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Other Investments | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2019
Investments, All Other Investments [Abstract] |
Other Investments | Other Investments Other investments at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized in the following table. Table 10.1 – Components of Other Investments
(In Thousands) |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Servicer advance investments |  | $ | 222,591 |  |  | $ | 300,468 |
Mortgage servicing rights |  | 39,837 |  |  | 60,281 |
Excess MSRs |  | 32,937 |  |  | 27,312 |
Investment in multifamily loan fund |  | 32,158 |  |  | — |
Shared home appreciation options |  | 11,372 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 8,812 |  |  | — |
Participation in loan warehouse facility |  | — |  |  | 39,703 |
Investment in 5 Arches |  | — |  |  | 10,754 |
Total Other Investments |  | $ | 347,707 |  |  | $ | 438,518 |
Servicer advance investments In 2018, we and a third-party co-investor, through two partnerships (“SA Buyers”) consolidated by us, purchased the outstanding servicer advances and excess MSRs related to a portfolio of legacy residential mortgage-backed securitizations serviced by the co-investor (See Note 4 for additional information regarding the transaction). At September 30, 2019, we had funded $71 million of total capital to the SA Buyers (see Note 16 for additional detail). Our servicer advance investments (owned by the consolidated SA Buyers) are comprised of outstanding servicer advance receivables, the requirement to purchase all future servicer advances made with respect to a specified pool of residential mortgage loans, and a portion of the mortgage servicing fees from the underlying loan pool. A portion of the remaining mortgage servicing fees from the underlying loan pool are paid directly to the third-party servicer for the performance of servicing duties and a portion is paid to excess MSRs that we own as a separate investment. We hold our servicer advance investments at our taxable REIT subsidiary. Servicer advances are non-interest bearing and are a customary feature of residential mortgage securitization transactions. Servicer advances are generally reimbursable cash payments made by a servicer when the borrower fails to make scheduled payments due on a residential mortgage loan or to support the value of the collateral property. Servicer advances typically fall into three categories:
• | Principal and Interest Advances: cash payments made by the servicer to cover scheduled principal and interest payments on a residential mortgage loan that have not been paid on a timely basis by the borrower.
• | Escrow Advances (Taxes and Insurance Advances): Cash payments made by the servicer to third parties on behalf of the borrower for real estate taxes and insurance premiums on the property that have not been paid on a timely basis by the borrower.
• | Corporate Advances: Cash payments made by the servicer to third parties for the reimbursable costs and expenses incurred in connection with the foreclosure, preservation and sale of the mortgaged property, including attorneys’ and other professional fees.
Servicer advances are generally permitted to be repaid from amounts received with respect to the related residential mortgage loan, including payments from the borrower or amounts received from the liquidation of the property securing the loan. Residential mortgage servicing agreements generally require a servicer to make advances in respect of serviced residential mortgage loans unless the servicer determines in good faith that the advance would not be ultimately recoverable from the proceeds of the related residential mortgage loan or the mortgaged property. At September 30, 2019, our servicer advance investments had a carrying value of $223 million and were associated with a portfolio of residential mortgage loans with an unpaid principal balance of $8.38 billion. The outstanding servicer advance receivables associated with this investment were $205 million at September 30, 2019, which were financed with short-term non-recourse securitization debt (see Note 13 for additional detail on this debt). The servicer advance receivables were comprised of the following types of advances at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018: Table 10.2 – Components of Servicer Advance Receivables
(In Thousands) |  | September 30, 2019 |  | December 31, 2018
Principal and interest advances |  | $ | 54,670 |  |  | $ | 144,336 |
Escrow advances (taxes and insurance advances) |  | 99,227 |  |  | 94,828 |
Corporate advances |  | 51,049 |  |  | 47,614 |
Total Servicer Advance Receivables |  | $ | 204,946 |  |  | $ | 286,778 |
We account for our servicer advance investments at fair value and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded $3 million and $9 million of interest income associated with these investments, respectively, and recorded net market valuation gain s of $2 million and $3 million, respectively, through Investment fair value changes, net in our consolidated statements of income. Mortgage Servicing Rights We invest in mortgage servicing rights associated with residential mortgage loans and contract with licensed sub-servicers to perform all servicing functions for these loans. The majority of our investments in MSRs were made through the retention of servicing rights associated with the residential jumbo mortgage loans that we acquired and subsequently transferred to third parties. We hold our MSR investments at our taxable REIT subsidiary. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our MSRs had a fair value of $40 million and $60 million, respectively, and were associated with loans with an aggregate principal balance of $4.61 billion and $4.93 billion, respectively. The following table presents activity for MSRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Table 10.3 – Activity for MSRs
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 47,396 |  |  | $ | 64,674 |  |  | $ | 60,281 |  |  | $ | 63,598 |
Additions |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 868 |  |  | — |
Sales |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,077 | )
Changes in fair value due to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in assumptions (1) |  | (5,150 | ) |  | 1,099 |  |  | (15,291 | ) |  | 6,388 |
Other changes (2) |  | (2,409 | ) |  | (1,988 | ) |  | (6,021 | ) |  | (5,124 | )
Balance at End of Period |  | $ | 39,837 |  |  | $ | 63,785 |  |  | $ | 39,837 |  |  | $ | 63,785 |
(1) | Primarily reflects changes in prepayment assumptions due to changes in market interest rates.
