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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Schedule of Carrying Values and Estimated Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Table 5.1 – Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)
Assets
Residential loans, held-for-sale at fair value$911,192 $911,192 $780,781 $780,781 
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value6,139,445 6,139,445 4,832,407 4,832,407 
Business purpose loans, held-for-sale, at fair value180,249 180,249 364,073 364,073 
Business purpose loans, held-for-investment, at fair value5,040,048 5,040,048 4,968,513 4,968,513 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans, at fair value425,285 425,285 424,551 424,551 
Real estate securities, at fair value127,797 127,797 240,475 240,475 
Servicer advance investments (1)
225,345 225,345 269,259 269,259 
MSRs (1)
24,877 24,877 25,421 25,421 
Excess MSRs (1)
37,367 37,367 39,035 39,035 
HEI550,436 550,436 403,462 403,462 
Other investments (1)
3,193 3,193 6,155 6,155 
Cash and cash equivalents293,104 293,104 258,894 258,894 
Restricted cash75,684 75,684 70,470 70,470 
Derivative assets14,212 14,212 20,830 20,830 
Margin receivable (2)
33,414 33,414 13,802 13,802 
Liabilities
Short-term debt (3)
$1,415,664 $1,414,644 $1,853,664 $1,853,664 
Margin payable (4)
350 350 5,944 5,944 
Guarantee obligations (4)
5,781 3,772 6,344 4,738 
HEI securitization non-controlling interest59,752 59,752 22,329 22,329 
Derivative liabilities33,828 33,828 16,855 16,855 
ABS issued net
at fair value9,151,263 9,151,263 7,424,132 7,424,132 
at amortized cost660,617 637,816 562,620 524,768 
Other long-term debt, net (5)
1,180,918 1,177,287 1,077,200 1,069,946 
Convertible notes, net (5)
503,728 488,341 693,473 638,049 
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes, net (5)
138,813 92,070 138,767 83,700 
(1)These investments are included in Other investments on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)These assets are included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Short-term debt excludes short-term convertible notes, which are included above under "Convertible notes, net."
(4)These liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
(5)These liabilities are primarily included in Long-Term debt, net on our consolidated balance sheets. Convertible notes, net also includes convertible notes classified as short-term debt. See Note 14 for more information on Short-term debt.
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and 2022, as well as the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs used to measure fair value.
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
December 31, 2023Carrying ValueFair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$7,050,637 $— $— $7,050,637 
Business purpose loans5,220,297 — — 5,220,297 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans425,285 — — 425,285 
Real estate securities127,797 — — 127,797 
Servicer advance investments225,345 — — 225,345 
MSRs24,877 — — 24,877 
Excess MSRs37,367 — — 37,367 
HEI550,436 — — 550,436 
Other investments3,193 — — 3,193 
Derivative assets14,212 952 1,742 11,518 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest$59,752 $— $— $59,752 
Derivative liabilities33,828 30,414 — 3,414 
ABS issued9,151,263 — — 9,151,263 
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (continued)
December 31, 2022Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Assets
Residential loans$5,613,188 $— $— $5,613,188 
Business purpose loans5,332,586 — — 5,332,586 
Consolidated Agency multifamily loans424,551 — — 424,551 
Real estate securities240,475 — — 240,475 
Servicer advance investments269,259 — — 269,259 
MSRs25,421 — — 25,421 
Excess MSRs39,035 — — 39,035 
HEI403,462 — — 403,462 
Other Investments6,155 — — 6,155 
Derivative assets20,830 5,869 14,625 336 
Liabilities
HEI securitization non-controlling interest$22,329 $— $— $22,329 
Derivative liabilities16,855 16,841 — 14 
ABS issued7,424,132 — — 7,424,132 
Schedule of Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis
The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Assets
Residential LoansBusiness
Purpose
Loans
Consolidated Agency Multifamily LoansTrading SecuritiesAFS
Securities
HEIServicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRsMSRs and Other Investments
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2022$5,613,188 $5,332,586 $424,552 $108,329 $132,146 $403,462 $269,259 $39,035 $31,576 
Acquisitions2,053,957 — — 7,883 1,979 136,445 — — 500 
Originations— 1,581,545 — — — — — — — 
Sales(261,980)(565,357)— (88,073)(54,339)— — — (1,522)
Principal paydowns(494,104)(1,098,760)(8,326)(409)(719)(43,398)(55,777)— (804)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net143,148 62,715 9,059 12,694 1,170 53,927 11,863 (1,668)(980)
