectively, in connection with the amendment to the 2021 Credit Facilities, the tender offer filed by the Company's largest shareholder in May 2023, and a resale registration statement filed with the SEC.
(2)Contract settlement consists of $1.7 million of income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 recorded in connection with a one-time contract termination fee received from one of our supply partners in the Health and Life insurance verticals that ceased operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
(3)Legal expenses of $0.4 million and $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, and $2.0 million and $3.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, consist of legal fees incurred in connection with the civil investigative demand received from the Federal Trade Commission in February 2023 and costs associated with a legal settlement unrelated to our core operations during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
(4)Reduction in force costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 consist of $1.2 million of severance benefits provided to the terminated employees in connection with the RIF Plan. Additionally, equity-based compensation expense includes $0.3 million of charges related to the RIF Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Contribution and Contribution Margin
We define “Contribution” as revenue less revenue share payments and online advertising costs, or, as reported in our consolidated statements of operations, revenue less cost of revenue (i.e., gross profit), as adjusted to exclude the following items from cost of revenue: equity-based compensation; salaries, wages, and related costs; internet and hosting costs; amortization; depreciation; other services; and merchant-related fees. We define “Contribution Margin” as Contribution expressed as a percentage of revenue for the same period. Contribution and Contribution Margin are non-GAAP financial measures that we present to supplement the financial information we present on a GAAP basis. We use Contribution and Contribution Margin to measure the return on our relationships with our supply partners (excluding certain fixed costs), the financial return on and efficacy of our online advertising costs to drive consumers to our proprietary websites, and our operating leverage. We do not use Contribution and Contribution Margin as measures of overall profitability. We present Contribution
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and Contribution Margin because they are used by our management and board of directors to manage our operating performance, including evaluating our operational performance against budget and assessing our overall operating efficiency and operating leverage. For example, if Contribution increases and our headcount costs and other operating expenses remain steady, our Adjusted EBITDA and operating leverage increase. If Contribution Margin decreases, we may choose to re-evaluate and re-negotiate our revenue share agreements with our supply partners, to make optimization and pricing changes with respect to our bids for keywords from primary traffic acquisition sources, or to change our overall cost structure with respect to headcount, fixed costs and other costs. Other companies may calculate Contribution and Contribution Margin differently than we do. Contribution and Contribution Margin have their limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results presented in accordance with GAAP.
The following table reconciles Contribution with gross profit, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Revenue |  | $ | 259,133 |  |  | $ | 74,573 |  |  | $ | 564,056 |  |  | $ | 270,975 |
Less cost of revenue |  | (219,907) |  |  | (62,277) |  |  | (469,465) |  |  | (226,545) |
Gross profit |  | $ | 39,226 |  |  | $ | 12,296 |  |  | $ | 94,591 |  |  | $ | 44,430 |
Adjusted to exclude the following (as related to cost of revenue): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity-based compensation |  | 405 |  |  | 1,012 |  |  | 2,654 |  |  | 2,959 |
Salaries, wages, and related |  | 907 |  |  | 878 |  |  | 2,474 |  |  | 2,832 |
Internet and hosting |  | 145 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 402 |  |  | 418 |
Other expenses |  | 170 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 513 |
Depreciation |  | 5 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 30 |
Other services |  | 549 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 2,008 |  |  | 1,795 |
Merchant-related fees |  | 75 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 217 |  |  | 14 |
Contribution |  | $ | 41,482 |  |  | $ | 15,037 |  |  | $ | 102,900 |  |  | $ | 52,991 |
Gross margin |  | 15.1 | % |  | 16.5 | % |  | 16.8 | % |  | 16.4 | %
Contribution Margin |  | 16.0 | % |  | 20.2 | % |  | 18.2 | % |  | 19.6 | %

Transaction Value
We define “Transaction Value” as the total gross dollars transacted by our partners on our platform. Transaction Value is an operating metric not presented in accordance with GAAP, and is a driver of revenue based on the economic relationships we have with our partners. Our partners use our platform to transact via Open and Private Marketplace transactions. In our Open Marketplace model, revenue recognized represents the fees paid by our Demand Partners for Consumer Referrals sold and is equal to the Transaction Value and revenue share payments to our Supply Partners represent costs of revenue. In our Private Marketplace model, revenue recognized represents a platform fee billed to the Supply Partner based on an agreed-upon percentage of the Transaction Value for the Consumer Referrals transacted, and accordingly there are no associated costs of revenue. We utilize Transaction Value to assess the overall level of transaction activity through our platform. We believe it is useful to investors to assess the overall level of activity on our platform and to better understand the sources of our revenue across our different transaction models and verticals.
