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Real Estate Securities | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2020
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract] |
Real Estate Securities | Real Estate Securities We invest in real estate securities that we acquire from third parties or create and retain from our Sequoia securitizations. The following table presents the fair values of our real estate securities by type at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Table 9.1 – Fair Values of Real Estate Securities by Type
(In Thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Trading |  | $ | 164,219 |  |  | $ | 860,540 |
Available-for-sale |  | 129,243 |  |  | 239,334 |
Total Real Estate Securities |  | $ | 293,462 |  |  | $ | 1,099,874 |
Our real estate securities include mortgage-backed securities, which are presented in accordance with their general position within a securitization structure based on their rights to cash flows. Senior securities are those interests in a securitization that generally have the first right to cash flows and are last in line to absorb losses. Mezzanine securities are interests that are generally subordinate to senior securities in their rights to receive cash flows, and have subordinate securities below them that are first to absorb losses. Many of our mezzanine classified securities were initially rated AA through BBB- and issued in 2012 or later. Subordinate securities are all interests below mezzanine. Excluding our re-performing loan securities, nearly all of our residential securities are supported by collateral that was designated as prime at the time of issuance. Trading Securities The following table presents the fair value of trading securities by position and collateral type at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Table 9.2 – Trading Securities by Position
(In Thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Senior |  | $ | 39,559 |  |  | $ | 150,067 |
Mezzanine |  | 53,781 |  |  | 538,489 |
Subordinate |  | 70,879 |  |  | 171,984 |
Total Trading Securities |  | $ | 164,219 |  |  | $ | 860,540 |
We elected the fair value option for certain securities and classify them as trading securities. Our trading securities include both residential and multifamily mortgage-backed securities, and our residential securities also include securities backed by re-performing loans ("RPL"). At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our senior trading securities included $40 million and $64 million of interest-only securities, respectively, for which there is no principal balance, and the unpaid principal balance of our remaining senior trading securities was zero and $84 million, respectively. Our interest-only securities included $19 million and $36 million of A-IO-S securities at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which are securities we retained from certain of our Sequoia securitizations that represent certificated servicing strips. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our senior trading securities included $13 million and $55 million of RPL securities, respectively. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our mezzanine trading securities had an unpaid principal balance of $69 million and $537 million, respectively. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value of our mezzanine securities was $54 million and $538 million, respectively, and included $28 million and $39 million of Sequoia securities, respectively, zero and $395 million of multifamily securities, respectively, and $26 million and $104 million of other third-party residential securities, respectively, including $5 million and $30 million of RPL securities, respectively. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our subordinate trading securities had an unpaid principal balance of $283 million and $302 million, respectively. At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value of our subordinate securities was $71 million and $172 million, respectively, and included $20 million and $90 million, respectively, of Agency residential mortgage credit risk transfer (or "CRT") securities, $47 million and $82 million, respectively, of other third-party residential securities, including $44 million and $76 million of RPL securities, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we acquired $56 million and $154 million (principal balance), respectively, of securities for which we elected the fair value option and classified as trading, and sold $619 million and $29 million, respectively, of such securities. During the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, we recorded a net market valuation loss of $263 million and a net market valuation gain of $22 million, respectively, on trading securities, included in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss). AFS Securities The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale securities by position and collateral type at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Table 9.3 – Available-for-Sale Securities by Position
(In Thousands) |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Senior |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,792 |
Mezzanine |  | — |  |  | 13,687 |
Subordinate |  | 129,243 |  |  | 199,855 |
Total AFS Securities |  | $ | 129,243 |  |  | $ | 239,334 |
At March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our available-for-sale securities were comprised of $106 million and $230 million of residential mortgage-backed securities, respectively, and $23 million and $9 million of multifamily mortgage-backed securities, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, we purchased $31 million and $5 million of AFS securities, respectively, and sold $46 million and $42 million of AFS securities, respectively, which resulted in net realized gains of $4 million and $7 million, respectively. We often purchase AFS securities at a discount to their outstanding principal balances. To the extent we purchase an AFS security that has a likelihood of incurring a loss, we do not amortize into income the portion of the purchase discount that we do not expect to collect due to the inherent credit risk of the security. We may also expense a portion of our investment in the security to the extent we believe that principal losses will exceed the purchase discount. We designate any amount of unpaid principal balance that we do not expect to receive and thus do not expect to earn or recover as a credit reserve on the security. Any remaining net unamortized discounts or premiums on the security are amortized into income over time using the effective yield method. At March 31, 2020, we had $20 million of AFS securities with contractual maturities less than five years, $2 million with contractual maturities greater than five years but less than ten years, and the remainder of our AFS securities had contractual maturities greater than ten years. The following table presents the components of carrying value (which equals fair value) of AFS securities at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Table 9.4 – Carrying Value of AFS Securities
