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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Carrying Values and Estimated Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value at December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Table 5.1 – Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
December 31, 2021December 31, 2020
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)
Assets
Residential loans, held-for-sale at fair value$1,845,248 $1,845,248 $176,604 $176,604 
Residential loans, held-for-investment5,747,150 5,747,150 4,072,410 4,072,410 
Business purpose loans, held-for-sale358,309 358,309 245,394 245,394 
Business purpose loans, held-for-investment4,432,680 4,432,680 3,890,959 3,890,959 
Multifamily loans473,514 473,514 492,221 492,221 
Real estate securities377,411 377,411 344,125 344,125 
Servicer advance investments (1)
350,923 350,923 231,489 231,489 
MSRs (1)
12,438 12,438 8,815 8,815 
Excess MSRs (1)
44,231 44,231 34,418 34,418 
HEIs (1)
192,740 192,740 42,440 42,440 
Other investments (1)
12,663 12,663 18,847 18,847 
Cash and cash equivalents450,485 450,485 461,260 461,260 
Restricted cash80,999 80,999 83,190 83,190 
Derivative assets26,467 26,467 53,238 53,238 
REO (2)
36,126 39,272 8,413 9,229 
Margin receivable (2)
7,269 7,269 4,758 4,758 
FHLBC stock (2)
10 10 5,000 5,000 
Pledged collateral (2)
— — 1,177 1,177 
Liabilities
Short-term debt $2,177,362 $2,177,362 $522,609 $522,609 
Margin payable (3)
24,368 24,368 — — 
Guarantee obligation (3)
7,459 7,133 10,039 7,843 
Point HEI non-controlling interest17,035 17,035 — — 
Derivative liabilities3,317 3,317 16,072 16,072 
ABS issued net
Fair value8,843,147 8,843,147 6,900,362 6,900,362 
Amortized cost410,410 410,471 200,299 204,892 
Other long-term debt, net (4)
988,483 989,570 774,726 783,570 
Convertible notes, net (4)
513,629 537,300 511,085 499,865 
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes, net (4)
138,721 97,650 138,674 80,910 
(1)These investments are included in Other investments on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)These assets are included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
(3)These liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
(4)The liabilities are included in Long-Term debt, net of our consolidated balance sheets.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis at December 31, 2021 and 2020, as well as the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs used to measure fair value.
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
December 31, 2021Carrying ValueFair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$7,592,398 $— $— $7,592,398 
Business purpose loans4,790,989 — — 4,790,989 
Multifamily loans473,514 — — 473,514 
Real estate securities377,411 — — 377,411 
Servicer advance investments350,923 — — 350,923 
MSRs12,438 — — 12,438 
Excess MSRs44,231 — — 44,231 
HEIs192,740 — — 192,740 
Other investments17,574 — — 17,574 
Derivative assets26,467 2,906 18,928 4,633 
FHLBC stock10 — 10 — 
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities$3,317 $1,563 $1,251 $503 
ABS issued8,843,147 — — 8,843,147 
December 31, 2020Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$4,249,014 $— $— $4,249,014 
Business purpose loans4,136,353 — — 4,136,353 
Multifamily loans492,221 — — 492,221 
Real estate securities344,125 — — 344,125 
Servicer advance investments231,489 — — 231,489 
MSRs8,815 — — 8,815 
Excess MSRs34,418 — — 34,418 
HEIs42,440 — — 42,440 
Derivative assets53,238 18,260 19,951 15,027 
Pledged collateral1,177 1,177 — — 
FHLBC stock5,000 — 5,000 — 
Liabilities
Derivative liabilities16,072 15,495 — 577 
ABS issued6,900,362 — — 6,900,362 
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Residential LoansBusiness
Purpose
Loans
Multifamily
Loans
Trading SecuritiesAFS
Securities
Servicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRsHEIsMSRs and Other Investments
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2020$4,249,014 $4,136,353 $492,221 $125,667 $218,458 $231,489 $34,418 $42,440 $27,662 