The following table presents Transaction Value by platform model for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Open Marketplace transactions |  | $ | 253,016 |  |  | $ | 73,053 |  |  | $ | 546,949 |  |  | $ | 263,568 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 56.0 | % |  | 67.0 | % |  | 55.1 | % |  | 61.6 | %
Private Marketplace transactions |  | 198,759 |  |  | 35,963 |  |  | 445,742 |  |  | 164,524 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 44.0 | % |  | 33.0 | % |  | 44.9 | % |  | 38.4 | %
Total Transaction Value |  | $ | 451,775 |  |  | $ | 109,016 |  |  | $ | 992,691 |  |  | $ | 428,092 |

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The following table presents Transaction Value by vertical for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in thousands) |  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Property & Casualty insurance |  | $ | 387,451 |  |  | $ | 44,715 |  |  | $ | 777,521 |  |  | $ | 223,305 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 85.8 | % |  | 41.0 | % |  | 78.3 | % |  | 52.2 | %
Health insurance |  | 55,615 |  |  | 51,210 |  |  | 179,980 |  |  | 161,450 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 12.3 | % |  | 47.0 | % |  | 18.1 | % |  | 37.7 | %
Life insurance |  | 6,261 |  |  | 7,566 |  |  | 24,384 |  |  | 26,042 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 1.4 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 2.5 | % |  | 6.1 | %
Other |  | 2,448 |  |  | 5,525 |  |  | 10,806 |  |  | 17,295 |
Percentage of total Transaction Value |  | 0.5 | % |  | 5.1 | % |  | 1.1 | % |  | 4.0 | %
Total Transaction Value |  | $ | 451,775 |  |  | $ | 109,016 |  |  | $ | 992,691 |  |  | $ | 428,092 |

Consumer Referrals
We define “Consumer Referral” as any consumer click, call or lead purchased by a buyer on our platform. Click revenue is recognized on a pay-per-click basis and revenue is earned and recognized when a consumer clicks on a listed buyer’s advertisement that is presented subsequent to the consumer’s search (e.g., auto insurance quote search or health insurance quote search). Call revenue is earned and recognized when a consumer transfers to a buyer and remains engaged for a requisite duration of time, as specified by each buyer. Lead revenue is recognized when we deliver data leads to buyers. Data leads are generated either through insurance carriers, insurance-focused research destination websites or other financial websites that make the data leads available for purchase through our platform, or when consumers complete a full quote request on our proprietary websites. Delivery occurs at the time of lead transfer. The data we generate from each Consumer Referral feeds into our analytics model to generate conversion probabilities for each unique consumer, enabling discovery of predicted return and cost per sale across the platform and helping us to improve our platform technology. We monitor the number of Consumer Referrals on our platform in order to measure Transaction Value, revenue and overall business performance across our verticals and platform models.
The following table presents the percentages of total Transaction Value generated from clicks, calls and leads for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2024 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Clicks |  | 88.6 | % |  | 66.1 | % |  | 84.2 | % |  | 73.0 | %
Calls |  | 6.6 | % |  | 19.9 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | 16.0 | %
Leads |  | 4.8 | % |  | 14.0 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | 11.0 | %

Segment information
We operate primarily in the United States and in a single operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our chief operating decision maker is our chief executive officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. No expense or operating income is evaluated at a segment level. Since we operate in one operating segment and reportable segment, all required financial segment information can be found in the consolidated financial statements.
Liquidity and capital resources
Overview
Our principal sources of liquidity are our cash flows generated from operations and cash and funds available under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility. Our principal uses of cash include funding of our operations, interest payments, and mandatory principal payments on our long-term debt. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents
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totaled $32.3 million and $17.3 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2024, the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the 2021 Term Loan Facility was $160.8 million and our borrowing capacity available under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility was $45.0 million.
Our business is seasonal and cyclical in nature and these trends, if continued for a long period of time, could impact our cash flows generated from operations, requiring us to draw on our available borrowing capacity under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility or raise additional funds in the short term. During the second half of 2021, the auto insurance industry began to experience a cyclical downturn, as supply chain disruptions and cost increases caused by the pandemic and overall inflationary pressures contributed to higher-than-expected P&C insurance claims costs, which led many carriers to reduce their customer acquisition spending to preserve their profitability. However, we believe that the hard market cycle has now turned and market has been improving rapidly as a number of our key carrier partners have meaningfully increased their customer acquisition spending during the first nine months of 2024. While we expect this improvement to continue, we are currently unable to accurately predict the pace or slope of this recovery beyond the fourth quarter of 2024.
