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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Carrying Values and Estimated Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Table 5.1 – Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
December 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)
Assets
Residential loans, held-for-sale at fair value$780,781 $780,781 $1,845,248 $1,845,248 
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value4,832,407 4,832,407 5,747,150 5,747,150 
Business purpose loans, held-for-sale, at fair value364,073 364,073 358,309 358,309 
Business purpose loans, held-for-investment, at fair value4,968,513 4,968,513 4,432,680 4,432,680 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans, at fair value424,551 424,551 473,514 473,514 
Real estate securities, at fair value240,475 240,475 377,411 377,411 
Servicer advance investments (1)
269,259 269,259 350,923 350,923 
MSRs (1)
25,421 25,421 12,438 12,438 
Excess MSRs (1)
39,035 39,035 44,231 44,231 
HEIs403,462 403,462 192,740 192,740 
Other investments (1)
6,155 6,155 12,663 12,663 
Cash and cash equivalents258,894 258,894 450,485 450,485 
Restricted cash70,470 70,470 80,999 80,999 
Derivative assets20,830 20,830 26,467 26,467 
REO (2)
6,455 4,185 36,126 39,272 
Margin receivable (2)
13,802 13,802 7,269 7,269 
Liabilities
Short-term debt (3)
$1,853,664 $1,853,664 $2,177,362 $2,177,362 
Margin payable (4)
5,944 5,944 24,368 24,368 
Guarantee obligations (4)
6,344 4,738 7,459 7,133 
HEI securitization non-controlling interest22,329 22,329 17,035 17,035 
Derivative liabilities16,855 16,855 3,317 3,317 
ABS issued net
at fair value7,424,132 7,424,132 8,843,147 8,843,147 
at amortized cost562,620 524,768 410,410 410,471 
Other long-term debt, net (5)
1,077,200 1,069,946 988,483 989,570 
Convertible notes, net (5)
693,473 638,049 513,629 537,300 
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes, net (5)
138,767 83,700 138,721 97,650 
(1)These investments are included in Other investments on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)These assets are included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Short-term debt excludes short-term convertible notes, which are included below under "Convertible notes, net."
(4)These liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
(5)These liabilities are primarily included in Long-Term debt, net on our consolidated balance sheets. Convertible notes, net also includes convertible notes classified as short-term debt. See Note 14 for more information on Short-term debt.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021, as well as the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs used to measure fair value.
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
December 31, 2022Carrying ValueFair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$5,613,157 $— $— $5,613,157 
Business purpose loans5,332,586 — — 5,332,586 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans424,551 — — 424,551 
Real estate securities240,475 — — 240,475 
Servicer advance investments269,259 — — 269,259 
MSRs25,421 — — 25,421 
Excess MSRs39,035 — — 39,035 
HEIs403,462 — — 403,462 
Other investments6,155 — — 6,155 
Derivative assets20,830 5,869 14,625 336 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest$22,329 $— $— $22,329 
Derivative liabilities16,855 16,841 — 14 
ABS issued7,424,132 — — 7,424,132 
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (continued)
December 31, 2021Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$7,592,398 $— $— $7,592,398 
Business purpose loans4,790,989 — — 4,790,989 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans473,514 — — 473,514 
Real estate securities377,411 — — 377,411 
Servicer advance investments350,923 — — 350,923 
MSRs12,438 — — 12,438 
Excess MSRs44,231 — — 44,231 
HEIs192,740 — — 192,740 
Other Investments17,574 — — 17,574 
Derivative assets26,467 2,906 18,928 4,633 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest$17,035 $— $— $17,035 
Derivative liabilities3,317 1,563 1,251 503 
