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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Table 5.1 – Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
September 30, 2022December 31, 2021
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)
Assets
Residential loans, held-for-sale, at fair value$834,262 $834,262 $1,845,248 $1,845,248 
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value4,918,294 4,918,294 5,747,150 5,747,150 
Business purpose loans, held-for-sale, at fair value337,238 337,238 358,309 358,309 
Business purpose loans, held-for-investment, at fair value4,919,980 4,919,980 4,432,680 4,432,680 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans, at fair value427,458 427,458 473,514 473,514 
Real estate securities, at fair value259,212 259,212 377,411 377,411 
Servicer advance investments (1)
274,934 274,934 350,923 350,923 
MSRs (1)
24,796 24,796 12,438 12,438 
Excess MSRs (1)
40,452 40,452 44,231 44,231 
HEIs (1)
340,437 340,437 192,740 192,740 
Other investments (1)
11,174 11,174 12,663 12,663 
Cash and cash equivalents297,092 297,092 450,485 450,485 
Restricted cash71,996 71,996 80,999 80,999 
Derivative assets65,213 65,213 26,467 26,467 
REO (2)
3,683 4,105 36,126 39,272 
Margin receivable (2)
6,683 6,683 7,269 7,269 
Liabilities
Short-term debt (3)
$1,912,694 $1,912,694 $2,177,362 $2,177,362 
Margin payable (4)
30,389 30,389 24,368 24,368 
Guarantee obligations (4)
6,532 5,237 7,459 7,133 
HEI securitization non-controlling interest24,355 24,355 17,035 17,035 
Derivative liabilities6,782 6,782 3,317 3,317 
ABS issued, net
At fair value7,564,312 7,564,312 8,843,147 8,843,147 
At amortized cost574,981 541,773 410,410 410,471 
Other long-term debt, net (5)
868,851 858,810 988,483 989,570 
Convertible notes, net (5)
724,205 651,888 513,629 537,300 
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes, net (5)
138,755 76,725 138,721 97,650 
(1)These investments are included in Other investments on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)These assets are included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Short-term debt excludes short-term convertible notes, which are included below under "Convertible notes, net."
(4)These liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
(5)These liabilities are primarily included in Long-term debt, net on our consolidated balance sheets. Convertible notes, net also includes convertible notes classified as Short-term debt. See Note 14 for more information on Short-term debt.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis at September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as well as the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs used to measure fair value.
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
September 30, 2022Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$5,752,524 $— $— $5,752,524 
Business purpose loans5,257,218 — — 5,257,218 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans427,458 — — 427,458 
Real estate securities259,212 — — 259,212 
Servicer advance investments274,934 — — 274,934 
MSRs24,796 — — 24,796 
Excess MSRs40,452 — — 40,452 
HEIs340,437 — — 340,437 
Other investments11,174 — — 11,174 
Derivative assets65,213 39,843 24,626 744 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest$24,355 $— $— $24,355 
Derivative liabilities6,782 6,547 23 212 
ABS issued7,564,312 — — 7,564,312 
December 31, 2021Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$7,592,398 $— $— $7,592,398 
Business purpose loans4,790,989 — — 4,790,989 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans473,514 — — 473,514 
Real estate securities377,411 — — 377,411 
Servicer advance investments350,923 — — 350,923 
MSRs12,438 — — 12,438 
Excess MSRs44,231 — — 44,231 
HEIs192,740 — — 192,740 
Other investments17,574 — — 17,574 
Derivative assets26,467 2,906 18,928 4,633 
FHLBC stock10 — 10 — 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest$17,035 $— $— $17,035 
Derivative liabilities3,317 1,563 1,251 503 
ABS issued8,843,147 — — 8,843,147 
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Residential LoansBusiness Purpose
Loans
Consolidated Agency Multifamily LoansTrading SecuritiesAFS
Securities
Servicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRsHEIsMSRs and Other Investments
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance -
   December 31, 2021
$7,592,398 $4,790,989 $473,514 $170,619 $206,792 $350,923 $44,231 $192,740 $25,101 
Acquisitions3,585,882 181,814 — 5,006 10,000 — — 176,439 8,293 
Originations— 2,291,192 — — — — — — — 
Sales(3,702,359)(414,998)— (27,471)— — — — (3,044)
Principal paydowns(734,577)(1,086,983)(5,936)(1,202)(25,381)(65,772)— (35,187)(137)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net(985,958)(503,832)(40,120)(30,019)12,560 (10,217)(3,779)6,445 9,336 
Unrealized losses in OCI, net— — — — (61,692)— — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(2,862)(964)— — — — — — (3,579)
Ending balance -
  September 30, 2022
$5,752,524 $5,257,218 $427,458 $116,933 $142,279 $274,934 $40,452 $340,437 $35,970 
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)
HEI Securitization Non-Controlling InterestABS
Issued
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2021$4,130 $17,035 $8,843,147 
Acquisitions— — 1,205,289 
Principal paydowns— — (1,242,859)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net(53,962)7,320 (1,241,265)
Other settlements, net (1)
50,364 — — 
Ending balance - September 30, 2022$532 $24,355 $7,564,312 
(1)     Other settlements, net, for residential and business purpose loans, represents the transfer of loans to REO, for derivatives, represents the transfer of the fair value of loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments at the time loans are acquired to the basis of residential and single-family rental business purpose loans, and for MSRs and other investments, primarily represents an investment that was exchanged into a new instrument that is no longer measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
(2)     For the purpose of this presentation, derivative assets and liabilities, which consist of loan purchase commitments and interest rate lock commitments, are presented on a net basis.
Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held and Included in Net Income
The following table presents the portion of fair value gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income that were attributable to Level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and held at September 30, 2022 and 2021. Gains or losses incurred on assets or liabilities sold, matured, called, or fully written down during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 are not included in this presentation.
Table 5.4 – Portion of Net Fair Value Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held at September 30, 2022 and 2021 Included in Net Income (Loss)
Included in Net Income (Loss)
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)2022202120222021
Assets
Residential loans at Redwood$(28,762)$6,553 $(42,952)$9,371 
Business purpose loans(10,967)18,810 (39,019)19,829 
Net investments in consolidated Sequoia entities (1)
(11,264)2,885 (22,467)11,779 
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities (1)
(41,969)13,781 (75,043)54,006 
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (1)
316 555 390 11,330 
Net investments in consolidated CAFL SFR entities (1)
(6,585)2,943 (24,365)5,500 
Net investment in consolidated HEI securitization entity (1)
(1,652)47 11,348 129 
Trading securities(12,668)1,547 (34,104)3,824 
Servicer advance investments(3,905)(2,079)(10,218)(3,179)
MSRs1,653 (235)9,118 (49)
Excess MSRs(351)(803)(3,779)(5,233)
HEIs at Redwood(4,903)(41)(2,272)21 
Loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments723 9,021 744 9,261 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest $1,068 $(83)$(7,320)$(83)
Loan purchase commitments(212)(2,570)(212)(2,550)
(1)    Represents the portion of net fair value gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) related to securitized loans, securitized HEIs, and the associated ABS issued at our consolidated securitization entities held at September 30, 2022 and 2021, which, netted together, represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs accounted for under CFE election, excluding REO.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Non-Recurring Basis
The following table presents information on assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at September 30, 2022. This table does not include the carrying value and gains or losses associated with the asset types below that were not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets at September 30, 2022.
Table 5.5 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at September 30, 2022
Gain (Loss) for
September 30, 2022Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements UsingThree Months EndedNine Months Ended
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3September 30, 2022September 30, 2022
Assets
Strategic investments17,350 — — 17,350 (25)10,000 
Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
The following table presents the net market valuation gains and losses recorded in each line item of our consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.
Table 5.6 – Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In Thousands)2022202120222021
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
Residential loans held-for-sale, at fair value$(20,060)$9,045 $(71,776)$57,145 
Residential loan purchase commitments(2,716)18,817 (53,236)18,351 
Single-family rental loans held-for-sale, at fair value(19,325)19,205 (83,827)54,675 
Single-family rental loan interest rate lock commitments19 (744)(666)— 
Bridge loans(9)3,433 2,242 6,702 
Trading securities (1)
148 32 4,249 (342)
Risk management derivatives, net48,363 3,539 164,137 38,117 
Total mortgage banking activities, net (2)
$6,420 $53,327 $(38,877)$174,648 
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
Residential loans held-for-sale, at fair value (called Sequoia loans)$(6,614)$816 $(18,876)$2,423 
Bridge loans held-for-investment2,482 900 (9,220)4,142 
Trading securities(12,668)1,546 (34,268)25,067 
Servicer advance investments(3,905)(2,079)(10,217)(3,179)
Excess MSRs(351)(803)(3,779)(5,233)
Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (3)
(328)(247)(1,378)(1,162)
Net investments in Sequoia entities (3)
(10,936)3,314 (20,644)13,118 
Net investments in Freddie Mac SLST entities (3)
(41,892)13,849 (74,796)54,282 
Net investment in Freddie Mac K-Series entity (3)
316 554 390 11,330 
Net investments in CAFL SFR entities (3)
(6,585)2,943 (24,365)6,354 
Net investment in HEI securitization entity (3)
(584)47 4,028 47 
HEIs at Redwood(4,774)5,622 (1,986)13,017 
Other investments1,445 (385)12,028 50 
Risk management derivatives, net27,241 — 33,609 — 
Credit (losses) recoveries on AFS securities(544)— (2,315)388 
Total investment fair value changes, net$(57,697)$26,077 $(151,789)$120,644 
Other Income
MSRs$1,236 $(989)$8,031 $(3,236)
Other(852)— (852)— 
Total other income (4)
$384 $(989)$7,179 $(3,236)
Total Market Valuation Gains (Losses), Net$(50,893)$78,415 $(183,487)$292,056 
(1)Represents fair value changes on trading securities that are being used along with risk management derivatives to manage the market risks associated with our residential mortgage banking operations.