Acquisitions13,139,907 136,685 — 58,917 19,100 196,583 17,830 155,023 15,215 
Originations— 2,150,539 — — — — — — — 
Sales(8,449,328)(211,113)— (34,802)(4,785)— — — — 
Principal paydowns(1,360,649)(1,307,566)(7,639)(2,713)(57,953)(76,223)— (19,395)(14,751)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net16,688 (77,357)(11,068)23,550 40,735 (926)(8,017)13,774 (2,846)
Unrealized losses in OCI, net— — — — (8,763)— — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(3,234)(36,552)— — — — — 898 (179)
Ending balance - December 31, 2021$7,592,398 $4,790,989 $473,514 $170,619 $206,792 $350,923 $44,231 $192,740 $25,101 
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (continued)
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)
Point HEI Non-Controlling InterestABS
Issued
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2020$14,450 — $6,900,362 
Acquisitions— 16,639 4,202,070 
Principal paydowns— — (1,922,313)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net10,437 396 (336,972)
Other settlements, net (1)
(20,757)— — 
Ending balance - December 31, 2021$4,130 $17,035 $8,843,147 
 Assets
(In Thousands)Residential
Loans
Business Purpose LoansMultifamily LoansTrading
Securities
AFS
Securities
Servicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRs 
HEIs
MSRs and Other Investments
Beginning balance - December 31, 2019$7,714,745 $3,506,743 $4,408,524 $860,540 $239,334 $169,204 $31,814 $45,085 $67,313 
Acquisitions4,483,473 — — 108,249 57,652 179,419 10,906 3,517 450 
Originations— 1,431,251 — — — — — — — 
Sales(6,262,958)(135,800)— (603,529)(55,192)— — — — 
Principal paydowns(1,552,171)(753,026)(7,703)(8,687)(17,924)(107,527)— (4,278)(5,843)
Deconsolidations— — (3,849,779)— — — — — — 
Gains (losses) in net income, net(132,307)99,590 (58,821)(230,906)10,792 (9,607)(8,302)(1,884)(34,258)
Unrealized gains in OCI, net— — — — (16,204)— — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(1,768)(12,405)— — — — — — — 
Ending balance - December 31, 2020$4,249,014 $4,136,353 $492,221 $125,667 $218,458 $231,489 $34,418 $42,440 $27,662 
 Liabilities
(In Thousands)
Derivatives (2)
Contingent ConsiderationABS
 Issued
Beginning balance - December 31, 2019$8,860 $28,484 $10,515,475 
Acquisitions— — 1,478,589 
Principal paydowns— (13,353)(1,487,958)
Deconsolidations— — (3,706,789)
Gains (losses) in net income, net56,972 (446)101,045 
Other settlements, net (1)
(51,382)(14,685)— 
Ending balance - December 31, 2020$14,450 $— $6,900,362 
(1)     Other settlements, net for residential and business purpose loans represents the transfer of loans to REO, and for derivatives, the settlement of forward sale commitments and the transfer of the fair value of loan purchase or interest rate lock commitments at the time loans are acquired to the basis of residential and single-family rental loans. Other settlements, net for contingent consideration reflects the reclassification from a contingent liability to a deferred liability during the period due to an amendment in the underlying agreement. See Note 16 for further discussion. Other settlements, net for trading securities relates to the consolidation of Freddie Mac K-Series securitization entities.
(2)     For the purpose of this presentation, derivative assets and liabilities, which consist of loan purchase commitments, forward sale commitments, and interest rate lock commitments, are presented on a net basis.
Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held and Included in Net Income
The following table presents the portion of gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) that were attributable to Level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and held at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. Gains or losses incurred on assets or liabilities sold, matured, called, or fully written down during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 are not included in this presentation.