Unrealized gains in OCI, net— — — — 7,136 — — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(3,572)(92,432)— — — — — — (700)
Ending balance - December 31, 2023$7,050,637 $5,220,297 $425,285 $40,424 $87,373 $550,436 $225,345 $37,367 $28,070 
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis (continued)
Liabilities
Derivatives (2)
HEI Securitization Non-Controlling InterestABS
Issued
(In Thousands)
Beginning balance - December 31, 2022$322 $22,329 $7,424,132 
Acquisitions— 29,633 2,284,790 
Principal paydowns— — (784,501)
Gains (losses) in net income (loss), net28,847 7,790 226,842 
Other settlements, net (1)
(21,065)— — 
Ending balance - December 31, 2023$8,104 $59,752 $9,151,263 
 Assets
(In Thousands)Residential
Loans
Business Purpose LoansConsolidated Agency Multifamily LoansTrading
Securities
AFS
Securities
 
HEI
Servicer Advance InvestmentsExcess MSRsMSRs and Other Investments
Beginning balance - December 31, 2021$7,592,432 $4,790,989 $473,514 $170,619 $206,792 $192,740 $350,923 $44,231 $25,101 
Acquisitions3,692,104 181,814 — 5,006 10,000 248,218 — — 8,638 
Originations— 2,715,817 — — — — — — — 
Sales(3,830,318)(495,472)— (31,729)— — — — (3,299)
Principal paydowns(866,477)(1,324,640)(7,975)(1,347)(31,390)(42,744)(70,589)— (158)
Gains (losses) in net income, net(970,241)(531,947)(40,987)(34,220)13,660 5,248 (11,075)(5,196)9,873 
Unrealized losses in OCI, net— — — — (66,916)— — — — 
Other settlements, net (1)
(4,312)(3,975)— — — — — — (8,579)
Ending balance - December 31, 2022$5,613,188 $5,332,586 $424,552 $108,329 $132,146 $403,462 $269,259 $39,035 $31,576 
 Liabilities
(In Thousands)
Derivatives (2)
HEI Securitization Non-Controlling InterestABS
 Issued
Beginning balance - December 31, 2021$4,130 $17,035 $8,843,147 
Acquisitions— — 1,205,289 
Principal paydowns— — (1,394,000)
Gains (losses) in net income, net(55,209)5,294 (1,230,304)
Other settlements, net (1)
51,401 — — 
Ending balance - December 31, 2022$322 $22,329 $7,424,132 
(1)     Other settlements, net for residential and business purpose loans represents the transfer of loans to REO, for derivatives, represents the transfer of the fair value of loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments at the time loans are acquired to the basis of residential and business purpose loans, and for MSRs and other investments, primarily represents an investment that was exchanged into a new instrument that is no longer measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
(2)     For the purpose of this presentation, derivative assets and liabilities, which consist of loan purchase commitments and interest rate lock commitments, are presented on a net basis.
Schedule of Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held and Included in Net Income
The following table presents the portion of fair value gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) that were attributable to Level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and held at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. Gains or losses incurred on assets or liabilities sold, matured, called, or fully written down during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 are not included in this presentation.
Table 5.4 – Portion of Net Fair Value Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 Included in Net Income
Included in Net Income (Loss)
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202320222021
Assets
Residential loans at Redwood$34,730 $(43,019)$5,886 
Business purpose loans(20,251)(31,927)9,444 
Net investments in consolidated Sequoia entities (1)
1,659 (25,563)12,455 
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities (1)
(13,726)(76,811)62,124 
Net investments in consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (1)
1,541 110 11,599 
Net investments in consolidated CAFL Term entities (1)
5,504 (34,899)8,198 
Net investment in consolidated HEI securitization entities (1)
4,368 2,916 218 
Trading securities3,155 (34,027)738 
Available-for-sale securities59 (2,540)— 
Servicer advance investments11,863 (11,076)(926)
MSRs498 9,804 629 
Excess MSRs(1,668)(5,196)(8,017)
HEI at Redwood24,194 (670)212 
Other investments(94)(901)(6)
Loan purchase and interest rate lock commitments11,518 336 4,633 
Liabilities
Loan purchase commitments$(3,414)$(14)$(503)
(1)    Represents the portion of net fair value gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income (loss) related to securitized loans, securitized HEI, and the associated ABS issued at our consolidated securitization entities held at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, which, netted together represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs, under the CFE election, excluding REO.
