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Real Estate Securities
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Real Estate Securities Real Estate Securities
We invest in real estate securities that we create and retain from our Sequoia securitizations or acquire from third parties. The following table presents the fair values of our real estate securities by type at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.1 – Fair Values of Real Estate Securities by Type
(In Thousands)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Trading$40,424 $108,329 
Available-for-sale87,373 132,146 
Total Real Estate Securities$127,797 $240,475 
Our real estate securities include mortgage-backed securities, which are presented in accordance with their general position within a securitization structure based on their rights to cash flows. Senior securities are those interests in a securitization that generally have the first right to cash flows and are last in line to absorb losses. Mezzanine securities are interests that are generally subordinate to senior securities in their rights to receive cash flows, and have subordinate securities below them that are first to absorb losses. Subordinate securities are all interests below mezzanine. Exclusive of our re-performing loan securities, nearly all of our residential securities are supported by collateral that was designated as prime at the time of issuance.
Trading Securities
We elected the fair value option for certain securities and classify them as trading securities. Our trading securities include both residential and multifamily mortgage-backed securities, and our residential securities also include securities backed by re-performing loans ("RPL"). The following table presents the fair value of trading securities by position and collateral type at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.2 – Fair Value of Trading Securities by Position
(In Thousands)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Senior
Interest-only securities (1)
$36,109 $28,867 
Total Senior36,109 28,867 
Subordinate
RPL securities— 29,002 
Multifamily securities2,641 5,027 
Other third-party residential securities1,674 45,433 
Total Subordinate4,315 79,462 
Total Trading Securities$40,424 $108,329 
(1)Includes $28 million and $26 million of Sequoia certificated mortgage servicing rights at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The following table presents the unpaid principal balance of trading securities by position and collateral type at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.3 – Unpaid Principal Balance of Trading Securities by Position
(In Thousands)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Senior (1)
$— $— 
Subordinate16,567 215,592 
Total Trading Securities$16,567 $215,592 
(1)Our senior trading securities are comprised of interest-only securities, for which there is no principal balance.
The following table provides the activity of trading securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.4 – Trading Securities Activity
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)20232022
Fair value of securities acquired$7,883 $5,006 
Fair value of securities sold88,073 31,729 
Net market valuation gains (losses) recorded (1)
12,694 (34,222)
(1)Net market valuation gains (losses) on trading securities are recorded through Investment fair value changes, net and Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income (loss).
AFS Securities
The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale ("AFS") securities by position and collateral type at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.5 – Fair Value of Available-for-Sale Securities by Position
(In Thousands)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Subordinate
Sequoia securities$78,942 $74,367 
Multifamily securities4,460 7,647 
Other third-party residential securities3,971 50,132 
Total Subordinate87,373 132,146 
Total AFS Securities$87,373 $132,146 
The following table provides the activity of available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.6 – Available-for-Sale Securities Activity
Year Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)20232022
Fair value of securities acquired$1,979 $10,000 
Fair value of securities sold55,842 — 
Principal balance of securities called— 20,267 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities (1)
6,230 (64,704)
(1)Net unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets through Accumulated other comprehensive loss.

We often purchase AFS securities at a discount to their outstanding principal balances. To the extent we purchase an AFS security that has a likelihood of incurring a loss, we do not amortize into income the portion of the purchase discount that we do not expect to collect due to the inherent credit risk of the security. We may also expense a portion of our investment in the security to the extent we believe that principal losses will exceed the purchase discount. We designate any amount of unpaid principal balance that we do not expect to receive and thus do not expect to earn or recover as a credit reserve on the security. Any remaining net unamortized discounts or premiums on the security are amortized into income over time using the effective yield method.
At December 31, 2023, we had $4 million of AFS securities with contractual maturities less than five years, $5 million with contractual maturities greater than five years but less than ten years, and the remainder of our AFS securities had contractual maturities greater than ten years.
The following table presents the components of carrying value (which equals fair value) of AFS securities at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.7 – Carrying Value of AFS Securities
(In Thousands)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Principal balance$149,956 $221,933 
Credit reserve(23,436)(28,739)
Unamortized discount, net(46,885)(61,650)
Amortized cost79,635 131,544 
Gross unrealized gains16,973 16,269 
Gross unrealized losses(6,753)(13,127)
CECL allowance(2,482)(2,540)
Carrying Value$87,373 $132,146 

The following table presents the changes for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, in unamortized discount and designated credit reserves on residential AFS securities.