Table 5.4 – Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 Included in Net Income
Included in Net Income
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202120202019
Assets
Residential loans at Redwood$5,886 $1,138 $67,470 
Business purpose loans9,444 9,420 14,603 
Net investments in consolidated Sequoia entities (1)
12,455 (14,646)4,529 
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities (1)
62,124 (21,220)27,225 
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (1)
11,599 (9,309)21,430 
Net investments in consolidated CAFL SFR entities (1)
8,198 (37,062)(14,681)
Net investments in consolidated Point HEI entity (1)
614 — — 
Trading securities738 (83,327)18,865 
Available-for-sale securities— (388)— 
Servicer advance investments(926)(8,902)3,001 
MSRs629 (17,545)(11,957)
Excess MSRs(8,017)(8,302)(3,260)
HEIs at Redwood212 (1,884)842 
Loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments4,633 15,027 10,190 
Liabilities
Non-controlling interest in consolidated Point HEI entity$(396)$— $— 
Loan purchase commitments(503)$(577)$(1,290)
Contingent consideration— — (3,217)
(1)    Represents the portion of net gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) related to loans and the associated ABS issued at our consolidated securitization entities held at December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, which netted together represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs. The net gain attributable for the Point HEI entity excludes valuation change in the non-controlling interest in consolidated Point HEI entity, which is separately shown in Table 5.4 above.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Non-Recurring Basis
The following table presents information on assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2021 and 2020. This table does not include the carrying value and gains or losses associated with the asset types below that were not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Table 5.5 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
Gain (Loss) for
Year Ended
December 31, 2021Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3December 31, 2021
Assets
REO$588 $— $— $588 $(217)
Gain (Loss) for
Year Ended
December 31, 2020Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3December 31, 2020
Assets
REO$1,117 $— $— $1,117 $(157)
Market Valuation Adjustments The following table presents the net market valuation gains and losses recorded in each line item of our consolidated statements of income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.
Table 5.6 – Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202120202019
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
Residential loans held-for-sale, at fair value$73,332 $(15,477)$3,267 
Residential loan purchase and forward sale commitments10,401 56,761 60,260 
Single-family rental loans held-for-sale, at fair value63,206 82,169 15,043 
Single-family rental loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments666 341 1,961 
Bridge loans8,253 (4,998)4,518 
Trading securities (1)
(352)(4,535)— 
Risk management derivatives, net41,060 (47,779)(15,723)
Total mortgage banking activities, net (2)
$196,566 $66,482 $69,326 
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood$2,812 $(93,314)$58,891 
Single-family rental loans held-for-investment— (20,806)272 
Bridge loans held-for-investment(65)(10,629)(2,139)
Trading securities23,935 (226,196)56,046 
Servicer advance investments(925)(8,901)3,001 
Excess MSRs(8,017)(8,302)(3,260)
Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (3)
(1,558)(1,513)(1,545)
Net investments in Sequoia entities (3)
14,176 (13,244)6,947 
Net investments in Freddie Mac SLST entities (3)
62,374 (21,160)27,206 
Net investments in Freddie Mac K-Series entities (3)
11,599 (81,039)21,430 
Net investments in CAFL entities (3)
10,271 (36,754)(3,636)
Net investments in Point HEI entities (3)
218 — — 
HEIs at Redwood13,207 (1,883)— 
Other investments(366)(5,167)(544)
Risk management derivatives, net— (59,142)(127,169)
Change in allowance for credit losses on AFS securities388 (388)— 
Total investment fair value changes, net$128,049 $(588,438)$35,500 
Other Income
MSRs$(3,182)$(33,409)$(18,856)
Risk management derivatives, net— 13,966 8,595 
Gain on re-measurement of 5 Arches investment— — 2,441 
Total other income (4)
$(3,182)$(19,443)$(7,820)
Total Market Valuation (Losses) Gains, Net$321,433 $(541,399)$97,006 
(1)Represents fair value changes on trading securities that are being used along with risk management derivatives to manage the mark-to-market risks associated with our residential mortgage banking operations.
(2)Mortgage banking activities, net presented above does not include fee income from loan originations or acquisitions, provisions for repurchases expense, and other expenses that are components of Mortgage banking activities, net presented on our consolidated statements of income (loss), as these amounts do not represent market valuation changes.
(3)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs.
(4)Other income presented above does not include net MSR fee income or provisions for repurchases for MSRs, as these amounts do not represent market valuation adjustments.