Schedule of Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on Non-Recurring Basis
The following table presents information on assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and 2022. This table does not include the carrying value and gains or losses associated with the asset types below that were not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Table 5.5 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis
Gain (Loss) for
Year Ended
December 31, 2023Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3December 31, 2023
Assets
Strategic Investments$22,300 $— $— $22,300 $(2,550)
REO6,453 — — 6,453 (937)
Gain (Loss) for
Year Ended
December 31, 2022Carrying
Value
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)Level 1Level 2Level 3December 31, 2022
Assets
Strategic Investments17,600 — — 17,600 9,965 
Schedule of Market Valuation Adjustments
The following table presents the net market valuation gains and losses recorded in each line item of our consolidated statements of income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
Table 5.6 – Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
Years Ended December 31,
(In Thousands)202320222021
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
Residential loans held-for-sale$20,376 $(77,192)$73,332 
Residential loan purchase and commitments22,600 (54,484)10,401 
BPL term loans held-for-sale16,500 (91,025)63,206 
BPL term loan interest rate lock commitments— (666)666 
BPL bridge loans5,704 3,026 8,253 
Trading securities (1)
(159)4,249 (352)
Risk management derivatives, net(18,824)157,444 41,060 
Total mortgage banking activities, net (2)
$46,197 $(58,648)$196,566 
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood (called Sequoia loans)$183 $(16,651)$2,812 
BPL term loans held-for-sale(14,430)— — 
BPL bridge loans held-for-investment(39,361)(7,271)(65)
Trading securities11,251 (38,471)23,935 
Servicer advance investments11,863 (11,075)(925)
Excess MSRs(1,668)(5,196)(8,017)
Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (3)
(160)(1,302)(1,558)
Net investments in Sequoia entities (3)
2,567 (23,818)14,176 
Net investments in Freddie Mac SLST entities (3)
(13,446)(76,778)62,374 
Net investment in Freddie Mac K-Series entity (3)
1,541 110 11,599 
Net investments in CAFL Term entities (3)
5,504 (34,899)10,271 
Other investments(6,077)13,468 (366)
Risk management derivatives, net(1,479)26,152 — 
Credit recoveries (losses) on AFS securities58 (2,540)388 
Other(746)— — 
Total investment fair value changes, net$(44,400)$(178,271)$114,624 
HEI income, Net
HEI at Redwood$30,749 $(201)$13,207 
Net investments in HEI securitization entities (3)
4,368 2,915 218 
Total HEI income, net$35,117 $2,714 $13,425 
Other Income
MSRs$(544)$8,560 $(3,182)
Other(556)(1,541)— 
Total other income (4)
$(1,100)$7,019 $(3,182)
Total Market Valuation Gains (Losses), Net$35,814 $(227,186)$321,433 
Footnotes to Table 5.6
(1)Represents fair value changes on trading securities that are being used, along with risk management derivatives, to manage the market risks associated with our Residential Consumer Mortgage Banking operations.
(2)Mortgage banking activities, net presented above does not include fee income from loan originations or acquisitions, provisions for repurchases, and other expenses that are components of Mortgage banking activities, net presented on our consolidated statements of income (loss), as these amounts do not represent market valuation changes.
(3)Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, securitized HEI, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our investments at the consolidated VIEs accounted for under the CFE election.
(4)Other income presented above does not include net MSR fee income or provisions for repurchases of MSRs, as these amounts do not represent market valuation adjustments.