(2)Mortgage banking activities, net presented above does not include fee income from loan originations or acquisitions, provisions for repurchases, and other expenses that are components of Mortgage banking activities, net presented on our consolidated statements of income, as these amounts do not represent market valuation changes.
(3)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, securitized HEIs, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which, netted together, represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs accounted for under the CFE election.
(4)Other income presented above does not include net MSR fee income or provisions for repurchases of MSRs, as these amounts do not represent market valuation adjustments.
Quantitative Information about Significant Unobservable Inputs Used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
September 30, 2022Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRange
Weighted
Average(1)
Assets
Residential loans, at fair value:
Jumbo fixed-rate loans$718,347 Whole loan spread to swap rate201 -400 bps202 bps
Called loan dollar price$92 -$92 $92 
Jumbo loans committed to sell115,883 Whole loan committed sales price$96 -$102 $98 
Loans held by Legacy Sequoia (2)
198,160 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Sequoia (2)
3,237,170 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Freddie Mac SLST (2)
1,482,964 Liability priceN/AN/A
Business purpose loans:
Single-family rental loans281,105 Senior credit spread210 -210 bps210 bps
Subordinate credit spread275 -1,025 bps458 bps
Senior credit support36 -36 %36 %
IO discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Whole loan dollar price$84 -$99 $86 
Single-family rental loans held by CAFL (2)
3,018,994 Liability priceN/AN/A
Bridge loans1,957,119 Whole loan discount rate-15 %%
Senior credit spread285 -285 bps285 bps
Subordinate credit spread345 -1,200 %680 %
Senior credit support43 -43 %43 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)— -— %— %
Multifamily loans held by Freddie Mac K-Series (2)
427,458 Liability priceN/AN/A
Trading and AFS securities259,212 Discount rate-18 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-65 %12 %
Default rate— -12 %0.4 %
Loss severity— -50 %25 %
CRT dollar price$73 -$93 $85 
Servicer advance investments274,934 Discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)14 -30 %14 %
Expected remaining life (3)
5-5yrs5yrs
Mortgage servicing income— -18 bpsbps
MSRs24,796 Discount rate11 -69 %11 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-28 %%
Per loan annual cost to service$93 -$93 $93 
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments (continued)
September 30, 2022Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRange
Weighted
Average (1)
Assets (continued)
Excess MSRs40,452 Discount rate13 -19 %18 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)10 -100 %18 %
Excess mortgage servicing income-19 bps11 bps
HEIs200,709 Discount rate10 -10 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-23 %16 %
Home price appreciation(7)-%%
HEIs held by HEI securitization entity139,728 Liability priceN/AN/AN/A
Residential loan purchase commitments, net 531 Whole loan spread to swap rate201 -201 bps201 bps
Pull-through rate26 -100 %78 %
Committed sales price$99 -$102 $100 
Liabilities
ABS issued (2):
At consolidated Sequoia entities3,210,603 Discount rate-18 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-24 %13 %
Default rate— -33 %%
Loss severity25 -50 %32 %
At consolidated CAFL SFR entities (4)
2,703,223 Discount rate0.3 -16 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)— -%0.2 %
Default rate-21 %%
Loss severity30 -40 %30 %
At consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities1,150,323 Discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Default rate13 -14 %14 %
Loss severity35 -35 %35 %
At consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (4)
395,411 Discount rate-%%
At consolidated HEI securitization entity (4)
104,751 Discount rate-15 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)20 -20 %20 %
Home price appreciation(7)-%%
(1)The weighted average input values for all loan types are based on unpaid principal balance. The weighted average input values for all other assets and liabilities are based on relative fair value.
(2)The fair value of the loans and HEIs held by consolidated entities is based on the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities and the securities and other investments we own in those entities, which we determined were more readily observable in accordance with accounting guidance for collateralized financing entities. At September 30, 2022, the fair value of securities we owned at the consolidated Sequoia, CAFL SFR, Freddie Mac SLST, Freddie Mac K-Series, and HEI securitization entities was $224 million, $314 million, $335 million, $32 million, and $14 million, respectively.
(3)Represents the estimated average duration of outstanding servicer advances at a given point in time (not taking into account new advances made with respect to the pool).
(4)As a market convention, certain securities are priced to a no-loss yield and therefore do not include default and loss severity assumptions.