March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In Thousands) |  | Senior |  | Mezzanine |  | Subordinate |  | Total
Principal balance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 280,024 |  |  | $ | 280,024 |
Credit reserve |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (37,717 | ) |  | (37,717 | )
Unamortized discount, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (109,538 | ) |  | (109,538 | )
Amortized cost |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132,769 |  |  | 132,769 |
Gross unrealized gains |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,315 |  |  | 22,315 |
Gross unrealized losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (24,316 | ) |  | (24,316 | )
Allowance for credit losses |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,525 | ) |  | (1,525 | )
Carrying Value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 129,243 |  |  | $ | 129,243 |
December 31, 2019 |  |  |  |  |  |
(In Thousands) |  | Senior |  | Mezzanine |  | Subordinate |  | Total
Principal balance |  | $ | 26,331 |  |  | $ | 13,512 |  |  | $ | 264,234 |  |  | $ | 304,077 |
Credit reserve |  | (533 | ) |  | — |  |  | (32,407 | ) |  | (32,940 | )
Unamortized discount, net |  | (10,427 | ) |  | (527 | ) |  | (113,301 | ) |  | (124,255 | )
Amortized cost |  | 15,371 |  |  | 12,985 |  |  | 118,526 |  |  | 146,882 |
Gross unrealized gains |  | 10,450 |  |  | 702 |  |  | 81,329 |  |  | 92,481 |
Gross unrealized losses |  | (29 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29 | )
Carrying Value |  | $ | 25,792 |  |  | $ | 13,687 |  |  | $ | 199,855 |  |  | $ | 239,334 |
The following table presents the changes for the three months ended March 31, 2020, in unamortized discount and designated credit reserves on AFS securities. Table 9.5 – Changes in Unamortized Discount and Designated Credit Reserves on AFS Securities
|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
|  | Credit Reserve |  | Unamortized Discount, Net
(In Thousands) |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 32,940 |  |  | $ | 124,255 |
Amortization of net discount |  | — |  |  | (1,754 | )
Realized credit losses |  | (519 | ) |  | — |
Acquisitions |  | 5,184 |  |  | 777 |
Sales, calls, other |  | (206 | ) |  | (13,422 | )
(Release of) transfers to credit reserves, net |  | 318 |  |  | (318 | )
Ending Balance |  | $ | 37,717 |  |  | $ | 109,538 |
AFS Securities with Unrealized Losses The following table presents the components comprising the total carrying value of AFS securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Table 9.6 – Components of Fair Value of AFS Securities by Holding Periods
|  | Less Than 12 Consecutive Months |  | 12 Consecutive Months or Longer
|  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
(In Thousands) |  |  |  |  |  |
March 31, 2020 |  | $ | 97,730 |  |  | $ | (24,316 | ) |  | $ | 71,889 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2019 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,830 |  |  | (29 | ) |  | 5,801 |
At March 31, 2020, after giving effect to purchases, sales, and extinguishment due to credit losses, our consolidated balance sheet included 100 AFS securities, of which 57 were in an unrealized loss position and zero were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. At December 31, 2019, our consolidated balance sheet included 107 AFS securities, of which one was in an unrealized loss position and one was in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. Evaluating AFS Securities for Credit Losses Gross unrealized losses on our AFS securities were $24 million at March 31, 2020. Pursuant to our adoption of ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" in the first quarter of 2020, we evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is credit-related (resulting in an allowance for credit losses recorded in earnings) or non-credit-related (resulting in an unrealized loss through other comprehensive income). At March 31, 2020, we did not intend to sell any of our AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity. We review our AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position to identify those securities with losses based on an assessment of changes in expected cash flows for such securities, which considers recent security performance and expected future performance of the underlying collateral. At March 31, 2020, our allowance for credit losses related to our AFS securities was $2 million. AFS securities for which an allowance is recognized have experienced, or are expected to experience, credit-related adverse cash flow changes. In determining our estimate of cash flows for AFS securities we may consider factors such as structural credit enhancement, past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, which are informed by prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, percentage of non-performing loans, FICO scores at loan origination, year of origination, loan-to-value ratios, and geographic concentrations, as well as general market assessments. Changes in our evaluation of these factors impacted the cash flows expected to be collected at the assessment date and were used to determine if there were credit-related adverse cash flows and if so, the amount of credit related losses. Significant judgment is used in both our analysis of the expected cash flows for our AFS securities and any determination of security credit losses. The table below summarizes the weighted average of the significant credit quality indicators we used for the credit loss allowance on our AFS securities at March 31, 2020. Table 9.7 – Significant Credit Quality Indicators
March 31, 2020 |  | Subordinate Securities
Prepayment rate |  | 12%
Default rate |  | 0.5%
Loss severity |  | 20%
The following table details the activity related to the allowance for credit losses for AFS securities held at March 31, 2020. Table 9.8 – Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Losses
|  | Three Months Ended
(In Thousands) |  | March 31, 2020
Beginning balance allowance for credit losses |  | $ | — |
Transition impact from adoption of new standard |  | — |
Additions to allowance for credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded |  | 1,525 |
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration |  | — |
Reduction for securities sold during the period |  | — |
Write-offs charged against allowance |  | — |
Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  | — |
Ending balance of allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 1,525 |
Gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities are recorded as Realized gains, net, in our consolidated statements of income (loss). The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019. Table 9.9 – Gross Realized Gains and Losses on AFS Securities
|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(In Thousands) |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Gross realized gains - sales |  | $ | 7,705 |  |  | $ | 6,660 |
Gross realized gains - calls |  | — |  |  | 4,026 |
Gross realized losses - sales |  | (3,853 | ) |  | — |
Total Realized Gains on Sales and Calls of AFS Securities, net |  | $ | 3,852 |  |  | $ | 10,686 |

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