On February 21, 2023, we received a civil investigative demand from the Federal Trade Commission (the “FTC”) regarding compliance with the FTC Act and the TSR, as they relate to the advertising, marketing, promotion, offering for sale, or sale of healthcare-related products, the collection, sale, transfer or provision to third parties of consumer data, telemarketing practices, and/or consumer privacy or data security. We have cooperated fully with the FTC investigation. On October 30, 2024, we received an initial settlement demand from the staff of the FTC (the “FTC Staff”) stating that the FTC Staff is prepared to recommend that the FTC approve the filing of a complaint against the Company for violations of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act, the TSR and the Government and Business Impersonation Rule (the “Impersonation Rule”). The FTC proposes to seek injunctive and monetary relief and civil penalties. If obtained in whole or in part, the monetary relief and penalties proposed by the FTC Staff would have an adverse, and potentially material, effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. The total amount of the monetary relief and penalties proposed by the FTC Staff significantly exceeds our existing liquidity and financial resources. Any such costs above the existing liquidity and financial resources would require us to seek additional capital, incur debt or otherwise take significant actions in order to satisfy the claims and there can be no assurances that such financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, the proposed injunctive terms, if obtained in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our ability to operate our business in the Health insurance vertical, including how we conduct our marketing activities and endeavors to ensure compliance with consumer protection laws by itself and third parties with which we do business. We strongly disagree with the allegations and believe we have substantial and meritorious defenses to the claims. Among other things, we believe that our conduct does not rise to the legal standard required for the FTC to obtain the proposed monetary relief and penalties. We will continue to engage in good faith with the FTC and seek to resolve this matter prior to litigation, but we are prepared to defend ourselves vigorously if a complaint is filed.
We believe that our expected near-term revenue, cash on hand and availability to access cash available under the 2021 Credit Facilities will be sufficient to meet our projected operating and debt service requirements, and we expect that we will continue to comply with our financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Facilities, for at least the next twelve months. To the extent that our current liquidity is insufficient to fund future activities or any amounts we agree to pay in settlement of the FTC's claims, or our financial results are below our expectations due to cyclical conditions in our primary vertical markets or other factors and we do not remain in compliance with our financial covenants under the 2021 Credit Facilities, we may need to take additional actions to reduce operating costs, negotiate amendments to or waivers of the terms of such credit facilities, refinance our debt, or raise additional capital. We have historically not used funds available under our credit facilities to fund our operations or to make payments required under our credit facilities.
We may in the future engage in merger and acquisition or other activities, including share repurchases, that could require us to draw on our existing credit facilities or raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or through debt financing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the ownership of our existing stockholders will be diluted. The incurrence of additional debt financing would result in debt service obligations, and any future instruments governing such debt could provide for operating and financing covenants that could restrict our operations. Our material cash requirements include our long-term debt, operating lease obligations, and any payments under the TRA.
Cash Flows
The following table presents a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the dollar and percentage changes between the periods:
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(dollars in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | $ |  | % |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 31,343 |  |  | $ | 16,406 |  |  | 109.8 | % |  | $ | 14,937 |
Net cash (used in) investing activities |  | $ | (607) |  |  | $ | (547) |  |  | 911.7 | % |  | $ | (60) |
Net cash (used in) financing activities |  | $ | (15,703) |  |  | $ | (1,480) |  |  | 10.4 | % |  | $ | (14,223) |

Operating activities
Cash flows provided by operating activities were $31.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with $14.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due primarily to the increase in net income and an increase in net working capital due to the increase in our accounts receivable as a result of higher revenue and the timing of payments of our accounts payable.
Investing activities
Cash flows used in investing activities were $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase resulted primarily from the purchase of certain intangible assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Financing activities
Cash flows used in financing activities were $15.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, compared with $14.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increase was due primarily to a required Excess Cash Flow principal payment on the 2021 Term Loan Facility during the nine months ended September 30, 2024, offset in part by higher payments made pursuant to the TRA and distributions to non-controlling interests during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.
Senior secured credit facilities
2021 Credit Facilities
On July 29, 2021, QuoteLab, LLC entered into an amendment (the “First Amendment”) to the 2020 Credit Agreement (as amended by the First Amendment, the "Existing Credit Agreement"). The Existing Credit Agreement provides for a new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $190.0 million (the “2021 Term Loan Facility”), the proceeds of which were used to refinance all of the $186.4 million outstanding under the existing 2020 Term Loan Facility and the unpaid interest thereon as of the date of the First Amendment, to pay fees related to these transactions, and to provide cash for general corporate purposes, and a new senior secured revolving credit facility with commitments in an aggregate amount of $50.0 million (the “2021 Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the 2021 Term Loan Facility, the "2021 Credit Facilities"), which replaced the 2020 Revolving Credit Facility. Our obligations under the 2021 Credit Facilities are guaranteed by QLH and secured by substantially all assets of QLH and QuoteLab, LLC.
On June 8, 2023, the Company entered into a Second Amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the Existing Credit Agreement, (as amended by the Second Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). The Second Amendment amended the Existing Credit Agreement, effective on the amendment date, to, among other things, replace the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) applicable to the 2021 Credit Facilities with the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), with a credit spread adjustment of 0.10% per annum, as the interest rate benchmark.
Borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate equal to, at our option, the Term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR, plus an applicable margin, with a floor of 0.00%, or a base rate plus an applicable margin. The applicable margins will be based on our consolidated total net leverage ratio as calculated under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement (the “Leverage Ratio”) for the prior fiscal quarter and range from 2.00% to 2.75% with respect to the Term SOFR or Daily Simple SOFR and from 1.00% to 1.75% with respect to the base rate.
Loans under the 2021 Credit Facilities will mature on July 29, 2026. Loans under the 2021 Term Loan Facility amortize quarterly, beginning with the first business day after December 31, 2021 and ending with June 30, 2026, by an amount equal to 1.25% of the aggregate outstanding principal amount of the term loans initially made. In addition, the 2021 Term Loan Facility also requires mandatory prepayments of principal in the amount of any Excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Amended
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Credit Agreement) on an annual basis. We generated Excess Cash Flow for the year ended December 31, 2023, and prepaid approximately $3.0 million of the principal under the 2021 Term Loan Facility during the three months ended June 30, 2024. The 2021 Revolving Credit Facility does not require amortization of principal and will mature on July 29, 2026.
As of September 30, 2024, we had $159.7 million of outstanding borrowings, net of deferred debt issuance costs of $1.2 million, under the 2021 Term Loan Facility, and $5.0 million of borrowings outstanding under the 2021 Revolving Credit Facility.
Tax receivables agreement
Our purchases (through Intermediate Holdco) of Class B-1 units from certain unitholders in connection with the IPO, as well as exchanges of Class B-1 units subsequent to the IPO (together with an equal number of shares of our Class B common stock) for shares of our Class A common stock (or, at our election, cash of an equivalent value) ("Exchange"), and the Pre-IPO Leveraged Distribution and other actual or deemed distributions by QLH to its members pursuant to the Exchange Agreement, have resulted and are expected to continue to result in increases in our allocable tax basis in the assets of QLH. These increases in tax basis are expected to increase (for tax purposes) depreciation and amortization deductions allocable to us and, therefore, reduce the amount of tax that we otherwise would be required to pay in the future. This increase in tax basis may also decrease gain (or increase loss) on future dispositions of certain assets to the extent tax basis is allocated to those assets.
In connection with the IPO, we entered into the TRA, as amended, with Insignia, the Senior Executives, and White Mountains related to the tax basis step-up of the assets of QLH and certain net operating losses of Intermediate Holdco. The agreement requires us to pay Insignia and the Senior Executives or any assignees 85% of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax we realize (or are deemed to realize) as a result of (i) any increases in tax basis of assets of QLH resulting from any Exchange, and (ii) certain other tax benefits related to making our payments under the TRA. The TRA also requires us to pay White Mountains 85% of the amount of the cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we realize (or are deemed to realize) as a result of the utilization of the net operating losses of Intermediate Holdco attributable to periods prior to the IPO and the deduction of any imputed interest attributable to our payment obligations under the TRA. We amended the TRA on October 1, 2023 to, among other things, provide for use of a blended state tax rate and replace the LIBOR with the SOFR as the interest rate benchmark.
In addition to tax expenses, we may also make payments under the TRA, which could be significant. We account for the income tax effects and corresponding TRA effects resulting from any Exchange by recognizing an increase in our deferred tax assets, based on enacted tax rates at the date of the Exchange. We evaluate the likelihood that we will realize the benefit represented by the deferred tax asset and, to the extent that we estimate that it is more likely than not that we will not realize the benefit, we will reduce the carrying amount of the deferred tax asset with a valuation allowance. The amounts to be recorded for both the deferred tax assets and the liability for our obligations under the TRA are estimated at the time of any purchase or exchange as a reduction to stockholders’ equity, and the effects of changes in any of our estimates after this date will be included in net income (loss). Similarly, the effect of subsequent changes in the enacted tax rates will be included in net income (loss). Judgment is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our consolidated financial statements. A change in our assessment of such consequences, such as realization of deferred tax assets, changes in our assessment of probability of making payments under the TRA, changes in blended tax rates, changes in tax laws or interpretations thereof could materially impact our results. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had no payments due pursuant to the TRA, as in conjunction with recording a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets and projections of future taxable income we determined that we do not consider the payments under the TRA to be probable for the foreseeable future, and so remeasured our liabilities pursuant to the TRA to be zero. Based on the significant improvement in our pre-tax income for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and the current forecasts, we expect that in the foreseeable future, which could be as early as the fourth quarter of 2024, there may be sufficient positive evidence, and/or that the objective negative evidence in the form of history of pre-tax losses will no longer be present, in which event we may be required to release a portion or all of the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets and also be required to record a liability pursuant to the TRA.