ABS issued8,843,147 — — 8,843,147 
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Residential LoansBusiness
Purpose
Loans
Consolidated Agency Multifamily LoansTrading SecuritiesAFS
Securities
Servicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRsHEIsMSRs and Other Investments
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2021$7,592,398 $4,790,989 $473,514 $170,619 $206,792 $350,923 $44,231 $192,740 $25,101 
Acquisitions3,692,104 181,814 — 5,006 10,000 — — 248,218 8,638 
Originations— 2,715,817 — — — — — — — 
Sales(3,830,318)(495,472)— (31,729)— — — — (3,299)
Principal paydowns(866,474)(1,324,640)(7,975)(1,347)(31,390)(70,589)— (42,744)(158)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net(970,241)(531,947)(40,987)(34,220)13,660 (11,075)(5,196)5,248 9,873 
Unrealized losses in OCI, net— — — — (66,916)— — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(4,312)(3,975)— — — — — — (8,579)
Ending balance - December 31, 2022$5,613,157 $5,332,586 $424,552 $108,329 $132,146 $269,259 $39,035 $403,462 $31,576 
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (continued)
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)
HEI Securitization Non-Controlling InterestABS
Issued
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2021$4,130 $17,035 $8,843,147 
Acquisitions— — 1,205,289 
Principal paydowns— — (1,394,000)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net(55,209)5,294 (1,230,304)
Other settlements, net (1)
51,401 — — 
Ending balance - December 31, 2022$322 $22,329 $7,424,132 
 Assets
(In Thousands)Residential
Loans
Business Purpose LoansConsolidated Agency Multifamily LoansTrading
Securities
AFS
Securities
Servicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRs 
HEIs
MSRs and Other Investments
Beginning balance - December 31, 2020$4,249,014 $4,136,353 $492,221 $125,667 $218,458 $231,489 $34,418 $42,440 $27,662 
Acquisitions13,139,907 136,685 — 58,917 19,100 196,583 17,830 155,023 15,215 
Originations— 2,150,539 — — — — — — — 
Sales(8,449,328)(211,113)— (34,802)(4,785)— — — — 
Principal paydowns(1,360,649)(1,307,566)(7,639)(2,713)(57,953)(76,223)— (19,395)(14,751)
Gains (losses) in net income, net16,688 (77,357)(11,068)23,550 40,735 (926)(8,017)13,774 (2,846)
Unrealized gains in OCI, net— — — — (8,763)— — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(3,234)(36,552)— — — — — 898 (179)
Ending balance - December 31, 2021$7,592,398 $4,790,989 $473,514 $170,619 $206,792 $350,923 $44,231 $192,740 $25,101 
 Liabilities
(In Thousands)
Derivatives (2)
HEI Securitization Non-Controlling InterestABS
 Issued
Beginning balance - December 31, 2020$14,450 $— $6,900,362 
Acquisitions— 16,639 4,202,070 
Principal paydowns— — (1,922,313)
Gains (losses) in net income, net10,437 396 (336,972)
Other settlements, net (1)
(20,757)— — 
Ending balance - December 31, 2021$4,130 $17,035 $8,843,147 
(1)     Other settlements, net for residential and business purpose loans represents the transfer of loans to REO, for derivatives, represents the transfer of the fair value of loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments at the time loans are acquired to the basis of residential and business purpose loans, and for MSRs and other investments, primarily represents an investment that was exchanged into a new instrument that is no longer measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
(2)     For the purpose of this presentation, derivative assets and liabilities, which consist of loan purchase commitments and interest rate lock commitments, are presented on a net basis.
Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held and Included in Net Income
The following table presents the portion of fair value gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) that were attributable to Level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and held at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Gains or losses incurred on assets or liabilities sold, matured, called, or fully written down during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are not included in this presentation.