(2) | Represents changes due to the realization of expected cash flows.
The following table presents the components of our MSR income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018. Table 10.4 – Components of MSR Income, net
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands) |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Servicing income |  | $ | 3,850 |  |  | $ | 4,004 |  |  | $ | 11,310 |  |  | $ | 11,601 |
Cost of sub-servicer |  | (319 | ) |  | (324 | ) |  | (1,090 | ) |  | (1,254 | )
Net servicing fee income |  | 3,531 |  |  | 3,680 |  |  | 10,220 |  |  | 10,347 |
Market valuation changes of MSRs |  | (7,489 | ) |  | (823 | ) |  | (21,243 | ) |  | 1,324 |
Market valuation changes of associated derivatives |  | 4,389 |  |  | (890 | ) |  | 13,157 |  |  | (7,151 | )
MSR reversal of provision for repurchases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 208 |  |  | 277 |
MSR Income, Net (1) |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 1,967 |  |  | $ | 2,342 |  |  | $ | 4,797 |
(1) | MSR income, net is included in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.
Excess MSRs In association with our servicer advance investments described above, in the fourth quarter of 2018, we (through our consolidated SA Buyers) also invested in excess MSRs associated with the same portfolio of legacy residential mortgage-backed securitizations. Additionally, beginning in 2018, we invested in excess MSRs associated with specified pools of multifamily loans. We account for our excess MSRs at fair value and during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recognized $2 million and $6 million of interest income, respectively, through Other interest income, and recorded net market valuation loss es of $2 million and $2 million, respectively, through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Investment in Multifamily Loan Fund In January 2019, we invested in a limited partnership created to acquire floating rate, light-renovation multifamily loans from Freddie Mac. We committed to fund an aggregate of $78 million to the partnership, and have funded approximately $33 million at September 30, 2019. Freddie Mac is providing a debt facility to finance loans purchased by the partnership. After the partnership's acquisitions have reached a specific threshold, the partnership and Freddie Mac may agree to include the related loans in a Freddie Mac-sponsored securitization and the limited partners may acquire the subordinate securities issued in any such securitization. We account for our ownership interest in this partnership using the equity method of accounting as we are able to exert significant influence over but do not control the activities of the investee. At September 30, 2019, the carrying amount of our investment in the partnership was $32 million. We have elected to record our share of earnings or losses from this investment on a one-quarter lag. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we recorded $1 million and $0.5 million of income, respectively, associated with this investment in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income. Shared Home Appreciation Options In the third quarter of 2019, we entered into a flow purchase agreement to acquire shared home appreciation options. The counterparty purchases an option to buy a fractional interest in a homeowner's ownership interest in his or her real property, and subsequently the counterparty sells the option contract to us. Pursuant to the terms of the option contract, we are able to share in both home price appreciation and depreciation. At September 30, 2019, we had acquired $11 million of shared home appreciation options under this flow purchase agreement and had an outstanding commitment to fund up to an additional $39 million under this agreement. Participation in Loan Warehouse Facility In the second quarter of 2018, we invested in a subordinated participation in a revolving mortgage loan warehouse credit facility of one of our loan sellers. We accounted for this subordinated participation interest as a loan receivable at amortized cost, and all associated interest income was recorded as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income. During the first quarter of 2019, our agreement associated with this investment was terminated and the balance outstanding under this agreement was repaid. Investment in 5 Arches In May 2018, we acquired a 20% minority interest in 5 Arches for $10 million, which included a one-year option to purchase all remaining equity in the company for a combination of cash and stock totaling $40 million. In March 2019, we closed on our option to acquire the remaining 80% interest in 5 Arches. See Note 2 for discussion of this acquisition. During 2018 and through February 28, 2019, we accounted for our minority ownership interest in 5 Arches using the equity method of accounting as we were able to exert significant influence over but did not control the activities of the investee. During the period from January 1, 2019 to February 28, 2019, we recorded $0.3 million of gross income associated with this investment and, including amortization of certain intangible assets, recorded $0.1 million of net earnings in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.

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