Recent accounting pronouncements
For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements recently adopted and not yet adopted, see Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements appearing in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Critical accounting policies and estimates
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Our critical accounting policies and estimates are included in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K and under Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and did not materially change during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
In the normal course of business, we are subject to market risks. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates.
Interest rate risk
The 2021 Credit Facilities bear interest at a variable rate. As a result, we may be exposed to fluctuations in interest rates to the extent of our outstanding borrowings under the 2021 Credit Facilities. A hypothetical 1.0% increase or decrease in the interest rate associated with the 2021 Credit Facilities would have resulted in a $1.3 million impact on interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2024.
Concentrations of credit risk and of significant demand and supply partners
Financial instruments that potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. We maintain cash balances that can, at times, exceed amounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. We have not experienced any losses in these accounts and believe we are not exposed to unusual risk beyond the normal credit risk in this area based on the financial strength of the institutions with which we maintain our deposits.
Our accounts receivable, which are unsecured, may expose us to credit risk based on their collectability. We control credit risk by investigating the creditworthiness of all customers prior to establishing relationships with them, performing periodic reviews of the credit activities of those customers during the course of the business relationship, regularly analyzing the collectability of accounts receivable, and recording allowances for credit losses. Our supplier concentration can also expose us to business risks.
Customer and supplier concentrations consisted of the below:

| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total |  | Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total
Revenue | 2 |  | $ | 130 |  | 50 | % |  | — |  | $ | — |  | — | %
Purchases | 2 |  | $ | 48 |  | 22 | % |  | 1 | $ | 9 |  | 14 | %

| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total |  | Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total
Revenue | 2 |  | $ | 227 |  | 40 | % |  | — | $ | — |  | — | %
Purchases | — |  | $ | — |  | — | % |  | 1 | $ | 26 |  | 12 | %

| As of September 30, 2024 |  | As of December 31, 2023
| Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total |  | Number of customers or suppliers exceeding 10% | Aggregate Value (in millions) | % of Total
Accounts receivable | 2 |  | $ | 66 |  | 52 | % |  | 1 | $ | 7 |  | 14 | %
Accounts payable | 3 |  | $ | 39 |  | 36 | % |  | 1 | $ | 12 |  | 21 | %

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As of September 30, 2024, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) to determine whether such disclosure controls and procedures provide reasonable assurance that information to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on their evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer have concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance as of September 30, 2024.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2024, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their cost.
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
The content of Part I, Item 1 "Financial Statements—Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements—Commitments and contingencies - Litigation and other matters" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety in this Item 1.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed under Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in the 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than certain updates to the risk factor presented below.
We are no longer a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules. However, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements during a one-year transition period.
We are no longer a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE corporate governance standards. The NYSE rules require that the nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors within one year of the date that we no longer qualify as a “controlled company.” Our nominating and corporate governance committee is not currently comprised exclusively of independent directors. We will comply with this requirement prior to the end of the transition period, but until that occurs our shareholders will not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the NYSE. Furthermore, a change in our board of directors and committee membership may result in a change in our operation philosophies and deviations from our current corporate strategy.
Operating and growing our business may require additional capital, and if capital is not available to us, our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects may suffer.
Operating and growing our business is expected to require further investments in our technology and operations. We may be presented with opportunities that we want to pursue, and unforeseen challenges may present themselves, any of which
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could cause us to require additional capital beyond our internally generated cash flows. At any given time, if our cash needs exceed our expectations or we experience rapid growth, we could experience strain in our cash flow, which could adversely affect our operations in the event we were unable to obtain other sources of liquidity. As described in “Part I Item 1—Note 5—Commitments and Contingencies—Litigation and other matters” (the “FTC Matter”), the staff of the FTC that has been investigating the Company (the “FTC Staff”) has advised that they are considering recommending that the FTC pursue claims against us in connection with our business activities in the Healthcare vertical. In the event of an adverse outcome, we may not have adequate existing resources to cover any required material monetary relief and/or civil penalties imposed in connection with the FTC Matter, and may also not be able to obtain other sources of liquidity sufficient to cover such costs.
If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing that we may secure in the future could involve debt service obligations and restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.
We may from time to time be subject to litigation, which may be extremely costly to defend, could result in substantial judgment or settlement costs or subject us to other remedies.
We have in the past and may from time to time in the future be involved in various legal proceedings, including, but not limited to, actions relating to claims of violations of laws or regulations, breach of contract, and intellectual property infringement, misappropriation or other violation. In addition to the FTC matter, there are other sources of litigation risk. For example, insurance regulators have in the past and may in the future make claims that certain of our proprietary properties, particularly in our health insurance vertical, do not comply with one or more regulations governing marketing of insurance products in that state. Claims may be expensive to defend, may divert management’s time away from our operations, and may affect the availability and premiums of our liability insurance coverage, regardless of whether they are meritorious or ultimately lead to a judgment against us. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully defend or resolve any current or future litigation matters, in which case those litigation matters could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects.