Table 5.4 – Portion of Net Fair Value Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 Included in Net Income
Included in Net Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202220212020
Assets
Residential loans at Redwood$(43,019)$5,886 $1,138 
Business purpose loans(31,927)9,444 9,420 
Net investments in consolidated Sequoia entities (1)
(25,563)12,455 (14,646)
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities (1)
(76,811)62,124 (21,220)
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (1)
110 11,599 (9,309)
Net investments in consolidated CAFL Term entities (1)
(34,899)8,198 (37,062)
Net investment in consolidated HEI securitization entity (1)
8,210 614 — 
Trading securities(34,027)738 (83,327)
Available-for-sale securities(2,540)— (388)
Servicer advance investments(11,076)(926)(8,902)
MSRs9,804 629 (17,545)
Excess MSRs(5,196)(8,017)(8,302)
HEIs at Redwood(670)212 (1,884)
Other investments(901)(6)(285)
Loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments336 4,633 15,027 
Liabilities
Non-controlling interest in consolidated HEI entity$(5,294)$(396)$— 
Loan purchase commitments$(14)$(503)$(577)
(1)    Represents the portion of net fair value gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) related to securitized loans, securitized HEIs, and the associated ABS issued at our consolidated securitization entities held at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, which, netted together represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs, under CFE election, excluding REO.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Non-Recurring Basis
The following table presents information on assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021. This table does not include the carrying value and gains or losses associated with the asset types below that were not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
Table 5.5 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
Gain (Loss) for
Year Ended
December 31, 2022Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3December 31, 2022
Assets
Strategic Investments$17,600 $— $— $17,600 $9,965 
Gain (Loss) for
Year Ended
December 31, 2021Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3December 31, 2021
Assets
REO$588 $— $— $588 $(217)
Market Valuation Adjustments
The following table presents the net market valuation gains and losses recorded in each line item of our consolidated statements of income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Table 5.6 – Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202220212020
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
Residential loans held-for-sale, at fair value$(77,192)$73,332 $(15,477)
Residential loan purchase and commitments(54,484)10,401 56,761 
BPL term loans held-for-sale, at fair value(91,025)63,206 82,169 
BPL term loan interest rate lock commitments(666)666 341 
BPL bridge loans3,026 8,253 (4,998)
Trading securities (1)
4,249 (352)(4,535)
Risk management derivatives, net157,444 41,060 (47,779)
Total mortgage banking activities, net (2)
$(58,648)$196,566 $66,482 
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood (called Sequoia loans)$(16,651)$2,812 $(93,314)
Business purpose loans held-for-investment(7,271)(65)(31,435)
Trading securities(38,471)23,935 (226,196)
Servicer advance investments(11,075)(925)(8,901)
Excess MSRs(5,196)(8,017)(8,302)
Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (3)
(1,302)(1,558)(1,513)
Net investments in Sequoia entities (3)
(23,818)14,176 (13,244)
Net investments in Freddie Mac SLST entities (3)
(76,777)62,374 (21,160)
Net investment in Freddie Mac K-Series entity (3)
110 11,599 (81,039)
Net investments in CAFL Term entities (3)
(34,899)10,271 (36,754)
Net investments in HEI securitization entities (3)
2,915 218 — 
HEIs at Redwood(202)13,207 (1,883)
Other investments13,468 (366)(5,167)
Risk management derivatives, net26,152 — (59,142)
Credit (losses) recoveries on AFS securities(2,540)388 (388)
Total investment fair value changes, net$(175,557)$128,049 $(588,438)
Other Income
MSRs$8,560 $(3,182)$(33,409)
Other(1,541)— — 
Risk management derivatives, net— — 13,966 
Total other income (4)
$7,019 $(3,182)$(19,443)
Total Market Valuation Gains (Losses), Net$(227,186)$321,433 $(541,399)
(1)Represents fair value changes on trading securities that are being used along with risk management derivatives to manage the market risks associated with our residential mortgage banking operations.
(2)Mortgage banking activities, net presented above does not include fee income from loan originations or acquisitions, provisions for repurchases, and other expenses that are components of Mortgage banking activities, net presented on our consolidated statements of income (loss), as these amounts do not represent market valuation changes.
(3)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, securitized HEIs, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs accounted for under the CFE election.