Table 9.8 – Changes in Unamortized Discount and Designated Credit Reserves on AFS Securities
Year Ended December 31, 2023Year Ended December 31, 2022
Credit
Reserve		Unamortized
Discount, Net		Credit
Reserve		Unamortized
Discount, Net
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance$28,739 $61,650 $27,555 $76,023 
Amortization of net discount— (1,170)— (11,153)
Realized credit recoveries (losses), net158 — 471 — 
Acquisitions1,106 754 — — 
Sales, calls, other(5,331)(15,585)(842)(1,665)
Transfers to (release of) credit reserves, net(1,236)1,236 1,555 (1,555)
Ending Balance$23,436 $46,885 $28,739 $61,650 
AFS Securities with Unrealized Losses
The following table presents the total carrying value (fair value) and unrealized losses of residential AFS securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 9.9 – AFS Securities in Gross Unrealized Loss Position by Holding Periods
Less Than 12 Consecutive Months12 Consecutive Months or Longer
Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
(In Thousands)
December 31, 2023$2,374 $(128)$27,299 $(6,625)
December 31, 202272,679 (12,940)1,414 (186)
At December 31, 2023, after giving effect to purchases, sales, and extinguishment due to credit losses, our consolidated balance sheet included 66 AFS securities, of which 21 were in an unrealized loss position, including 19 in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. At December 31, 2022, our consolidated balance sheet included 79 AFS securities, of which 38 were in an unrealized loss position including one that was in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer.
Evaluating AFS Securities for Credit Losses
Gross unrealized losses on our AFS securities were $7 million at December 31, 2023. We evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is credit-related (resulting in an allowance for credit losses recorded in earnings) or non-credit-related (resulting in an unrealized loss through other comprehensive income). At December 31, 2023, we did not intend to sell any of our AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity. We review our AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position to identify those securities with losses based on an assessment of changes in expected cash flows for such securities, which considers recent security performance and expected future performance of the underlying collateral.
At December 31, 2023, our current expected credit loss (CECL) allowance related to our AFS securities was $2 million. AFS securities for which an allowance is recognized have experienced, or are expected to experience, adverse cash flow changes. In determining our estimate of cash flows for AFS securities we may consider factors such as structural credit enhancement, past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, which are informed by prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, percentage of non-performing loans, FICO scores at loan origination, year of origination, loan-to-value ratios, and geographic concentrations, as well as general market assessments. Changes in our evaluation of these factors impacted the cash flows expected to be collected at the assessment date and were used to determine if there were credit-related adverse changes in cash flows and if so, the amount of credit related losses. Significant judgment is used in both our analysis of the expected cash flows for our AFS securities and any determination of security credit losses.
The table below summarizes the weighted average of the significant credit quality indicators we used for the credit loss allowance on our AFS securities at December 31, 2023.
Table 9.10 – Significant Credit Quality Indicators
December 31, 2023Subordinate Securities
Default rate0.9%
Loss severity20%
The following table details the activity related to the allowance for credit losses for AFS securities held at December 31, 2023.
Table 9.11 – Rollforward of Allowance for Credit Losses
Year EndedYear Ended
(In Thousands)December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Beginning balance allowance for credit losses$2,540 $— 
Additions to allowance for credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded300 1,726 
Additional increases or decreases to the allowance for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period(50)814 
Allowance on purchased financial assets with credit deterioration— — 
Reduction to allowance for securities sold during the period(308)— 
Reduction to allowance for securities we intend to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell— — 
Write-offs charged against allowance— — 
Recoveries of amounts previously written off— — 
Ending balance of allowance for credit losses$2,482 $2,540 
Gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities are recorded as Realized gains, net, in our consolidated statements of income (loss). The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of AFS securities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Table 9.12 – Gross Realized Gains and Losses on AFS Securities
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202320222021
Gross realized gains - sales$3,917 $— $1,540 
Gross realized gains - calls— 2,508 15,553 
Gross realized losses - sales(2,415)— — 
Total Realized Gains on Sales and Calls of AFS Securities, net$1,502 $2,508 $17,093