Sellers, vendors, or their respective affiliates may engage in unauthorized or unlawful acts that could subject us to significant liability or cause us to lose demand partners and revenue.
We generate a majority of our Consumer Referrals from online media that we source directly from our supply partners’ websites, as well as indirectly from the affiliates of our supply partners. We also rely on third-party call centers and email marketers. Although we require third parties with whom we contract to agree to comply with applicable law and regulation and endeavor to monitor and enforce these requirements, we ultimately cannot control the activities of third parties with whom we directly contract or who otherwise play a role in the generation, sale or purchase of our Consumer Referrals. Therefore, our programs and requirements to ensure compliance by these direct or indirect third parties may not be successful. In the past, we have identified and taken action to address instances of noncompliance with law, regulation or our code of conduct by these third parties, and while our compliance program is designed to detect, prevent and stop such noncompliance, our compliance efforts may not be successful.
Some of these third parties, vendors, and their respective affiliates are authorized to use our demand partners’ brands, subject to contractual restrictions. Any activity by suppliers, vendors, or their respective affiliates which violates the marketing guidelines of our demand partners or that our demand partners view as potentially damaging to their brands, whether or not permitted by our contracts with our demand partners, could harm our relationships and cause demand partners to terminate their relationship with us, resulting in a loss of revenue. Moreover, because we do not have a direct contractual relationship with the affiliates of our suppliers, we may not be able to monitor the compliance activity of such affiliates. If we are unable to cause our Supply Partners to monitor and enforce our Demand Partners’ contractual restrictions on such affiliates, our Demand Partners may terminate their relationships with us or decrease their customer acquisition budgets with us. In addition, we may also face liability for any failure of our suppliers, vendors or their respective affiliates to comply with regulatory requirements (including, for example, in connection with the FTC Matter).
The law is unsettled on the extent of liability that an advertiser has for the activities of sellers or vendors. Insurance regulations may impose liability on us and our Demand Partners for misrepresentations made by their marketing service providers. In addition, certain of our contracts impose liability on us, including indemnification obligations, for the acts of our sellers or vendors. We could be subject to costly litigation and, if we are unsuccessful in defending ourselves or in obtaining indemnity from our vendors, we could incur damages for the unauthorized or unlawful acts of sellers or vendors.
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The FTC Matter could have a material adverse effect on our business.
On February 21, 2023, we received a civil investigative demand from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regarding compliance with the FTC Act and the Telemarketing Sales Rule, as they relate to the advertising, marketing, promotion, offering for sale, or sale of healthcare-related products, the collection, sale, transfer or provision to third parties of consumer data, telemarketing practices, and/or consumer privacy or data security. On October 30, 2024, following our earnings call, we received an initial settlement demand from the staff of the FTC (the “FTC Staff”) stating that the FTC Staff is prepared to recommend that the FTC approve the filing of a complaint against the Company for violations of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act, the FTC’s Telemarketing Sales Rule ("TSR") and the Government and Business Impersonation Rule (the “Impersonation Rule”).
The FTC Staff alleges that, in connection with our lead generation and telemarketing activities, we have represented ourselves as affiliated with government entities, made misleading claims (in particular regarding health insurance products and our use of consumers’ personal information) and utilized deceptive advertising, in violation of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act. The FTC Staff further alleges that we have violated the Impersonation Rule in representing ourselves to be affiliated with government entities and the TSR in connection with telemarketing activities.
The FTC Staff proposes to seek injunctive and monetary relief and civil penalties. If obtained in whole or in part, the monetary relief and penalties proposed by the FTC Staff would have an adverse, and potentially material, effect on our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The total amount of these proposed items significantly exceeds our existing liquidity and financial resources. Any such costs above our existing resources would require the Company to seek additional capital, incur debt or otherwise take significant actions in order to satisfy the claims, and there can be no assurances that such financing could be obtained on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, the proposed injunctive terms, if obtained in whole or in part, could adversely, and potentially materially, affect our ability to operate business in our Health insurance vertical, including by restricting how we conduct our marketing activities and by requiring enhancements to our compliance program.
Changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection or the protection or transfer of personal data could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects.