(4)Other income presented above does not include net MSR fee income or provisions for repurchases of MSRs, as these amounts do not represent market valuation adjustments.
Quantitative Information about Significant Unobservable Inputs Used in Valuation of Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
December 31, 2022Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRange
Weighted
Average (1)
Assets
Residential loans, at fair value:
Jumbo fixed-rate loans$643,845 Whole loan spread to swap rate252 -252 bps252 bps
Called loan dollar price$91 -$91 $91 
Jumbo loans committed to sell136,905 Whole loan committed sales price$94 -$101 $94 
Loans held by Legacy Sequoia (2)
184,932 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Sequoia (2)
3,190,417 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Freddie Mac
SLST (2)
1,457,058 Liability priceN/AN/A
Business purpose loans:
BPL term loans358,791 Senior credit spread175 -275 bps225 bps
Subordinate credit spread225 -962 bps431 bps
Senior credit support36 -36 %36 %
IO discount rate-10 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Whole loan spread275 -550 bps361 bps
BPL term loans held by CAFL2,944,984 Liability priceN/AN/A
BPL bridge loans2,028,811 Whole loan discount rate-15 %10 %
Senior credit spread310 -310 bps310 bps
Subordinate credit spread360 -1,150 bps665 bps
Senior credit support43 -43 %43 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)— -— %— %
Multifamily loans held by Freddie Mac K-Series (2)
424,551 Liability priceN/AN/A
Trading and AFS securities240,475 Discount rate-18 %10  %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-65 %10  %
Default rate— -14 %0.5  %
Loss severity— -50 %26  %
CRT dollar price$72 -$93 $84 
HEIs270,835 Discount rate10 -10 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-23 %16 %
Home price appreciation(7)-%%
HEIs held by HEI securitization entity132,627 Discount RateN/AN/A
Servicer advance investments269,259 Discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)14 -30 %14 %
Expected remaining life (3)
5-5yrs5yrs
Mortgage servicing income— -18 bpsbps
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments (continued)
December 31, 2022Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRangeWeighted
Average
Assets (continued)
MSRs$25,421 Discount rate11 -22 %11 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-28 %%
Per loan annual cost to service$93 -$93 $93 
Excess MSRs39,035 Discount rate13 -19 %18 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)10 -100 %18 %
Excess mortgage servicing amount-19 bps11 bps
Residential loan purchase commitments, net322 Whole loan spread to swap rate252 -252 bps252 bps
Pull-through rate48 -100 %94 %
Committed sales price$101 $101 $101 
Liabilities
ABS issued (2)
At consolidated Sequoia entities3,155,300 Discount rate-18 % %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-23 %10  %
Default rate— -14 % %
Loss severity25 -50 %32  %
At consolidated CAFL Term entities2,638,183 Discount rate-23 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)— -%0.2 %
Default rate-23 %%
Loss severity27 -40 %30 %
At consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities1,137,154 Discount rate-16 % %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-% %
Default rate13 -14 %14  %
Loss severity35 -35 %35  %
At consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (4)
392,785 Discount rate-10 %%
At consolidated HEI entities(4)
100,710 Discount rate-15 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)20 -20 %20 %
Home price appreciation(7)-%%
(1)The weighted average input values for all loan types are based on unpaid principal balance. The weighted average input values for all other assets and liabilities are based on relative fair value.
(2)The fair value of the loans and HEIs held by consolidated entities is based on the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities, and the securities and other investments we own in those entities, which we determined were more readily observable, in accordance with accounting guidance for collateralized financing entities. At December 31, 2022, the fair value of securities we owned at the consolidated Sequoia, CAFL Term, Freddie Mac SLST, Freddie Mac K-Series, and HEI securitization entities was $219 million, $304 million, $323 million, $32 million, and $13 million, respectively.
(3)Represents the estimated average duration of outstanding servicer advances at a given point in time (not taking into account new advances made with respect to the pool).