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Income taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Schedule of components of income / (loss) before income taxes | The components of income / (loss) before income taxes are as follows:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024
| RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB
The Cayman Islands | (57,261) |  |  | (53,587) |  |  | (121,803) |
British Virgin Islands | (2) |  |  | 18,832 |  |  | (5,931) |
Hong Kong S.A.R | (27,262) |  |  | (17,343) |  |  | 52,583 |
Sweden | 7,015 |  |  | 13,654 |  |  | 3,181 |
United Kingdom | (348,872) |  |  | (246,423) |  |  | (186,346) |
Americas | — |  |  | (26,109) |  |  | 5,743 |
Germany | — |  |  | (13,291) |  |  | (25,003) |
The PRC, excluding Hong Kong S.A.R. | (1,151,699) |  |  | (694,871) |  |  | (710,812) |
Total | (1,578,081) |  |  | (1,019,138) |  |  | (988,388) |
Schedule of income tax expense recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss | Income tax (expense) benefit recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss consisted of the following:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024
| RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB
Current income tax (expense) benefit | (29,065) |  |  | 3,529 |  |  | (19,721) |
Deferred income tax benefit | — |  |  | 114 |  |  | 18,239 |
Total income tax (expense) benefit | (29,065) |  |  | 3,643 |  |  | (1,482) |
Schedule of reconciliation of the differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group's effective income tax rates | Reconciliation of the differences between PRC statutory income tax rate and the Group’s effective income tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2023, and 2024 are as follows:
| Year ended December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024
Computed expected income tax benefit | (25) | % |  | (25) | % |  | (25) | %
Effect of preferential tax rate | (17) | % |  | 4 | % |  | 7 | %
Effect of different tax jurisdiction | 2 | % |  | 2 | % |  | 4 | %
Change in tax rate | — | % |  | 18 | % |  | 4 | %
Prior year return-to-provision true up | — | % |  | (2) | % |  | — | %
Non-deductible expenses and non-taxable income | 40 | % |  | 4 | % |  | 1 | %
Research and development expenses additional deduction | (5) | % |  | (6) | % |  | (5) | %
Change in valuation allowance | 7 | % |  | 5 | % |  | 14 | %
Actual income tax expense | 2 | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Schedule of principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities | The principal components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
| As of December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2024
| RMB |  | RMB
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Inventories | 3,006 |  |  | 3,190 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | 2,089 |  |  | 3,828 |
Intangible assets | 218,328 |  |  | 126,451 |
Property and equipment | 1,093 |  |  | 2,139 |
Contract cost assets | 6,966 |  |  | 1,481 |
Accrued product warranties | 19,883 |  |  | 24,017 |
Accrued salaries and benefits | 2,360 |  |  | 4,704 |
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities | 20,340 |  |  | 76,868 |
Donation | 302 |  |  | 150 |
Government grants | 12,198 |  |  | 25,375 |
Unrealized investment loss of equity method investments | — |  |  | 1,278 |
Operating lease liabilities | 26,634 |  |  | 11,334 |
Net operating loss carryforwards | 303,198 |  |  | 508,883 |
Total deferred tax assets | 616,397 |  |  | 789,698 |
Less: valuation allowance | (582,644) |  |  | (753,081) |
Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 33,753 |  |  | 36,617 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (23,904) |  |  | (12,037) |
Property and equipment | (1,580) |  |  | (8,688) |
Unrealized investment gain of equity method investments | (8,151) |  |  | — |
Acquired intangible assets in asset acquisition | — |  |  | (30,989) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (33,635) |  |  | (51,714) |
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) | 118 |  |  | (15,097) |
Analyzed as:
| As of December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2024
| RMB |  | RMB
Deferred tax assets | 118 |  |  | 102 |
Deferred tax liabilities | — |  |  | (15,199) |
Net deferred tax assets/(liabilities) | 118 |  |  | (15,097) |
Schedule of movement of the valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets | The following table presents the movement of the valuation allowance for the deferred tax assets:
| As of December 31,
| 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024
| RMB |  | RMB |  | RMB
Balance as of January 1, | 550,520 |  |  | 537,172 |  |  | 582,644 |
Increase during the year | 121,245 |  |  | 45,472 |  |  | 170,437 |
Reversal of net operating loss carryforwards due to the Restructuring | (134,593) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance as of December 31 | 537,172 |  |  | 582,644 |  |  | 753,081 |
Schedule of net operating loss carryforwards by the PRC companies will expire during the period from year 2022 to year 2031, if unused by the following year-end | As of December 31, 2024, the net operating loss carryforwards by the PRC companies will expire during the period from year 2025 to year 2034, if unused by the following year-end:
Year ending December 31, |  | Amount
|  | RMB
2025 |  | 749 |
2026 |  | 48,014 |
2027 |  | 153,335 |
2028 |  | 64,772 |
2029 |  | 24,779 |
2031 |  | 668 |
2032 |  | 748,254 |
2033 |  | 484,707 |
2034 |  | 914,428 |
Total |  | 2,439,706 |

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