We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local, and international laws, directives, and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to privacy and the collection, protection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of personal information and other data, including the California Online Privacy Protection Act, the California Consumer Privacy Act (the “CCPA”), the California Privacy Rights Act (the “CPRA”) and other state privacy laws, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act (the “CAN-SPAM Act”), Canada’s Anti-Spam Law, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (the “TCPA”), the U.S. Federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), Section 5(c) of the Federal Trade Commission Act, the TSR, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, supplemented by national laws (such as, in the United Kingdom, the Data Protection Act 2018) and further implemented through binding guidance from the European Data Protection Board. These laws, rules and regulations evolve frequently and their scope may continually change, through new, or amendments to existing, legislation or regulations and changes in enforcement, and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. As a result, implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. Although we endeavor to comply with our published policies and documentation and ensure their compliance with current laws, rules and regulations, we (and other parties with whom we do business) may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. The publication of our privacy policy and other documentation that provide promises and assurances about privacy and security can subject us to potential state and federal action in the U.S. if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Any failure by us or other parties with whom we do business to comply with this documentation or with federal, state, local or international regulations could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, private parties or others (including, without limitation, the FTC Matter, where the FTC Staff has alleged that certain of our conduct and business practices violate Section 5(a) of the FTC Act and the TSR). In many jurisdictions, enforcement actions and consequences for non-compliance are rising.
In the U.S., these include enforcement actions in response to rules and regulations promulgated under the authority of federal agencies and state attorneys general and legislatures and consumer protection agencies. A number of federal and state laws and regulations relating to privacy affect and apply to the insurance industry specifically, including those imposed by the New York Department of Financial Services. In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have proposed and may propose new and different self-regulatory standards that either legally or contractually apply to us. If we fail to follow these security standards even if no customer information is compromised, we may incur significant fines or experience a significant increase in costs.
Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data security and privacy legal framework with which we or our customers must comply, including, but not limited to the EU. Complying with these
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regulations may cause us to incur substantial operational costs or require us to change our business practices. Despite our efforts, we may not be successful in our efforts to achieve compliance either due to internal or external factors such as resource allocation limitations or a lack of vendor cooperation. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities, customers, data subjects or others. We may also experience difficulty retaining or obtaining new European or multi-national customers due to the legal requirements, compliance cost, potential risk exposure, and uncertainty for these entities, and we may experience significantly increased liability with respect to these customers pursuant to the terms set forth in our engagements with them.
Domestic laws in this area are also complex and developing rapidly. Many state legislatures have adopted or are currently considering legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy, data security, and data breaches. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to customers whose personally identifiable information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly. States are also frequently amending existing laws, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements. For example, the CCPA, among other things, requires new disclosures to California consumers and affords such consumers new abilities to access and delete their personal information, opt-out of certain sales of personal information and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per violation, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase the frequency of data breach litigation. While the CCPA has already been amended multiple times, it is unclear how this legislation will be further modified or how it will be interpreted. The effects of this legislation potentially are far-reaching, however, and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial compliance-related costs and expenses. Additionally, the CPRA, which became effective in most material respects on January 1, 2023, modifies the CCPA significantly, including by expanding consumers’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information and creating a new state agency to oversee implementation and enforcement efforts, which may result in further uncertainty and require us to incur additional costs and expenses in an effort to comply. The CCPA, CPRA and other changes in laws or regulations relating to privacy, data protection and information security, particularly any new or modified laws or regulations that require enhanced protection of certain types of data or new obligations with regard to data retention, transfer or disclosure, could greatly increase the cost of providing our offerings, require significant changes to our operations or even prevent us from providing certain offerings in jurisdictions in which we currently operate and in which we may operate in the future.
Further, as we continue to expand our platform offerings and user base, we may become subject to additional privacy-related laws and regulations. For example, the collection and storage of healthcare data by health insurance carriers subject them to compliance requirements under HIPAA. HIPAA and its implementing regulations contain substantial restrictions and requirements regarding the use, collection, security, storage, and disclosure of individuals’ protected health information. In 2009, HIPAA was amended by the HITECH Act to impose certain of HIPAA’s privacy and security requirements directly upon business associates of covered entities. Health insurance carriers are covered entities under HIPAA. In the event we are deemed to be a business associate of such carriers, we may be bound by compliance obligations under HIPAA, including security breach notification obligations, and subject to increased liability as a possible liable party. In such instance, if we knowingly breach the HITECH Act’s requirements, we could be exposed to criminal liability. A breach of our safeguards and processes could expose us to civil penalties up to $1.5 million for identical incidences and the possibility of civil litigation.
Additionally, we have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant expenses in an effort to comply with privacy, data protection and information security standards and protocols imposed by law, regulation, industry standards or contractual obligations. Despite our efforts to comply with applicable laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security, it is possible that our practices, offerings or platform could be inconsistent with, or fail or be alleged to fail to meet all requirements of, such laws, regulations or obligations. Our failure, or the failure by our third-party providers or partners, to comply with applicable laws or regulations or any other obligations relating to privacy, data protection or information security, or any compromise of security that results in unauthorized access to, or use or release of personally identifiable information or other data, or the perception that any of the foregoing types of failure or compromise has occurred, could damage our reputation, discourage new and existing partners from using our platform, delay planned uses, and disclosures of data or result in fines or proceedings by governmental agencies and private claims and litigation, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects. Even if not subject to legal challenge, the perception of privacy concerns, whether or not valid, may harm our reputation and brand and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects.