Schedule of Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
December 31, 2023Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRange
Weighted
Average(1)
Assets
Residential loans, at fair value:
Jumbo loans$726,475 
Senior credit spread to TBA price(2)
$1.56 $3.00 $1.70 
Subordinate credit spread(2)
225900bps365bps
Senior credit support(2)
%%
IO discount rate(2)
20 20 %20 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)(2)
15 15 %15 %
Jumbo loans committed to sell184,717 Whole loan committed sales price$99 -$101 $99 
Loans held by Legacy Sequoia (3)
139,739 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Sequoia (3)
4,640,464 Liability priceN/AN/A
Loans held by Freddie Mac SLST (3)
1,359,242 Liability priceN/AN/A
Business purpose loans:
BPL term loans144,359 
Senior credit spread(2)
150 -150 bps150 bps
Subordinate credit spread(2)
230 -887 bps476 bps
Senior credit support(2)
33 -33 %33 %
IO discount rate(2)
-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)(2)
— -%%
Dollar price of non-performing loans$60 -$100 $61 
BPL term loans held by CAFL (3)
2,971,725 Liability priceN/AN/A
BPL bridge loans held by CAFL (3)
249,689 Liability priceN/AN/A
BPL bridge loans1,854,524 Whole loan discount rate-12 %%
Whole loan spread500 -500 bps500 bps
Dollar price of non-performing loans$50-$100 $92 
Multifamily loans held by Freddie Mac K-Series (3)
425,285 Liability priceN/AN/A
Trading and AFS securities127,797 Discount rate-25 %11 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-65 %%
Default rate— -15 %0.1 %
Loss severity— -50 %23 %
HEI244,719 Discount rate10 -10 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-20 %14 %
Home price appreciation (depreciation)-%%
HEI held by HEI securitization entities(3)
305,717 Liability priceN/AN/A
Servicer advance investments225,345 Discount rate-%%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)11 -30 %14 %
Expected remaining life (4)
6-6yrs6yrs
Mortgage servicing income-18 bps10 bps
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments (continued)
December 31, 2023Fair
Value
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)Unobservable InputRange
Weighted
Average (1)
Assets (continued)
MSRs$24,877 Discount rate12 -63 %12 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-21 %%
Per loan annual cost to service$93 -$93 $93 
Excess MSRs37,367 Discount rate13 -19 %18 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)10 -100 %17 %
Excess mortgage servicing amount-20 bps11 bps
Residential loan purchase commitments, net 8,104 
Senior credit spread to TBA price(2)
$1.56 $3.00 $1.70 
Subordinate credit spread(2)
225-900bps365bps
Senior credit support(2)
-%%
IO discount rate(2)
20 -20 %20 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)(2)
15 -15 %15 %
Pull-through rate11 -100 %70 %
Committed sales price$103 -$103 $103 
Liabilities
ABS issued (3):
At consolidated Sequoia entities4,568,660 Discount rate-40 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-20 %%
Default rate— -17 %%
Loss severity25 -50 %31 %
At consolidated CAFL Term entities2,648,328 Discount rate-12 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)— -%0.5 %
Default rate-13 %%
Loss severity30 -40 %30 %
At consolidated Freddie Mac SLST entities1,088,225 Discount rate-10 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)-%%
Default rate15 -17 %16 %
Loss severity25 -25 %25 %
At consolidated Freddie Mac K-Series entities (3)
391,977 Discount rate-10 %%
At consolidated HEI entities(5)
222,488 Discount rate-16 %10 %
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)15 -20 %17 %
Home price appreciation (depreciation)-%%
At consolidated CAFL Bridge entities231,585 Discount rate-15 %%
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)40 -40 %40 %
Default rate— %%
Loss severity25 -25 %25 %
Footnotes to Table 5.7
(1)The weighted average input values for all loan types are based on unpaid principal balance. The weighted average input values for all other assets and liabilities are based on relative fair value.
(2)Values represent pricing inputs used in securitization pricing model. Credit spreads represent spreads to applicable swap rates unless specified otherwise.
(3)The fair value of the loans and HEI held by consolidated entities is based on the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities and the securities and other investments we own in those entities, which we determined were more readily observable in accordance with accounting guidance for collateralized financing entities. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of securities we owned at the consolidated Sequoia, CAFL Term, CAFL Bridge (under CFE), Freddie Mac SLST, Freddie Mac K-Series, and HEI securitization entities was $212 million, $323 million, $22 million, $274 million, $33 million, and $34 million, respectively. CAFL Bridge only includes the one securitization that we made the CFE election for.
(4)Represents the estimated average duration of outstanding servicer advances at a given point in time (not taking into account new advances made with respect to the pool).
(5)Fair value presented in this line item for ABS issued at consolidated HEI entities does not include non-controlling interests in our HEI entities, which we account for separately as liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and carry at fair value. However, given the HEI non-controlling interests are priced using the same model and inputs, the unobservable inputs and input values provided in this section include those for the HEI non-controlling interests.