Quantitative Information about Significant Unobservable Inputs Used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
December 31, 2021Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRange
Weighted
Average (1)
Assets
Residential loans, at fair value:
Jumbo fixed-rate loans$1,200,322 Prepayment rate (annual CPR)20 -20 %20 %
Whole loan spread to TBA price$2.56 -$2.56 $2.56 
Whole loan spread to swap rate185 -185 bps185 bps
Called loan dollar price$102 -$102 $102 
Jumbo loans committed to sell644,926 Whole loan committed sales price$101.91 -$102.58 $102.19 
Loans held by Legacy Sequoia (2)
230,455 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Sequoia (2)
3,628,465 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Freddie Mac
SLST (2)
1,888,230 Liability priceN/AN/A
Business purpose loans:
Single-family rental loans358,309 Senior credit spread85 -110 bps91 bps
Subordinate credit spread125 -1,517 bps362 bps
Senior credit support36 -36 %36 %
IO discount rate-14 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Non-securitizable loan dollar price$78 -$103 $99 
Single-family rental loans held by CAFL3,488,074 Liability priceN/AN/A
Bridge loans944,606 Discount rate-15 %%
Multifamily loans held by Freddie Mac K-Series (2)
473,514 Liability priceN/AN/A
Trading and AFS securities377,411 Discount rate-47 % %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-50 %26  %
Default rate— -27 % %
Loss severity— -50 %24  %
CRT dollar price$96 -$112 $103 
Servicer advance investments350,923 Discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)17 -30 %18 %
Expected remaining life (3)
4-5yrs5yrs
Mortgage servicing income-18 bps11 bps
MSRs12,438 Discount rate12 -15 %13  %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-79 %24  %
Per loan annual cost to service$95 -$95 $95 
Excess MSRs44,231 Discount rate13 -19 %17 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)19 -31 %22 %
Excess mortgage servicing amount-17 bps11 bps
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments (continued)
December 31, 2021Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRangeWeighted
Average
Assets (continued)
Shared Home Appreciation Options$33,187 Discount rate10 -10 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-24 %17 %
Home Price Appreciation-%%
HEIs held by Point HEI entity$159,553 Liability priceN/AN/A
REO588 Loss severity-100 %17 %
Residential loan purchase commitments, net3,464 Prepayment rate (annual CPR)20 -20 %20 %
Whole loan spread to TBA price $2.56 -$2.56 $2.56 
Whole loan spread to swap rate185 -185 bps185 bps
Pull-through rate-100 %69 %
Committed sales price$101.97 -$102.62 $102.07 
Single-family rental interest rate lock commitments666 Senior credit spread85 -85 bps85 bps
Subordinate credit spread125 -1,517 bps450 bps
Senior credit support30 -30 %30 %
IO discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Pull-through rate100 100 %100 %
Liabilities
ABS issued (2)
At consolidated Sequoia entities3,610,929 Discount rate-18 % %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-50 %28  %
Default rate— -37 % %
Loss severity25 -50 %32  %
At consolidated CAFL SFR entities (4)
3,207,444 Discount rate-12 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Default rate-20 %%
Loss severity30 -30 %30 %
At consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities1,445,507 Discount rate-% %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-% %
Default rate-10 % %
Loss severity35 -35 %35  %
At consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (4)
441,857 Discount rate-%%
At consolidated Point HEI entities(4)
137,410 Discount rate-15 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)20 -20 %20 %
Default rate-%%
Loss severity25 -25 %25 %
Home price appreciation-%%
Footnotes to Table 5.7
(1)The weighted average input values for all loan types are based on the unpaid principal balance. The weighted average input values for all other assets and liabilities are based on relative fair value.
(2)The fair value of the loans held by consolidated entities was based on the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities, including securities we own, which we determined were more readily observable, in accordance with accounting guidance for collateralized financing entities. At December 31, 2021, the fair value of securities we owned at the consolidated Sequoia, CAFL SFR, Freddie Mac SLST, Freddie Mac K-Series, and Point HEI entities was $248 million, $302 million, $445 million, $32 million, and $10 million, respectively.
(3)Represents the estimated average duration of outstanding servicer advances at a given point in time (not taking into account new advances made with respect to the pool).
(4)As a market convention, certain securities are priced to a no-loss yield and therefore do not include default and loss severity assumptions.