Our and our partners’ communications with potential and existing consumers are subject to laws regulating telephone and email marketing practices.
We and our partners make telephone calls and send emails and text messages to potential and existing consumers, which are subject to various state and federal laws regulating telemarketing communications (including SMS or text messaging), including the TCPA and TSR. In connection with the FTC Matter, the staff of the FTC has alleged that we have violated the TSR.
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The TCPA prohibits companies from making telemarketing calls using an automated telephone dialing system (ATDS) or artificial or prerecorded voice technology (collectively, “robocalls”), or to numbers listed in the Federal Do-Not-Call Registry, and imposes other obligations and limitations on making phone calls and sending text messages to consumers, in either case without the prior consent of the consumer. The TSR prohibits robocalls unless the caller has obtained prior express written consent directly from the consumer following clear and conspicuous disclosure. The CAN-SPAM Act regulates commercial email messages and specifies penalties for the transmission of commercial email messages that do not comply with certain requirements, such as providing an opt-out mechanism for stopping future emails from senders. Failure of our partners to comply with these and similar laws, rules and regulations may subject us to claims by regulatory authorities and/or private plaintiffs. However, because our Supply Partners may acquire Consumer Referrals from third-party suppliers, and our Demand Partners may resell Consumer Referrals to third-party advertisers, with whom we do not have direct contractual relationships, we may not be able to monitor their compliance activity effectively. Our failure to comply with obligations and restrictions related to telephone, text message, and email marketing, or similar failures by our Supply Partners or Demand Partners (or third parties with whom they work), could subject us and them to lawsuits, fines, statutory damages, consent decrees, injunctions, adverse publicity, and other losses that could harm, directly or indirectly, our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects.
The laws and regulations governing the use of emails and telephone calls for marketing purposes continue to evolve, and changes in technology, the industry, regulatory priorities or consumer preferences may lead to the adoption of additional laws or regulations or changes in the manner in which existing laws and regulations are interpreted or enforced, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.
For example, in 2023 the FTC started taking a new position (in public statements and enforcement actions) that consent to receive robocalls under the TSR must be received directly from the consumer, rather than through a third party such as a lead generator, and it appears that the staff of the FTC continues to assert this position in relation to the FTC Matter. In addition, in December 2023, the FCC adopted new rules which, among other things, amend the consent requirements of the TCPA to require that prior express written consent to receive robocalls made for telemarketing purposes may only be given to one caller at a time, and that such robocalls be “logically and topically associated” with the interaction that prompted the consent. The new rules will be effective starting January 27, 2025, and will further restrict our and our partners’ ability to contact potential and existing consumers by phone and text, as well as subject us and our partners to increased costs, technological compliance challenges and additional legal risks, including potential liabilities or claims relating to compliance. This may have an adverse impact on the demand for leads and calls by Demand Partners and the ability of Supply Partners to generate such leads on a cost-effective basis. A reduction in the volume of leads and calls supplied to our marketplaces, or a reduction in the ability of our owned and operated lead generation websites to generate such leads and calls profitably, could harm our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects. In addition, the new rules could increase the risk of claims made against us or our partners by private plaintiffs alleging violations of the TCPA, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results, cash flows, and prospects.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table provides information about the Company's share repurchase activity for the three months ended September 30, 2024:

2024 |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased (1) |  | Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit) |  | Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs |  | Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
July 1 through July 31 |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
August 1 through August 31 |  | 88,376 |  |  | $ | 16.97 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
September 1 through September 30 |  | 707 |  |  | $ | 17.52 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A
Total |  | 89,083 |  |  | $ | 16.97 |  |  | N/A |  | N/A

(1)These shares of Class A Common Stock were withheld to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units issued to employees of the Company. The Company withheld these shares at their fair market values based upon the prices of our Class A Common Shares on NYSE on the purchase dates.
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Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
During the three months ended September 30, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted/modified and/or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K of the Exchange Act.
Item 6. Exhibits

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date
3.1 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 17, 2024. |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 3.1 |  | May 20, 2024
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of MediaAlpha, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 3.1 |  | November 2, 2020
3.3 |  | Amended and Restated By-Laws of MediaAlpha, Inc. |  | 8-K |  | 001-39671 |  | 3.1 |  | December 2, 2022
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
32.1** |  | Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 USC. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (Embedded with the Inline XBRL document) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
* Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith. This exhibit should not be deemed to be "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| MEDIAALPHA, INC.
Date: | November 4, 2024 | /s/ Patrick R. Thompson
|  | Patrick R. Thompson
|  | Chief Financial Officer & Treasurer

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