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Income taxes - Reconciliation of the differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group's effective income tax rates (Details)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]      
Computed expected income tax benefit (25.00%) (25.00%) (25.00%)
Effect of preferential tax rate 4.00% (17.00%) 10.00%
Effect of different tax jurisdiction 2.00% 2.00% (1.00%)
Change in tax rate 18.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Prior year return-to-provision true up (2.00%) 0.00% 0.00%
Non-deductible expenses 4.00% 40.00% 5.00%
Research and development expenses additional deduction (6.00%) (5.00%) (6.00%)
Change in valuation allowance 5.00% 7.00% 17.00%
Actual income tax expense 0.00% 2.00% 0.00%